PRGNF Paragon Shipping Inc (CE)

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial data and other operating data, which are stated in U.S. dollars, other than share data, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. The selected data is derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP.

Our audited consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity / (deficit) and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, and the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2015 and 2016, together with the notes thereto, are included elsewhere in this annual report. The following data should be read in conjunction with “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” the consolidated financial statements, related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this annual report.

Following the (i) one share for ten (10) share reverse stock split that was effective on November 5, 2012, and (ii) the one share for thirty-eight (38) share reverse stock split that was effective on March 1, 2016, all share and per share amounts disclosed in this annual report, including the table below and in our consolidated financial statements included at the end of this annual report, have been retroactively restated to reflect this change in capital structure. Please refer to “Item 4. Information on the Company – A. History and development of the Company.”

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Some of the following risks relate principally to us, the industry in which we operate and our business in general. Other risks relate principally to the securities market and ownership of our common shares. The occurrence of any of the events described in this section could significantly and negatively affect our business, financial condition, operating results or cash available for dividends, if any, or the trading price of our common shares.

Industry Specific Risk Factors

The drybulk shipping industry is cyclical and volatile, with charter hire rates and profitability currently at depressed levels, and the recent global economic recession has resulted in decreased demand for drybulk shipping, which has and may continue to negatively impact our operations.

The drybulk shipping industry is cyclical with attendant volatility in charter hire rates and profitability. The degree of charter hire rate volatility among different types of drybulk carriers varies widely; however, the continued downturn in the drybulk charter market has severely affected the entire drybulk shipping industry and charter hire rates for drybulk vessels have declined significantly from historically high levels in 2008. Fluctuations in charter rates result from changes in the supply of and demand for vessel capacity and changes in the supply of and demand for drybulk cargoes carried internationally at sea, including coal, iron ore, grain and minerals. Because the factors affecting the supply of and demand for vessels are outside of our control and are unpredictable, the nature, timing, direction and degree of changes in industry conditions are also unpredictable.

Factors that influence demand for vessel capacity include:

The factors that could influence the supply of vessel capacity include:

In addition to the prevailing and anticipated freight rates, factors that affect the rate of newbuilding, scrapping and laying-up include newbuilding prices, secondhand vessel values in relation to scrap prices, costs of bunkers and other operating costs, costs associated with classification society surveys, normal maintenance and insurance coverage, the efficiency and age profile of the existing drybulk fleet in the market and government and industry regulation of maritime transportation practices, particularly environmental protection laws and regulations. These factors influencing the supply of and demand for shipping capacity are outside of our control, and we may not be able to correctly assess the nature, timing and degree of changes in industry conditions.

We anticipate that the future demand for any drybulk carriers we may acquire in the future will be dependent upon economic growth in the world's economies, including China and India, seasonal and regional changes in demand, changes in the capacity of the global drybulk carrier fleet and the sources and supply of drybulk cargoes to be transported by sea. Given the large number of new drybulk carriers currently on order with the shipyards, the capacity of the global drybulk carrier fleet seems likely to increase and there can be no assurance that economic growth will resume or continue. Adverse economic, political, social or other developments could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

The downturn in the drybulk carrier charter market has had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our revenues, earnings and profitability, and may adversely affect our ability to comply with debt covenants contained in loan agreements we may enter in the future.

The downturn in the drybulk charter market, from which we derived our revenues, has severely affected the entire drybulk shipping industry and our business. The Baltic Dry Index, or the BDI, an index published by the Baltic Exchange Limited of shipping rates for key drybulk routes, which has long been viewed as the main benchmark to monitor the movements of the drybulk vessel charter market and the performance of the entire drybulk shipping market, declined 94% from a peak of 11,793 in May 2008 to a low of 663 in December 2008 and has remained volatile since that time. During 2014, the BDI remained volatile, ranging from a high of 2,113 to a low of 723. In 2015, the BDI fluctuated in a range between 471 and 1,222. During the first four months of 2016, the BDI has remained volatile, ranging from a low of 290 (which is the lowest point ever recorded on February 10, 2016) and has since increased to 1,196 as of March 17, 2017.

The downturn and volatility in drybulk charter rates has had a number of adverse consequences for drybulk shipping, including, among other things:

The occurrence of one or more of these events could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

The decline and volatility in charter rates in the drybulk market also affects the value of the drybulk vessels, which follows the trends of drybulk charter rates, and consequently may affect our cash flows, liquidity and ability to comply with the financial and security coverage ratio covenants that we expect will be contained in any debt agreements we may enter into in the future. There can be no assurance as to how long charter rates and vessel values will remain at their current levels and how much the market could decline. If charter rates and vessel values in the drybulk market decline further or remain at low levels for any significant period in 2017, this will have an adverse effect on our business.

If economic conditions throughout the world do not improve, it will impede our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and could cause the market price of our common shares to further decline.

Negative trends in the global economy that emerged in 2008 continue to adversely affect global economic conditions. The world economy continues to face a number of challenges, including uncertainty related to the continuing discussions in the United States regarding the federal debt ceiling and turmoil and hostilities in the Middle East, North Africa and other geographic areas and countries and continuing economic weakness in the European Union. The downturn in the global economy has caused, and may continue to cause, a decrease in worldwide demand for certain goods and, thus, shipping. While market conditions have improved since 2008, continuing economic and governmental factors, together with the concurrent decline in charter rates and vessel values, have had a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, have caused the price of our common shares to decline and could cause the price of our common shares to decline further.

The economies of the United States, the European Union and other parts of the world continue to experience relatively slow growth or remain in recession and exhibit weak economic trends. Over the past five years, credit markets in the United States and Europe have experienced significant contraction, deleveraging and reduced liquidity. While credit conditions are improving, global financial markets and economic conditions have been, and continue to be, disrupted and volatile. Since 2008, lending by financial institutions worldwide remains at lower levels compared to the period preceding 2008. As of December 31, 2016, we had total outstanding indebtedness of $16.6 million, which include the indenture governing our 8.375% Senior Notes due 2021, or our Notes.

Continued economic slowdown in the Asia Pacific region, especially in Japan and China, may exacerbate the effect on us of the recent slowdown in the rest of the world. Before the global economic financial crisis that began in 2008, China had one of the world’s fastest growing economies in terms of gross domestic product, or GDP, which had a significant impact on shipping demand. The growth rate of China's GDP is estimated to have decreased to approximately 6.7% for the year ended December 31, 2016, down from a growth rate of 6.9% in 2015, and continues to remain below pre-2008 levels. China and other countries in the Asia Pacific region may continue to experience slowed or even negative economic growth in the future. Our ability to revive shipping operations would be impeded by a continuing or worsening economic downturn in any of these countries.

The inability of countries to refinance their debts could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability and financial position.

As a result of the credit crisis in Europe, the European Commission created the European Financial Stability Facility, or the EFSF, and the European Financial Stability Mechanism, or the EFSM, to provide funding to Eurozone countries in financial difficulties that seek such support. In September 2012, the European Council established a permanent stability mechanism, the European Stability Mechanism, or the ESM, to assume the role of the EFSF and the EFSM in providing external financial assistance to Eurozone countries. Despite these measures, concerns persist regarding the debt burden of certain Eurozone countries and their ability to meet future financial obligations. An extended period of adverse development in the outlook for European countries could reduce the overall demand for dry bulk cargoes and consequently for our services. In addition, as a result of the ongoing economic crisis in Greece resulting from the sovereign debt crisis and the related austerity measures implemented by the Greek government, our operations in Greece may be subjected to new regulations that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Greek government new taxes or other fees, which may adversely affect our operations and those of our Managers located in Greece.

The current state of global financial markets and current economic conditions may adversely impact our ability to obtain additional financing or refinance our existing indebtedness on acceptable terms which may hinder or prevent us from expanding our business.

Global financial markets and economic conditions continue to be volatile. This volatility has negatively affected the general willingness of banks and other financial institutions to extend credit, particularly in the shipping industry, due to the historically volatile asset values of vessels. The current state of global financial markets might adversely impact our ability to issue additional equity at prices which will not be dilutive to our existing shareholders or preclude us from issuing equity at all.

Also, as a result of concerns about the stability of financial markets generally and the solvency of counterparties specifically, the cost of obtaining money from the credit markets has increased as many lenders have increased interest rates, enacted tighter lending standards, refused to refinance existing debt at all or on terms similar to current debt and reduced, and in some cases ceased, to provide funding to borrowers. Due to these factors, we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available if needed and to the extent required, or that we will be able to refinance our existing indebtedness, on acceptable terms or at all. If additional financing or refinancing is not available when needed, or is available only on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to meet our obligations as they come due or we may be unable to revive our shipping operations, complete potential vessel acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities as they arise.

A decrease in the level of China’s export of goods or an increase in trade protectionism could have a material adverse impact on our prospective charterers’ business and, in turn, could cause a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

China exports considerably more goods than it imports. Vessels we may acquire in the future may be deployed on routes involving trade in and out of emerging markets, and our charterers’ shipping and business revenue may be derived from the shipment of goods from the Asia Pacific region to various overseas export markets including the United States and Europe. Any reduction in or hindrance to the output of China-based exporters could have a material adverse effect on the growth rate of China’s exports and on prospective charterers’ business. For instance, the government of China has recently implemented economic policies aimed at increasing domestic consumption of Chinese-made goods. This may have the effect of reducing the supply of goods available for export and may, in turn, result in a decrease of demand for drybulk shipping. Additionally, though in China there is an increasing level of autonomy and a gradual shift in emphasis to a “market economy” and enterprise reform, many of the reforms, particularly some limited price reforms that result in the prices for certain commodities being principally determined by market forces, are unprecedented or experimental and may be subject to revision, change or abolition. The level of imports to and exports from China could be adversely affected by changes to these economic reforms by the Chinese government, as well as by changes in political, economic and social conditions or other relevant policies of the Chinese government.

Our future operations may expose us to the risk that increased trade protectionism may adversely affect our ability to expand our business. If the global economic recovery is undermined by downside risks and the recent economic downturn is prolonged, governments may turn to trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against foreign imports, thereby depressing the demand for shipping. Specifically, increasing trade protectionism in the markets that our charterers serve has caused and may continue to cause an increase in: (i) the cost of goods exported from China, (ii) the length of time required to deliver goods from China and (iii) the risks associated with exporting goods from China, as well as a decrease in the quantity of goods to be shipped.

Any increased trade barriers or restrictions on trade, especially trade with China, would have an adverse impact on our prospective charterers’ business, operating results and financial condition and could thereby affect their ability to make timely charter hire payments to us and to renew and increase the number of their time charters with us. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

World events could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Terrorist attacks and the threat of future terrorist attacks around the world may cause uncertainty in the world’s financial markets and may affect our ability to revive shipping operations, operating results and financial condition. Continuing conflicts and recent developments in the Middle East, including Egypt, and North Africa, and the presence of U.S. or other armed forces in the Middle East, may lead to additional acts of terrorism and armed conflict around the world, which may contribute to further economic instability in the global financial markets. These uncertainties could also adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. In the past, political conflicts have also resulted in attacks on vessels, such as the attack on the MT Limburg, a vessel unaffiliated with us, in October 2002, mining of waterways and other efforts to disrupt international shipping, particularly in the Arabian Gulf region. Acts of terrorism and piracy have also affected vessels trading in regions such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse impact on our operating results.

In the highly competitive international shipping industry, we may not be able to compete for charters with new entrants or established companies with greater resources, and as a result, we may be unable to employ any vessels we may acquire in the future profitably, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial conditions, liquidity and results of operations.

The international shipping market is highly competitive, capital intensive and highly fragmented. Competition arises primarily from other vessel owners, some of whom have substantially greater resources than we have. Competition for the transportation of drybulk cargo is intense and depends on price, location, size, age, condition and the acceptability of the vessel and its operators to the charterers. Due in part to the highly fragmented market, many of our competitors with greater resources and access to capital than we have, could enter the drybulk shipping industry and operate larger fleets than we may operate in the future through consolidations or acquisitions and may be able to offer lower charter rates and higher quality vessels than we may be able to offer. If this were to occur, we may be unable to attract new or former charterers on attractive terms or at all, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

Acts of piracy on ocean-going vessels have recently increased in frequency, which could adversely affect our business in the future.

Acts of piracy have historically affected ocean-going vessels trading in regions of the world such as the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, off the coast of West Africa and in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia. Although the frequency of sea piracy worldwide continues to decline, sea piracy incidents continue to occur, particularly in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia and increasingly in the Gulf of Guinea, with drybulk vessels and tankers particularly vulnerable to such attacks. If these piracy attacks occur in regions in which vessels we may acquire in the future are deployed being characterized as “war risk” zones by insurers, or Joint War Committee “war and strikes” listed areas, premiums payable for such coverage could increase significantly and such insurance coverage may be more difficult to obtain. In addition, crew costs, including due to employing onboard security guards, could increase in such circumstances. Furthermore, while we believe the charterer remains liable for charter payments when a vessel is seized by pirates, the charterer may dispute this and withhold charter hire until the vessel is released. A charterer may also claim that a vessel seized by pirates was not “on-hire” for a certain number of days and is therefore entitled to cancel the charter party, a claim that we would dispute. We may not be adequately insured to cover losses from these incidents, which could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, any detention hijacking as a result of an act of piracy against vessels we may acquire in the future, or an increase in cost, or unavailability, of insurance for our vessels, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If vessels we may acquire in the future call on ports located in countries that are subject to restrictions imposed by the U.S. or other governments, our reputation and the market for our common shares could be adversely affected.

From time to time on our prospective charterers’ instructions, vessels we may acquire in the future may call on ports located in countries subject to sanctions and embargoes imposed by the U.S. government and countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism, such as Iran, Sudan and Syria. The U.S. sanctions and embargo laws and regulations vary in their application, as they do not all apply to the same covered persons or proscribe the same activities, and such sanctions and embargo laws and regulations may be amended or strengthened over time. In 2010, the U.S. enacted the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions Accountability and Divestment Act, or CISADA, which amended the Iran Sanctions Act. Among other things, CISADA introduced limits on the ability of companies and persons to do business or trade with Iran when such activities relate to the investment, supply or export of refined petroleum or petroleum products. In 2012, President Obama signed Executive Order 13608 which prohibits foreign persons from violating or attempting to violate, or causing a violation of any sanctions in effect against Iran or facilitating any deceptive transactions for or on behalf of any person subject to U.S. sanctions. Any persons found to be in violation of Executive Order 13608 will be deemed a foreign sanctions evader and will be banned from all contacts with the United States, including conducting business in U.S. dollars. Also in 2012, President Obama signed into law the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012, or the Iran Threat Reduction Act, which created new sanctions and strengthened existing sanctions. Among other things, the Iran Threat Reduction Act intensifies existing sanctions regarding the provision of goods, services, infrastructure or technology to Iran's petroleum or petrochemical sector. The Iran Threat Reduction Act also includes a provision requiring the President of the United States to impose five or more sanctions from Section 6(a) of the Iran Sanctions Act, as amended, on a person the President determines is a controlling beneficial owner of, or otherwise owns, operates, or controls or insures a vessel that was used to transport crude oil from Iran to another country and (1) if the person is a controlling beneficial owner of the vessel, the person had actual knowledge the vessel was so used or (2) if the person otherwise owns, operates, or controls, or insures the vessel, the person knew or should have known the vessel was so used. Such a person could be subject to a variety of sanctions, including exclusion from U.S. capital markets, exclusion from financial transactions subject to U.S. jurisdiction, and exclusion of that person's vessels from U.S. ports for up to two years.

On November 24, 2013, the P5+1 (the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia and China) entered into an interim agreement with Iran entitled the "Joint Plan of Action," or the JPOA. Under the JPOA it was agreed that, in exchange for Iran taking certain voluntary measures to ensure that its nuclear program is used only for peaceful purposes, the U.S. and E.U. would voluntarily suspend certain sanctions for a period of six months. On January 20, 2014, the U.S. and E.U. indicated that they would begin implementing the temporary relief measures provided for under the JPOA. These measures included, among other things, the suspension of certain sanctions on the Iranian petrochemicals, precious metals, and automotive industries from January 20, 2014 until July 20, 2014. The JPOA was subsequently extended twice.

On July 14, 2015, the P5+1 and the EU announced that they reached a landmark agreement with Iran titled the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Regarding the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Nuclear Program, or the JCPOA, which is intended to significantly restrict Iran’s ability to develop and produce nuclear weapons for 10 years while simultaneously easing sanctions directed toward non-U.S. persons for conduct involving Iran, but taking place outside of U.S. jurisdiction and does not involve U.S. persons. On January 16, 2016, which we refer to as Implementation Day, the United States joined the EU and the UN in lifting a significant number of their nuclear-related sanctions on Iran following an announcement by the International Atomic Energy Agency, or the IAEA, that Iran had satisfied its respective obligations under the JCPOA.

Although we believe that we have been in compliance with all applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations, and intend to maintain such compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be in compliance in the future, particularly as the scope of certain laws may be unclear and may be subject to changing interpretations. Any such violation could result in fines, penalties or other sanctions that could severely impact our ability to access U.S. capital markets and conduct our business, and could result in some investors deciding, or being required, to divest their interest, or not to invest, in us. In addition, certain institutional investors may have investment policies or restrictions that prevent them from holding securities of companies that have contracts with countries identified by the U.S. government as state sponsors of terrorism. The determination by these investors not to invest in, or to divest from, our common shares may adversely affect the price at which our common shares trade. Moreover, prospective charterers may violate applicable sanctions and embargo laws and regulations as a result of actions that do not involve us or vessels we may acquire in the future, and those violations could in turn negatively affect our reputation. In addition, our reputation and the market for our securities may be adversely affected if we engage in certain other activities, such as entering into charters with individuals or entities in countries subject to U.S. sanctions and embargo laws that are not controlled by the governments of those countries, or engaging in operations associated with those countries pursuant to contracts with third parties that are unrelated to those countries or entities controlled by their governments. Investor perception of the value of our Class A common shares may be adversely affected by the consequences of war, the effects of terrorism, civil unrest and governmental actions in these and surrounding countries.

An over-supply of drybulk carrier capacity may lead to a further reduction in charter rates, which may limit our ability to revive shipping operations.

The market supply of drybulk carriers has been increasing in large part as a result of the delivery of numerous newbuilding orders over the last few years, and the number of drybulk carriers on order still remains significant. These newbuildings were delivered in significant numbers starting at the beginning of 2006 and continued to be delivered in significant numbers through 2015. As of end of March 2017, the orderbook of new drybulk vessels scheduled to be delivered represented approximately 9% of the world drybulk fleet at that time, with most vessels on the orderbook expected to be delivered during the next two years.

An over-supply of drybulk carrier capacity, particularly in conjunction with the currently reduced level of demand for drybulk shipping, may result in a further reduction of charter hire rates or prolong the period during which low charter hire rates prevail. If the current low charter rate environment persists or worsens and the drybulk global fleet capacity increases due to the delivery of newbuildings or further redeployment of previously idle vessels, we may not be able to revive our shipping operations.

Vessel values may fluctuate substantially, which may adversely affect our financial condition, result in the incurrence of a loss upon disposal of vessels we may acquire or increase the cost of acquiring vessels at attractive prices for use in future operations.

Vessel values may fluctuate due to a number of different factors, including:

In addition, as vessels grow older, they generally decline in value. Due to the cyclical nature of the shipping market, if for any reason we sell any vessels we may acquire at a time when prices are depressed, we could incur a loss and our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition could be adversely affected.

During 2015 and 2016, we were unable to continue servicing our debt. The loan agreements we had were secured by mortgages on our previously-owned vessels. The market value of vessels is sensitive to, among other things, changes in the shipping markets, with vessel values deteriorating in times when charter rates are falling and improving when charter rates are anticipated to rise. The current low charter rates in the shipping market coupled with the prevailing difficulty in obtaining financing for vessel purchases have adversely affected vessel values. The continuation of these conditions resulted in a significant decline in the fair market value of our vessels, which resulted in our failure to continue servicing our debt. As a result, we entered into settlement agreements with certain of our secured lenders for the full and final satisfaction of all amounts outstanding under the relevant loan agreements in exchange for the net sale proceeds of the mortgaged vessels.

Conversely, if vessel values are elevated at a time when we wish to acquire new vessels, the cost of acquisition may increase and this could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.

Charter rates are subject to seasonal fluctuations, which could affect our operating results and the amount of available cash with which we can pay dividends, if any, in the future.

Vessels we may acquire in the future operate in markets that have historically exhibited seasonal variations in demand and, as a result, in charter hire rates. This seasonality may result in volatility in our operating results to the extent that we enter into new charter agreements, renew existing agreements during a time when charter rates are weaker or operate our vessels on the spot market, which could affect the amount of dividends, if any, that we may pay to our shareholders from quarter to quarter. The drybulk carrier market is typically stronger in the fall and winter months in anticipation of increased consumption of coal and other raw materials in the northern hemisphere during the winter months. In addition, unpredictable weather patterns during these months tend to disrupt vessel scheduling and supplies of certain commodities. While this seasonality has not materially affected our operating results, it could materially affect our operating results and cash available for distribution to our shareholders as dividends, if any, in the future.

Rising fuel, or bunker prices, may adversely affect profits.

While we generally will not bear the cost of fuel, or bunkers, for vessels operating on time charters, fuel is a significant factor in negotiating charter rates. As a result, an increase in the price of fuel beyond our expectations may adversely affect our profitability at the time of charter negotiation for any vessels we may acquire in the future. Fuel is also a significant, if not the largest, expense in shipping operations when vessels are under voyage charter. The price and supply of fuel is unpredictable and fluctuates based on events outside our control, including geopolitical developments, supply and demand for oil and gas, actions by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, and other oil and gas producers, war and unrest in oil producing countries and regions, regional production patterns and environmental concerns.

Further, fuel may become much more expensive in the future, which may reduce the profitability and competitiveness of our business versus other forms of transportation, such as truck or rail.

Compliance with safety and other vessel requirements imposed by classification societies may be very costly and may adversely affect our business.

The hull and machinery of every commercial vessel must be certified as being “in class” by a classification society authorized by its country of registry. The classification society certifies that a vessel is safe and seaworthy in accordance with the applicable rules and regulations of the country of registry of the vessel and the Safety of Life at Sea Convention.

A vessel must undergo annual surveys, intermediate surveys and special surveys. In lieu of a special survey, a vessel’s machinery may be on a continuous survey cycle under which the machinery would be surveyed periodically over a five-year period. Every vessel is also required to be dry-docked every two and a half to five years for inspection of its underwater parts.

Compliance with the above requirements may result in significant expense. If any vessel we may acquire in the future will not maintain its class or fails any annual, intermediate or special survey, the vessel will be unable to trade between ports and will be unemployable and uninsurable, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends.

If we acquire vessels, we will become subject to complex laws and regulations, including environmental regulations that can adversely affect the cost, manner or feasibility of doing business .

Our operations relating to vessels we may acquire in the future could subject us to numerous laws and regulations in the form of international conventions and treaties, national, state and local laws and national and international regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which vessels we may acquire in the future will operate or will be registered, which may significantly affect the ownership and operation of such vessels. These regulations include, but are not limited to European Union regulations, the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, or OPA, the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1990, or CERCLA, the U.S. Clean Air Act, U.S. Clean Water Act and the U.S. Marine Transportation Security Act of 2002, and regulations of the International Maritime Organization, or the IMO, including the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage of 1969, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1975, the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution of 1973, the IMO International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea of 1974, the International Convention on Load Lines of 1966 and the U.S. Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 (the MTSA). Compliance with such laws, regulations and standards, where applicable, may require installation of costly equipment or operational changes and may affect the resale value or useful lives of any vessels we may acquire in the future. We may also incur additional costs in order to comply with other existing and future regulatory obligations, including, but not limited to, costs relating to air emissions including greenhouse gases, the management of ballast waters, maintenance and inspection, development and implementation of emergency procedures and insurance coverage or other financial assurance of our ability to address pollution incidents.

These costs could have a material adverse effect on our future business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. A failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in administrative and civil penalties, criminal sanctions or the suspension or termination of our operations. Environmental laws often impose strict liability for remediation of spills and releases of oil and hazardous substances, which could subject us to liability without regard to whether we were negligent or at fault. Under OPA, for example, owners, operators and bareboat charterers are jointly and severally strictly liable for the discharge of oil within the 200-mile exclusive economic zone around the United States. An oil spill could result in significant liability, including fines, penalties and criminal liability and remediation costs for natural resource damages under other federal, state and local laws, as well as third-party damages. We may be required to satisfy insurance and financial responsibility requirements for potential oil (including marine fuel) spills and other pollution incidents. Although insurance covers certain environmental risks, there can be no assurance that such insurance will be sufficient to cover all such risks or that will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Risks associated with operating ocean-going vessels in the future could affect our business and reputation, which could adversely affect our revenues and stock price.

The operation of ocean-going vessels carries inherent risks. These risks include the possibility of:

These hazards may result in death or injury to persons, loss of revenues or property, environmental damage, higher insurance rates, damage to our customer relationships, delay or rerouting. If vessels we may acquire in the future suffer damage, they may need to be repaired at a dry-docking facility. The costs of dry-dock repairs are unpredictable and may be substantial. We may have to pay dry-docking costs that our insurance may not cover in full. The loss of earnings while these vessels are being repaired and repositioned, as well as the actual cost of these repairs, would decrease our earnings. In addition, space at dry-docking facilities is sometimes limited and not all dry-docking facilities are conveniently located. We may be unable to find space at a suitable dry-docking facility or our prospective vessels may be forced to travel to a dry-docking facility that is not conveniently located to our prospective vessels’ positions. The loss of earnings while these vessels are forced to wait for space or to steam to more distant dry-docking facilities would decrease our earnings. The involvement of any vessels we may acquire in an environmental disaster may also harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator.

If we acquire vessels, we will be subject to international safety regulations and the failure to comply with these regulations may subject us to increased liability, may adversely affect our insurance coverage and may result in our prospective vessels being denied access to, or detained in, certain ports.

If we acquire any vessels, the operation of such vessels will be affected by the requirements set forth in the United Nations’ International Maritime Organization’s International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and Pollution Prevention, or ISM Code. The ISM Code requires shipowners, ship managers and bareboat charterers to develop and maintain an extensive “Safety Management System” that includes the adoption of a safety and environmental protection policy setting forth instructions and procedures for safe operation and describing procedures for dealing with emergencies. If we fail to comply with the ISM Code, we may be subject to increased liability, may invalidate existing insurance or decrease available insurance coverage for our affected vessels and such failure may result in a denial of access to, or detention in, certain ports. Each of the vessels that was delivered to us was ISM Code-certified. However, if we are subject to increased liability for non-compliance or if our insurance coverage is adversely impacted as a result of non-compliance, it may negatively affect our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future. If any of the vessels we may acquire in the future will be denied access to, or will be detained in, certain ports, our revenues may be adversely impacted.

In addition, vessel classification societies also impose significant safety and other requirements on the vessels. In complying with current and future environmental requirements, vessel owners and operators may also incur significant additional costs in meeting new maintenance and inspection requirements, in developing contingency arrangements for potential spills and in obtaining insurance coverage. Government regulation of vessels, particularly in the areas of safety and environmental requirements, can be expected to become stricter in the future and require us to incur significant capital expenditures on any vessels we may acquire in the future to keep them in compliance.

The operation of vessels is also affected by other government regulation in the form of international conventions, national, state and local laws and regulations in force in the jurisdictions in which the vessels operate, as well as in the country or countries of their registration. Because such conventions, laws, and regulations are often revised, we cannot predict the ultimate cost of complying with such conventions, laws and regulations or the impact thereof on the resale prices or useful lives of vessels. Additional conventions, laws and regulations may be adopted which could limit our ability to do business or increase the cost of our doing business and which may materially adversely affect our operations. We have been, and will be, required by various governmental and quasi-governmental agencies to obtain certain permits, licenses, certificates, and financial assurances with respect to vessel operations we may commence in the future.

Increased inspection procedures, tighter import and export controls and new security regulations could increase costs and disrupt our business.

International shipping is subject to various security and customs inspection and related procedures in countries of origin, destination and trans-shipment points. These security procedures can result in cargo seizure, delays in the loading, offloading, trans-shipment or delivery and the levying of customs duties, fines or other penalties against us.

It is possible that changes to inspection procedures could impose additional financial and legal obligations on us. Changes to inspection procedures could also impose additional costs and obligations on our prospective customers and may, in certain cases, render the shipment of certain types of cargo uneconomical or impractical. Any such changes or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The operation of drybulk carriers has certain unique operational risks, which could adversely affect our earnings and cash flow.

The operation of drybulk carriers has certain unique risks. With a drybulk carrier, the cargo itself and its interaction with the vessel can be an operational risk. By their nature, drybulk cargoes are often heavy, dense, easily shifted, and react badly to water exposure. In addition, drybulk carriers are often subjected to battering treatment during unloading operations with grabs, jackhammers (to pry encrusted cargoes out of the hold) and small bulldozers. This treatment may cause damage to the vessel. Vessels damaged due to treatment during unloading procedures may be more susceptible to breach to the sea. Hull breaches in drybulk carriers may lead to the flooding of the vessels’ holds. If a drybulk carrier suffers flooding in its forward holds, the bulk cargo may become so dense and waterlogged that its pressure may buckle the vessel’s bulkheads leading to the loss of a vessel. If we are unable to adequately maintain vessels we may acquire in the future we may be unable to prevent these events. Any of these circumstances or events could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future. In addition, the loss of any of the vessels we may acquire in the future could harm our reputation as a safe and reliable vessel owner and operator.

If we acquire vessels, maritime claimants could arrest one or more of such vessels, which could interrupt our cash flow.

Crew members, suppliers of goods and services to a vessel, shippers of cargo and other parties may be entitled to a maritime lien against a vessel for unsatisfied debts, claims or damages. In many jurisdictions, a maritime lienholder may enforce its lien by "arresting" or "attaching" a vessel through foreclosure proceedings. For example, in November 2012, one of our former vessels was arrested due to a prior sub-charterer’s unsettled bunkering expenses. The respective vessel was detained for approximately 19 days and was released in December 2012, after the issuance of a letter of guarantee from Allseas and continued its employment. The arrest or attachment of one or more of vessels we may acquire in the future could interrupt our cash flow and require us to pay large sums of money to have the arrest or attachment lifted. In addition, in some jurisdictions, such as South Africa, under the “sister ship” theory of liability, a claimant may arrest both the vessel which is subject to the claimant’s maritime lien and any “associated” vessel, which is any vessel owned or controlled by the same owner. Claimants could attempt to assert “sister ship” liability against one vessel of the fleet for claims relating to another fleet vessel.

If we acquire vessels, governments could requisition such vessels during a period of war or emergency, resulting in a loss of earnings.

A government could requisition one or more of any vessels we may acquire in the future for title or for hire. Requisition for title occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and becomes her owner, while requisition for hire occurs when a government takes control of a vessel and effectively becomes her charterer at dictated charter rates. Generally, requisitions occur during periods of war or emergency, although governments may elect to requisition vessels in other circumstances. Although we would be entitled to compensation in the event of a requisition of one or more vessels, the amount and timing of payment would be uncertain. Government requisition of one or more vessels may negatively impact our revenues and reduce the amount of cash we have available for distribution as dividends, if any, to our shareholders.

Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could result in fines, criminal penalties and an adverse effect on our business.

We may operate in a number of countries throughout the world, including countries known to have a reputation for corruption. We are committed to doing business in accordance with applicable anti-corruption laws and have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics which is consistent and in full compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the FCPA. We are subject, however, to the risk that we, our affiliated entities or our or their respective officers, directors, employees and agents may take actions determined to be in violation of such anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. Any such violation could result in substantial fines, sanctions, civil and/or criminal penalties, curtailment of operations in certain jurisdictions, and might adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition. In addition, actual or alleged violations could damage our reputation and ability to do business. Furthermore, detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations is expensive and can consume significant time and attention of our senior management.

We may conduct business in China, where the legal system has inherent uncertainties that could limit the legal protections available to us.

Any charters that we may enter into in the future may be subject to new regulations in China that may require us to incur new or additional compliance or other administrative costs and may require that we pay to the Chinese government new taxes or other fees. Changes in laws and regulations, including with regards to tax matters, and their implementation by local authorities could affect vessels chartered to Chinese customers as well as vessels calling to Chinese ports and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Company Specific Risk Factors

We are not in compliance with the covenants related to the Notes and are currently in default under our obligations to the holders of our Notes. Our resumption of our vessel operation in the future is dependent upon our ability to convert the outstanding Notes to our Class A common shares.

We are in default under our obligations to the holders of the Notes for accrued unpaid interest of approximately $1.5 million. In addition, our Notes require us to satisfy certain covenants that we are not in compliance with. Specifically, we are not in compliance with covenants related to (i) net borrowings to total assets and (ii) minimum net worth. We have experienced net losses and have a shareholders’ deficit, which have affected, and which are expected to continue to affect, our ability to satisfy our obligations under the Notes. We have also been unable to generate positive cash flows from operating activities. For the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016, our net cash used in operating activities was approximately $7.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2016, our cash and cash equivalents were $0.3 million and current liabilities amounted to approximately $19.3 million, including approximately $16.6 million related to our Notes. Our current financial situation is such that it does not allow us to make interest payments on our Notes.

As a result of the foregoing breaches, our Notes are subject to acceleration. If the amounts outstanding under our Notes are accelerated, it will be very difficult in the current financing environment for us to refinance our Notes or obtain additional financing to pay off the Notes.

Our continued operation is dependent upon our ability to convert the outstanding Notes to our Class A common shares through the exchange agreements or exchange offers, which we entered into during 2016 and we may also enter into during 2017. We cannot assure you that we will successfully exchange all the outstanding Notes to our Class A common shares, in which event, our Notes will be subject to acceleration.

The substantial and continuing losses and our working capital deficit incurred in the past few years may cause us to be unable to pursue all of our operational objectives if sufficient financing and/or the exchange of Notes to our Class A common shares is not realized. This raises doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

In 2016, our net cash used in operating activities was approximately $1.9 million and, as of December 31, 2016, we had a working capital deficit of approximately $18.8 million.

Although we have previously been able to attract financing as needed, such financing may not continue to be available at all, or if available, on reasonable terms as required. Further, the terms of such financing may be dilutive to existing shareholders or otherwise on terms not favorable to us or existing shareholders. If we are unable to secure additional financing, as circumstances require or do not successfully exchange the Notes to our Class A common shares, we may be required to change our operations or ultimately may not be able to continue our operations. As a result of our historical net losses and cash flow deficits, and net capital deficiency, these conditions raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow to meet our obligations due to events beyond our control.

In February 2017, we did not make interest payments with regards to our Notes. We do not expect that cash on hand and cash expected to be generated from operations will be sufficient to reinstate interest payments on our Notes.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on our outstanding indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate cash from operations in the future. We have not conducted any vessel operations since May 2016 and effective December 1, 2016, our only source of revenue is from fees we earn from the commercial services we provide to a ship-owning company affiliate with Mr. Michael Bodouroglou. Unless we acquire other vessels, we will not be able to generate any new revenue. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify and acquire any vessels to allow us to meet our obligations, or at all. Also, our future financial and operating performance will be affected by a range of economic, financial, competitive, regulatory, business and other factors that we cannot control, such as general economic and financial conditions in the drybulk shipping industry or the economy generally.

Furthermore, our financial and operating performance, and our ability to service our indebtedness, is also dependent on our subsidiaries' ability to make distributions to us, whether in the form of dividends, loans or otherwise. The timing and amount of such distributions will depend on our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, fleet renewal and expansion, restrictions in various debt agreements we may enter into in the future, the provisions of Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends and other factors.

At any time that our operating cash flows are insufficient to service our indebtedness and to fund our other liquidity needs, we may be forced to take actions, such as reducing or delaying capital expenditures, selling any assets we may own, restructuring or refinancing our indebtedness, seeking additional capital, or any combination of the foregoing. We cannot assure you that any of these actions could be effected on satisfactory terms, if at all, or that they would yield sufficient funds to make required payments on our outstanding indebtedness and to fund our other liquidity needs. Also, the terms of any future debt agreements may restrict us from pursuing any of these actions.

We have not conducted vessel operations since May 2016.

We sold all of our vessels to certain unrelated parties and an entity controlled by Mr. Michael Bodouroglou during 2015 and the first five months of 2016 in order to settle indebtedness with our bank lenders and for the purpose of improving our liquidity.

As of December 31, 2015, we did not take delivery of the Ultramax newbuilding drybulk carrier with Hull number DY4050 from Yangzhou Dayang Shipbuilding Co. Ltd., or Dayang, that was scheduled to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2015. Furthermore, we sent to Dayang notices for the cancellation of the Ultramax newbuilding drybulk carrier with Hull number DY4052 that was scheduled to be delivered at the end of December 2015. Dayang rejected such cancellation notices and related arbitration proceedings commenced in London thereafter. In May 2016, we received notice from Dayang to take delivery of Hull number DY4050. On May 24, 2016, Dayang sent a default notice for Hull number DY4050 to us and Dayang commenced arbitration proceedings. We lacked the resources to undertake potential liabilities and litigation risks and costs associated with the delivery of the Ultramax newbuilding vessels and on June 6, 2016, we entered into an agreement with Allseas, pursuant to which Allseas agreed to write-off approximately $2.0 million in amounts due from us, waived fees for certain services it provided to us and assumed all contractual obligations under the shipbuilding contracts with Dayang in relation to the construction of the Ultramax newbuilding drybulk carriers with Hull numbers DY4050 and DY4052 in return for 550,000 of our Class A common shares.

As of December 31, 2015, we had agreed with Jiangsu Yangzijiang Shipbuilding Co., or Yangzijiang, to extend the deliveries of the three Kamsarmax newbuilding drybulk carriers (Hull numbers YZJ1144, YZJ1145 and YZJ1142), to the third and fourth quarter of 2016, subject to certain conditions, at no extra cost to us. In October 2016, we received a cancellation notice from Yangzijiang. The prevailing market conditions, coupled with our financial condition, did not allow us to take delivery of the Kamsarmax newbuilding drybulk carrier with Hull number YZJ2013-1144 by September 30, 2016, the latest date to complete such vessel acquisition. Following the failure to take delivery of the Kamsarmax newbuilding drybulk carrier with Hull number YZJ2013-1144, Yangzijiang cancelled the contracts for all three Kamsarmax newbuilding drybulk carriers, pursuant to the terms of the ship-building contracts.

Unless we acquire other vessels, we will not be able to generate any new revenue from vessel operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully identify and acquire any vessels in the future.

Following the sale of our vessels, we began operations as a commercial management services provider in December 2016. Our operations will heavily rely on our commercial services agreement with Milia Shipping Co.

Following the sale of all of our vessels in 2016, on December 1, 2016, we entered into a commercial services agreement with Milia Shipping Co. (“Milia”), incorporated in Liberia in September 2012, which is the owner of the Liberian flag drybulk vessel M/V Mykonos Seas, and is beneficially owned by Mr. Michael Bodouroglou. Pursuant to the terms of our agreement, we provide Milia with chartering services and in turn receive chartering and sale & purchase commissions.

While we have extensive experience in vessel operations, we face competition from more experienced commercial services providers as we have only recently commenced such operations. This new venture may involve significant risks and uncertainties, including our inability to obtain loan and credit facilities to finance operations to obtain additional customers. There can be no guarantee that we will be successful in obtaining additional customers.

We rely heavily on one customer, a related party, for our sales revenue and such reliance would have a negative impact on our operations.

Effective December 1, 2016, our only source of revenue is the fees from the commercial services we provide to Milia, a company affiliated with our Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Michael Bodouroglou. The loss of this revenue will negatively impact our ability to conduct operations in the future.

We have engaged, and continue to engage, in related party transactions, particularly between our company and the entities controlled by Mr. Michael Bodouroglou. Related party transactions present conflicts of interest that may harm our business as a result of competing interests that may impair investor confidence and thus negatively impact our operations. These related party transactions may also cause us to become materially dependent on these affiliate companies, and thus if we are unable to maintain our contractual relationship with Milia, the loss of this relationship could have adverse consequences on our business.

Conflicts of interest inherent in related party transactions may also adversely affect our business. Such conflicts of interest may also arise between us and our shareholders on the one hand, and between our affiliated companies and our Managers on the other hand. As a result of these existing conflicts, our interests and those of our shareholders may be disfavored at the expense of the interests of related parties, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

We may need to enter into loan and credit facilities in connection with any vessels we may acquire in the future, and such loan and credit facilities will be expected to contain financial and other covenants. If we are not able to comply with such covenants, our lenders may declare an event of default and accelerate our outstanding indebtedness, which would impact our ability to continue to conduct our business.

We may need to enter into loan and credit facilities, which will likely be secured by mortgages on any vessels we may acquire in the future. Typically, such agreements require us to maintain specified financial ratios mainly to ensure that the market value of the mortgaged vessels under the applicable credit facility, as determined in accordance with the terms of that agreement, does not fall below a certain percentage of the outstanding amount of the loan, which we refer to as a security cover ratio, and to satisfy certain other financial covenants. In general, these other financial covenants may require us to maintain (i) minimum liquidity; (ii) a maximum leverage ratio; (iii) a minimum interest coverage ratio; (iv) a minimum market adjusted net worth; (v) a minimum debt service coverage ratio; (vi) a minimum equity ratio; and (vii) a minimum working capital.

A violation of the security cover ratio, unless cured as set forth under the applicable loan or credit facility, or a violation of any of the financial covenants contained in any such debt agreement, would constitute an event of default, which, unless waived or modified by our lenders, we expect will provide such lender with the right to require us to post additional collateral, enhance our equity and liquidity, increase our interest payments, pay down our indebtedness to a level where we are in compliance with loan covenants, sell vessels in our fleet and accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose their liens on our vessels, or may cause us to reclassify our indebtedness as current liabilities, which would impair our ability to continue to conduct our business. Previously, as a result of intense fluctuations in the drybulk charter market and the related fluctuation in vessel values, we were not in compliance with certain financial and security cover ratio covenants contained in certain of our loan and credit facilities in the past, and as such, we ultimately entered into agreements with our lenders, whereby we agreed to sell off our vessels to unaffiliated third parties, and the proceeds from such sales would constitute full and final settlement of our outstanding indebtedness to such lenders.

If we identify and acquire any vessels in the future, we may need to enter into loan and credit facilities and such debt agreements will be expected to contain restrictive covenants that may limit our liquidity and corporate activities.

We may need to enter into loan and credit facilities, which will be secured by mortgages on vessels we may acquire in the future. Typically, such agreements, together with our outstanding Notes, impose operating and financial restrictions on us. These restrictions may limit our ability to:

In addition, under such covenants, we will likely be required to maintain minimum liquidity.

Therefore, our discretion is limited because we may need to obtain consent from our prospective lenders in order to engage in certain corporate actions and commercial actions that we believe would be in the best interest of our business, and a denial of permission may make it difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy or effectively compete with companies that are not similarly restricted. In addition, future debt agreements may contain restrictions and impose maximum limits on the per share dividend that we may pay per annum and require that we maintain certain minimum liquidity following the payment of any dividends. Our prospective lenders’ interests may be different from ours, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain a lenders’ consent when needed. In addition to the above restrictions, our prospective lenders may require the payment of additional fees, require prepayment of a portion of our indebtedness to them, accelerate the amortization schedule for our indebtedness and increase the interest rates they charge us on outstanding indebtedness. These potential restrictions and requirements may further limit our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future to you, finance our future operations, make acquisitions or pursue business opportunities.

Our ability to comply with covenants and restrictions contained in any debt agreements may be affected by economic, financial and industry conditions and other factors beyond our control. Any default under such debt agreements that is not waived or amended by the required lenders could prevent us from paying dividends in the future. If we are unable to repay indebtedness, the lenders under such loan and credit facilities could proceed against the collateral securing that indebtedness. In such case, we may be unable to repay the amounts due under such loan and credit facilities. This could have serious consequences for our financial condition and results of operations and could cause us to become bankrupt or insolvent. Our ability to comply with these covenants in future periods will also depend substantially on the value of our assets, the rates we may earn under our charters, our ability to obtain charters, our success at keeping our costs low and our ability to successfully implement our overall business strategy. Any future credit agreement or amendment or debt instrument may contain similar or more restrictive covenants.

Our earnings will be adversely affected if we are not able to successfully identify and acquire new vessels or employ any future vessels at low charter rates.

If we successfully identify and acquire any vessels in the future, we intend to primarily employ such vessels in the spot charter market, on short-term time charters or on voyage charters, ranging from 10 days to three months. However, depending on the time charter market, we may decide from time to time to employ vessels on medium to long-term time charters. In the past, charter rates for vessels have declined below operating costs of vessels. If vessels become available for employment in the spot market or under new time charters during periods when charter rates are at depressed levels, we may have to employ such vessels at depressed charter rates, if we are able to secure employment for those vessels at all, which would lead to reduced or volatile earnings. Future charter rates may not be at a level that will enable us to operate any vessels we may acquire in the future profitably to allow us to repay our debt and meet our other obligations.

We may not be able to raise equity and debt financing sufficient to meet our capital and operating needs and to comply with the covenants that we expect will be contained in our debt agreements, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We cannot assure you that the net proceeds from any future equity offering or debt financing would be sufficient to satisfy our capital and operating needs and enable us to comply with various debt covenants that we expect will be contained in future debt agreements. In such case, we may not be able to raise additional equity capital or obtain additional debt financing or refinance our existing indebtedness, if necessary. If we are not able to comply with the covenants that we expect will be contained in future debt agreements and our lenders choose to accelerate our indebtedness and foreclose their liens, we could be required to sell any vessels we may own and our ability to continue to conduct our business would be impaired.

We previously depended upon a few charterers for a significant part of our revenues and we may continue to depend on a few charterers if we acquire new vessels in the future. The failure of one or more of these charterers to meet their obligations under future time charter agreements could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business and ability to comply with covenants that we expect will be contained in our debt agreements.

We derived a significant part of our charter hire from a small number of customers. We may continue to depend on a few charterers with any vessels we may acquire in the future. If one or more of these charterers is unable to perform under one or more charters with us, or if a charterer exercises certain rights it may have to terminate the charter before its scheduled termination date, we could suffer a loss of revenues that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash available for distribution as dividends to our shareholders.

The ability and willingness of each of our prospective charterers to perform its obligations under a time charter agreement with us depends on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the drybulk shipping industry, the overall financial condition of the charterer, the loss of the relevant vessel, prolonged off-hire periods or the seizure of the relevant vessel for more than a specified number of days. In addition, charterers are sensitive to the commodity markets and may be impacted by market forces affecting commodities, such as iron ore, coal, grain, and other minor bulks. Moreover, in depressed market conditions, there have been reports of charterers renegotiating their charters or defaulting on their obligations under charters, and our prospective customers may fail to pay charter hire or attempt to renegotiate charter rates.

If our prospective charterers fail to meet their obligations to us or attempt to renegotiate our future charter agreements, we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, as well as our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future, and compliance with covenants that we expect will be contained in any future debt agreements, which may require the maintenance of minimum charter rate levels and consider the termination of a charter to be an event of default. For further discussion of our charterers, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our Customers.”

A drop in spot charter rates may provide an incentive for some charterers to default on their charters.

When we enter into a time charter, charter rates under that charter are fixed for the term of the charter. If the spot charter rates or short-term time charter rates in the drybulk shipping industry become significantly lower than the time charter equivalent rates that some of the charterers are obligated to pay us under any prospective charters, the charterers may have incentive to default under that charter or attempt to renegotiate the charter. If charterers fail to pay their obligations, we would have to attempt to recharter any vessels we may own at lower charter rates, which would affect our ability to operate such vessels profitably and may affect our ability to comply with covenants that we expect will be contained in any future debt agreements.

We may be subject to certain risks with respect to our counterparties on contracts, and failure of such counterparties to meet their obligations could cause us to suffer losses or otherwise adversely affect our business.

We may enter into in the future, among other things, charter parties, credit facilities with banks and interest rate swap agreements. Such agreements also would subject us to counterparty risks. The ability of each of the counterparties to perform its obligations under a contract with us will depend on a number of factors that are beyond our control and may include, among other things, general economic conditions, the condition of the shipping sector, the overall financial condition of the counterparty, charter rates received for specific types of drybulk carriers, the supply and demand for commodities such as iron ore, coal, grain, and other minor bulks, and various expenses. Should a counterparty fail to honor its obligations under agreements with us, we could sustain significant losses which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may have difficulty properly managing our planned growth through acquisitions of new vessels.

Subject to market conditions, we may make selective acquisitions of secondhand or newbuilding vessels. Our future growth will primarily depend on our ability to locate and acquire suitable vessels, enlarge our customer base, operate and supervise newbuilding vessels we may order, obtain required debt or equity financing on acceptable terms and manage our liabilities.

A delay in the delivery to us of any such vessel we contract to acquire or the failure of the seller or shipyard to deliver a vessel to us at all, could cause us to breach our obligations under a related charter and could adversely affect our earnings. In addition, the delivery of any of these vessels with substantial defects could have similar consequences.

A shipyard could fail to deliver a newbuilding on time or at all because of:

In addition, we may seek to terminate a newbuilding contract due to market conditions, financing limitations, significant delay in the delivery of the vessels or other reasons. If for any reason we fail to take delivery of any newbuilding vessels, we would be prevented from realizing potential revenues from these vessels, we may be required to forego deposits on construction and we may incur default damages and other incidental costs and expenses.

The delivery of any secondhand vessel we may agree to acquire could be delayed because of, among other things, hostilities or political disturbances, non-performance of the purchase agreement with respect to the vessels by the seller, our inability to obtain requisite permits, approvals or financing or damage to or destruction of the vessels while being operated by the seller prior to the delivery date.

During periods in which charter rates are high, vessel values generally are high as well, and it may be difficult to consummate vessel acquisitions or enter into newbuilding contracts at favorable prices. During periods when charter rates are low, we may be unable to fund the acquisition of newbuilding vessels, whether through lending or cash on hand. For these reasons, we may be unable to execute our growth plans or avoid significant expenses and losses in connection with our future growth efforts.

Our Board of Directors has determined to suspend the payment of cash dividends as a result of market conditions in the international shipping industry and, until such conditions improve, it is unlikely that we will reinstate the payment of dividends.

As a result of the market conditions in the international shipping industry, our Board of Directors, beginning with the first quarter of 2011, has suspended payment of our common share quarterly dividend. Our dividend policy is assessed by the Board of Directors from time to time. The suspension allows us to retain cash and increase our liquidity so we are in a better position to capitalize on investment opportunities during the weakened market conditions. Until market conditions improve, it is unlikely that we will reinstate the payment of dividends. In addition, other external factors, including restrictions on our ability to pay dividends under the terms that we expect will be contained in future loan and credit facilities, may limit our ability to pay dividends.

For example, certain of our prior loan and credit facilities restricted the amount of dividends we could pay to $0.50 per share per annum and limited the amount of quarterly dividends we could pay to 100% of our net income for the immediately preceding financial quarter. We were also required to maintain minimum liquidity after payment of dividends equal to the greater of the next six months' debt service, 8% of the total financial indebtedness or $1.0 million per vessel. Furthermore, according to the supplemental agreement we entered into with Unicredit Bank AG (“Unicredit”) on March 27, 2015, we were not permitted to declare or pay any dividends until all the deferred amounts of the facility’s repayment installments have been repaid in full. We anticipate that future loan and credit facilities will contain similar restrictions.

Furthermore, we may not be permitted to pay dividends if we are in breach of covenants that we expect will be contained in any future debt agreements. We expect that the terms of our debt agreements will contain a number of financial covenants and general covenants that will require us to, among other things, maintain security cover ratios, minimum cash balances and insurance including, but not limited to, hull and machinery insurance in an amount at least equal to the fair market value of the vessels financed, as determined by third party valuations. We expect that we may not be permitted to pay dividends in any amount under the terms of our expected debt agreements if we are in default of any of such covenants or if we do not meet specified debt coverage ratios and minimum charter rate levels.

Moreover, the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, in the future will depend on the provisions of Marshall Islands law affecting the payment of dividends. Marshall Islands law generally prohibits the payment of dividends if the company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent upon payment of such dividend, and under Marshall Islands law, dividends may only be declared and paid out of surplus or, under certain circumstances, net profits.

The derivative contracts we may enter into to hedge our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates could result in higher than market interest rates and charges against our income.

We previously entered into, and anticipate that in the future we may enter into, interest rate swaps for purposes of managing our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates applicable to indebtedness under credit facilities, which prior agreements were advanced at a floating rate based on LIBOR. Our hedging strategies, however, may not be effective and we may incur substantial losses if interest rates move materially differently from our expectations. Since future derivative contracts may not qualify for treatment as hedges for accounting purposes, we could recognize fluctuations in the fair value of such contracts in our statement of comprehensive income / (loss). In addition, our financial condition could be materially adversely affected to the extent we do not hedge our exposure to interest rate fluctuations under financing arrangements. Any hedging activities we engage in may not effectively manage our interest rate exposure or have the desired impact on our financial conditions or results of operations.

Substantial debt levels could limit our flexibility to obtain additional financing and pursue other business opportunities.

As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding indebtedness of $144.7 million, which during 2016, was substantially eliminated through the sale of our remaining vessels. We expect to incur additional indebtedness in order to fund any future vessel acquisitions. This level of debt could have significant adverse consequences to our business and future prospects, including the following:

Our ability to service our debt will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If our operating income is not sufficient to service our current or future indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions, such as reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt or seeking additional equity capital. We may not be able to affect any of these remedies on satisfactory terms, or at all. In addition, a lack of liquidity in the debt and equity markets could hinder our ability to refinance our debt or obtain additional financing on favorable terms in the future.

We may have difficulty effectively managing our future growth.

As of the date of this annual report, we have no vessels. As a result, our Managers have decreased the number of staff significantly. As we acquire new vessels, this will require us to increase the number of our personnel. We will also have to increase our customer base to provide continued employment for any vessels we may acquire in the future.

Our future growth will primarily depend on our ability to:

We may not be successful in executing our growth plans and we may incur significant expenses and losses in connection with our future growth. If we are not able to successfully grow the size of our company, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

The potential acquisition of new vessels may impose significant additional responsibilities on our management and the management and staff of Allseas and Seacommercial. The acquisition of new vessels may necessitate that we, Allseas and Seacommercial, increase the number of personnel employed. The Managers may have to increase their customer base to provide continued employment of prospective fleet, and such costs will be passed on to us by the Managers.

We were dependent on Allseas and Seacommercial for the commercial and technical management of our fleet, and are dependent on Allseas to provide us with our executive officers, and the failure of either of our Managers to satisfactorily perform their services may adversely affect our business.

We have entered into an executive services agreement with Allseas, pursuant to which Allseas provides the services of our executive officers, which include strategy, business development, marketing, finance and other services, who report directly to our Board of Directors. In connection with the respective agreement, Allseas is entitled to an executive services fee, plus incentive compensation. On May 18, 2015, the duration of the agreement was converted from the initial term of five years to indefinite unless sooner terminated in accordance with the provisions of the agreement.

In addition, as we may subcontract the commercial and technical management of any vessels we may acquire in the future, including crewing, maintenance and repair, to Allseas and Seacommercial, the loss of either of the Managers services or their failure to perform their obligations to us could materially and adversely affect the results of our operations. Although we may have rights against the Managers if they default on their obligations to us, you will have no recourse directly against either of the Managers. Further, any future loan and credit facilities may require the approval from the lenders to change the commercial and technical manager.

Since Allseas and Seacommercial are privately held companies and there is little or no publicly available information about our Managers, an investor could have little advance warning of potential problems that might affect the Managers that could have a material adverse effect on us.

The ability of the Managers to continue providing services for our benefit will depend in part on their own financial strength. Circumstances beyond our control could impair the Managers’ financial strength, and because the Managers are privately held, it is unlikely that information about their financial strength would become public unless either of the Managers began to default on their obligations. As a result, an investor in our shares might have little advance warning of problems affecting the Managers, even though these problems could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our executive officers have affiliations with Allseas, Seacommercial and Box Ships, which may create conflicts of interest that may permit them to favor the interests of Allseas, Seacommercial and Box Ships and their affiliates above our interests and those of our shareholders.

Our Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Michael Bodouroglou, is the beneficial owner of all of the issued and outstanding capital stock of Allseas, Seacommercial and Crewcare Inc., or Crewcare, our former manning agent, and our Chief Operating Officer, Mr. George Skrimizeas, is the President and director of Allseas and Seacommercial. These responsibilities and relationships could create conflicts of interest between us, on the one hand, and the Managers, on the other hand. These conflicts may arise in connection with the chartering, purchase, sale and operations of any vessels we may acquire in the future versus other vessels managed by the Managers or other companies affiliated with the Managers and Mr. Bodouroglou. To the extent that entities affiliated with Mr. Bodouroglou, other than us, or the Managers own or operate vessels that may compete for employment or management services in the future, the Managers may give preferential treatment to vessels that are beneficially owned by related parties because Mr. Bodouroglou and members of his family may receive greater economic benefits. Mr. Bodouroglou granted to us a right of first refusal over future vessels that he or entities affiliated with him may seek to acquire in the future. However, we may not exercise our right to acquire all or any of these vessels in the future, and such vessels may compete with our prospective fleet.

In addition, the Managers currently provide management services to other vessels, owned by other companies. We have entered into an agreement with Box Ships and Mr. Michael Bodouroglou that provides that so long as (i) Mr. Bodouroglou is a director or executive officer of both our Company and Box Ships and (ii) we own at least 5% of the total issued and outstanding common shares of Box Ships, Box Ships will not, directly or indirectly, acquire or charter any drybulk carrier without our prior written consent and we will not, directly or indirectly, acquire or charter any containership without the prior written consent of Box Ships. To the extent that we believe it is in our interest to grant such consent and Box Ships acquires drybulk vessels, such vessels may compete with our prospective fleet. The Managers are not parties to the non-competition agreement described above and, under the terms of the agreement, may provide vessel management services to drybulk vessels other than the drybulk vessels we may acquire in the future. These conflicts of interest may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Furthermore, other conflicts of interest may arise between Box Ships, the Managers, and their affiliates, on the one hand, and us and our shareholders, on the other hand. For example, notwithstanding our non-competition agreement with Box Ships described above, Box Ships may claim other business opportunities that would benefit us, such as the hiring of employees, the acquisition of other businesses, or the entry into joint ventures, and in each case other than business opportunities in the drybulk shipping industry, and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flows.

Moreover, Mr. Bodouroglou also serves as the Chairman, President, Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer of Box Ships. Therefore, Mr. Bodouroglou, who advises our Board of Directors on the amount and timing of asset purchases and sales, capital expenditures, borrowings, issuances of additional capital stock and cash reserves, each of which can affect the amount of the cash available for distribution to our shareholders, may favor the interests of Box Ships or its affiliates and may not provide us with business opportunities that would benefit us. In addition, our executive officers and those of our Managers will not spend all of their time on matters related to our business.

Furthermore, Mr. Bodouroglou has fiduciary duties to manage our business in a manner that is beneficial to us and our shareholders and he has fiduciary duties to manage the business of Box Ships and its affiliates in a manner beneficial to such entities and their shareholders. Consequently, he may encounter situations in which his fiduciary obligations to Box Ships and us are in conflict. We believe the principal situations in which these conflicts may occur are in the allocation of business opportunities to Box Ships or us, such as with respect to the allocation and hiring of employees, the acquisition of other businesses or the entry into joint ventures, and in each case other than business opportunities in the drybulk shipping industry. The resolution of these conflicts may not always be in our best interest or that of our shareholders and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Although we have entered into a non-competition agreement with Box Ships and Mr. Michael Bodouroglou, as a result of the conflicts discussed above, the Managers may favor their own interests, the interests of Box Ships and the interests of its affiliates, and our executive officers may favor the interests of the Managers, Box Ships and its affiliates, over our interests and those of our shareholders, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

If we acquire secondhand vessels in the future, their operation may result in increased operating costs and reduced fleet utilization.

While we have the right to inspect previously owned vessels prior to our purchase of them and we intend to inspect all secondhand vessels that we may acquire in the future, such an inspection does not provide us with the same knowledge about their condition that we would have if these vessels had been built for and operated exclusively by us. A secondhand vessel may have conditions or defects that we were not aware of when we bought the vessel and which may require us to incur costly repairs to the vessel. These repairs may require us to put a vessel into dry-dock which would reduce our fleet utilization. Furthermore, we usually do not receive the benefit of warranties on secondhand vessels.

We or our Managers may be unable to attract and retain key management personnel and other employees in the shipping industry, which may negatively impact the effectiveness of our management and results of operations.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the abilities and efforts of our management team, including our ability to retain key members of our management team and to hire new members as may be necessary. We reimburse Allseas for the services of our executive officers. The loss of any of these individuals could adversely affect our business prospects and financial condition. Difficulty in hiring and retaining replacement personnel could adversely affect our business, results of operations and ability to pay dividends. We do not intend to maintain “key man” life insurance on any of our officers or other members of our management team.

We may not have adequate insurance to compensate us if we lose any vessels we may acquire in the future or to compensate third parties.

There are a number of risks associated with the operation of ocean-going vessels, including mechanical failure, collision, human error, war, terrorism, piracy, property loss, cargo loss or damage and business interruption due to political circumstances in foreign countries, hostilities and labor strikes. Any of these events may result in loss of revenues, increased costs and decreased cash flows. In addition, the operation of any vessel is subject to the inherent possibility of marine disaster, including oil spills and other environmental mishaps, and the liabilities arising from owning and operating vessels in international trade.

If we acquire any vessels, we will be insured against tort claims and some contractual claims (including claims related to environmental damage and pollution) through memberships in protection and indemnity associations or clubs, or P&I Associations. As a result of such membership, the P&I Associations will provide us coverage for such tort and contractual claims. We will also carry hull and machinery insurance and war risk insurance for our prospective fleet. We will insure future vessels for third-party liability claims subject to and in accordance with the rules of the P&I Associations in which the vessels are entered. We will also maintain insurance against loss of hire, which covers business interruptions that result in the loss of use of a vessel. We can give no assurance that we will be adequately insured against all risks and we cannot guarantee that any particular claim will be paid.

In addition, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage for our prospective fleet in the future or renew our insurance policies on the same or commercially reasonable terms, or at all. For example, more stringent environmental regulations have led in the past to increased costs for, and in the future may result in the lack of availability of, protection and indemnity insurance against risks of environmental damage or pollution. Any uninsured or underinsured loss could harm our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends in amounts anticipated or at all. In addition, our insurance may be voidable by the insurers as a result of certain of our actions, such as our ships failing to maintain certification with applicable maritime self-regulatory organizations. Furthermore, our insurance policies may not cover all losses that we incur, or that disputes over insurance claims will not arise with our insurance carriers. Any claims covered by insurance would be subject to deductibles, and since it is possible that a large number of claims may be brought, the aggregate amount of these deductibles could be material. In addition, our insurance policies are subject to limitations and exclusions, which may increase our costs or lower our revenues, thereby possibly having a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and ability to pay dividends in amounts anticipated or at all.

The aging of fleet may result in increased operating costs or loss of hire in the future, which could adversely affect our earnings.

In general, the cost of maintaining a vessel in good operating condition increases with the age of the vessel. Older vessels are typically less fuel efficient and more costly to maintain than more recently constructed vessels due to improvements in engine technology. Cargo insurance rates increase with the age of a vessel, making older vessels less desirable to charterers. Governmental regulations and safety or other equipment standards related to the age of vessels may also require expenditures for alterations or the addition of new equipment to our vessels and may restrict the type of activities in which our vessels may engage. As vessels age, market conditions may not justify those expenditures or enable profitable operations during the remainder of their useful lives.

In addition, charterers actively discriminate against hiring older vessels. Therefore, as vessels approach and exceed 18 years of age, we might not be able to operate any such older vessels we may acquire in the future profitably during the remainder of their useful lives.

Because we generate all of our revenues in U.S. dollars but incur a portion of our expenses in other currencies, exchange rate fluctuations could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

We generate substantially all of our revenues in U.S. dollars but certain of our expenses are incurred in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. This difference could lead to fluctuations in net income due to changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to these other currencies, in particular the Euro. Expenses incurred in foreign currencies against which the U.S. dollar falls in value could increase, decreasing our net income and cash flow from operations.

If the recent volatility in LIBOR continues, it could affect our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

We have previously entered into, and in the future plan to enter into, interest rate swap agreements converting floating interest rate exposure into fixed interest rates in order to economically hedge our exposure to fluctuations in prevailing market interest rates. However, our exposure to floating interest rate is typically only partially hedged.

Historically, LIBOR has been volatile, with the spread between LIBOR and the prime lending rate widening significantly at times. These conditions are the result of the recent disruptions in the international credit markets. Because the interest rates for indebtedness fluctuate with changes in LIBOR, if this volatility were to continue, it would affect the amount of interest payable on debt we may assume, which in turn, could have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

Furthermore, interest on most loan agreements in our industry has been based on published LIBOR rates. Recently, however, lenders have insisted on provisions that entitle the lenders, in their discretion, to replace published LIBOR as the base for the interest calculation with their cost-of-funds rate. If we are required to agree to such a provision in future loan agreements, our lending costs could increase significantly, which would have an adverse effect on our profitability, earnings and cash flow.

We may have to pay tax on U.S. source income, which would reduce our earnings.

As a foreign corporation to the United States, our operating income generally is taxable in the United States if it is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. In order to be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, operating income must be from sources within the United States. The income we derive from providing management services is not derived from sources within the United States. Our management services are provided to companies operating outside the United States and consist of services performed outside the United States. Accordingly, we do not believe that we would be taxable in the United States on our general operating income.

Under Section 887 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, (the “Code”), 50% of the gross shipping income of a corporation that owns or charters vessels, such as ourselves and our subsidiaries, that is attributable to transportation that either begins or ends (but that does not do both) in the United States is characterized as U.S. source shipping income. Such income is subject to a 4% U.S. federal income tax without allowance for deductions.

The 4% tax imposed by Section 887 does not apply if the corporation qualifies for an exemption from tax under Section 883 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder.

We and each of our subsidiaries believe that, while we earned shipping income, we qualified for the exemption under Section 883 and we took this position for U.S. federal income tax return reporting purposes. However, there are factual circumstances beyond our control that could cause us to lose the benefit of this tax exemption and thereby become subject to U.S. federal income tax on any U.S. source shipping income that we may earn in the future. For example, we would no longer qualify for exemption under Section 883 for a particular taxable year if shareholders resident in certain jurisdictions with a 5% or greater interest in our common shares owned, in the aggregate, 50% or more of our outstanding common shares for more than half the days during the taxable year. Due to the factual nature of the issues involved, we can give no assurances with regard to our tax-exempt status or that of any of our subsidiaries.

If we or our subsidiaries have shipping income in 2017 or future years and are not entitled to the tax exemption under Section 883 for any taxable year, then under Section 887 of the Code we or our subsidiaries would be subject during those years to a 4% U.S. federal income tax on our shipping income that is treated as from sources within the U.S. (without allowance for deduction). The imposition of this tax could have a negative effect on our business and would result in decreased earnings available for distribution to our shareholders.

See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S., Marshall Islands Income Tax Considerations— Taxation of Operating Income: In General and Exemption of Operating Income from U.S. Federal Income Taxation”, for a further discussion of the taxation of our shipping income.

U.S. tax authorities could treat us as a “passive foreign investment company,” which could have adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for any taxable year consists of certain types of “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of the average value of the corporation’s assets produce, or are held for the production of, those types of “passive income.” For purposes of these tests, “passive income” includes dividends, interest, gains from the sale or exchange of investment property, and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. For purposes of these tests, income derived from the performance of services does not constitute “passive income.” U.S. shareholders of a PFIC are subject to a disadvantageous U.S. federal income tax regime with respect to the income derived by the PFIC, the distributions they receive from the PFIC and the gain, if any, they derive from the sale or other disposition of their shares in the PFIC.

Based on our prior method of shipping operations, we do not believe that we will be a PFIC with respect to any taxable year as a result of any shipping income that we may earn. In this regard, we intend to treat the gross income we derive or are deemed to derive from our time chartering activities as services income, rather than rental income. Accordingly, we believe that income from our time chartering activities does not constitute “passive income,” and the assets that we own and operate in connection with the production of that income do not constitute assets that produce, or are held for the production of, “passive income.”

There is, however, no direct legal authority under the PFIC rules addressing our method of operation in activities that might generate shipping income. We believe there is substantial legal authority supporting our position consisting of case law and U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, pronouncements concerning the characterization of income derived from time charters and voyage charters as services income for other tax purposes. However, we note that there is also authority which characterizes time charter income as rental income rather than services income for other tax purposes. Accordingly, no assurance can be given that the IRS or a court of law will accept our position, and there is a risk that the IRS or a court of law could determine that we are a PFIC. Moreover, no assurance can be given that we would not constitute a PFIC for any future taxable year if there were to be changes in the nature of our shipping operations.

Due to the curtailment of our shipping services, there is also a possibility that we would be viewed as a PFIC because more than half, by value, of our assets are passive assets or because more than 75% of our income is income generated by passive assets. As of December 2016, approximately 46% of our assets consisted of cash, which the IRS treats as a passive asset even if it is used as working capital. If more than 50% of the average value of our assets during 2017 consisted of cash or other passive assets, we would be treated as a PFIC for 2017. We would also be treated as a PFIC for 2017 if the income from our commercial services agreements or other non-passive activities did not amount to more than 25% of our total income. We do not expect the character of our assets or income to make us a PFIC for 2017 but we can give no assurances that that will be the case.

If the IRS were to find that we are or have been a PFIC for any taxable year, our U.S. shareholders would face adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences and information reporting obligations. Under the PFIC rules, unless those U.S. shareholders make an election available under the Code (which election could itself have adverse consequences for such U.S. shareholders), such U.S. shareholders would be liable to pay U.S. federal income tax at the then prevailing U.S. federal income tax rates on ordinary income plus interest upon “excess distributions” and upon any gain from the disposition of our common shares, as if such “excess distribution” or gain had been recognized ratably over the U.S. shareholder’s holding period of our common shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S., Marshall Islands Income Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Taxation of U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Status and Significant Tax Consequences” for a more comprehensive discussion of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. shareholders if we are treated as a PFIC.

We are a holding company, and we depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments, if any, in the future.

We are a holding company and our subsidiaries, which are wholly-owned by us, conduct all of our operations and owned all of our operating assets. We have no significant assets other than the equity interests in our subsidiaries. As a result, our ability to make dividend payments, if any, in the future depends on our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute funds to us. We do not intend to obtain funds from other sources to pay dividends, if any, in the future.

In addition, the declaration and payment of dividends by us and our Marshall Islands and Liberian subsidiaries will depend on the provisions of Marshall Islands and Liberian law affecting the payment of dividends. Marshall Islands and Liberian law generally prohibits the payment of dividends other than from surplus or net profits or while a company is insolvent or would be rendered insolvent upon payment of such dividend.

Our ability to pay dividends, if any, in the future will also be subject to our satisfaction of certain financial covenants that we expect will be contained in our debt agreements. Certain of our prior loan and credit facilities restricted the amount of dividends we could pay to $0.50 per share per annum and limited the amount of quarterly dividends we could pay to 100% of our net income for the immediately preceding financial quarter. We were also required to maintain minimum liquidity after payment of dividends equal to the greater of the next six months' debt service, 8% of the total financial indebtedness or $1.0 million per vessel. Furthermore, according to the supplemental agreement we entered into with Unicredit on March 27, 2015, we were not permitted to declare or pay any dividends until all the deferred amounts of the facility’s repayment installments have been repaid in full. We anticipate that future loan and credit facilities will contain similar restrictions.

It may not be possible for investors to enforce U.S. judgments against us.

We and all our subsidiaries are incorporated in jurisdictions outside the United States and substantially all of our assets and those of our subsidiaries are located outside the United States. In addition, all of our directors and officers are non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of the assets of these non-residents are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for U.S. investors to serve process within the United States upon us, our subsidiaries or our directors and officers or to enforce a judgment against us for civil liabilities in U.S. courts. In addition, you should not assume that courts in the countries in which we or our subsidiaries are incorporated or where our or the assets of our subsidiaries are located (1) would enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained in actions against us or our subsidiaries based upon the civil liability provisions of applicable U.S. federal and state securities laws or (2) would enforce, in original actions, liabilities against us or our subsidiaries based on those laws.

Risks Relating to Our Common Shares

The continued downturn in the drybulk carrier charter market has had and the suspension of our vessel operations will have a significant adverse impact on the market price of our common shares.

The continued downturn in the drybulk carrier charter market has caused the price of our common shares to decline significantly since 2008. We do not have any vessel operation and we will not generate any new revenue until we charter any vessels we may acquire in the future, which may have significant impact on the trading price of our common shares.

The market price of our common shares has fluctuated widely and may continue to fluctuate in the future.

The market price of our common shares has fluctuated widely since we became a public company in August 2007 and may continue to do so as a result of many factors, including whether we can successfully charter any vessels we may acquire in the future, our actual results of operations and perceived prospects, the prospects of our competition and of the shipping industry in general and in particular the drybulk sector, differences between our actual financial and operating results and those expected by investors and analysts, changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections, changes in general valuations for companies in the shipping industry, particularly the drybulk sector, changes in general economic or market conditions and broad market fluctuations.

The public market for our common shares may not continue to be active and liquid enough for you to resell our common shares in the future.

An active or liquid public market for our common shares may not continue going forward. Volatility in the stock market could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common shares and could impact a potential sale price if holders of our common shares decide to sell their shares.

The seaborne transportation industry has been highly unpredictable and volatile. The market for common shares in this industry may be equally volatile. The market price of our common shares may be influenced by many factors, many of which are beyond our control, including those already described above, as well as the following:

As a result of these and other factors, investors in our common shares may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price they paid for such shares. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance.

Future sales of our common shares, including shares issued pursuant to the exchange and securities purchase agreements we entered into with unrelated third parties, could cause the market price of our common shares to decline and our shareholders may experience dilution as a result of our on-going agreement to issue shares of our common shares to Loretto Finance Inc.

The market price of our common shares could decline due to sales of a large number of shares in the market, including sales of shares by our large shareholders, or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales could also make it more difficult or impossible for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate to raise funds through future offerings of our common shares.

In addition, in order to incentivize Allseas’ continued services to us, we have entered into a tripartite agreement with Allseas and Loretto, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Allseas, pursuant to which in the event of a capital increase, an equity offering or the issuance of common shares to a third party or third parties in the future, other than common shares issued pursuant to our equity incentive plan, we have agreed to issue, at no cost to Loretto, additional common shares to Loretto in an amount equal to 2% of the total number of common shares issued pursuant to such capital increase, equity offering or third party issuance, as applicable. In June 2016, we lacked the resources to undertake potential liabilities and litigation risks and costs associated with the delivery of the Ultramax newbuilding vessels from Dayang and on June 6, 2016,we entered into an agreement with Allseas, pursuant to which Allseas agreed to write-off approximately $2.0 million in amounts due from us, waived fees for certain services it provided to us and assumed all contractual obligations under the shipbuilding contracts with Dayang in relation to the construction of the Ultramax newbuilding drybulk carriers with Hull numbers DY4050 and DY4052 in return for 550,000 of our Class A common shares, issued to Loretto. As of the date of this annual report, we had issued a total of 562,557 of our common shares to Loretto.

Furthermore, our shareholders may incur additional dilution from any future equity offerings and upon the issuance of additional shares or upon the issuance of additional restricted common shares pursuant to our equity incentive plan or upon the issuance of common shares pursuant to our existing exchange and securities purchase agreements and any additional agreements we may enter into in the future with unrelated third parties.

Since we are incorporated in the Marshall Islands, which does not have a well-developed body of corporate law, you may have more difficulty protecting your interests than shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws and by the Marshall Islands Business Corporations Act, or the BCA. The provisions of the BCA resemble provisions of the corporation laws of a number of states in the United States. However, there have been few judicial cases in the Marshall Islands interpreting the BCA. The rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under the laws of the Marshall Islands are not as clearly established as the rights and fiduciary responsibilities of directors under statutes or judicial precedent in existence in the United States. The rights of shareholders of the Marshall Islands may differ from the rights of shareholders of companies incorporated in the United States. While the BCA provides that it is to be interpreted according to the laws of the State of Delaware and other states with substantially similar legislative provisions, there have been few, if any, court cases interpreting the BCA in the Marshall Islands, and we cannot predict whether Marshall Islands courts would reach the same conclusions as U.S. courts. Thus, you may have more difficulty in protecting your interests in the face of actions by the management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a U.S. jurisdiction which has developed a relatively more substantial body of case law.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents could make it difficult for our shareholders to replace or remove our current Board of Directors or have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a merger or acquisition, which could adversely affect the market price of our common shares.

Several provisions of our Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws could make it difficult for our shareholders to change the composition of our Board of Directors in any one year, preventing them from changing the composition of management. In addition, the same provisions may discourage, delay or prevent a merger or acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable. These provisions:

In addition, we have adopted a shareholder rights plan pursuant to which our Board of Directors may cause the substantial dilution of any person that attempts to acquire us without the approval of our Board of Directors. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Stockholder Rights Plan.”

The above anti-takeover provisions, including the provisions of our shareholder rights plan, could substantially impede the ability of public shareholders to benefit from a change in control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of our common shares and your ability to realize any potential change of control premium.

The price of our Class A common shares may be volatile as a result of factors that are beyond our control and if the price of our Class A common shares fluctuate, you could lose a significant part of your investment.

Previously, our Class A common shares traded on the NASDAQ markets. In June 2016, our Class A common shares stopped trading on NASDAQ and commenced trading in the OTC Markets. We cannot assure you that an active or liquid public market for our Class A common shares will continue. In recent years, the stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. If the volatility in the market worsens, it could have an adverse effect on the market price of our Class A common shares and impact a potential sale price if holders of our Class A common shares decide to sell their shares.

The market price of our Class A common shares may be influenced by many factors, many of which are beyond our control, including those described above and the following:

As a result of these and other factors, investors in our stock may not be able to resell their shares at or above the price they paid for such shares. These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our Class A common shares, regardless of our operating performance.

There is a limited trading market for our Class A common shares and there is no guarantee of a liquid public market for you to resell our Class A common shares.

In June 2016, our common stock stopped trading on NASDAQ and commenced trading in the OTC Markets. Since then, there has been a limited trading market for our Class A common shares and we expect that may continue for the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that an active and liquid public market for our Class A common shares will develop. The lack of an active market may impair your ability  to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of capital stock and may impair our ability to acquire other assets by using Class A common shares as consideration.

Our Class A common shares is subject to the “penny stock” rules of the SEC and the trading market in our securities is limited, which makes transactions in our stock cumbersome and may reduce the value of an investment in our stock.

The SEC has adopted Rule 15g-9 which establishes the definition of a “penny stock,” for the purposes relevant to us, as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or with an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require:

In order to approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must:

The broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market, which, in highlight form:

Generally, brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the “penny stock” rules. This may make it more difficult for investors to dispose of our Class A common shares and cause a decline in the market value of our shares.

Disclosure also has to be made about the risks of investing in penny stocks in both public offerings and in secondary trading and about the commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and the rights and remedies available to an investor in cases of fraud in penny stock transactions. Finally, monthly statements have to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stocks.

FINRA sales practice requirements may also limit a shareholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.

In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative low priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. The FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our Class A common shares, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our stock and have an adverse effect on the market for our shares.