DPHC DiamondPeak Holdings Corporation

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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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Registrant’s telephone number: (234) 285-4001

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of June 30, 2022, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the Class A common stock outstanding, other than shares held by persons who may be deemed affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing sales price for the Class A common stock on June 30, 2022, as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market, was approximately $325,277,066.

As of March 3, 2023 there were 238,985,109 shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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INDEX

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report, including, without limitation, statements under the heading “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the words “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” “potential,” “projects,” “predicts,” “continue,” “could” or “should,” or, in each case, their negative or other variations or comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements are accompanied by such terms. There can be no assurance that actual results will not materially differ from expectations. Such statements include, but are not limited to, any statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, financial or operational prospects, growth, strategies and the industry in which we operate, and any other statements that are not statements of current or historical facts.

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By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events and depend on circumstances that may or may not occur in the future. Although we base these forward-looking statements on assumptions that we believe are reasonable when made, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this report. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and developments in the industry in which we operate, are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this report, those results or developments may not be indicative of results or developments in subsequent periods. These statements are based on management’s current expectations, but actual results may differ materially due to various factors, including, but not limited to those described in the “Risk Factors” section of this report and the following:

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In light of these risks and uncertainties, we caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement that we make in this report speaks only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities

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laws. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should only be viewed as historical data.

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Unless the context indicates otherwise, references in this report to the “Company,” “Lordstown,” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Lordstown Motors Corp. (f/k/a DiamondPeak Holdings Corp.) and its consolidated subsidiaries (including Legacy Lordstown (as defined below)). References to “DiamondPeak” refer to our predecessor company prior to the consummation of the Business Combination (as defined below).

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continued to impact production. We have experienced performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. Some of these issues were discovered by us or our suppliers, though some were experienced by our initial customers. In this regard, we filed paperwork with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues regarding an electrical connection issue that could result in a loss of propulsion while driving and a brake component that our supplier notified us was not to specification. The Company is diligently working with suppliers on the root cause analysis of each issue and potential solutions, which in some cases may include part design modifications, retrofits and software updates. Performance issues are often discovered as an entirely new vehicle with several new technologies begins operating in new and different environments by customers. As a result, through February 2023, approximately 40 Endurance vehicles have been completed or are in process and we have sold a total of six vehicles of our planned initial batch of up to 500 units. As we continue to address Endurance performance and component quality issues and manage continued supply chain constraints with key components, including hub motor components, we anticipate production will remain paused or very low and potentially increase starting as early as the second quarter of 2023.

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Our ongoing production and sales volume and rate will be subject to our ability to address these performance issues and consistently receive parts of acceptable quality in the appropriate quantities. Disruptions caused by one or more of these factors could lead to further pauses in vehicle builds or completed vehicle shipments or recalls.

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If and when these matters are resolved, we anticipate increasing the rate of production and sale of our first batch of up to 500 Endurance vehicles in order to seed the commercial fleet market, demonstrate the capabilities of the truck, and support our OEM partnership pursuits, which is critical to scaling production. Because our current bill of material (“BOM”) cost for the Endurance is well above our current selling price, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate for the foreseeable future.

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Sale of Lordstown Plant

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On May 11, 2022, Lordstown EV Corporation, a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Lordstown EV”), closed the transactions contemplated by the asset purchase agreement with Foxconn EV Technology, Inc., an Ohio corporation, and an affiliate of Hon Hai Technology Group (“HHTG”; either HTTG or applicable affiliates of HTTG are referred to herein as “Foxconn”), dated November 10, 2021 (the “Asset Purchase Agreement” or “APA” and the closing of the transactions contemplated thereby, the “APA Closing”).

Pursuant to the APA, Foxconn purchased Lordstown EV’s manufacturing facility located in Lordstown, Ohio. Lordstown EV continues to own our hub motor assembly line, as well as our battery module and pack line assets, certain tooling, intellectual property rights and other excluded assets, and it outsources all of the manufacturing of the Endurance to Foxconn under the Contract Manufacturing Agreement. Lordstown EV also entered into a lease pursuant to which Lordstown EV leases space located at the Lordstown, Ohio facility from Foxconn for its Ohio-based employees.

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The $257 million in proceeds from the sale of the Lordstown facility consisted of the $230 million initial purchase price for the assets, plus $8.9 million for expansion investments and an $18.4 million reimbursement for certain operating expenses from September 1, 2021 through the APA Closing. In connection with the APA Closing, the Company issued warrants to Foxconn that are exercisable until the third anniversary of the APA Closing for 1.7 million shares of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $10.50 per share (the “Foxconn Warrants”). In October 2021, prior to entering into the APA, Foxconn purchased 7.2 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock for approximately $50.0 million.

Contract Manufacturing Agreement

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On May 11, 2022, Lordstown EV and Foxconn entered into a manufacturing supply agreement (the “Contract Manufacturing Agreement” or “CMA”) in connection with the APA Closing. Pursuant to the Contract Manufacturing Agreement, Foxconn (i) manufactures the Endurance at the Lordstown facility for a fee per vehicle, (ii) following a transition period, procures components for the manufacture and assembly of the Endurance, subject to sourcing specifications provided by Lordstown EV, and (iii) provides certain post-delivery services. The CMA provides us with an almost entirely variable manufacturing cost structure and alleviates us of the burden to invest in and maintain the Lordstown facility.

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The CMA requires Foxconn to use commercially reasonable efforts to assist with reducing component and logistics costs and reducing the overall BOM cost of the Endurance, and otherwise improve the commercial terms of procurement with suppliers. However, given the limited production volume of the first batch of the Endurance, and in the event we do not scale production, we do not anticipate that we will realize any material reduction of costs or improvement in commercial terms. Foxconn conducts testing in accordance with procedures established by us and we are generally responsible for all motor vehicle regulatory compliance and reporting. The Contract Manufacturing Agreement also allocates responsibility between the parties for other matters, including component defects, quality assurance and warranties of manufacturing and design. Foxconn invoices us for manufacturing costs on a fee per vehicle produced basis, and to the extent purchased or incurred by Foxconn, component and other costs. Production volume and scheduling are based upon rolling weekly forecasts we provide that are generally binding only for a 12-week period, with some ability to vary the quantities of vehicle type.

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The CMA became effective on May 11, 2022 and continues for an initial term of 18 months plus a 12-month notice period in the event either party seeks to terminate the agreement. In the event no party terminates the Contract Manufacturing Agreement following the initial term, it will continue on a month-to-month basis unless terminated upon 12 months’ prior notice. The CMA can also be terminated by either party due to a material breach of the agreement and will terminate immediately upon the occurrence of any bankruptcy event.

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Investment Agreement

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On November 7, 2022, we entered into an investment agreement with Foxconn (the “Investment Agreement”) under which Foxconn agreed to make an additional equity investment in the Company through the purchase of $70 million of our Class A common stock and up to $100 million in Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Preferred Stock”), subject to conditions, including, without limitation, regulatory approvals and satisfaction of certain EV program milestones established by the parties (collectively, the “Investment Transactions”).

On November 22, 2022, the Company completed the initial closing under the Investment Agreement, at which Foxconn purchased (a) approximately 12.9 million shares of Class A common stock, at a purchase price of $1.76 per share, and (b) 0.3 million shares of Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $100 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $52.7 million (the “Initial Closing”).

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The Investment Agreement also provides for a second closing (the “Subsequent Common Closing”), at which Foxconn will purchase approximately 26.9 million additional shares of Class A common stock at a purchase price of $1.76 per share following the parties’ receipt of a written communication from the U.S. government’s Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) that CFIUS has concluded that the transactions contemplated by the Investment Agreement are not a “covered transaction” or CFIUS has concluded that there are no unresolved national security concerns with respect to the transactions (“CFIUS Clearance”) and subject to the other conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement. Upon satisfaction of certain EV Program (as defined below) milestones (including establishing an EV Program budget) and subject to satisfaction of other conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement, Foxconn will purchase in two tranches up to 0.7 million additional shares of Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $100 per share. The first tranche will be in an amount up to 0.3 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $30 million; the second tranche will be in an amount up to 0.4 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $40 million. The parties have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to agree upon the EV Program budget and

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program milestones no later than May 7, 2023. However, no assurances can be given that each of the conditions to subsequent funding by Foxconn will be satisfied or as to the timing of any such fundings.

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Of the up to $117.3 million that we could receive in additional funding from Foxconn, $70 million may only be used in connection with the initial planning, designing, developing, engineering, testing, industrializing, certifying, homologating and launching one or more EVs in collaboration with Foxconn (the “EV Program”). Notwithstanding this funding arrangement, we will continue to require substantial additional capital in order to fulfill our business plans under the EV Program and otherwise.  See Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risks associated with the Foxconn Transactions and our need to raise additional capital.

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Our Strengths and Strategy

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We seek to capture a meaningful share of the commercial fleet EV market by focusing on the strengths described below. Our strategy is heavily dependent upon our ability to realize the benefits of our relationship with Foxconn and there can be no assurances that we will be successful in doing so.

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Industry and Competition

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EV industry growth has accelerated in the past several years. According to EV Volumes.com, global sales of EVs within the light vehicle segment grew 55% in 2022 from 2021 and reached 10.5 million units, comprising 13.0% of all light vehicles sold annually. We believe this growth will continue into the future as increased offerings, technological developments, reduced costs and additional charging infrastructure are expected to drive broader adoption. We expect countries around the world to become increasingly focused on meeting climate goals, in part, by reducing the environmental effects of internal combustion engine vehicles. This may

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include offering financial incentives to promote the use of EVs and commitments from major automotive manufacturers to electrification as part of their long-term plans.

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Our primary target market is the commercial fleet segment, which is defined as commercial and governmental organizations with three or more vehicles and is a large potential market with strong demand for vehicles. Customers in this market include logistics companies, construction, building trade and other service providers, utilities, airlines, airport operators, telecommunication companies and insurance companies, as well as small- to mid-sized companies with fewer than 10 vehicles in their fleets. Commercial fleets purchase vehicles either directly from OEMs or indirectly through fleet management companies, dealers or other intermediaries. Government entities at the federal, state and local level represent a significant share of the fleet market that we believe will participate in the transition to EVs and represent potential customers.

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We believe that there is significant opportunity to gain a share of this market by offering EVs with the functionality and particular needs of these customers in mind. We anticipate substantial commercial demand for electric trucks will be driven by the potential for lower total cost of ownership in comparison to traditional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles. We also believe that a meaningful portion of industry demand will come from large well-capitalized fleet operators with commitments to reduce their carbon footprint. The specific use cases for electric trucks by fleet operators which often involve multiple shorter trips, can alleviate the range anxiety that has been a limiting factor in EV adoption to date. By effectively marketing to commercial fleet operators, we believe we have the potential to secure significant and recurring purchases for our EVs.

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Although competition within the broader EV and pickup market is intense, we believe that our focus on fleet customers will differentiate our vehicle offerings. While established OEMs and new entrants to the industry are developing or have launched electric pickup trucks, we believe the Endurance can be a highly competitive vehicle. Furthermore, with relatively low production volume of EV pickup trucks anticipated to be sold in the near term, we believe the fleet market will represent the smallest share of sales as the larger OEMs seek to sell to a segment of the EV pickup truck market that is conducive to higher price points.

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We believe our relationship with Foxconn and its EV ecosystem will provide the opportunity to accelerate the pace and reduce the cost of new vehicle development through increased cross-industry collaboration and rapid innovation. Leveraging a common core of hardware components enables greater customization through design, as well as hardware and software optimization. Foxconn’s global manufacturing expertise and robust supply chain can provide the electronics hardware stack, and potentially more as it seeks to develop capabilities in other core EV components that can be shared across multiple vehicles and OEMs. Foxconn’s MIH consortium exists to bring the talent and resources together to accelerate EV innovation and development through open collaboration. The MIH consortium can support the design and engineering process and ultimately other vehicle components, subsystems, hardware and software. No assurance can be given that we will ultimately be successful in further vehicle development or that we will be able to effectively realize the potential benefits of the MIH consortium or development partnership with Foxconn. See Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risks associated with the Foxconn Transactions and other related agreements being contemplated with Foxconn, including as a basis for further funding under the Investment Agreement.

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The Endurance

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Our flagship vehicle is the Endurance. The design of the Endurance body follows the same design principles that have made pickup trucks ideal for the fleet market, while its chassis is designed for safety, capability, efficiency and flexibility. The Endurance’s bed box is designed to be fully compatible with existing third-party parts, upfitting options and accessories. Our use of in-wheel hub motors together with the Endurance’s proprietary software, is intended to provide better traction, maneuverability and handling, making it an ideal vehicle for fleet operators. We believe that the Endurance will have among the fewest moving parts of any highway-capable production vehicle currently being sold and will have a total cost of ownership that is lower than comparable internal combustion pickup trucks that are currently commercially available. Pricing for the

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Endurance, which is subject to change, is currently approximately $65,000 including our standard option package and destination charges, but excluding any applicable U.S. tax credits or other incentives for the purchase of alternative fuel vehicles. We believe our option package consists of popular equipment sought by commercial fleet customers.

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Many fleet customers consider the total cost of ownership of a vehicle to be more important than the initial purchase price of a vehicle. We believe the capabilities of EVs generally, and in particular the low number of parts, will lead to lower maintenance costs over time when compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. The need for routine maintenance is significantly reduced along with the elimination of the need to service or replace parts and materials for internal combustion engines, such as spark plugs, oil, oil filters, and transmission fluid. In addition, the Endurance’s brake pads and rotors are expected to last longer than those in internal combustion engine pickup trucks due to regenerative braking from the hub motors on all four wheels, representing another maintenance cost saving. As a result, over a five-year period, we anticipate that the average total cost of ownership of the Endurance is likely to be less than the average total cost of ownership of a comparable internal combustion engine pickup truck.

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At the current BOM cost, we are limiting production of the Endurance to an initial batch of up to 500 units. However, we believe the attributes of the Endurance could present a compelling offering to customers. We continue to seek a strategic partner to support the scaling of the program along with additional design enhancements and investments in tooling that would enable us to significantly reduce the BOM cost. We believe the North American full size pickup truck market is one of the most attractive and profitable industry segments in the world. Therefore, we believe the Endurance, as only the second homologated and certified full size EV pickup truck in the market, provides an attractive opportunity for another OEM to enter the segment relatively quickly and with substantially lower investment than independently developing a similar vehicle. There can be no assurances that we will be able to find a strategic partner, or negotiate an agreement with a potential partner on a reasonable timeline or on favorable terms and as a result of this and other factors, the actual number of vehicles produced could be significantly below 500.

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Electric In-Wheel Hub Motors

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The Endurance has four electric in-wheel hub motors. We have entered into supply and licensing agreements with Elaphe Propulsion Technologies Ltd. (“Elaphe”) to produce the initial batch of required hub motors. However, we intend to begin using our own manufacturing line for the in-wheel hub motors at the Lordstown facility in the near future, which we believe will increase our rate of production and lower our BOM cost. As part of our Contract Manufacturing Agreement with Foxconn, Foxconn operates these hub motor production assets on our behalf. We believe the hub motors provide efficiency, reliability and design flexibility and offer several advantages over traditional internal combustion engines. For example, in-wheel hub motors place the entire propulsion system within the wheels, providing a significant amount of design flexibility for the remainder of the vehicle.

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In-wheel hub motors contribute to the superior traction and maneuverability of the Endurance. They also eliminate the need for many parts found in both traditional and hybrid vehicles, including a drivetrain, gears, axles, differentials, universal joints, transmissions, oil, oil filters, spark plugs and engine valves, which reduces the number of moving parts in the Endurance compared to other traditional, hybrid and EVs available today and, therefore, expected maintenance costs.

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Each hub motor and inverter pair are controlled by a central supervisory powertrain controller that manages traction, slip and efficiency on an axial basis, which we expect to provide favorable four-wheel drive traction when compared to other pickup trucks currently available to commercial fleets. The Company has developed its own proprietary powertrain controller software and algorithms to achieve this performance using instantaneous torque control. The use of in-wheel hub motors and the absence of a traditional internal

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combustion engine create a large front crush zone, enhancing the safety of the vehicle and enabling the Endurance to have a “frunk” (a small trunk located at the front of the cab).

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The motors are equipped with regenerative braking that captures and stores power generated by deceleration of the vehicle. Many of the systems that enable the use of in-wheel hub motors, such as the software that interacts and directs each of the four motors, as well as the independent front suspension, are proprietary to us.

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Facilities

We lease space from Foxconn in Lordstown, Ohio for office space, and also lease facilities in Farmington Hills, Michigan and Irvine, California.

In November 2020, we opened our research, development and engineering center in Farmington Hills, Michigan. This facility includes space for engineering, product development, vehicle inspection and benchmarking, as well as labs for testing, validation and prototyping. This facility also houses our purchasing group as well as certain other corporate functions. In September 2022, we expanded our office space by leasing an additional building near our research, development and engineering center.

In Irvine, California, we have established an engineering, vehicle development, and service center. This facility is focused primarily on developing advanced electronic hardware and software for our infotainment system as well as our cybersecurity, connected vehicle and fleet services systems. We have established Lordstown EV Sales, LLC to receive direct orders from customers and have received our dealership license from the State of California.

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Key Agreements, Other Alliances and Technology

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GM

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We have entered into several agreements with GM and its affiliates related to the acquisition and operation of the Lordstown facility and to provide financing arrangements. On November 7, 2019, we entered into an Asset Transfer Agreement, Operating Agreement and Mortgage Agreement (collectively, the “GM Property Agreements”) with GM providing for our acquisition and the continued operation of the Lordstown facility.

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On April 3, 2020, we entered into an agreement under which GM provides us with access to certain non-brand defining GM parts, including airbags, steering columns and steering wheels. This agreement was renewed for a term commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2023. On December 21, 2021, we entered into a further five year-term supply agreement which required a pre-payment of $17.8 million and made available to us the referenced parts for up to 9,500 vehicles. As of December 31, 2022, we reviewed our prepaid GM components and royalties for impairment given that the production volume of the Endurance is not anticipated to exceed 500 units. Therefore, we determined it appropriate to impair these assets and other prepaid assets and recorded a charge of $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Notwithstanding the impairment charge, we will continue to have the right to acquire the parts for which we have already paid and intend to evaluate our options to mitigate the actual losses.

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Elaphe Propulsion Technologies Ltd.

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We have partnered with Elaphe to produce in-wheel hub motors. We entered into a license agreement with Elaphe, pursuant to which Elaphe granted us a perpetual license to manufacture, or have manufactured, the Elaphe Model L-1500 Endurance Motor, including enhanced or replacement versions of this motor, for use in the United States, Canada and Mexico in exchange for a license fee calculated on a per motor basis. We have substantially enhanced Elaphe’s Model L-1500 Endurance Motor and currently are using these enhanced motors in our vehicles. Elaphe is required to obtain our consent before it is permitted, within the United States, Canada or Mexico, to market, sell or otherwise distribute the Elaphe Model L-1500 Endurance Motor, or any replacement or substitute for it, including our enhanced version of the motor, or any hub motor,

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or replacement or substitute for it, for a substitute model pickup truck replacing the Endurance (the “Licensed Products”). In addition, Elaphe must immediately notify us if it sells, licenses or distributes the Licensed Products through a third party within the United States, Canada or Mexico and must offer to sell or license to us on the same terms available to such third party.

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Equity Sales Agreement

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On November 7, 2022, the Company entered into an Open Market Sales Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC, as agent (“Jefferies”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell up to approximately 50.2 million shares of its Class A common stock from time to time through Jefferies (the “ATM Offering”). During 2022, Jefferies sold approximately 7.8 million shares of Class A common stock which resulted in net proceeds of $12.4 million. In the future, any additional sales will depend on a variety of factors and no assurance can be given that the Company will sell any shares of Class A common stock under the Sales Agreement, or, if it does, as to the price or amount of the shares that it sells or the dates when such sales will take place. Even if funds are raised under the ATM Offering, the Company will require additional financing to execute its business plan.

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We entered into an equity purchase agreement (“Equity Purchase Agreement”) with YA II PN, LTD. (“YA”) on July 23, 2021, pursuant to which YA committed to purchase up to $400 million in shares of our Class A common stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Equity Purchase Agreement. The actual amount that we were able to raise under this facility was dependent on market conditions as well as limitations in the agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued 17.5 million shares to YA and received $40.4 million cash, net of equity issuance costs. During the year ended December 31, 2021, inclusive of the 0.4 million Commitment Shares (as defined below), we issued 9.6 million shares to YA and received $49.4 million cash, net of equity issuance costs. The Equity Purchase Agreement was terminated on November 22, 2022.

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Other Partners

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To provide our customers with aftermarket service and warranty support we have entered into an agreement with a third-party provider under which the parties will coordinate to provide EV service and warranty work for Lordstown vehicles, i.e., the Endurance vehicles, in key states where allowed by law. We expect a strategic rollout of participating service locations from within their provider’s network to Lordstown’s launch plan for initial fleet customers. Technicians at these service locations will complete Lordstown’s vehicle service training curriculum and the third-party will provide service solutions, including warranty and preventative and scheduled maintenance.

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Research and Development

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We expect to continue to incur costs for the Endurance for post-launch testing, to address any current or new launch-related issues identified, or other Endurance related matters, in order to deliver a quality product to our customers. Our research and development also includes efforts to seek to leverage our technologies to develop additional all-EVs targeted for the commercial EV market in cooperation with Foxconn and its affiliates, and potentially other strategic partners. Our vehicle development efforts in collaboration with Foxconn will also require significant investments, beyond the current investments by Foxconn as contemplated under the Investment Agreement. We expect that these activities will generally be completed by our employees and intend to hire additional research and development personnel. However, we have utilized third party design and engineering firms for certain development activities to date and will continue to do so for the Endurance and additional vehicles that we may develop in the future. No assurance can be given that we will ultimately be successful in further vehicle development or that we will be able to effectively realize the potential benefits of the development partnership with Foxconn.

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Sourcing

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The Endurance’s BOM consists of approximately 3,200 components with 10 suppliers providing systems representing almost 70% of the total direct materials cost. In an effort to reduce supply chain risk, we purchased and have on-hand a significant portion of the vehicle components necessary for the initial batch of production. Motors and battery cells represent two of the Endurance’s most critical components. As discussed above, we have an agreement with Elaphe to license in-wheel hub motors and we have procured all the battery cells we anticipate needing for the initial production of up to 500 units of the Endurance. Key raw materials that are in the Endurance and its components are steel, aluminum, copper, neodymium, nickel and cobalt. The prices for and availability of these materials fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control.

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Disruptions to the supply chain, including those due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted in and continue to present challenges in obtaining certain components and raw materials in a timely manner and/or at favorable pricing. In addition, the automotive and other industries are currently experiencing a global supply shortage of semiconductors. Inflation has also significantly impacted the prices of key raw materials included in the Endurance and its components as well as labor costs and certain indirect costs, such as utilities. Furthermore, currency fluctuations, labor shortages, tariffs or shortages in petroleum, steel and aluminum or other raw materials, the direct and indirect effects of the war in Ukraine and other economic or political conditions have impacted the transportation industry and resulted and may continue to result in significant increases in freight charges, delays in obtaining critical materials or changes in the specifications for those materials. Moreover, our low production volumes have contributed to certain production suppliers curtailing or ceasing supply, or in some cases, materially raising the prices we must pay for certain components. These factors have impacted and are expected to impact our testing and production costs, and volume and timeline of full production.

As a result, we have adjusted and may continue to adjust our design and materials, and production processes to adapt to these limitations. However, the factors described above, capital constraints, business conditions, the impact of COVID-19 or other pandemics, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control could affect our ability to receive the material we need for full production.

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Engineering readiness, quality and part availability have governed the timing and speed of the Endurance launch. In the first quarter of 2023, performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries and to voluntarily recall the Endurance while we work with our supplier network to implement corrective actions. We anticipate that continued supply chain constraints with certain key components, including hub motor components, will remain at least through the first quarter of 2023 and potentially ease starting as early as the second quarter of 2023. If and when these ongoing matters are resolved, we anticipate increasing the rate of production and sale of the initial batch of up to 500 Endurance vehicles. However, we continue to monitor closely the key components that are in short supply and no assurances can be given that part availability and quality will not restrict production further.

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Due to these factors and our limited initial production volume, our current BOM cost is substantially higher than the current selling price of the Endurance. Until such time as we are able to lower the BOM cost, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to reduce our BOM cost below the current selling price for the Endurance.

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Increased demand or cost, reduced supply or quality issues for certain materials or components, whether due to EV growth, trade restrictions or other factors, may further increase our costs or delay the timing to obtain the materials or components and impact our production timeline, profitability and cash flows. See Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors for additional information regarding sourcing.

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Intellectual Property

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We use a combination of widely available non-proprietary technology and proprietary know-how in our business. We intend to establish and protect the intellectual property and proprietary technology that we develop through a combination of trademarks, patents, trade secrets and know-how. We have filed numerous trademark and patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, but as of this date no trademarks or patents have been issued.

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We expect to develop additional intellectual property and proprietary technology as the Endurance’s engineering and validation activities proceed and we expand into developing other vehicles. Technologies that we have and intend to invest in and develop include engineering software, powertrain systems and controls, infotainment, cybersecurity, telematics and electrical architecture hardware and software. As we develop our technology, we will continue to assess whether additional trademark or patent applications or other intellectual property registrations are appropriate. We also seek to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, including trade secrets and know-how, through limited access, confidentiality and other contractual agreements. In addition to the intellectual property that we own, we license and utilize key technologies under our agreements with Elaphe. See “— Key Agreements, Other Alliances and Technology ¾ Elaphe Propulsion Technologies Ltd.” for more information.

We cannot be certain that we will be able to adequately develop and protect our intellectual property rights, or that other companies will not claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights. We also use open-source code and other non-proprietary technology that is not protected from use by our competitors. See Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors for additional information regarding intellectual property.

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Sales and Marketing

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We plan to focus our sales and marketing efforts on direct sales through our subsidiary, Lordstown EV Sales, LLC, to commercial fleet operators and fleet management companies rather than through third-party dealerships. However, we intend to explore other distribution strategies as our business grows.

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An important aspect of our sales and marketing strategy involves pursuing relationships with specialty upfitting and fleet management companies to incorporate the Endurance and future vehicles we may develop into their fleets or sales programs. As their main area of business, fleet management companies act as an intermediary facilitating the acquisition of new vehicles for the ultimate end user fleets. They provide a valuable distribution channel for us because of their extensive end user relationships and ability to offer attractive financing rates. We have several agreements in place with fleet management companies that establish a framework for co-marketing and sales. These agreements do not commit the counterparties to purchase vehicles. As we develop our sales and aftermarket service strategy, we are focusing on sales in regions where we have local resources. Furthermore, we consider a number of factors when seeking sales and allocating available new vehicles to customers. These factors include, among others, the customer’s fleet size, the area in which the vehicles will be operated, the possibility of a strategic long-term relationship and in-house maintenance capabilities. To date, we have received non-binding indications of interest or pre-orders for the Endurance from various parties and, as we evaluate the allocations of vehicles we may produce, there remains uncertainty as to whether we will seek to and to what degree we will be able to convert previously-reported nonbinding pre-orders and other indications of interest in our vehicle into binding orders and ultimately sales. We have also received reservations from potential customers who have provided us with a $100 deposit totaling approximately $220,000 as of December 31, 2022, that may be cancelled without penalty and a full refund of any deposit. As a result of our sales strategy, we expect that we will not be required to make significant investments in a large direct sales force or third-party dealership network, thereby avoiding an increase in fixed costs.

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Human Capital Resources

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As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 260 full-time personnel in our Lordstown, Ohio, Farmington Hills, Michigan and Irvine, California facilities. These employees’ skills are in the areas of engineering, marketing, sales, purchasing, facilities, human resources, IT, supply chain, quality, program management, software design, strategy, legal, accounting and finance. The vast majority of our employees are engineers focused on vehicle development, including the Endurance and future vehicle programs. We have additional employees to support aftermarket service and warranty work on the Endurance and future vehicles. In connection with the Foxconn Transactions in May 2022, substantially all of our manufacturing employees, along with certain other employees, transferred to and became employees of Foxconn.

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Government Support and Regulation

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In addition to the discussion in this section, also see Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors – “Risks Relating to Regulation and Claims.”

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Our management expects to continue to engage in discussions with local, state and federal officials to explore the availability of appropriate grant, loan and tax incentives. There are numerous enacted federal programs that we believe will directly or indirectly support the growth of EVs, including among commercial fleet customers. These include the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021 that provided $7.5 billion for a national EV charging network through grants to state and local governments, transit authorities and tribes. The bill also included measures to promote greater electrification of the transportation sector, funding to expand battery processing and manufacturing and a surface transportation block grant program.

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We have been awarded grants of up to $2.1 million from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation. To date, we’ve received $1.0 million in grant funding, and are finalizing the documentation for the outstanding grants. The grants include claw back provisions through May 2024 if the conditions of the grants are not met and no assurances can be made as to the timing or ultimate amount of the funding.

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The U.S. Inflation Reduction Act adopted in August 2022 (“IRA”) provides tax credits intended to grow the domestic supply chain and domestic manufacturing base for electric and other “clean” vehicles and to incentivize the purchase of qualified commercial and retail clean vehicles. These incentives are phasing in and will remain in effect until approximately 2032, unless modified by Congress. The IRA establishes numerous and complex prerequisites for the tax credits, including that the vehicle must be assembled in North America; the vehicle must be under specified limitations on manufacturer suggested retail price (“MSRP”); purchaser income limitations; starting in 2024, any vehicle that contains “battery components” that were “manufactured or assembled” by a “foreign entity of concern” will be ineligible; and, starting in 2025, any vehicle that contains battery materials that were “extracted, processed, or recycled” by a “foreign entity of concern” will be ineligible. A “Critical Minerals Credit” is available for those vehicles that have a specified percentage of critical minerals that are “extracted or produced” in the United States, in a country with which the United States has a Free Trade Agreement, or that is “recycled” in North America. A “Battery Components Credit” is available for those vehicles that have a specified percentage of “value” of its battery “components” that are “manufactured or assembled” in North America. The availability of such benefits will depend on the terms of the regulations and guidance issued by the government to implement the IRA, which will ultimately determine which vehicles qualify for incentives and the amount thereof. We are still evaluating the potential benefits of the IRA to the Company and its customers.

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We have accepted an invitation from the U.S. Department of Energy and have started the due diligence process toward securing an Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (“ATVM”) loan. Established in 2007, ATVM supports the development of fuel-efficient, advanced technology vehicles in the United States. The program provides loans to automotive or component manufacturers for establishing manufacturing facilities in the United States that produce fuel-efficient vehicles. There can be no assurance this loan will be available to us and, if made available, what the terms, collateral requirements and timing for any funding would be. In the near term, we do not believe that we would be able to satisfy the conditions to obtain an ATVM loan, including the requirement to demonstrate our viability as a company.

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We operate in an industry that is subject to extensive vehicle safety and testing and environmental regulations, some of which evolve over time as new technologies are introduced to the market. Government regulations regarding the manufacture, sale and implementation of products and systems similar to the Endurance or other vehicles that we may develop are subject to future change. We cannot predict what effect, if any, such changes will have upon our business. Violations of these regulations may result in substantial civil and criminal fines, penalties and/or orders to cease the operations in violation or to conduct or pay for corrective work. In some instances, violations may also result in the suspension or revocation of permits and licenses. In addition to the domestic regulations and standards discussed below, we expect to comply with Canadian standards and believe these standards are substantially similar to the domestic standards. Based on our initial business plan, we do not expect to be subject to regulatory requirements outside of the U.S. and Canada.

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Vehicle Safety and Testing Regulation

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Our vehicles are subject to, and must comply with, many regulations established by NHTSA, including applicable U.S. federal motor vehicle safety standards (“FMVSS”). As an OEM, we must self-certify that our vehicles meet all applicable FMVSS and, when applicable, the NHTSA bumper standards before a vehicle can be manufactured for sale, offered for sale, introduced into interstate commerce, imported into or sold in the United States. There are many FMVSS that apply to our vehicles, including crashworthiness and crash avoidance requirements and EV requirements (e.g., those relating to limitations on electrolyte spillage, battery retention and the avoidance of electric shock after a crash). We believe the Endurance does, and our future vehicles will, meet all applicable FMVSS. However, we have experienced performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. Additionally, there are regulatory changes being considered for several FMVSS, and though we expect to comply with such changes, there is no assurance of compliance until the final regulatory changes have been enacted and we are able to evaluate the vehicles’ compliance with those new FMVSS requirements.

In addition to FMVSS, we must comply with other NHTSA requirements and other federal laws and regulations administered by NHTSA, including, for example, early warning reporting requirements, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (“CAFE”) reporting, an obligation to conduct recalls of vehicles in the field upon a determination of a safety defect or noncompliance and owner’s manual requirements. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. Lordstown is working with its supplier network to implement corrective actions that the Company believes will address these issues. We also must comply with the Automobile Information and Disclosure Act, which requires OEMs to disclose certain information regarding the manufacturer’s suggested retail price, optional equipment and other pricing. Further, this law allows inclusion of fuel economy metrics (e.g. range and cost savings), as determined by the U.S. EPA, and crash test ratings, as determined by NHTSA.

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Battery Safety and Testing Regulations

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Our battery packs must conform to mandatory regulations governing the transport of “dangerous goods” that may present a risk in transportation, which items include lithium-ion batteries and are subject to regulations issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”). These regulations are based on the UN Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods - Model Regulations and related UN Manual Tests and Criteria. The regulations vary by the mode of transportation by which these items are shipped (e.g., by ocean vessel, rail, truck or air). There are additional industry standards related to the development and testing of EV batteries, including for example, standards published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, International Organization for Standards and Underwriters Laboratories. The use, handling, storage, disposal and exposure of our battery packs are also subject to many different regulations at the federal, state and local levels.

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Environmental Credits

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In connection with the delivery and placement into service of our zero-emission vehicles (“ZEV”), under the U.S. EPA’s and California’s Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) rules and standards and the U.S. CAFÉ standards for mobile sources, and under California’s ZEV standard, we will earn tradable credits that can be sold to other OEMs. Like the United States, California also has its own GHG emissions standard that seeks to reduce GHGs over time. Other U.S. states, including Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont, have adopted some or all of California’s standards. We intend to take advantage of these regulatory frameworks by registering and selling GHG, CAFÉ and ZEV credits. In addition, we have entered into an emissions credit agreement with GM pursuant to which, and subject to the terms of which, until the completion of the first three annual production/model years wherein we produce vehicles at least ten months out of the production/model year, the counterparty will have the option to purchase such emissions credits as well as emissions credits from any other U.S. state, country or jurisdiction generated by vehicles produced by us and not otherwise required by us to comply with emissions laws and regulations at a purchase price equal to 75% of the fair market value of such credits. While we have launched the Endurance as a 2023 model year, we are limiting production to up to 500 units. Therefore, the duration of our obligations under this agreement will extend for several years and are ultimately dependent upon whether we are able to launch a new vehicle and the associated timing and/or our ability to obtain a strategic partner to support the scaling of the Endurance.

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Environmental Regulations

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We are subject to extensive environmental laws and regulations, involving, among other matters, water use, discharge air emissions, use of chemicals and recycled materials, energy sources, storage, handling, treatment, transportation and disposal of hazardous materials, the protection of the environment, natural resources and endangered species and the remediation of environmental contamination. We are required to obtain and comply with the terms and conditions of environmental permits, many of which may be difficult and expensive to obtain and must be renewed on a periodic basis. A failure to comply with these laws, regulations or permits could result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties and the suspension or loss of such permits, and possibly orders to cease the non-compliant operations.

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The U.S. Clean Air Act requires that we obtain a Certificate of Conformity from the U.S. EPA for our vehicles prior to their entry into commerce in all 50 states. In addition, we must obtain an Executive Order from the California Air Resources Board (“CARB”) in order to sell vehicles in California and those states that have adopted its standards. The Certificate of Conformity and Executive Order are required for each model year. We have obtained such Certificate of Conformity and such Executive Order for the Endurance.

Corporate History and Information

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Lordstown Motors Corp., originally known as DiamondPeak Holdings Corp. (“DiamondPeak”), was incorporated in Delaware on November 13, 2018 as a blank check company for the purpose of effecting a business combination and completed its initial public offering in March 2019 (the “Initial Public Offering”). On October 23, 2020 (the “Closing Date”), DiamondPeak consummated the merger pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 1, 2020 (the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among DiamondPeak, DPL Merger Sub Corp. (“Merger Sub”) and Lordstown Motors Corp. (“Legacy Lordstown” and now known as Lordstown EV Corporation), pursuant to which Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Lordstown, with Legacy Lordstown surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of DiamondPeak (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). On the Closing Date, and in connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), DiamondPeak changed its name to Lordstown Motors Corp.

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The Business Combination has been accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, DiamondPeak was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Operations prior to the Business

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Combination are those of Legacy Lordstown and the historical financial statements of Legacy Lordstown became the historical financial statements of the combined company, upon the consummation of the Business Combination.

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The mailing address of our principal executive office is 2300 Hallock Young Road, Suite 200, Lordstown, Ohio 44481. Our telephone number is (234) 285-4001. Our website address is www.lordstownmotors.com. Our Class A common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market under the symbol “RIDE.” Information contained on our website or connected thereto does not constitute part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this report.

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Recent Developments

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On January 26, 2023, we filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery pursuant to Section 205 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”), which permits the Court of Chancery, in its discretion, to validate potentially defective corporate acts and stock after considering a variety of factors, due to developments regarding potential interpretations of the DGCL. As previously disclosed, on March 24, 2022, we received a letter addressed to our Board of Directors (the “Board”) from the law firm of Purcell & Lefkowitz LLP (“Purcell”) on behalf of three purported stockholders. Among other matters, the stockholder letter addressed the approval of our Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Certificate of Incorporation”) at the special meeting of stockholders held on October 22, 2020, which included a 200 million share increase in the number of authorized shares of Class A common stock (the “2020 Class A Increase Amendment”), and was approved by a majority of the then-outstanding shares of both our Class A and Class B common stock, voting as a single class. The stockholder letter alleged that the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment required a separate vote in favor by at least a majority of the then outstanding shares of Class A common stock under Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL, and that the 200 million shares in question were thus unauthorized.  Following receipt of the stockholder letter, the Board undertook a review of the matters raised with the assistance of outside counsel not involved in the underlying transactions at issue and had determined, in reliance upon, among other things, advice of several law firms including a legal opinion of Delaware counsel, that the assertions regarding DGCL Section 242(b)(2) were wrong and that a separate class vote of the Class A common stock was not required to approve the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment. We continue to believe that a separate vote of Class A common stock was not required to approve the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment. However, in light of a recent decision of the Court of Chancery that created uncertainty regarding this issue, we filed a petition in the Court of Chancery pursuant to Section 205 seeking validation of the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and the shares issued pursuant thereto to resolve any uncertainty with respect to those matters.  In February 2023, the Court of Chancery held a hearing on our petition and on February 28, 2023 issued an amended order granting the Company’s motion to validate each of the following and eliminate the uncertainty with respect thereto: (1) the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and the Certificate of Incorporation as of the time of filing with the Delaware Secretary of State, and (2) all shares of capital stock that we issued in reliance on the effectiveness of the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and Certificate of Incorporation, as of the date such shares were issued.

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Daniel A. Ninivaggi. Mr. Ninivaggi has served as the Company’s Executive Chairman of the Board since May 2022, and served as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer from August 2021 to July 2022. He served as an independent consultant and board member from September 2019 to August 2021. Mr. Ninivaggi served as Chief Executive Officer of Icahn Automotive Group, LLC (“Icahn Automotive”) and Managing Director of Icahn Enterprises L.P. (“IEP”) - Automotive Segment from March 2017 through August 2019. IEP is a publicly traded diversified holding company and Icahn Automotive is a wholly-owned subsidiary of IEP. Prior to that, from February 2014 until March 2017, Mr. Ninivaggi served as Co-Chairman (from May 2015) and Co-CEO of Federal-Mogul Holdings Corp., an $8 billion automotive supplier (subsequently acquired by Tenneco, a component and systems supplier to automotive, commercial vehicle and industrial original equipment manufacturers and the independent automotive aftermarket). Mr. Ninivaggi was President and Chief Executive Officer of IEP between 2010 and 2014, at which time IEP operated through ten diverse operating segments. Mr. Ninivaggi has served as the Chairman of Garrett Motion Inc., a publicly traded manufacturer of turbochargers and electro-boosting technologies for vehicle manufacturers, since April 2021 and has served as a director of numerous other public and private companies, including: Hertz Global Holdings, Inc., a publicly traded car rental company (from September 2014 to June 2021); Metalsa S.A., a privately held manufacturer of frames and other structural components for automotive and commercial vehicles (Advisory Board); Navistar International Corporation, a publicly traded manufacturer of trucks, buses and engines (from August 2017 to October 2018); Icahn Enterprises G.P. Inc., the general partner of IEP (from 2012 to 2015); CVR Energy, Inc., a publicly traded independent petroleum refiner and marketer of high value transportation fuels (from 2012 to 2014); CVR GP, LLC, the general partner of CVR Partners LP, a publicly traded nitrogen fertilizer company (from 2012 to 2014); XO Holdings, a privately held telecommunications company affiliated with IEP (from 2010 to 2014); Tropicana Entertainment Inc., a publicly traded company primarily engaged in the business of owning and operating casinos and resorts (from 2011 to 2015); Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc., a publicly traded mobile phone and electronics manufacturer (from 2010 to 2011); and CIT Group, Inc., a publicly traded bank holding company (from 2009 to 2011). Prior to joining IEP, Mr. Ninivaggi spent six years at Lear Corporation, a publicly traded Tier 1 automotive supplier specializing, at the time, in seating systems, interior components and systems as well as electrical and electronic distribution systems and components. Mr. Ninivaggi began his career at the law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP before joining Winston & Strawn LLP, where he became partner. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University, an MBA from the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, and a Juris Doctor degree (with distinction) from Stanford Law School.

Edward T. Hightower. Mr. Hightower has served as our Chief Executive Officer, President and a director since July 2022, and served as our President from November 2021 to July 2022. Mr. Hightower served as the Managing director of Motoring Ventures LLC, a global investment and consulting firm for automotive and

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manufacturing businesses that Mr. Hightower founded, from 2016 to November 2021. At Motoring Ventures, Mr. Hightower advised vehicle and other manufacturing companies, including the Company, on operations, product launches, production, supply chain issues, mergers and acquisitions and a range of other matters. From 2013 to 2016, Mr. Hightower served as Vehicle Line Executive / Executive Chief Engineer - Global Crossovers for General Motors Company. Mr. Hightower has also served in related roles at Ford Motor Company and BMW of North America, Inc. and has more than 30 years of experience in his field. Mr. Hightower has served as a director and member of the audit committee of Tritium DCFC Limited since January 2022, and previously served as a board member of the Michigan Council — Boy Scouts of America from December 2018 to November 2021.

Adam B. Kroll. Mr. Kroll has served as our Chief Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer since October 2021. Mr. Kroll served as the Chief Administrative Officer of Hyzon Motors Inc. from March through July 2021. From October 2020 through January 2021, Mr. Kroll was the interim Chief Financial Officer of UPG Enterprises, a family office operating diversified industrial companies (“UPG”). Prior to his tenure at UPG, Mr. Kroll spent five years at PSAV Holdings, a global event technology services provider, where he served in roles of increasing responsibility, including Treasurer, Head of Corporate Development and Senior Vice President - Finance. Prior to his time at PSAV Holdings, Mr. Kroll served as an investment banker at JP Morgan and elsewhere focusing on the automotive industry where, during his tenure, he advised companies on capital markets, loan and M&A transactions.

Melissa A. Leonard. Ms. Leonard has served as our Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary since January 2022. Prior to joining the Company, Ms. Leonard was co-leader of the Mergers and Acquisitions team for Baker & Hostetler LLP during 2021, where she has served as outside counsel to the Company since 2019. Ms. Leonard has been a corporate and transactional attorney at Baker & Hostetler LLP since 1995 and has extensive legal experience with mergers and acquisitions, financings, and corporate governance matters. Ms. Leonard was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Cleveland, Ohio from 2007 – 2021 and served on the Finance and Governance Committees. 

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Dr. Donna L. Bell. Dr. Bell has served as the Company’s Executive Vice President – Product Creation, Engineering and Supply Chain since July 2022. Dr. Bell has almost 30 years of automotive hands-on leadership experience in engineering, product development, purchasing, quality, mobility and autonomous vehicle strategy, and research. Prior to joining the Company, Dr. Bell has served in various roles at Ford Motor Company, a publicly traded automobile manufacturer (“Ford”), since 1993, including as Vice President Brand Management and Marketing, Ford Credit from January 2022 to June 2022, Director, Autonomous Vehicle and Mobility Strategy from November 2020 to January 2022, Global Director, Technology & Features Strategy and Planning from May 2019 to November 2020, CTO Chief of Staff – Research and Advanced Engineering from September 2018 to May 2019, and Director, Research Operations Palo Alto Innovation Center from May 2017 to September 2018. Her work in the development of new technology, including electronic modules and vehicle systems led to her receiving multiple patents. Dr. Bell has also been involved in creating educational programs for students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and she has held multiple leadership positions in professional organizations including the National Society of Black Engineers, Society of Women Engineers, and Ford’s first employee resource group, FAAN (Ford African Ancestry Network). Dr. Bell currently sits on the Lawrence Technological University Board of Trustees and College of Engineering Advisory Board, Wayne State’s College of Engineering Board of Visitors, Torch of Wisdom Foundation board of directors, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Incorporated Southfield Alumnae Chapter Executive Board, as assistant financial secretary, and she serves as the co-chair for Governor Whitmer’s Black Leadership Advisory Council.  She holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Lawrence Technological University, two master’s degrees (Electronics and Computer Systems and Engineering Management) and a Ph.D. from Wayne State University’s School of Engineering.

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Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

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The pending funding transactions contemplated with Foxconn under the Investment Agreement are subject to regulatory approvals, the further negotiation of program milestones and other conditions, and may not be consummated at all or only in part, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

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The closing of the remaining tranches of funding under the Investment Agreement for the aggregate sale of up to approximately 26.9 million shares of Class A common stock and up to 0.7 million shares of Preferred Stock to Foxconn is subject to conditions such as: (a) the Subsequent Common Closing of the sale of approximately 26.9 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $47.3 million will occur only if CFIUS Clearance is received, and (b) once certain initial EV Program milestones to be agreed to by the parties have been established, the sale of the remaining $70 million of Preferred Stock is subject to satisfaction of such program milestones. No assurances can be given that each of the conditions to subsequent fundings by Foxconn will be satisfied or as to the timing of any such fundings. If these and other conditions are not satisfied or waived, the funding under the Investment Agreement may not be received or may be limited,

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which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

The proceeds from the sale of Preferred Stock may be used only to fund expenditures in respect of pre-development activities and related overhead and support in connection with the Company carrying out certain product development and engineering services in connection with the EV Program and to fund the design, development and production of the covered EV program in accordance with the terms of a related EV Program agreement; provided, that if the EV Program is abandoned, we may use proceeds from the sale of the Preferred Stock that we receive prior to the date of such abandonment to fund expenditures in connection with any substitute or replacement EV program agreed to by us and Foxconn. The parties are to use commercially reasonable good faith efforts to agree upon the program milestones and a budget for the EV Program no later than May 7, 2023. There is no assurance that the parties will meet these conditions or the timing thereof and, if they are unable to do so, the lack of further funding and progress on the EV Program in accordance with the program milestones may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to achieve its business plan with respect to the development of additional EVs. 

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The EV Program development plans contemplated with Foxconn will require additional funding and the establishment and implementation of the program requirements, among other matters, and may not be consummated, sufficiently implemented or provide the benefits we expect, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

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Implementation of the EV Program will require substantial funding beyond the amounts contemplated by the Investment Agreement and effective cooperation by the parties to establish plans, processes and a budget and to timely and effectively fulfill these commitments. Our ability to undertake these actions depends on many variables, which could include our ability to utilize the designs, engineering data and other foundational work of Foxconn, its affiliates, and other members of the MIH consortium as well as other parties, establish appropriate infrastructure and processes with such parties and for all such parties to adhere to timelines to develop, commercialize, industrialize, homologate and certify a vehicle in North America, along with variables that are out of the parties' control, such as technology, innovation, adequate funding, supply chain and other economic conditions, competitors, customer demand and other factors. We are still at an early stage of development and no assurances can be given as to the timing or completion of design, development, homologation, certification and production under the EV Program. If we are unable to obtain the additional funding that is needed or the parties are otherwise unable to successfully complete the steps required by the EV Program on a timely basis, our business plan, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impaired.

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Furthermore, even if the EV Program is completed, we cannot predict whether we will be able to fully realize the anticipated benefits from the intended production of one or more EVs. A variety of other factors, including competition, technological advances, supply chain disruptions, adequate testing, safety and reliability, certifications and government approvals, and the pace and extent of vehicle electrification generally, among other matters, could present challenges to the ultimate success of the EV Program and our business plan, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

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We need substantial additional funding, however, our ability to obtain funding and the amount that we may raise is uncertain, and a lack of sufficient funding for our operations would have an adverse effect on our business.

The design, manufacture and sale of vehicles requires substantial capital and is a complex business. Our business plan to design, produce, sell and service the Endurance and additional vehicles requires substantial additional capital during the second half of 2023, or possibly sooner.

We entered into the Investment Agreement to facilitate additional funding from Foxconn, subject to conditions, including without limitation, regulatory approvals and the establishment and satisfaction of certain EV program milestones, but we may not be able to consummate those transactions for the full amount or at all, as

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discussed above. We also entered into the Sales Agreement for the ATM Offering under which we may sell up to approximately 50.2 million shares of Class A common stock from time to time through at-the-market offerings by Jefferies, as agent. During 2022, Jefferies sold approximately 7.8 million shares of Class A common stock which resulted in net proceeds of $12.4 million. Subject to certain limitations in the Sales Agreement, compliance with applicable law and satisfaction of customary closing conditions, we have the discretion to deliver a placement notice to Jefferies at any time throughout the term of the Sales Agreement. The proceeds we receive after delivering a placement notice will fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the market price of our Class A common stock during the sales period, any limits we may set with Jefferies in any applicable placement notice and the demand for our Class A common stock. Because the price per share of each share sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement will fluctuate over time, it is not currently possible to predict the aggregate proceeds to be raised in connection with sales under the Sales Agreement or the extent to which any future sales will occur.

Further, given the decrease in the market price of our Class A common stock and volatility in the public markets, we may not be willing or able to use the ATM Offering to raise significant amounts, or any additional funding at all. In addition, the sale of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for our Class A common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales could occur, could depress the market price of our Class A common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through such sales, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Even if the ATM Offering is successful and we receive all the funds contemplated by the Investment Agreement, we need additional funding to execute our business plan, including production of the Endurance and developing other vehicles through the EV Program and otherwise, due to the capital required to complete testing and validation, purchase the raw materials and vehicle components for saleable vehicles, invest in tooling and equipment and fund future engineering, operating and corporate expenditures. We also have meaningful exposure to material losses and costs related to ongoing litigation and regulatory proceedings for which insurance coverage has been denied for certain claims and may be unavailable for those and other claims. The opinion of our independent registered public accountants on our audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 contains an explanatory paragraph regarding substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital in 2023, our ability to produce the Endurance and develop future vehicle programs will be significantly scaled back or curtailed.

In an effort to alleviate these conditions, management continues to actively seek and evaluate opportunities to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities, asset sales, arrangements with strategic partners or obtaining financing from government or financial institutions. We have engaged a financial advisor to advise the Company on our financing alternatives. There can be no assurance that such financing would be available to us on favorable terms or at all. Our ability to obtain additional financing is subject to several factors, including market and economic conditions, the significant amount of capital required, the fact that our BOM cost of the Endurance is currently, and expected to continue to be, substantially higher than our selling price, uncertainty surrounding the performance of any vehicle produced by us, including the potential for substantial costs associated with warranty claims or current or future recalls, meaningful exposure to material losses and costs related to ongoing litigation and the SEC investigation, the market price of our stock, potential dilution from the issuance of the additional shares of Class A common stock and Preferred Stock and future financings, our performance and investor sentiment with respect to us and our business and industry, as well as our ability to effectively implement and realize the expected benefits of the Foxconn Transactions. As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there continues to be substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have accepted an invitation from the U.S. Department of Energy and have started the due diligence process toward securing an ATVM loan. There can be no assurance that this loan will be available to us and, if made available, what the amount, terms, collateral requirements and timing for any funding would be. In the

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near term, we do not believe that we would be able to satisfy the conditions to obtain an ATVM loan, including the requirement to demonstrate our viability as a company.

If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital, our continuing operations, including production and sales plans for the Endurance as well as new vehicle development plans will be scaled back, curtailed or cease entirely. Even if we secure necessary financing in the short term, we expect to continue to require substantial funding as the timing for and ability to generate sufficient funds from operations will remain uncertain until such time as we achieve key milestones that provide a greater ability to determine the total timeline for the Endurance and future vehicle programs, such as target price and cost of the vehicle and estimated volume. Unlike established OEMs that have greater financial resources than we do, there can be no assurance that we will have access to the capital we need on favorable terms when required or at all. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need them, our financial condition and business could be materially adversely affected.

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We have faced and expect to continue to face disruptions to the supply chain, affecting our access to critical raw materials and components, and may be unable to adequately control the costs or maintain adequate supply of components and raw materials to facilitate our development plans and production timeline.

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We may be unable to adequately control the costs associated with our operations, even with continued refinement of our operating plan. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant costs related to procuring materials required to manufacture, assemble and test our vehicles. The prices for and availability and quality of these materials fluctuate depending on factors beyond our control.

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Disruptions to the supply chain, including those due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, have resulted in and may continue to present challenges obtaining certain components and raw materials in a timely manner and/or at favorable pricing. In addition, the automotive and other industries are currently experiencing a global supply shortage of semiconductors. Inflation also has significantly impacted the prices of key raw materials included in the Endurance and its components as well as labor costs and certain indirect costs, such as utilities. Furthermore, currency fluctuations, labor shortages, tariffs or shortages in petroleum, steel and aluminum or other raw materials, the direct and indirect effects of the war in Ukraine and other economic or political conditions have impacted the transportation industry and resulted and may continue to result in significant increases in freight charges, delays in obtaining critical materials or changes in the specifications for those materials. Moreover, our low production volumes have contributed to certain production suppliers curtailing or ceasing supply, or in some cases, materially raising the prices we must pay for certain components. These factors have impacted and are expected to impact our testing and production costs, and volume and timeline of full production.

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As a result, we have adjusted and may continue to adjust our design and materials, and production processes to adapt to these limitations. However, the factors described above, capital constraints, business conditions, the impact of COVID-19 or other pandemics, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control could affect our ability to receive the material we need for full production.

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Engineering readiness, quality and part availability have governed the timing and speed of the Endurance launch. In the first quarter of 2023, performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries and to voluntarily recall the Endurance while we work with our supplier network to implement corrective actions. We anticipate that continued supply chain constraints with certain key components, including hub motor components, will remain at least through the first quarter of 2023 and potentially ease starting as early as the second quarter of 2023. If and when these ongoing matters are resolved, we anticipate increasing the rate of production and sale of our first batch of up to 500 Endurance vehicles. However, we continue to monitor closely the key components that are in short supply and ongoing quality issues. Therefore no assurances can be given that part availability and quality will not restrict production further.

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Due to these factors and our limited initial production volume, our current BOM cost is substantially higher than the current selling price of the Endurance. Until such time as we are able to lower the BOM cost, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate being for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that we will be able to reduce our BOM cost below the current selling price of the Endurance, even if we were able to secure a strategic partner to scale the program.

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Prices for our raw materials, components and other inputs may continue to increase. In addition, the growth in popularity of EVs without a significant expansion in battery cell production capacity or sufficient availability of semiconductors could result in shortages. Increased demand or cost, reduced supply or quality issues for certain materials, whether due to EV growth, trade restrictions or other factors, may further increase our costs, decrease our margins or delay the timing to obtain the materials or components and impact our production timeline and volume, profitability and cash flows.

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Our limited operating history makes it difficult for us to evaluate our future business prospects.

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We are a company with a limited operating history and have very limited revenue to date. As we continue to transition from research and development activities to consistent serial production and sales, it has been and will continue to be difficult, if not impossible, to forecast our future results. We have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. The estimated costs and timelines that we have developed and continue to revise as we begin selling the Endurance and experience customer feedback are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties involved in the transition from a start-up company focused on research and development activities to the large-scale manufacture and sale of vehicles. We have already incurred increased costs and there can be no assurance that our further estimates related to the costs and timing to reach consistent serial production of the Endurance and to complete the design and engineering of future vehicles will prove accurate. Our current BOM cost for the Endurance is well above our current selling price. Until such time as we are able to lower the BOM cost, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate being for the foreseeable future.

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Various factors could result in production of significantly less than 500 units, including customer acceptance, resolution of ongoing known and unknown quality issues, the identification of an OEM partner and other factors.

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We have engaged in limited sales and marketing activities to date. There are a small number of Endurance vehicles that were delivered to customers, who have experienced performance issues that are often discovered in new vehicles. We are continuing to address these launch issues to meet customers’ expectations, however, production involves complex processes that may be subject to further delays, pauses, cost overruns and other unforeseen issues. Even if we are able to reach consistent serial production of the Endurance, there can be no assurance that fleet customers will embrace our product. We are also continuing our efforts to identify a strategic partner, such as an OEM, or other sources to provide the financing and other support needed to scale production. Market conditions, many of which are outside of our control and subject to change, including the availability and terms of financing, general economic conditions, the impacts and ongoing uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic, fuel and energy prices and general inflation, regulatory requirements and incentives, competition and the pace and extent of vehicle electrification generally, will impact demand for the Endurance, other vehicles we develop and ultimately our success.

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Since our inception, we have experienced losses and expect to incur additional losses in the future.

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Since inception, we have incurred, and we expect that we will continue to incur, losses and negative cash flow, either or both of which may be significant. The capital necessary to start a new EV company is significant, and other companies have tried and failed over the last several years with billions of dollars of investment capital. While we expect to benefit from our management’s experience, the technology we have licensed and developed to date and the advantages offered by our access to the Lordstown facility and the Foxconn Transactions, we do not expect to be profitable for several years, and perhaps longer, as we invest

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in our business, develop new vehicles and ramp up operations, and we cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or be able to maintain profitability. Failure to become profitable may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. If we are ever to achieve profitability, it will be dependent upon additional capital as well as the successful development and commercial introduction and acceptance of the Endurance and other vehicles we develop, which may not occur.

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As discussed above, significant additional funding is required in the future for a variety of reasons. There can be no assurance that financing will be available to us on favorable terms and timing or at all. We and our auditors have identified conditions and events that raise doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are not able to continue as a going concern, or if there is continued doubt about our ability to do so, the value of your investment would be materially and adversely affected.

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We are subject to risks related to health epidemics and pandemics, including the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, which have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect our business and operating results.

We face various risks related to public health issues, including epidemics, pandemics and other outbreaks, including the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The effects and potential effects of COVID-19, including, but not limited to, its impact on general economic conditions, trade and financing markets, labor shortages, changes in customer behavior and continuity in business operations, create significant uncertainty.

The spread of COVID-19 has disrupted the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain of vehicle manufacturers and suppliers and has led to a global decrease in vehicle sales in markets around the world, and could decrease demand for our vehicles if fleet operators delay purchases of vehicles generally, if prices for fuel used by internal combustion engine vehicles decrease materially or they defer EV purchases in particular. In addition, the COVID-19 crisis has caused and may continue to cause (i) disruptions to our supply chain, including our access to critical raw materials and components, many of which require substantial lead time, or cause a substantial increase in the price of those items, (ii) an increase in other costs as a result of our efforts to mitigate the effects of COVID-19, and (iii) disruptions in our manufacturing operations and delays in our schedule to consistent serial production of the Endurance, among other negative effects.

The pandemic resulted in government authorities implementing many measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, including travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place and stay-at-home orders and business shutdowns. In some jurisdictions these measures continue and the duration and extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our business remains uncertain due to a variety of factors including the potential emergence of additional variants, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and inflation, and these factors may continue to exacerbate the other risks described in this report. If measures are reinstituted, become more wide-spread or conditions deteriorate, and we are unable to deploy our workforce or resources accordingly, we may experience further delays in the production schedule of the Endurance, development of other vehicles, or sales and marketing activities, which will adversely affect our operations.

Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to suffer an adverse effect on our business due to the global economic effect of COVID-19, including continued supply chain disruption and any economic recessions. If the immediate or prolonged effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have a significant adverse impact on government finances, it would create uncertainty as to the continuing availability of incentives related to EV purchases and other governmental support programs.

Failure to successfully complete the retooling of the Lordstown, Ohio facility to support consistent serial production of our EVs could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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While we believe the production of the Endurance in the Lordstown facility provides significant competitive advantages, reaching consistent serial production of EVs has and may continue to be complicated and

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present significant challenges, including the cost overruns we have already experienced. The Lordstown facility is massive, spanning over 6.2 million square feet, and many areas have needed to be retooled and modified. The facility is in production-ready condition with modern robotics, painting, assembly and stamping equipment, production lines for in-wheel motors and initial lithium-ion battery packs. However, we will need to continue to make investments in order to increase the rate of production of the Endurance. Further, we will need sufficient capital in the future in order to invest in the tooling that we expect will enable us to eventually lower the BOM cost of the Endurance and make continued design enhancements. Following the closing of the APA, we continue to be responsible for additional capital investments for certain tooling and other equipment specifically related to production of the Endurance. Foxconn owns and is responsible for maintaining and investing in general manufacturing and assembly assets, excluding the battery and hub motor lines that are operated by Foxconn, but owned and maintained by us. As with any large-scale capital project, achieving consistent serial production in the Lordstown facility could be subject to further delays, cost overruns or other complications. These risks could be exacerbated because we are modifying complex equipment associated with designs and technology that are unique, to support the emerging technologies behind EVs, with which we and our suppliers and consultants have limited experience. In addition, we have made significant investments in soft tools that are designed for low volume production and prototyping. As we contemplate investing in hard tools that are designed for higher volumes, the value of our soft tools has been impaired, may be impaired further, or determined to have no value at all and written off entirely.

The failure to commence consistent serial production at the Lordstown facility to date has led to additional costs and prevented us from generating meaningful revenues. This delay has allowed competitors to enter the market and capture market share before us, prevented us from gaining the confidence of potential customers and opened the door to increased competition. All the foregoing could hinder our ability to be successful, grow our business and achieve a competitive position in the market.

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We rely on complex machinery for our operations and production involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

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The production of our vehicles relies heavily on complex machinery and involves a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. The manufacturing process consists of large-scale machinery combining many components. Manufacturing plant components suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed.

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Unexpected malfunctions of the manufacturing plant components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency of the production of the Endurance at the Lordstown facility. Further, Foxconn owns the Lordstown facility and general manufacturing and assembly assets are its responsibility and under its control. Foxconn operates the equipment under the Contract Manufacturing Agreement. If Foxconn is unable to timely and effectively maintain the equipment our vehicles rely on for production, we may experience a significant interruption in our ability to supply the Endurance. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, pandemics, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, it may result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

We outsource the manufacturing of the Endurance to Foxconn under the Contract Manufacturing Agreement, and we may be subject to risks that result in the disruption of production and our operations.

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As part of the Foxconn Transactions, we entered into the Contract Manufacturing Agreement with Foxconn, pursuant to which Foxconn manufactures the Endurance at the Lordstown facility. We continue to own certain assets in the Lordstown facility, principally the hub motor assembly line, battery module and pack lines and tooling specific to the Endurance. However, Foxconn operates and is responsible for the equipment under its control.

The production of the Endurance by Foxconn requires successful coordination among us and Foxconn, and depends on our ability to, for example, jointly manage a production schedule, coordinate with suppliers and forecast the appropriate quantity of supplies, disseminate proprietary information and technology, conduct product testing and meet quality assurance standards. If we are unable to maintain our relationship with Foxconn or effectively manage outsourcing the production of the Endurance to Foxconn, we may be unable to ensure continuity, quality, and compliance with our design specifications or applicable laws and regulations, which may ultimately disrupt our production and operations.

Even if we are able to successfully coordinate our manufacturing relationship with Foxconn, events beyond our control could result in the inability of Foxconn to timely and effectively manufacture the Endurance. Foxconn may experience interruptions with manufacturing processes such as, but not limited to, the malfunction of the equipment under its control, capacity constraints, the inability to obtain the necessary permits or the failure to meet our quality standards or production needs. Any such interruptions could result in product defects or shortages, manufacturing failures or vehicles not being manufactured to their applicable specifications, which may result in the delay of Endurance production and our supply of vehicles into the market. Further, by outsourcing production to Foxconn, we may be unable to react quickly or effectively to any unanticipated changes that may arise during production. We may not be able to resolve any such issues related to outsourcing the manufacturing of the Endurance in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all, which could materially adversely affect our production, business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations. Any of the above, including, but not limited to design and manufacturing processes related to the vehicle’s design, may result in additional costs to us. Such costs may be significant and contribute to a decision to delay, curtail or cease production of the Endurance.

With our vehicle under limited production, there is no assurance that any pending orders, non-binding pre-orders and other indications of interest will be converted into binding orders or sales.

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Our business model is focused on building relationships with large fleet customers. To date, we have engaged in limited marketing activities, and we have very few binding purchase orders or commitments from customers. The previously reported non-binding pre-orders that we have signed and other indications of interest that we have received do not require customer deposits and may not be converted into binding orders or sales. We have also received reservations from potential customers who have each provided us with a $100 deposit totaling approximately $220,000 as of December 31, 2022, that may be cancelled without penalty and a full refund of any deposit. We have also engaged in discussions with fleet managers and other organizations that have indicated interest from their customers or stakeholders in the Endurance and, as we evaluate the allocations of vehicles we may produce, there remains uncertainty as to whether we will seek to and to what degree we will be able to convert previously-reported nonbinding pre-orders and other indications of interest in our vehicle into binding orders and ultimately sales. Until the time that we are able to achieve consistent serial production and establish appropriate relationships for aftermarket service, there will be uncertainty as to customer demand for the Endurance and as to our ability and to fulfill any such demand and whether it aligns with our initial sales strategy. The long wait from the time a non-binding pre-order is made, or other indication of interest is provided until the time the Endurance is delivered, and any delays beyond expected wait times, could impact customer decisions on whether to ultimately make a purchase. Even if we are able to obtain binding orders, customers may limit their volume of purchases initially as they assess our vehicles and whether to make a broader transition to EVs.

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It is very important that our vehicles and our service and support meet the expectations of our customers. We have experienced performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. If we or our customers continue to identify defects in design and/or manufacture in our vehicles, that cause them not to perform as expected or that require repair beyond our initial production stage, our ability to develop, market and sell or lease our vehicles could be harmed. Furthermore, if we are unable to expeditiously resolve these or any future issues, existing or potential customers may lose interest in the Endurance or future vehicles we may develop.

Fully commercializing the Endurance and other potential vehicles we may develop will be a long process and depends on our ability to fund and scale our productions, including through securing additional funding, and expand our marketing functions, as well as the safety, reliability, efficiency and quality of our vehicles, and the support and service that will be available. It will also depend on factors outside of our control, such as competition, general market conditions and broader trends in fleet management and vehicle electrification, that could impact customer buying decisions. As a result, there is significant uncertainty regarding demand for our products and the pace and levels of growth that we will be able to achieve.

Our future growth depends upon our ability to maintain relationships with our existing suppliers and source suppliers for our critical components, and to complete building out our supply chain, while effectively managing the risks due to such relationships.

Our success is dependent upon our ability to enter into supply agreements and maintain our relationships with suppliers who are critical and necessary to the output, production and aftermarket service of our vehicles. We also rely on a small group of suppliers to provide us with key components for our vehicles. The supply agreements we have or may enter into with key suppliers in the future may have provisions where such agreements can be terminated in various circumstances, including potentially without cause, or may not provide for access to supplies in accordance with our timeline or budget. If our suppliers become unable to provide, experience delays or quality issues in providing or impose significant increases in the cost of components, or if the supply agreements we have in place are terminated, it may be difficult to find replacement components. Changes in business conditions, pandemics, governmental changes and other factors beyond our control or that we do not presently anticipate could affect our ability to receive components from our suppliers.

We have been and may continue to be at a disadvantage in negotiating supply agreements and receiving timely delivery of quality components at reasonable prices for the production of our vehicles due to our limited operating history, low production volumes and continued refinement of our component requirements through the design and testing process, as well as concerns about our ability to continue as a going concern. We may not realize the anticipated benefits from our relationship with Foxconn with respect to their willingness or ability to enable us to improve the terms with existing or potential suppliers, or access to new suppliers. In addition, there is the possibility that finalizing the supply agreements for the parts and components of our vehicles will cause significant disruption to our operations, or such supply agreements could be at costs that make it difficult for us to operate profitably or delay our production schedule.

If we do not enter into long-term supply agreements with guaranteed pricing and availability for our parts or components, we have been and may continue to be exposed to fluctuations in prices, quality and timing of components, materials and equipment. Our current agreement for the purchase of battery cells contains, and future agreements are likely to contain, pricing provisions that are subject to adjustment based on changes in market prices of key commodities and require us to make minimum purchases irrespective of our production plans. Substantial increases in the prices for such components, materials and equipment have increased and could continue to increase our operating costs and reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs. Any attempts to increase the announced or expected prices of our vehicles in response to increased

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costs could be viewed negatively by our potential customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

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The design and manufacturing of automobiles requires extensive testing and validation of all inputs. There are many components that, after passing testing and validation, may only be substituted or changed after repeating additional testing and validation, that may be costly or require significant time. During such period, we may not be able to produce or deliver vehicles. Moreover, our low production volumes have contributed to certain production suppliers curtailing or ceasing supply, or in some cases, materially raising the prices we must pay for certain components. We have, and may continue to experience, disruptions caused by part failures or other actions of one or more of our suppliers.

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We have experienced, continue to experience and may in the future experience delays in realizing our projected timelines and cost and volume targets for the production of the Endurance, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

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Our future business depends in large part on our ability to execute our plans to finance, develop, manufacture, market and sell or lease the Endurance and other vehicles we design. Further delay in the financing, design, testing and consistent serial manufacturing of the Endurance or other vehicles, or consummating the Investment Agreement, could materially damage our brand, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Vehicle manufacturers often experience delays in the design, testing, and manufacture of new products and further delays in achieving consistent serial production of the Endurance and with respect to other vehicles are possible.

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To the extent we experience delays in achieving consistent serial production of the Endurance, consummating the funding transactions contemplated under the Investment Agreement, or obtaining a strategic partner or the funding needed to reach scaled production of the Endurance, our current operations and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, performance issues and production delays and pauses allow competitors to enter the market and capture market share before us, prevent us from gaining the confidence of potential customers and open the door to increased competition. Furthermore, we rely on third-party suppliers for the provision and development of many of the key components and materials used in our vehicles. To the extent our suppliers experience any delays in providing us with or developing necessary components, or we need to find alternative sources or further develop our own components, whether due to COVID-19, disruptions to or instability of the global economy or other reasons, we could experience delays in meeting our projected timelines.

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Further, we have no experience to date in high-volume manufacturing, or in outsourcing the high-volume manufacturing, of our vehicles. Even if we are successful in developing our high-volume manufacturing capability and processes, in conjunction with Foxconn, and in reliably sourcing our component supply, we cannot assure that we will be able to do so in a manner that avoids significant delays and cost overruns, including as a result of factors beyond our control such as problems with suppliers or failure to satisfy customer requirements.

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We currently depend on revenue generated from a single model and in the foreseeable future will be significantly dependent on a limited number of models.

While we have initiated efforts and plan to develop additional vehicles, including through our relationship with Foxconn, we will initially depend on revenue generated from a single vehicle model and in the foreseeable future will be significantly dependent on a single or limited number of models, including the Endurance, for which the BOM cost is significantly in excess of our current selling price. Historically, automobile customers have come to expect a variety of vehicle models offered in a manufacturer’s fleet and new and improved vehicle models to be introduced frequently. Given that our plan is to sell up to 500 units of the initial model of the Endurance, and our next vehicle program is unlikely to reach commercial production for at least several years, we will experience an extended period of time without any revenue. Further, based on customer acceptance, resolution of ongoing known and unknown quality issues, the identification of an OEM partner

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and other factors, the actual number of Endurance vehicles produced could be significantly below 500. If we are unable to achieve an appropriate level of consistent production and/or demand for the Endurance, our operations and production plans will be scaled back or curtailed and we may not realize any significant value from our assets and our financial condition and prospects will be adversely affected.

If we are able to raise sufficient funding and reach commercial production of a future vehicle, we are similarly likely to rely on one model, at least initially. To the extent a particular model is not well-received by the market, our sales volume, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

If our vehicles fail to perform as expected, our ability to develop, market and sell or lease our EVs could be harmed.

As a new entrant to the industry attempting to build brand recognition and establish relationships with commercial fleets and fleet managers, it is very important that our vehicles and our service and support meet the expectations of our customers. As we began delivering vehicles to customers, we encountered performance issues, some of which were significant. Launch-related issues with new vehicles are not uncommon but can be quite damaging. We have experienced performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. Some of these issues were discovered by us or our suppliers, though some were experienced by our initial customers. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. The Company is diligently working with suppliers on the root cause analysis of each issue and potential solutions, which in some cases may include part design modifications, retrofits and software updates. Performance issues are often discovered as an entirely new vehicle with several new technologies begins operating in new and different environments by customers. As a result, through February 2023, approximately 40 Endurance vehicles have been completed or are in process and we have sold a total of six vehicles of our planned initial batch of up to 500 units. As we continue to address Endurance performance and component quality issues and manage continued supply chain constraints with key components, including hub motor components, we anticipate production will remain paused or very low and potentially increase starting as early as the second quarter of 2023. If we or our customers identify defects in design and/or manufacture in our vehicles, that cause them not to perform as expected or that require repair beyond our initial production stage, our ability to develop, market and sell or lease our vehicles could be harmed. Furthermore, if we are unable to expeditiously resolve these or any future issues, existing or potential customers may lose interest in the Endurance or future vehicles we may develop. Some of the problems may be the result of manufacturing or other issues caused by our suppliers. Therefore, we may be dependent upon our suppliers to solve the issue. Our suppliers may be unable or unwilling to remediate the matter to our satisfaction, which may cause manufacturing, sales and delivery delays, as well as the inability to timely repair vehicles that were delivered prior to detecting the issue. Such delays could harm our brand or reputation, ability to attract customers and sell vehicles. We currently have a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate the long-term quality, reliability and performance characteristics of our trucks, battery packs and other products. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and repair any defects in our products before commencing broader sale of our vehicles.

In addition, the performance specifications of the Endurance may vary from our current estimates and testing results and could change over time and from vehicle to vehicle based on a number of factors, including the manner in which the vehicle is used or maintained, driving conditions and weather and other environmental conditions where the vehicle is used. While we have and continue to perform extensive internal testing on the Endurance, we currently have a limited frame of reference by which to evaluate detailed long-term quality, reliability, durability and performance characteristics of our battery packs, powertrains and vehicles. There can be no assurance that the Endurance will perform in accordance with our published specifications, consistently or at all.

Further, the operation of our vehicles is highly dependent on software that will require modification and updates over time. Software products are inherently complex and often contain defects and errors when first

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introduced. Product defects or any other failure of our vehicles to perform as expected, including during testing or with respect to our initial deliveries to customers, could harm our reputation and result in adverse publicity, lost revenue, delivery delays, product recalls, product liability or false advertising claims or significant warranty and other expenses, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects. Until we are able build customer relationships and earn trust, any of these effects could be particularly significant to us.

If we fail to scale our business operations or otherwise manage future growth effectively as we attempt to rapidly grow our company, we may not be able to produce, market, service and sell or lease our vehicles successfully.

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Any failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results or financial condition. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company started commercial production of the Endurance with the first two vehicles completing assembly in September. The Company subsequently completed homologation and testing and received required certifications enabling us to begin sales in the fourth quarter of 2022. The rate of Endurance production remained very low during the fourth quarter. As we began delivering vehicles to customers, we encountered performance issues, some of which were significant. Launch-related issues with new vehicles are not uncommon but can be quite damaging. We have experienced performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. Some of these issues were discovered by us or our suppliers, though some were experienced by our initial customers. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. The Company is diligently working with suppliers on the root cause analysis of each issue and potential solutions, which in some cases may include part design modifications, retrofits and software updates. Performance issues are often discovered as an entirely new vehicle with several new technologies begins operating in new and different environments by customers. As a result, through February 2023, approximately 40 Endurance vehicles have been completed or are in process and we have sold a total of six vehicles of our planned initial batch of up to 500 units. As we continue to address Endurance performance and component quality issues and manage continued supply chain constraints with key components, including hub motor components, we anticipate production will remain paused or very low and potentially increase starting as early as the second quarter of 2023. Based on customer acceptance, resolution of ongoing known and unknown quality issues, the identification of an OEM partner and other factors, the actual number of vehicles produced could be significantly below the up to 500 vehicles that we have targeted for our initial production batch.

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We are also seeking to leverage our technologies and relationship with Foxconn to develop additional all-EVs geared to the commercial market that have and will continue to require us to commit additional financial, engineering and management resources. We may not be able to design or develop vehicles that meet the criteria or preferences of Foxconn or potential customers, harming our ability to raise capital, including the financing contemplated in the Investment Agreement, and continue as a going concern.

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Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to execute our plan, including to manage our expansion and growth successfully. However, we have no experience to date in high-volume manufacturing, or in outsourcing high-volume manufacturing, of our vehicles. We cannot assure that we will be able to fund and develop efficient, automated, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes, and reliable sources of component supply, including in conjunction with Foxconn, that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully market our vehicles. Any failure to develop such designs, manufacturing processes and capabilities within our projected costs and timelines could stunt our future growth and impair our ability to produce, market, service and sell or lease our vehicles successfully.

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We may not be able to accurately estimate the supply and demand for our vehicles, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we have incurred and could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses. We may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. Since inception, we have reevaluated our production plan and readiness many times, which has contributed to an increase in costs and need for additional funding. We have been and will continue to be required to provide forecasts of our demand to our suppliers several months prior to the scheduled production or delivery of products to our prospective customers. Currently, there is limited historical basis for making judgments on the demand for our vehicles or our ability to develop, manufacture and deliver vehicles, or on our profitability in the future. To date, we have incurred costs for technology, components and other assets that we have determined are not needed for the current vehicle design or production forecasts resulting in significant impairments and write-offs. If in the future we overestimate our requirements, we or our suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase our costs or result in additional impairments or write-offs. If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of our products including by Foxconn and result in delays in deliveries and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials and components and minimum quantities that our suppliers order vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms, location of production or secondary suppliers, method and distance of transportation, widespread supply shortages and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of vehicles to our customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our future growth is dependent upon the willingness of operators of commercial vehicle fleets to adopt EVs and upon our ability to produce, sell and provide service for vehicles that meet their needs. If the market for commercial EVs does not develop as we expect, or if it develops slower than we expect, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be adversely affected.

Our growth is dependent upon the adoption of EVs by operators of commercial vehicle fleets and on our ability to produce, sell and provide service for vehicles that meet their needs. The entry of commercial electric pickup trucks and other EVs into the commercial vehicle market is a relatively new development, particularly in the United States, and is characterized by rapidly changing technologies and evolving government regulation, industry standards and customer views of the merits of using EVs in their businesses. This process has been slow to date. As part of our sales efforts, we must educate fleet managers as to the economical savings during the life of the vehicle and the lower “total cost of ownership” of our vehicles. As such, we believe that operators of commercial vehicle fleets will consider many factors when deciding whether to purchase our commercial EVs (or commercial EVs generally) or vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. We believe these factors include:

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If, in weighing these factors, operators of commercial vehicle fleets determine that there is not a compelling business justification for purchasing commercial EVs, particularly those that we will produce and sell, then the market for commercial EVs may not develop as we expect or may develop more slowly than we expect, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, any reduction, elimination or selective application of tax and other governmental incentives and subsidies because of policy changes, the reduced need for such subsidies and incentives due to the perceived success of the EV, fiscal tightening or other reasons may result in the diminished competitiveness of the EV industry generally or our EVs in particular, which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Further, we cannot assure that the current governmental incentives and subsidies available for purchasers of EVs will remain available, or that our vehicles or customers will qualify for any governmental incentives that may be available for other vehicles.

If we are unable to address the service requirements of our customers or if there is inadequate access to charging stations, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

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Demand for the Endurance and other vehicles we may produce will depend in part on the availability of service providers and charging infrastructure. Servicing EVs is different than servicing internal combustion engine or hybrid vehicles and requires specialized skills, including high voltage training and servicing techniques. As the Endurance is in limited production, we have limited experience servicing the Endurance. There could be difficulties operating our vehicles or making repairs necessary to continue safe and reliable operation of our vehicles. Some of these operational issues may take substantially longer to identify and/or repair relative to our customers’ expectations. We may not be able to identify or repair the problem at all, which would likely render the vehicle inoperable. Commercial fleet operators evaluate and select vehicles with an expectation of high utilization rates in order to maximize the productivity of their business. Any extended vehicle downtime is likely to adversely affect our customers’ businesses and harm our reputation in such a way that customers are unwilling to purchase our vehicles, or cause us to incur extraordinary costs to rectify the problem to the satisfaction of our customers.

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In addition, our ability to provide long-term aftermarket service and support depends, in part, on our ability to maintain relationships with our existing suppliers and source suppliers for critical components and parts. Currently, we rely on a small group of suppliers to provide us with key components for our vehicles that are typically used in the prototype phase. If we do not enter into long-term supply agreements with guaranteed pricing and availability for our parts or components or if such parts or components become unavailable, and we are unable to find suitable alternatives and efficiently and effectively integrate these alternatives into the Endurance, we could experience aftermarket service disruptions, increased costs, reduced quality of the Endurance, or we may be unable to fulfill our aftermarket service obligations entirely.

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The Endurance requires the use of charging stations to recharge its batteries. While the prevalence of charging stations has been increasing, charging station locations are significantly less widespread than gas stations. Some potential customers may choose not to purchase the Endurance because of the lack of a

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more widespread service network or charging infrastructure at the time of sale. If we are unable to satisfactorily service our future customers or provide seamless access to charging infrastructure, our ability to generate customer loyalty, grow our business and sell the Endurance and other vehicles we may produce could be impaired.

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Although we have entered into an agreement with a third-party and expect to partner with other third-party service providers to maintain and repair the Endurance, and we may also partner with third-party EV station providers to offer installation of charging stations to our customers, we have limited arrangements in place with such third parties to date and will need to establish a network that provides sufficient availability and convenience to attract customers and convert interest in our vehicles into sales. In addition, our potential customers may be unwilling to purchase the Endurance due to actual or perceived concerns over our ability to remain as a going concern and provide long-term aftermarket service and support as is typical of the automotive industry.

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We have made significant investments in current and long-term assets, and we may not be able to realize the value of our investments or the carrying value.

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We have and will continue to evaluate our assets for impairment. To date we have taken significant impairment charges against our assets. Other than highly liquid assets, such as cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable, nearly all of our current and long-term assets are specialized and unlikely to be available for use on future programs, particularly inventory, property plant and equipment, and construction in process. Therefore, if we do not obtain an OEM strategic partner to support the scaling of the Endurance, or there are subsequent changes to our enterprise value or other factors in our analysis, we are likely to experience future impairment charges. Such charges may be significant and could represent the entire value of our assets. Even in the event of reaching a definitive agreement with an OEM partner for scaling production of the Endurance, a substantial portion of the assets would have limited, or no value given their short useful life, inefficiency for scaled production, limited ability to modify and potential meaningful modifications required for new design attributes.

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We depend upon key personnel and will need to hire and train additional personnel. If we lose key management or significant personnel, cannot recruit or effectively integrate qualified employees, directors, officers, or other personnel or experience increases in our compensation costs, our business may materially suffer.

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We have in the past experienced changes in our senior management. While we experienced an orderly transition process as new management integrated into various roles, we face a variety of risks and uncertainties relating to possible future management transitions, including diversion of management attention from business concerns, failure to retain other key personnel or loss of institutional knowledge. These risks and uncertainties could result in operational and administrative inefficiencies and additional added costs, which could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity, stock price, research and development of our products, brand, reputation, and our ability to raise capital.

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Our success depends on our ability to recruit top talent, the continuing services of our management team and other key employees. We believe the depth and quality of the experience of our management team in the automotive and EV markets is a key to our ability to be successful. The loss of any of these individuals could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. We do not carry “key-man” life insurance on the lives of any of our executives, employees or advisors. As with any company with limited resources, there can be no guarantee that we will be able to attract and retain such individuals or that the presence of such individuals will necessarily translate into our profitability. Because we operate in a newly emerging industry, there may also be limited personnel available with relevant business experience and such individuals may be subject to non-competition and other agreements that restrict their ability to work for us. We also continue to seek personnel with appropriate accounting expertise to support the design and operation of our internal controls over financial reporting. We experience intense competition for qualified personnel and may be unable to attract and retain the personnel necessary for the development of our business. Because of this

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competition, our compensation costs may increase significantly. The challenge will be exacerbated for us as we attempt to transition to full-scale commercial vehicle manufacturing and sales in a very short period of time under the unforeseeable business conditions which continue to evolve as a result of the impact of COVID-19 and may other macroeconomic factors out of our control. Our inability to attract and retain key personnel may materially and adversely affect our business operations. Any failure by our management to effectively anticipate, implement and manage the changes required to sustain our growth and address the tradeoffs required to operate with insufficient capital, would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We face intense competition and associated risks. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial or other resources, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we do and one or more of these competitors could use their greater resources and/or name recognition to gain market share at our expense or could make it very difficult for us to establish meaningful market share.

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We face intense competition in our industry, which we may be unable to manage. Established OEMs and new entrants to the industry have announced their intent and timelines to compete in the full-size electric pickup truck market. In addition, established OEMs currently offer alternative fuel and hybrid pickup trucks to the commercial fleet market, which includes government fleets. If fleet operators begin transitioning to EVs on a mass scale, which will be necessary for us to be successful, we expect that more competitors will enter the market and competition will become more intense. Certain potential competitors, for example, have more significant financial resources, established market positions, long-standing relationships with customers and dealers who have more resources available to develop new products and introduce them into the marketplace than are currently available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time than we may be able to. This expected competition places significant pressure on our ability to achieve our goals for the Endurance. If we are unable to do this successfully, competitors may enter the market and capture market share, and we may not be able to compete successfully. This intense competitive environment may require us to make changes to our products, pricing, licensing, services, distribution or marketing to develop a market position, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

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We may not succeed in establishing, maintaining and strengthening our brand, which would materially and adversely affect customer acceptance of our vehicles and components and our business, revenues and prospects.

Our business and prospects heavily depend on our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brand. If we are not able to establish, maintain and strengthen our brand, we may lose the opportunity to build a critical mass of customers. Our ability to develop, maintain and strengthen our brand will depend heavily on the success of our marketing efforts and strength of our reputation. The automobile industry is intensely competitive, and we may not be successful in building, maintaining and strengthening our brand. Our current and potential competitors, particularly automobile manufacturers headquartered in the United States, Japan, the European Union and China, have greater name recognition, broader customer relationships and substantially greater marketing resources than we do. If we do not develop and maintain a strong brand, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be materially and adversely impacted.

Our Endurance competes and our future EVs will compete for market share with vehicles powered by other vehicle technologies that may prove to be more attractive than our vehicle technologies.

Our target market currently is serviced by manufacturers with existing customers and suppliers using proven and widely accepted fuel technologies. Additionally, our competitors are working on developing technologies that may be introduced in our target market. If any of these alternative technology vehicles can provide lower fuel costs, greater efficiencies, greater reliability or otherwise benefit from other factors resulting in an overall lower total cost of ownership, this may negatively affect the commercial success of our vehicles or make our vehicles uncompetitive or obsolete.

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We may be unable to keep up with changes in EV technology as new entrants and existing, larger manufacturers enter the EV space.

The Endurance is designed for use with, and is dependent upon, existing EV technology. As new companies and larger, existing vehicle manufacturers enter the EV space, we may lose any technological advantage we may have had in the marketplace and suffer a decline in our position in the market. Further, certain technology used in the Endurance, such as in our infotainment system, relies on open source code and is not proprietary to us, and our competitors may also utilize such technology to develop their vehicles. As technologies change, we will attempt to upgrade or adapt our products to continue to provide products with the latest technology. However, our products may become obsolete, or our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in or to create the necessary technology to effectively compete. Our efforts to upgrade or adapt our products may be costly or we may be unable to endeavor to upgrade or adapt our products due to insufficient capital. As a result, our potential inability to adapt to and develop the necessary technology may harm our competitive position.

We do not have a third-party retail product distribution network.

Third-party dealer networks are the traditional method of vehicle sales distribution. Because we have and expect to continue to primarily sell directly to commercial fleets and fleet managers, we do not have a traditional dealer product distribution network. Building an in-house sales and marketing function is expensive and time-consuming. If the lack of a traditional dealer product distribution network results in lost opportunities to generate sales, it could limit our ability to grow. If our use of an in-house sales and marketing team is not effective, our results of operations and financial conditions could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish and maintain confidence in our long-term business prospects among commercial fleet operators, investors, suppliers, third-party service providers, and others within our industry, then our financial condition, operating results and business prospects may suffer materially.

Commercial fleet operators may be less likely to purchase our products if they are not convinced that our business will succeed, that our operations will continue for many years, or that the total number of Endurance trucks produced will be sufficient to justify adding a different vehicle to their fleets. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed or that we will continue as a going concern. Accordingly, to build, maintain and grow our business, we must build and maintain confidence among commercial fleet operators, suppliers, investors and other parties with respect to our liquidity and long-term business prospects.

Building and maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors, such as our funding needs, the status of our relationship with Foxconn, limited operating history, significant outstanding litigation and SEC investigation matters, others’ unfamiliarity with our products, production delays, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of EVs. Many of these factors are largely outside our control, and any negative perceptions about our long-term business prospects, even if exaggerated or unfounded, would likely harm our business and make it more difficult to raise additional capital.

There are complex software and technology systems that have been and will continue to need to be developed in coordination with vendors and suppliers for our EVs, and there can be no assurance such systems will be successfully developed.

Our vehicles use a substantial amount of third-party and in-house software codes and complex hardware to operate. The development of such advanced technologies is inherently complex and requires us to coordinate with our vendors and suppliers in order to establish these systems. Defects and errors may be revealed over time and our control over the performance of third-party services and systems may be limited. Thus, our

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potential inability to develop and maintain the necessary software and technology systems may harm our competitive position.

We rely on third-party suppliers to develop a number of emerging technologies for use in our products, including lithium-ion battery technology. There can be no assurances that our suppliers will be able to meet the technological requirements, production timing and volume requirements to support consistent serial production and ultimately our business plan. In addition, the technology may not comply with the cost, performance, useful life and warranty characteristics we anticipate in our business plan. As a result, our business plan could be significantly impacted, and we may incur significant liabilities under warranty claims, or substantial costs to service our vehicles, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, and results of operations.

Our success is dependent on our development and protection of intellectual property rights.

We rely on confidentiality and trade secret protections to protect our proprietary technology. All new developments by us will be owned by us. Our success will, in part, depend on our ability to obtain patents and trademarks and protect our trade secrets and proprietary technology. We are currently maintaining our engineering under confidentiality agreements and other agreements to preserve our trade secrets and other proprietary technology. We have filed numerous trademark and patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) but have not received any federal registrations of any applications as of the date of filing of this report. Our trademark applications were filed on an “intent-to-use" basis, and as such will not be registered until we begin the commercial sale of our vehicles. Such a filing has a limited duration and requires a request of the USPTO to grant an extension. No assurances can be provided that such extension would be granted, and our ability to use the marks may be impeded. Although we have entered into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and contractors, our agreements may not adequately protect our intellectual property, particularly with respect to conflicts of ownership relating to work product generated by our employees, consultants and contractors, and we cannot be certain that others will not gain access to our trade secrets and other proprietary technology. See Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings. Others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.

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Risks Relating to Regulation and Claims

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We face risks and uncertainties related to ongoing and potential future litigation and claims, as well as regulatory actions and government investigations and inquiries, for which we will continue to incur significant legal costs and may be subject to significant uninsured losses.

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We are currently subject to extensive litigation, including securities class action litigation, shareholder derivative suits, a stockholder class action, an SEC investigation, and litigation involving alleged trade secret misappropriation, unfair competition and other related claims, among other disputes. We may in the future be subject to, or become a party to, additional litigation, claims, regulatory actions, and government investigations and inquiries, as we may be subject to claims by customers, suppliers, vendors, contractors, competitors, government agencies, stockholders or other parties regarding our products, development, accidents, advertising, securities, contract and corporate matter disputes, intellectual property infringement matters and employee claims against us based on, among other things, discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, disability or violation of wage and labor laws. These proceedings and incidents include claims for which we have no or limited insurance coverage. See Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings for additional information regarding our ongoing litigation matters.

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These claims have diverted and may in the future divert our financial and management resources that would otherwise be used to benefit our operations, increase our insurance costs and cause reputational harm. We have already incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant legal expenses in defending against these

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claims. Further, the ongoing expense of lawsuits, investigations and any substantial settlement payment by us or damage award enforceable against us could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

While we currently carry commercial general liability, commercial automobile liability, product liability, excess liability, workers’ compensation, cyber security and directors’ and officers’ insurance policies, coverage amounts are limited and we may not maintain as much insurance coverage as other OEMs do. In some cases, we may not maintain any insurance coverage at all. Additionally, the policies that we do have may include significant deductibles and exclusions, and we cannot be certain that our insurance coverage will be applicable to or sufficient to cover all current and future claims against us.

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Our insurers have asserted a denial of coverage under the main tower of our director and officer insurance program with respect to numerous ongoing matters, including the consolidated securities class action, various shareholder derivative actions, the consolidated stockholder class action, various demands for inspection of books and records, the SEC investigation, and the investigation by the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, and certain indemnification obligations, under an exclusion to the policy called the “retroactive date exclusion.” The insurer has identified other potential coverage issues as well. Excess coverage attaches only after the underlying insurance has been exhausted, and generally applies in conformance with the terms of the underlying insurance. We are analyzing the insurer’s position, and intend to pursue any available coverage under this policy and other insurance. As a result of the denial of coverage, no or limited insurance may be available to us to reimburse our expenses or cover any potential losses for these matters, which could be significant. The insurers in our Side A D&O insurance program, providing coverage for individual directors and officers in derivative actions and certain other situations, have not denied coverage on this basis or otherwise.

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At this time, the Company cannot predict the results of many of the current proceedings, and future resolution of these matters could result in changes in management's estimates of losses, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2022, we have an aggregate provision for potential settlements of litigation of $35.9 million. This provision is based on current information, legal advice and the potential impact of the outcome of one or more claims on related matters and may be increased in the future based on new developments. This accrual does not reflect a full range of possible outcomes for these proceedings or the full amount of any damages alleged, which are significantly higher. Furthermore, we may use Class A common stock or other securities as consideration in any settlement. While we believe that additional losses beyond current accruals are likely, and any such additional losses may be significant, we cannot presently estimate a possible loss contingency or range of reasonably possible loss contingencies beyond current accruals. Estimating probable losses requires the analysis of multiple forecasted factors that often depend on judgments and potential actions by third parties. Legal fees and costs of litigation or an adverse judgment or settlement in any one or more of our ongoing litigation matters that are not insured or that is in excess of insurance coverage could significantly exceed our current accrual and ability to pay. This would have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital, and severely curtail or cause our operations to cease entirely. Furthermore, our ability to raise the additional capital we need to execute our business plans is adversely impacted by the potential material adverse effect of any one or more of the pending litigations, SEC investigation and related ongoing significant legal costs.

Changes in laws or regulations, or a failure to comply with any laws and regulations, or any litigation that we may be subject to or involved in may adversely affect our business, prospects and results of operations.

We are subject to laws, regulations and rules enacted by national, regional and local governments and the Nasdaq Global Select Market on which our securities are listed. In particular, we are required to comply with certain SEC, Nasdaq and other legal and regulatory requirements. Compliance with, and monitoring of, applicable laws, regulations and rules may be difficult, time-consuming and costly.

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Those laws, regulations and rules and their interpretation and application may also change from time to time and those changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations. It is difficult to predict what impact, if any, changes in federal laws and policies, including those relating to tax, environmental, labor and employment, will have on our business and industry, the economy as a whole, consumer confidence and discretionary spending. As a general matter, failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations or rules, as interpreted and applied, could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Product liability or other claims could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The risk of product liability claims, product recalls and associated adverse publicity is inherent in the manufacturing, marketing and sale of all vehicles, including EVs. We do not carry product recall insurance, and therefore, the costs we may incur could be significant and adversely affect our business and financial condition. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. Although we have product and other liability insurance policies in place, that insurance may be inadequate to cover all potential product claims. Furthermore, because we are sourcing parts from smaller suppliers typically used in the prototype phase, from parts made on soft tools or under less favorable terms due to supply chain challenges and limited quantities, we may have limited or no recovery from our suppliers for claims. Other OEMs, particularly those who are well established and capitalized, would have much greater recourse from their suppliers. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure additional liability insurance coverage on acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed or at all. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product recall could generate substantial negative publicity about our products and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of other future product candidates. In addition, by outsourcing our manufacturing of the Endurance to Foxconn, our control over the production of our vehicles and our ability to mitigate the risk of product issues that may arise in the manufacturing process is limited. We cannot provide assurance that such claims and/or recalls will not be made in the future.

Regulatory requirements may have a negative effect upon our business.

All vehicles sold must comply with international, federal and state motor vehicle safety standards. In the United States, vehicles that meet or exceed all federally mandated safety standards are certified under the federal regulations. Rigorous testing and the use of approved materials and equipment are among the requirements for achieving federal certification. The Endurance is and any other vehicles we may produce will be subject to substantial regulation under federal, state and local laws and standards. These regulations include those promulgated by the U.S. EPA, the CARB, the NHTSA, the PHMSA and various state boards, and compliance certification is required for each new model year as well as if or when certain design changes are made on a current or prior model year. These laws and standards are subject to change from time to time and we could become subject to additional regulations in the future. In addition, federal, state and local laws and industrial standards for EVs are complex and still developing. Compliance with these regulations, including obtaining or maintaining necessary approvals, could be challenging, burdensome, time-consuming and expensive. If compliance and obtaining or maintaining approvals results in delays or substantial expenses, our business could be adversely affected.

We may be exposed to liability for infringing upon other companies’ intellectual property rights.

Our success will, in part, depend on our ability to operate without infringing on others’ proprietary rights. Although we started with a new design and development and rely on the licensed rights from Elaphe, and while we are not aware of any patents and trademarks which would cause our products or their use to infringe the rights of any third parties, we cannot be certain that infringement has not or will not occur. We could incur substantial costs, in addition to a great amount of time lost, in defending any patent, trademark or other intellectual property infringement suits or in asserting any patent, trademark or other intellectual property rights in a suit with another party. See Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

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The Endurance makes use of lithium-ion battery cells, which, if not appropriately managed and controlled, have been observed to catch fire or vent smoke and flames. If such events occur in the Endurance, we could face liability for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

The battery packs in the Endurance use lithium-ion cells, which have been used for years in laptop computers and cell phones. On rare occasions, if not appropriately managed and controlled, lithium-ion cells can rapidly release the energy they contain by venting smoke and flames in a manner that can ignite nearby materials. This has occurred in our testing as we refined our software and other systems. Although we believe we have and can continue to appropriately control this risk in our commercial vehicles for sale, there can be no assurance we will be able to entirely eliminate the risk. We could face liability for damage or injury, adverse publicity and a potential safety recall, any of which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. To limit any losses associated with such event, we carry commercial general liability, commercial automobile liability, product liability and umbrella insurance, which may not be adequate to ensure against all losses.

We may face legal challenges in one or more states as we attempt to sell directly to customers that could adversely affect our costs.

Our business plan includes the direct sale of vehicles to commercial fleet operators and managers, and potentially, to retail consumers. The laws governing licensing of dealers and sales of motor vehicles vary from state to state. Most states require a dealer license to sell new motor vehicles within the state, and many states prohibit manufacturers from being a licensed dealer and directly selling new motor vehicles to retail consumers. We are a licensed dealer in California and anticipate that we may become a licensed dealer in additional states.

We may face legal challenges to this distribution model. For instance, in states where direct sales are not permitted, dealers and their lobbying organizations may complain to the government or regulatory agencies that we are acting in the capacity of a dealer without a license. In some states, regulators may restrict or prohibit us from directly providing warranty repair service, or from contracting with third parties who are not licensed dealers to provide warranty repair service. Because the laws vary from state to state, our distribution model must be carefully established and the sales and service process must be continually monitored for compliance with the various state requirements, which change from time to time. Regulatory compliance and likely challenges to the distribution model will add to the cost of our business.

We may be compelled to undertake product recalls or take other actions, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results, reputation and financial condition.

Any product recall may result in adverse publicity, damage our reputation and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. We are working with its supplier network to implement corrective actions that the Company believes will address these issues. In the future, we may, voluntarily or involuntarily, initiate a recall if any of our EVs or components (including our battery cells) prove to be defective or noncompliant with applicable federal motor vehicle safety standards. Such recalls, whether caused by systems or components engineered or manufactured by us, Foxconn or our suppliers, would involve significant expense and diversion of management’s attention and other resources, which could adversely affect our brand image in our target market and our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Furthermore, because we are sourcing parts from smaller suppliers typically used in the prototype phase, from parts made on soft tools or under less favorable terms due to supply chain challenges and limited quantities, we may have limited or no recovery from our suppliers for claims. Other OEMs, particularly those who are well established and capitalized, would have much greater recourse from their suppliers.

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Insufficient warranty reserves to cover warranty claims could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We need to maintain warranty reserves to cover any warranty-related claims. We anticipate accruing at a higher rate than is typically experienced in the automotive industry, particularly among the large well-established OEMs. If our warranty reserves or liquidity are inadequate to cover warranty claims, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected. We may become subject to significant and unexpected warranty expenses. Furthermore, because we are sourcing parts from smaller suppliers typically used in the prototype phase, from parts made on soft tools or under less favorable terms due to supply chain challenges and limited quantities, we may have limited or no recovery from our suppliers for claims or ability to source parts at the time that such repairs are needed over the life of the warranty. Other OEMs, particularly those who are well established and capitalized, would have much greater recourse to their suppliers. There can be no assurances that then-existing warranty reserves or liquidity will be sufficient to cover all claims.

We have collected and intend to collect and process certain information about our customers and will be subject to various privacy and data protection laws.

We have collected and intend to collect and process certain information about our customers, prospective customers and employees, in accordance with applicable law and our own privacy policies. Any failure by us to comply with our privacy policy or any federal, state or international privacy, data protection or security laws or regulations could result in regulatory or litigation-related actions against us, legal liability, fines, damages and other costs. A failure by any of our vendors or business partners to comply with contractual or legal obligations regarding the protection of such information could carry similar consequences. Should we become subject to additional privacy or data protection laws, we may need to undertake compliance efforts that could carry a large cost. Although we take steps to protect the security of our customers’ and employees’ personal information, we may be required to expend significant resources to comply with data security incident notification requirements if a third-party accesses or acquires the personal information of our customers or employees without authorization or if we otherwise experience a data security incident or loss of customers’ or employees’ personal information. A major breach of our network security and systems could have negative effects on our business and future prospects, including possible fines, penalties and damages, and could result in reduced demand for our vehicles and harm to our reputation and brand. Such a breach could also compromise or lead to a loss of protection of our intellectual property or trade secrets.

Interruption or failure of, or unauthorized access to, our or the Endurance’s information technology and communications systems could adversely affect our operating results and reputation.

We have developed and are continuing to develop information technology and communications systems to assist us in the management of our business. The production of our vehicles requires the development, maintenance and improvement of information technology and communications systems in the United States, which includes product data management, procurement, inventory management, production planning and execution, sales, service and logistics, financial, tax and regulatory compliance systems. The availability and effectiveness of operating our business depends on these systems.

In addition, software, information technology and communications systems are integral to the operation and functionality of the Endurance. The Endurance is designed with built-in data connectivity to accept and install periodic remote updates to improve or update its functionality. Although these systems are designed and tested for resiliency and security, they involve complex technologies, and we cannot be certain they will be entirely free from vulnerabilities.

As a result, all of these systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among other things, data breaches, cyber-attacks, actual or threatened geopolitical conflict, war, fire, natural disasters, power loss, telecommunications failures, computer viruses and other attempts to harm our systems or the operation of

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Endurance vehicles. We cannot be certain that these systems or their required functionality will be effectively and timely developed, implemented and maintained, and any disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any compromise of our proprietary information or of our systems or those of the Endurance could adversely affect our reputation and could result in lengthy interruptions to our ability to operate our business and our customers’ ability to operate the Endurance.

General Risk Factors

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The Lordstown facility could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of disasters or other unpredictable events. Any prolonged disruption in the operations of the facility would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Final assembly of the Endurance is at a single facility, the Lordstown facility. Any prolonged disruption of operations at the Lordstown facility, whether due to technical, information systems, communication networks, strikes, accidents, weather conditions or other natural disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic, global instability, acts of war or otherwise, whether short- or long-term, would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We are or may be subject to risks associated with strategic alliances, joint ventures, or acquisitions.

We have and are in the process of and may from time to time consider entering into strategic alliances, including joint ventures, minority equity investments or other transactions and arrangements with various third parties to further our business purpose, including with Foxconn and other potential relationships. These alliances could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, with non-performance by the third party and with increased expenses in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have limited ability to monitor or control the actions of these third parties and, to the extent any of these strategic third parties suffer negative publicity or harm to its reputation from events relating to its business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with any such third party.

When appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies, or businesses that are complementary to our existing business. In addition to possible stockholder approval, we may need approvals and licenses from relevant government authorities for the acquisitions and to comply with any applicable laws and regulations, which could result in increased delay and costs, and may disrupt our business strategy if we fail to do so. Furthermore, acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our operations. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect, or we may experience difficulties in integrating businesses or assets acquired, resulting in losses or additional expenditures, which may be material. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, write-offs, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of an acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant.

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Risks Related to Our Securities and Being a Public Company

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The concentration of ownership of our stock among a few large stockholders may limit your ability to influence significant corporate decisions.

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The ownership by a few stockholders may account for a large percentage of our outstanding Class A common stock. For example, as of January 6, 2022, Stephen S. Burns, our former Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, reported that he beneficially owned Class A common stock representing approximately 9.07% of our outstanding shares. As of February 28, 2023, Foxconn beneficially owned approximately 8.44% of the

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Class A common stock currently outstanding, excluding its warrants and Preferred Stock. If the Subsequent Common Closing occurs under the Investment Agreement, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of conditions, Foxconn will increase its beneficial ownership of Class A common stock (excluding its warrants and any Preferred Stock) to 17.69% of the Class A common stock currently outstanding as of February 28, 2023. As of February 28, 2023, Foxconn also owns 0.3 million shares of Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase 1.7 million shares of Class A common stock, and may also acquire up to an additional 0.7 million shares of Preferred Stock under the Investment Agreement, subject to the satisfaction or waiver of conditions. The Preferred Stock will become convertible into Class A common stock on the later of (1) May 7, 2023, and (2) the earlier of (x) the date of the Subsequent Common Closing and (y) November 7, 2023, and could result in a significant increase in Foxconn’s beneficial ownership, subject to the Ownership Limitations (defined below). If we were to obtain the Requisite Stockholder Approval (defined below) to permit Foxconn’s beneficial ownership to exceed 19.99% and all shares were issued to Foxconn under the Investment Agreement and upon exercise of its warrants, Foxconn’s beneficial ownership would be approximately 32% of our outstanding Class A common stock based on shares outstanding as of February 28, 2023 (on an as-converted basis, but excluding any accrued and unpaid dividends that are paid in shares of Class A common stock).

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As long as Mr. Burns, Foxconn or other individuals or companies own or control a significant percentage of our outstanding voting power, they could have the ability to influence certain corporate actions requiring stockholder approval including the election of directors, any amendment of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Charter”) and the approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in management and would make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these significant stockholders.

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We have issued shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock that ranks senior to our Class A common stock in priority of distribution rights and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, accrues dividends and is convertible into Class A common stock and provides associated corporate governance rights and rights with respect to subsequent transactions, which may adversely affect and/or limit the influence of holders of our Class A common stock.

On November 7, 2022, the Company and Foxconn entered into the Investment Agreement, pursuant to which Foxconn invested $52.7 million to purchase 12.9 million shares of Class A common stock, and 0.3 million shares of Preferred Stock, and agreed to purchase (a) an additional 26.9 million of our Class A common stock for $47 million subject to the receipt of CFIUS Clearance and satisfaction of other conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement and (b) up to an additional $70 million of Preferred Stock in two tranches subject to the parties agreeing to an EV Program budget and attaining certain EV Program milestones to be established by the parties, and the other conditions. The first tranche will be in an amount up to 0.3 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $30 million; and the second tranche will be in an amount up to 0.4 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $40 million. The parties have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to agree upon the EV Program budget and program milestones no later than May 7, 2023.

Following the Subsequent Common Closing, to the extent it occurs, Foxconn will have significant ownership, rights and preferences with respect to our equity securities which may adversely affect and/or limit the influence of holders of our Class A common stock.

The Preferred Stock ranks senior to our Class A common stock with respect to dividend rights, rights on the distribution of assets on any liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company and redemption rights. Upon any dissolution, liquidation or winding up, holders of the Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive distributions in cash in an amount per share equal to the greater of (1) the sum of $100 per share plus the accrued unpaid dividends with respect to such share and (2) the amount the holder would have received had it converted such share into Class A common stock immediately prior to the date of such event, before any distributions shall be made on any shares of our Class A common stock. In addition, holders of the Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at a rate equal to 8% per annum, which accrue and accumulate

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whether or not declared. The holders of the Preferred Stock also participate with any dividends payable in respect of any junior or parity stock. Such dividend obligations could limit our ability to obtain additional financing, which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition. The preferential rights described above could also result in divergent interests between the holders of shares of Preferred Stock and the holders of our Class A common stock.

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Pursuant to the Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock filed by the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware (the “Certificate of Designations”), and subject to the Ownership Limitations (defined below), commencing on the later of (1) May 7, 2023, and (2) the earlier of (x) the date of the Subsequent Common Closing and (y) November 7, 2023, each share of Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holder, or by us in certain instances, into the number of shares of Class A common stock obtained by dividing the sum of the liquidation preference (i.e., $100 per share) and all accrued but unpaid dividends with respect to such share as of the applicable conversion date by the conversion price as of the applicable conversion date. The conversion price currently is $1.936 per share, and it is subject to customary adjustments. The issuance of our Class A common stock upon conversion of the Preferred Stock will result in immediate dilution that may be substantial to the interests of holders of our Class A common stock and could affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

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In addition, all holders of shares of Preferred Stock are entitled to vote with the holders of Class A common stock on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders of the Company as a single class on an as-converted basis; provided, that no holder of shares of Preferred Stock will be entitled to vote to the extent that such holder would have the right to a number of votes in respect of such holder’s shares of Class A common stock, Preferred Stock or other capital stock would exceed the limitations set forth in clauses (i) and (ii) of the definition of Ownership Limitations. The “Ownership Limitations” are (i) prior to the Subsequent Common Closing, 9.99% of the capital stock of the Company that is entitled to vote generally in any election of directors of the Company (“Voting Power”), (ii) prior to the time the Company obtains the approval of stockholders contemplated by Rule 5635 of the Nasdaq listing rules as in effect on November 7, 2022 with respect to certain equity issuances (the “Requisite Stockholder Approval”), 19.99% of the Voting Power, and (iii) at all times following the Subsequent Common Closing and the Requisite Stockholder Approval, 24% of the Voting Power.

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Pursuant to the Investment Agreement, Foxconn will have the right to appoint two designees to the Board after receiving CFIUS Clearance and consummation of the Subsequent Common Closing. Foxconn will relinquish one Board seat if it does not continue to beneficially own shares of Class A common stock, Preferred Stock and shares of Class A common stock issued upon conversion of shares of Preferred Stock that represent (on an as-converted basis) at least 50% of the number of shares of Class A common stock (on an as-converted basis) acquired by Foxconn in connection with the Investment Transactions and will relinquish its other Board seat if it does not continue to beneficially own at least 25% of the number of shares of Class A common stock (on an as-converted basis) acquired by Foxconn in connection with the Investment Transactions.

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Further, following the Subsequent Common Closing and until Foxconn no longer has the right to appoint a director to sit on the Board, other than with respect to certain excluded issuances, Foxconn has the right to purchase its pro rata portion of equity securities proposed to be sold by the Company, with some exceptions; provided, that the Company is not required to sell Foxconn securities if the Company would be required to obtain stockholder approval under any applicable law or regulation. Foxconn has agreed to a standstill until the later of (i) December 31, 2024 and (ii) 90 days after the first day on which no Foxconn-appointed director serves on the Board and Foxconn no longer has a right to appoint any directors. Pursuant to such standstill, and without the approval of the Board, Foxconn will not (A) acquire any equity securities of the Company if after the acquisition Foxconn and its affiliates would cross an ownership threshold of 19.99% of the Voting Power and if CFIUS Clearance and the Requisite Stockholder Approval were received, 24% of the Voting Power, or (B) make any public announcement with respect to, or offer, seek, propose or indicate an interest in, any merger, consolidation, business combination, tender or exchange offer, recapitalization, reorganization

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or purchase of more than 50% of the assets, properties or securities of the Company, or enter into discussions, negotiations, arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the foregoing. Prior to the Subsequent Common Closing, we have agreed that, without Foxconn’s consent, we will not encourage, initiate, facilitate or negotiate any Acquisition Proposal (as defined below) or enter into any agreement with respect to any Acquisition Proposal or that would cause us not to consummate any of the Investment Transactions, and will inform Foxconn of any Acquisition Proposal that we receive. We have also agreed that, while the Preferred Stock is outstanding, we will not put in place a poison pill arrangement that applies to Foxconn to the extent of its ownership of shares of Preferred Stock or Class A common stock that it acquired from the Company as of the date such arrangement is adopted by the Company.

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Until the later of (i) December 31, 2024 and (ii) 90 days after the first day on which no Foxconn-appointed director serves on the Board and Foxconn no longer has a right to appoint any directors, Foxconn has agreed to vote in favor of each director recommended by the Board and in accordance with any recommendation of the Board on all other proposals that are the subject of stockholder action (other than any action related to any merger or other change of control transaction or sale of assets). So long as the 25% Ownership Requirement is satisfied, we cannot take any of the following actions without the consent of the holders of at least a majority of the then-issued and outstanding Preferred Stock (voting as a separate class) (i) amend any provision of the Charter or By-Laws in a manner that would adversely affect the Preferred Stock or increase or decrease the number of shares of Preferred Stock, (ii) authorize or create, or increase the number of shares of any parity or senior securities other than securities on parity with the Preferred Stock with an aggregate liquidation preference of not more than $30 million, (iii) increase the size of the Board, or (iv) sell,

license or lease or encumber any material portion of our hub motor technology and production line other than in the ordinary course of business.

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As long as Foxconn or another party or concentrated group owns or controls a significant percentage of our Preferred Stock or outstanding voting power, they have the ability to have a significant influence on our actions and operation of the Board and to influence certain corporate actions requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, any amendment of our Charter and the approval of significant corporate transactions. On a pro forma basis, solely giving effect to the Initial Closing and Subsequent Common Closing and not any conversion of Preferred Stock or exercise of Warrants, following the Second Closing, Foxconn would hold shares of Class A common stock representing approximately 17.69% of our outstanding Class A common stock as of February 28, 2023. This concentration of voting power and other rights could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in management and would make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these significant stockholders. Any of the foregoing could impact our ability to run our business, and may adversely affect the influence of the holders and market price of our Class A common stock.

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We may issue additional shares of preferred stock or additional shares of Class A common stock, and sales of a substantial number of additional shares of our securities would dilute the interest of our stockholders and could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline.

Our Charter provides for 462 million authorized shares of capital stock, consisting of (i) 450 million shares of Class A common stock and (ii) 12 million shares of preferred stock, of which 1 million shares has been designated as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.

To raise capital, we may seek to sell additional shares of Class A common stock, preferred stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions. Such securities may be offered at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by our current stockholders, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. Any such issuance:

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Sales of a substantial number of shares of Class A common stock in the public market could occur at any time, including sales pursuant to the Investment Agreement and expected resale registration statement covering such shares, the Sales Agreement and ATM Offering, or other efforts to raise additional capital or in connection with a strategic alliance, business combination or similar transaction, as well as pursuant to a resale prospectus covering shares and Warrants issued in the Business Combination and registered pursuant to the Registration Rights and Lock-up Agreement entered into with certain investors, and our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and other Warrants. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our Class A common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our Class A common stock.

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As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding 238.9 million shares of our Class A common stock and Warrants to purchase approximately 5.6 million shares of our Class A common stock. The exercise price of the Warrants ranges from $10.00 to $11.50 per share. In addition, as of December 31, 2022, an aggregate of 18.8 million shares of Class A common stock are subject to outstanding awards or available for future issuance under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan. We filed the Certificate of Designations to designate 1 million shares of Preferred Stock which have and are expected to be issued under the Investment Agreement, subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions. To the extent such Warrants or equity awards are exercised or vested and settled or the Preferred Stock is converted into Class A common stock, additional shares of our Class A common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Class A common stock and will increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales, or the potential sales, of substantial numbers of shares in the public market, subject to certain restrictions on transfer until the termination of applicable lock-up periods, could increase the volatility of or adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock.

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Because we have no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Class A common stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell your Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and have no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends is likely to be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness we incur, preferred stock we have issued and may issue or other agreements we may enter into. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Class A common stock unless you sell our Class A common stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it. See Part I – Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities — Dividend Policy.

Our stock price is volatile, and you may not be able to sell the shares of our Class A common stock at or above the price you paid.

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The trading price of our Class A common stock has been very volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include:

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Broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our securities irrespective of our operating performance. Trading of stock on a national securities exchange has experienced and is expected to continue to experience price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the particular companies affected. The trading prices and valuations of these stocks, and of our securities, may not be predictable. A loss of investor confidence in the market for the stocks of other companies which investors perceive to be similar to us could depress our stock price regardless of our business, prospects, financial conditions or results of operations. A decline in the market price of our securities also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future.

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In addition, in the past, securities class action litigation has often been commenced against companies following periods of volatility in the overall market or the market price of the particular company’s securities. This type of litigation, which is currently pending, and may in the future be, instituted against us, has and is likely to result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources and have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations. For example, we currently have several litigation matters pending against us and current and former officers and directors of the Company and DiamondPeak. We intend to vigorously defend against the claims but there can be no assurances as to the outcome, costs, availability of insurance coverage and impact on our operating results, financial condition and prospects. See Part I – Item 3. Legal Proceedings below and in our subsequent filings with the SEC for additional information.

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Failure to timely implement and maintain adequate financial, information technology and management processes and controls and procedures have resulted in and could result in future material weaknesses, leading to errors in our financial reporting and adversely affecting our

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business.

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The design of internal controls over financial reporting has required and will continue to require significant time and resources from management and other personnel. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in our implementation or improvement, could adversely affect our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods.

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There can be no assurance that we will be able to comply with the continued listing standards of Nasdaq.

Our Class A common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq. Our continued eligibility for listing may depend on, among other things, compliance with minimum price and corporate governance requirements and timely filings with the SEC. If Nasdaq delists our Class A common stock from trading on its exchange for failure to meet the Nasdaq listing standards, we and our stockholders could face significant material adverse consequences including:

The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” Because our Class A common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq, it is a covered security. Although states are preempted from regulating the sale of our securities, the federal statute does allow states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then states can regulate or bar the sale of covered securities in a particular case. Further, if we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not be covered securities and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our Class A common stock adversely, the price and trading volume of our Class A common stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If any of the analysts who cover us provide negative recommendations or change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our Class A common stock would likely decline. If any analyst who covers us were to cease its coverage or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Provisions in our Charter may prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which could decrease the trading price of our Class A common stock, or otherwise may make it more difficult for certain provisions of the Charter to be amended.

The Charter contains provisions that are intended to deter coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage prospective acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors rather than to attempt a hostile takeover. These provisions include:

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These provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in our and our stockholders’ best interests.

Our Charter designates state courts within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.

The Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, a state court located within the State of Delaware (or, if no court located within the State of Delaware has jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any internal or intra-corporate claim or any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine as defined by the laws of the State of Delaware, including, but not limited to (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees or stockholders to us or our stockholders; or (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) or the Charter or our amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”) (in each case, as they may be amended from time to time), or as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware.

In addition, the Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district court for the District of Delaware (or, if such court does not have jurisdiction over such action, any other federal district court of the United States) shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any action asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder (in each case, as amended), provided, however, that if the foregoing provisions are, or the application of such provisions to any person or entity or any circumstance is, illegal, invalid or unenforceable, the sole and exclusive forum for any action asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder (in each case, as amended) shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware.

The Charter provides that the exclusive forum provision will be applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder (in each case, as amended), or any other claim over which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

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coverage issues as well. Excess coverage attaches only after the underlying insurance has been exhausted, and generally applies in conformance with the terms of the underlying insurance. Lordstown is analyzing the insurer’s position, and intends to pursue any available coverage under this policy and other insurance. As a result of the denial of coverage, no or limited insurance may be available to us to reimburse our expenses or cover any potential losses for these matters, which could be significant. The insurers in our Side A D&O insurance program, providing coverage for individual directors and officers in derivative actions and certain other situations, have not denied coverage on this basis or otherwise. 

Legal fees and costs of litigation or an adverse judgment or settlement in any one or more of our ongoing litigation matters that are not insured or that is in excess of insurance coverage could significantly exceed our current accrual and ability to pay. This would have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations and could severely curtail or cause our operations to cease entirely.

On October 30, 2020, the Company, together with certain of its current and former executive officers including Mr. Burns, Mr. LaFleur, Mr. Post and Mr. Schmidt, and certain of our other current and former employees, were named as defendants in a lawsuit filed by Karma Automotive LLC (“Karma”) in the United States District Court for the Central District of California (“District Court”). On November 6, 2020, the District Court denied Karma’s request for a temporary restraining order. On April 16, 2021, Karma filed an Amended Complaint that added additional defendants (two Company employees and two Company contractors that were previously employed by Karma) and a number of additional claims alleging generally that the Company unlawfully poached key Karma employees and misappropriated Karma’s trade secrets and other confidential information. The Amended Complaint contains a total of 28 counts, including: (i) alleged violations under federal law of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the Defend Trade Secrets Act; (ii) alleged violations of California law for misappropriation of trade secrets and unfair competition; (iii) common law claims for breach of contract and tortious interference with contract; (iv) common law claims for breach of contract, including confidentiality agreements, employment agreements and the non-binding letter of intent; and (v) alleged common law claims for breach of duties of loyalty and fiduciary duties. The Amended Complaint also asserts claims for conspiracy, fraud, interstate racketeering activity, and violations of certain provisions of the California Penal Code relating to unauthorized computer access. Karma is seeking permanent injunctive relief and monetary damages based on a variety of claims and theories asserting very substantial losses by Karma and/or improper benefit to the Company that significantly exceed the Company’s accrual with respect to the matter and ability to pay. The Company has opposed Karma’s damages claims on factual and legal grounds, including lack of causality. The Company is vigorously challenging Karma’s asserted damages.

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After several months of discovery, Karma filed a motion for preliminary injunction on August 8, 2021, seeking to temporarily enjoin the Company from producing any vehicle that incorporated Karma’s alleged trade secrets. On August 16, 2021, Karma also moved for sanctions for spoliation of evidence. On September 16, 2021, the District Court denied Karma’s motion for a preliminary injunction, and denied, in part, and granted, in part, Karma’s motion for sanctions. As a result of its partial grant of Karma’s sanctions motion, the District Court awarded Karma a permissive adverse inference jury instruction, the scope of which will be determined at trial.

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On January 14, 2022, Karma filed a motion for terminating sanctions (i.e., judgment in its favor on all claims) against the Company and defendant, Darren Post, as a result of Mr. Post’s handling of documents subject to discovery requests. The Company and Mr. Post opposed the request for sanctions. On February 18, 2022, the Court granted in part Karma’s motion for sanctions against Mr. Post and the Company, finding that Karma was entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred as a result of Mr. Post’s and the Company’s failure to comply with the Court’s discovery orders. Karma’s request for terminating sanctions was denied. As a result of the Court’s order, on March 4, 2022, Karma submitted its application for attorneys’ fees and costs in the amount of $0.1 million. The Company did not oppose Karma’s application, and on March 21, 2022, the Court ordered an award of Karma’s costs and attorneys’ fees against the Company and Mr. Post in the amount of $0.1 million, which has been paid by the Company.

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On July 22, 2022, Karma filed a second motion for terminating sanctions against the Company and against Mr. Post based upon Mr. Post’s installation of anti-forensic software on his personal computers following his second deposition. Karma has requested that the Court enter default judgment on all claims against Mr. Post and the Company. Karma also asks that, in the event terminating sanctions are not issued, the Court order a negative adverse inference on “remaining issues,” specifically that “Defendants Lordstown Motors Corp. and Darren Post shall be presumed to have misappropriated Karma’s trade secrets and confidential information, used Karma’s trade secrets and confidential information, and deliberately and maliciously destroyed evidence of their misappropriation and use of Karma’s trade secrets and confidential information in considering all damages and maliciousness.” The Court denied Karma’s second request for terminating sanctions in all respects.

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On September 27, 2022, Karma filed an ex parte application to continue the trial date until January 2023. The Company opposed the request. On September 28, 2022, the Court denied Karma’s request to continue the trial. However, on October 26, following the receipt of the parties’ pretrial filings, the Court, on its own initiative vacated the December 6, 2022 trial date. The Court subsequently scheduled trial to begin on April 11, 2023.

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In late November 2022, the Court ruled on the motion for summary judgment filed by the Company and the individual defendants. The ruling granted summary judgment in defendants’ favor on 9 counts and partial summary judgment on 11 counts of Karma’s Complaint. Although favorable, the ruling does not substantively alter the scope of the trial, as Karma’s claims for misappropriation of trade secrets, conspiracy, breach of the non-disclosure agreement, interference with Karma’s employment contracts, and violation of the computer fraud statutes will be the subject of the trial.

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The Company is continuing to evaluate the matters asserted in the lawsuit and is vigorously defending against Karma’s claims. The Company continues to believe that there are strong defenses to the claims and any damages demanded. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

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Six related putative securities class action lawsuits were filed against the Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors and former DiamondPeak Holdings Corp. (“DiamondPeak”) directors between March 18, 2021 and May 14, 2021 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio (Rico v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al. (Case No. 21-cv-616); Palumbo v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al. (Case No. 21-cv-633); Zuod v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al. (Case No. 21-cv-720); Brury v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al. (Case No. 21-cv-760); Romano v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al., (Case No. 21-cv-994); and FNY Managed Accounts LLC v. Lordstown Motors Corp., et al. (Case No. 21-cv-1021)). The matters have been consolidated and the Court appointed George Troicky as lead plaintiff and Labaton Sucharow LLP as lead plaintiff’s counsel. On September 10, 2021, lead plaintiff and several additional named plaintiffs filed their consolidated amended complaint, asserting violations of federal securities laws under Section 10(b), Section 14(a), Section 20(a), and Section 20A of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder against the Company and certain of its current and former officers and directors. The complaint generally alleges that the Company and individual defendants made materially false and misleading statements relating to vehicle pre-orders and production timeline. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, which is fully briefed as of March 3, 2022. A hearing on the motion to dismiss has not been scheduled and a decision has not yet been rendered. We intend to vigorously defend against the claims. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

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Four related stockholder derivative lawsuits were filed against certain of the Company’s officers and directors, former DiamondPeak directors, and against the Company as a nominal defendant between April 28, 2021 and July 9, 2021 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware (Cohen, et al. v. Burns, et al. (Case No. 21-cv-604); Kelley, et al. v. Burns, et al. (Case No. 12-cv-724); Patterson, et al. v. Burns, et al. (Case No. 21-cv-910); and Sarabia v. Burns, et al. (Case No. 21-cv-1010)). The derivative actions in the District Court of Delaware have been consolidated. On August 27, 2021, plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint, asserting violations of Section 10(b), Section 14(a), Section 20(a) and Section 21D of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, breach of fiduciary duties, insider selling, and unjust enrichment, all relating to vehicle

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pre-orders, production timeline, and the merger with DiamondPeak. On October 11, 2021, defendants filed a motion to stay this consolidated derivative action pending resolution of the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action. On March 7, 2022, the court granted in part defendants' motion to stay, staying the action until the resolution of the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action, but requiring the parties to submit a status report if the motion to dismiss was not resolved by September 3, 2022. The court further determined to dismiss without a motion on the grounds that the claim was premature plaintiffs' claim for contribution for violations of Sections 10(b) and 21D of the Exchange Act without prejudice. The parties filed a joint status report as required because the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action was not resolved as of September 3, 2022. The parties filed additional court-ordered joint status reports on October 28, 2022 and January 6, 2023. We intend to vigorously defend against the claims. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

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Another related stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio on June 30, 2021 (Thai v. Burns, et al. (Case No. 21-cv-1267)), asserting violations of Section 10(b), Section 14(a), Section 20(a) and Section 21D of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, and waste, based on similar facts as the consolidated derivative action in the District Court of Delaware. On October 21, 2021, the court in the Northern District of Ohio derivative action entered a stipulated stay of the action and scheduling order relating to defendants’ anticipated motion to dismiss and/or subsequent motion to stay that is similarly conditioned on the resolution of the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action. We intend to vigorously defend against the claims. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

Another related stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery on December 2, 2021 (Cormier v. Burns, et al. (C.A. No. 2021-1049)), asserting breach of fiduciary duties, insider selling, and unjust enrichment, based on similar facts as the federal derivative actions. An additional related stockholder derivative lawsuit was filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery on February 18, 2022 (Jackson v. Burns, et al. (C.A. No. 2022-0164)), also asserting breach of fiduciary duties, unjust enrichment, and insider selling, based on similar facts as the federal derivative actions. On April 19, 2022, the parties in Cormier and Jackson filed a stipulation and proposed order consolidating the two actions, staying the litigation until the resolution of the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action and appointing Schubert Jonckheer & Kolbe LLP and Lifshitz Law PLLC as Co-Lead Counsel. On May 10, 2022, the court granted the parties’ proposed stipulation and order to consolidate the actions, and to stay the consolidated action pending the resolution of the motion to dismiss in the consolidated securities class action. While the action remains stayed, on June 24, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint asserting similar claims, and substituting a new plaintiff (Ed Lomont) for Cormier, who no longer appears to be a named plaintiff in the consolidated action. We intend to vigorously defend against these actions. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

Two putative class action lawsuits were filed against former DiamondPeak directors and DiamondPeak Sponsor LLC on December 8 and 13, 2021 in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Hebert v. Hamamoto, et al. (C.A. No. 2021-1066); and Amin v Hamamoto, et al. (C.A. No. 2021-1085)). The plaintiffs purport to represent a class of investors in DiamondPeak and assert breach of fiduciary duty claims based on allegations that the defendants made or failed to prevent alleged misrepresentations regarding vehicle pre-orders and production timeline, and that but for those allegedly false and misleading disclosures, the plaintiffs would have exercised a right to redeem their shares prior to the de-SPAC transaction. On February 9, 2022, the parties filed a stipulation and proposed order consolidating the two putative class action lawsuits, appointing Hebert and Amin as co-lead plaintiffs, appointing Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP and Pomerantz LLP as co-lead counsel and setting a briefing schedule for the motions to dismiss and motions to stay. The motions to stay were fully briefed as of February 23, 2022 and the court held oral argument on February 28, 2022. On March 7, 2022, the court denied the motion to stay. On March 10, 2022, defendants filed their brief in support of their motion to dismiss. The motion to dismiss was fully briefed on April 27, 2022, and was scheduled for oral argument on May 10, 2022. On May 6, 2022, defendants withdrew the motion to dismiss without prejudice. On July 22, 2022, co-lead plaintiffs filed an amended class action complaint asserting similar claims. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended class action complaint on October

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14, 2022. Plaintiffs’ answering brief and Defendants’ reply brief were due on November 18 and December 9, 2022, respectively. Oral argument on the motion to dismiss was scheduled for January 6, 2022. On January 5, 2023, the defendants withdrew their motion to dismiss. On February 2, 2023, the court issued a case scheduling order setting forth pre-trial deadlines and a date for trial in March 2024. On February 3, 2023, defendants filed their answer to plaintiffs’ amended class action complaint. On February 7, 2023, plaintiffs served the Company, as a non-party, with a subpoena for certain information, which the Company responded to on February 21, 2023. The defendants intend to vigorously defend against the claims. The proceedings are subject to uncertainties inherent in the litigation process.

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In addition, between approximately March 26, 2021 and September 23, 2021, LMC received eight demands for books and records pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law from stockholders who state they are investigating whether to file similar derivative lawsuits, among other purposes. A lawsuit to compel inspection of books and records under 8 Del. C. § 220 was filed against the Company on May 31, 2022 in the Delaware Court of Chancery (Turner v. Lordstown Motors Corp. (C.A. No. 2022-0468)). The plaintiff sought production of documents related to, among other things, vehicle pre-orders, production timeline, and stock sales by insiders. The Company made supplemental document productions in connection with discussions to resolve or narrow this action. On December 6, 2022, the parties filed a stipulation to dismiss the action with prejudice and, as a result, the Turner matter has been completely resolved and there are no disputes as to the remaining books and records requests.

The Company has also received two subpoenas from the SEC for the production of documents and information, including relating to the merger between DiamondPeak and Lordstown EV Corporation (formerly known as Lordstown Motors Corp.), a Delaware corporation (“Legacy Lordstown”) and pre-orders of vehicles, and the Company has been informed by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York that it is investigating these matters. The Company has cooperated, and will continue to cooperate, with these and any other regulatory or governmental investigations and inquiries.

On May 20, 2022, the Company received a second letter addressed to its Board from Purcell on behalf of the same three purported stockholders regarding the vote at the annual meeting of stockholders held on May 19, 2022 (the “2022 Annual Meeting”) to approve the amendment to our Charter to increase the total number of authorized shares of Class A common stock from 300 million shares to 450 million shares (the “Charter Amendment”), as further described in the definitive proxy statement for the 2022 Annual Meeting filed with the SEC on April 8, 2022, as supplemented on May 9, 2022 (the “2022 Proxy Statement”). The letter asserted, among other things, that that in connection with the vote at the 2022 Annual Meeting to approve the Charter Amendment, brokers had cast discretionary votes on such proposal despite a statement in the 2022 Proxy Statement that they would not have authority to do so. The Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 19, 2022 reported that the Charter Amendment was approved at the 2022 Annual Meeting and that the Charter was thereby amended, as the Charter Amendment had been filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. On May 31, 2022, after further review by the Company and its Board of the votes on the proposal to approve the Charter Amendment, due to uncertainty in counting the number of votes cast “for,” the Board determined not to consider the Charter Amendment approved by the Company’s stockholders and we filed a Certificate of Correction with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, voiding the Charter Amendment and causing the number of authorized shares of Class A common stock to remain at 300 million. The Company subsequently filed the Certificate of Correction and the Board called the special meeting of stockholders held on August 17, 2022 (“2022 Special Meeting”), to resubmit for approval an amendment to our Charter to increase the number of authorized shares of our Common Stock from 300 million to 450 million shares (the “Certificate of Amendment”). At the 2022 Special Meeting, our stockholders approved the Certificate of Amendment. The parties have reached a settlement agreement to resolve the issues raised in both of the letters from Purcell. The amount of the settlement is not material to the Company.

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On January 26, 2023, we filed a petition in the Delaware Court of Chancery pursuant to Section 205 of the DGCL, which permits the Court of Chancery, in its discretion, to validate potentially defective corporate acts and stock after considering a variety of factors, due to developments regarding potential interpretations of the DGCL. As previously disclosed, on March 24, 2022, we received a letter addressed to our Board from Purcell

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on behalf of three purported stockholders. Among other matters, the stockholder letter addressed the approval of the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment by a majority of the then-outstanding shares of both our Class A and Class B common stock, voting as a single class. The stockholder letter alleged that the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment required a separate vote in favor by at least a majority of the then outstanding shares of Class A common stock under Section 242(b)(2) of the DGCL, and that the 200,000,000 shares in question were thus unauthorized.  Following receipt of the stockholder letter, the Board undertook a review of the matters raised with the assistance of outside counsel not involved in the underlying transactions at issue and had determined, in reliance upon, among other things, advice of several law firms including a legal opinion of Delaware counsel, that the assertions regarding DGCL Section 242(b)(2) were wrong and that a separate class vote of the Class A common stock was not required to approve the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment. We continue to believe that a separate vote of Class A common stock was not required to approve the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment. However, in light of a recent decision of the Court of Chancery that created uncertainty regarding this issue, we filed a petition in the Court of Chancery pursuant to Section 205 seeking validation of the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and the shares issued pursuant thereto to resolve any uncertainty with respect to those matters.  In February 2023, the Court of Chancery held a hearing on our petition and, on February 28, 2023, issued an amended order granting the Company’s motion to validate each of the following and eliminate the uncertainty with respect thereto: (1) the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and the Certificate of Incorporation as of the time of filing with the Delaware Secretary of State, and (2) all shares of capital stock that we issued in reliance on the effectiveness of the 2020 Class A Increase Amendment and Certificate of Incorporation as of the date such shares were issued.

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Item 6. Reserved

None

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experienced by our initial customers. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. The Company is diligently working with suppliers on the root cause analysis of each issue and potential solutions, which in some cases may include part design modifications, retrofits and software updates. Performance issues are often discovered as an entirely new vehicle with several new technologies begins operating in new and different environments by customers. As a result, through February 2023, approximately 40 Endurance vehicles have been completed or are in process and we have sold a total of six vehicles of our planned initial batch of up to 500 units. As we continue to address Endurance performance and component quality issues and manage continued supply chain constraints with key components, including hub motor components, we anticipate production will remain paused or very low and potentially increase starting as early as the second quarter of 2023.

As a result of having insufficient capital to execute our business plan, we are making trade-offs with respect to how we allocate our capital, including substantially limiting investments in tooling, other aspects of the Endurance and our operations. The trade-offs we are making, including related to hard tooling, are likely to result in higher costs for the Company in the future and are likely to slow or impair future design enhancements or options we may otherwise seek to make available to Endurance customers. As a further result, our ability to establish multi-year production volumes consistent with our suppliers’ expectations is limited. These factors, among others, result in a BOM cost for the Endurance that is, and will continue to be, significantly higher than the current selling price. While we believe we will be able to achieve cost improvements over time if we are able to obtain a strategic partner to provide additional capital or other support to scale the Endurance, we do not anticipate reaching a positive gross margin until or unless we are able to make the investments and design enhancements to reduce the BOM cost.

We are seeking strategic partners, including other automakers, to provide additional capital or other support to enable us to scale the Endurance program and to develop new vehicle programs in cooperation with Foxconn or otherwise. If we obtain a strategic partner and raise sufficient capital, we could have the opportunity to allocate funds to investments in hard tools that are designed for long term use and higher production volumes for the Endurance. We have identified significant piece price savings from these investments that we could seek to realize over time. Such hard tool investments and piece price reductions may not be sufficient to achieve profitability, and we expect to continue to evaluate the need and opportunity for design enhancements that may result in further reductions in the Endurance’s BOM cost. However, no assurances can be made regarding our ability to successfully identify and implement actions that will lower the Endurance BOM cost, including that we will have sufficient capital to make these investments, or that our suppliers will be willing or able to manufacture the tools or the parts. Until such time as we have sufficient capital and we are able to lower the BOM cost of the Endurance, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate for the foreseeable future. Due to a variety of factors, the actual number of vehicles produced could be significantly below 500.

We plan to focus our sales and marketing efforts on direct sales through our subsidiary, Lordstown EV Sales, LLC, to commercial fleet operators and fleet management companies rather than through third-party dealerships. However, we intend to explore other distribution strategies as our business grows. An important aspect of our sales and marketing strategy involves pursuing relationships with specialty upfitting and fleet management companies to incorporate the Endurance into their fleets or sales programs. As their main area of business, fleet management companies act as an intermediary facilitating the acquisition of new vehicles for the ultimate end user fleets. They provide a valuable distribution channel for us because of their extensive end user relationships and ability to offer attractive financing rates. As a result of our sales strategy, we expect that we will not be required to make significant investments in a large direct sales force or third-party dealership network, thereby avoiding substantial fixed costs. Our expected limited initial production levels and the fact that we have not achieved consistent serial production may make it more difficult to get support from commercial fleets or fleet management companies in the marketing, sale and distribution of the Endurance.

We intend to leverage our advanced technologies and highly talented team to develop additional EVs targeted for the commercial market in cooperation with Foxconn and its affiliates, and potentially other strategic partners.

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we entered into agreements with Foxconn (see Part I, Item 1. Business), that resulted in more than $280 million in funding for the Company.

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In connection with the Foxconn Transactions, Foxconn purchased the Lordstown facility for $257 million in proceeds, consisting of $230 million initial purchase price for the assets, plus $8.9 million for expansion investments and an $18.4 million reimbursement payment for certain operating expenses incurred by us from September 1, 2021 through the APA Closing. We continue to own our hub motor assembly line, as well as our battery module and packing line assets, certain intellectual property rights and other excluded assets. We outsourced all of the manufacturing of the Endurance to Foxconn with the sale of our Lordstown facility and pursuant to the Contract Manufacturing Agreement; Foxconn also operates the assets we continue to own in the facility after the APA Closing. We believe this arrangement provides the opportunity to realize the benefits of scaled manufacturing sooner as Foxconn contracts with other OEMs to produce their vehicles in the Lordstown facility.

In addition to providing the Company near term funding, the Foxconn Transactions should provide the benefits of scaled manufacturing, more cost-effective access to certain raw materials, components and inputs, and reduced overhead costs associated with the Lordstown facility borne by the Company. However, given the limited production volume of the first batch of the Endurance, and in the event we do not scale production, we do not anticipate that we will realize any material reduction of costs or improvement in commercial terms.

On November 7, 2022, we entered into the Investment Agreement with Foxconn under which Foxconn agreed to purchase $70 million of our Class A common stock and up to $100 million in Preferred Stock, subject to certain conditions, including regulatory approvals and satisfaction of certain EV program milestones established by the parties. Pursuant to the Investment Agreement, the parties have agreed to terminate the Foxconn Joint Venture and cause development activities to be undertaken directly by us. (See Note 8 – Capital Stock and Earnings Per Share.)

On November 22, 2022, the Company completed the Initial Closing under the Investment Agreement, at which Foxconn purchased (a) approximately 12.9 million shares of Class A common stock, at a purchase price of $1.76 per share, and (b) 0.3 million shares of Preferred Stock, at a purchase price of $100 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $52.7 million.

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The Investment Agreement also provides for a Subsequent Common Closing, at which Foxconn will purchase approximately 26.9 million additional shares of Class A common stock at a purchase price of $1.76 per share following the parties’ receipt of CFIUS Clearance and subject to the other conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement. Upon satisfaction of certain EV Program milestones (including establishing an EV Program budget) and subject to satisfaction of other conditions set forth in the Investment Agreement, Foxconn will purchase in two tranches up to 0.7 million additional shares of Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $100 per share. The first tranche will be in an amount up to 0.3 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $30 million; the second tranche will be in an amount up to 0.4 million shares for an aggregate purchase price of $40 million. The parties have agreed to use commercially reasonable efforts to agree upon the EV Program budget and program milestones no later than May 7, 2023.However, no assurances can be given that each of the conditions to subsequent fundings by Foxconn will be satisfied or as to the timing of any such fundings.

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As of December 31, 2022, property, plant, and equipment was reviewed for potential impairment for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of our asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. As the carrying amount of our asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, we recognized an impairment charge of $95.6 million based on the difference between the carrying value of the fixed assets and their fair value as of December 31, 2022. The fair value was derived from the Company's enterprise value at the time of impairment as we believe it represents the most appropriate fair value of the asset group in accordance with accounting guidance.  Additional impairments could occur in future periods and may be significant.

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See Part I Item 1 – Business and Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risks associated with the capital required to execute our business plan, implementation of the Foxconn Transactions and our production timeline, among other risks.

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million, which consist primarily of $40.5 million of personnel and professional fees, $11.5 million of legal costs, $11.8 million of insurance premiums and $7.3 million in other services, software, marketing and overhead costs.

Total SG&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 were $105.4 million, including $4.5 million in litigation accruals. The remaining $100.8 million in SG&A consisted of $49.8 million of personnel and professional fees, $35.4 million of legal fees, $8.6 million of insurance premiums and $7.0 million of other services, software, marketing, and overhead costs.

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses were $107.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, which includes $1.8 million of accelerated stock compensation and the impact of $18.4 million received as reimbursement of certain operating costs incurred by the Company between September 1, 2021 and the APA Closing as described in Note 1 — Description of Organization and Business Operations.

Until we began commercial release production of the Endurance, the costs associated with operating the Lordstown, Ohio facility were included in R&D as they related to the design and construction of beta and pre-production vehicles, along with manufacturing readiness. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we incurred $33.3 million in costs associated with the manufacturing facility, which is net of the $18.4 million reimbursement under the APA. The total costs associated with operating the Lordstown, Ohio facility in 2022, included $17.2 million in personnel and professional fees, $7.8 million in freight, $4.5 million in utilities and $3.7 million in other facility and manufacturing costs. The substantial majority of the costs associated with operating the Lordstown, Ohio facility were incurred prior to the sale of the plant to Foxconn on May 11, 2022 (see Note 1). After May 11, 2022, we incurred costs to prepare the manufacturing equipment we continue to own for production. Those manufacturing readiness costs incurred during the third quarter of 2022 totaled $0.8 million and were reported in R&D. Beginning with the fourth quarter of 2022, manufacturing related costs are reported in cost of sales. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred $57.1 million in costs associated with operating the Lordstown facility, including $41.0 million in personnel and professional fees, $7.7 million in utilities, and $8.4 million in other facility operating costs.

Also included in R&D expenses are the prototype components used for part, module or system design testing and validation, as well as full production of beta and pre-production vehicles. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our prototype component costs totaled $22.8 million compared to $104.5 million in 2021. The substantial majority of the 2022 costs represented parts used in the production of pre-production vehicles, and declined as we began purchasing parts for commercial production classified in inventory.

All other R&D expenses totaled $70.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which primarily consisted of $55.2 million of personnel and consulting, $0.9 million of freight, and $13.9 million of other services, software, facilities, and general operations.

Total R&D costs for the year ended December 31, 2021, were $284 million, including $57.1 million associated with operating the Lordstown, Ohio facility and $104.5 million of prototype components. The remaining $122.4 million in R&D consisted of $103.7 million in personnel and consulting, $7.0 million in freight and $11.8 million of other services, software, facilities and general operations.

Impairment of fixed assets totaled $95.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2022, of which $74.8 million took place in the quarter ended September 30, 2022, as described in Note 4. As of December 31, 2022, property, plant, and equipment was reviewed for potential impairment for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of our asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. The fair value was derived from the Company's enterprise value at the time of impairment as we believe it represents the most appropriate fair value of the asset group in accordance with accounting guidance. Additional impairments could occur in future periods and may be significant.

As of December 31, 2022, we reviewed our prepaid GM components and royalties for impairment given that the production volume of the Endurance is not anticipated to exceed 500 units. Therefore, we determined it

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appropriate to impair these assets and other prepaid assets and recorded a charge of $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Notwithstanding the impairment charge, we will continue to have the right to acquire the parts for which we have already paid and intend to evaluate our options to mitigate the actual losses.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we continued to refine the design of the Endurance and consider technologies we would use in future vehicles. Given the fact that the Workhorse Group technology is not being used in the Endurance and the current strategic direction of the Company, including the transactions contemplated with Foxconn, we deemed it appropriate to change the useful life of the technology we had previously acquired to zero months. As such, we recorded accelerated amortization of $11.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Gain on sale totaled $100.9 million during the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, which was primarily attributable to the gain on the sale of the Lordstown facility sold to Foxconn as described in Note 1.

Other expense in the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 mainly consisted of changes in fair value of Warrants.

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aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date the consolidated financial statements included in this report are issued. This evaluation does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented or are not within control of the Company as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company had cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of approximately $221.7 million and an accumulated deficit of $827.2 million at December 31, 2022 and a net loss of $282.4 million for the year ended December  31, 2022. Since inception, we have been developing our flagship vehicle, the Endurance, an electric full-size pickup truck. In the third quarter of 2022, the Company started commercial production of the Endurance with the first two vehicles completing assembly in September. The Company subsequently completed homologation and testing and received required certifications that enabled us to begin sales in the fourth quarter of 2022. Engineering readiness, quality and part availability governed the initial timing and speed of the Endurance launch. The rate of Endurance production remained very low during the fourth quarter as these factors continued to impact production. As we began delivering vehicles to customers, we encountered performance and quality issues with certain Endurance components that have led us to temporarily pause production and customer deliveries in the first quarter of 2023. Some of these issues were discovered by us or our suppliers, though some were experienced by our initial customers. In this regard, we filed paperwork with NHTSA to voluntarily recall the Endurance to address supplier quality issues. The Company is diligently working with suppliers on the root cause analysis of each issue and potential solutions, which in some cases may include part design modifications, retrofits and software updates. Performance issues are often discovered as an entirely new vehicle with several new technologies begins operating in new and different environments by customers. As a result, through February 2023, approximately 40 Endurance vehicles have been completed or are in process and we have sold a total of six vehicles of our planned initial batch of up to 500 units. As we continue to address Endurance performance and component quality issues and manage continued supply chain constraints with key components, including hub motor components, we anticipate production will remain paused or very low and potentially increase starting as early as the second quarter of 2023.

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Our ongoing production and sales volume and rate will be subject to our ability to address these performance issues and consistently receive parts of acceptable quality in the appropriate quantities. Disruptions caused by one or more of these factors could lead to further pauses in vehicle builds or completed vehicle shipments or recalls. If and when these matters are resolved, we anticipate increasing the rate of production and sale of our first batch of up to 500 Endurance vehicles in order to seed the commercial fleet market, demonstrate the capabilities of the truck, and support our OEM partnership pursuits, which is critical to scaling production. Because the current BOM cost for the Endurance is well above our current selling price, we are limiting our expected production to up to 500 units in order to minimize our losses, which we anticipate being for the foreseeable future. However, based on a variety of factors, our actual production could be significantly below 500 units.

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The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on our ability to effectively implement and realize the benefits of the Foxconn Transactions, raise substantial additional capital, scale the production of the Endurance and develop additional vehicles. The Company’s current level of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments are not sufficient to execute our business plan. For the foreseeable future, we will incur significant operating expenses, capital expenditures and working capital funding that will deplete our cash on hand. These conditions raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least one year from the date of issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements. As a result of having insufficient capital to execute our business plan, we have

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substantially limited investments in tooling and other aspects of the Endurance and our operations. Furthermore, we must make trade-offs regarding our business plan, including not being able to invest in the hard tooling necessary to reduce our BOM cost, which are likely to result in higher costs for the Company in the future and are likely to slow or impair future design enhancements or options we may otherwise seek to make available to Endurance customers.

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Our research and development expenses and capital expenditures are significant due to spending that was needed to achieve certification, homologation and all the related activities to commence commercial sales of the Endurance. During 2021, we experienced the stress that the COVID-19 pandemic put on the global automotive supply chain. Furthermore, in 2021 and 2022, we have incurred significant freight charges due in part to the COVID-19 pandemic and challenging logistics that created delays and higher pricing on standard freight, as well as substantially higher expedited freight charges to mitigate delays. The Company expects continued supply chain constraints including the availability of and long lead times for components, as well as raw materials and other pricing pressures that are likely to negatively impact our cost structure and production timeline. We also have meaningful exposure to material losses and costs related to ongoing litigation for which insurance has been denied for certain claims and may be unavailable for those and other claims. See Note 10 – Commitments and Contingencies for additional information.

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In an effort to alleviate these conditions, our management continues to seek and evaluate opportunities to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or debt securities, asset sales, through arrangements with strategic partners or through financing from government or financial institutions. We have engaged a financial advisor to advise the Company on additional financing alternatives.

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Pursuant to the Investment Agreement with Foxconn, described in Note 8 – Capital Stock and Earnings Per Share, subject to conditions, including without limitation, regulatory approvals and satisfaction of certain EV program milestones as set forth in the Investment Agreement, the Company could receive up to $117.3 million in additional funding, of which $70 million that may only be used in connection with the planning, designing, developing, engineering, testing, industrializing, certifying, homologating and launching one or more EVs in collaboration with Foxconn (the “EV Program”). Notwithstanding this funding arrangement, we will continue to require substantial additional capital in order to fulfill our business plans under the EV Program and otherwise. No assurance can be given that we will successfully or timely implement the terms of the Investment Agreement or be able to realize the potential benefits of the Foxconn Transactions or otherwise.

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As we seek additional sources of financing and strategic partners, there can be no assurance that such financing would be available to us on favorable terms or at all. The Company’s ability to obtain additional financing is subject to several factors, including market and economic conditions, the significant amount of capital required, the fact that the Endurance BOM cost is currently, and expected to continue to be, substantially higher than the current selling price of the Endurance, uncertainty surrounding the performance of the vehicle, meaningful exposure to material expenses and losses related to ongoing litigation, the market price of our stock, our performance and investor sentiment with respect to the Company and our business and industry, as well as our ability to effectively implement and realize the expected benefits of the Foxconn Transactions. As a result of these uncertainties, and notwithstanding management’s plans and efforts to date, there continues to be substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital in the near term, our operations and production plans will be scaled back or curtailed. If the funds raised are insufficient to provide a bridge to consistent serial production at a profit, our operations could be severely curtailed or cease entirely and we may not realize any significant value from our assets.

See Part I – Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion of the risks associated with our need for additional financing.

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021, net cash used by operating activities decreased by $174.2 million primarily due to reduced operating expenses, including $18.4 million received from Foxconn for the reimbursement of operating costs.

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Cash Flows from Investing Activities

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021, cash used by investing activities decreased $170.6 million primarily due to lower capital spending in 2022. Cash used by investing activities in 2022 included $100.3 million in purchases of short-term investments and was net of $40.0 million in proceeds from the sale of capital assets to Foxconn. The $200 million in down payments received prior to closing are reflected as financing proceeds and are reflected as a non-cash transaction when the down payment was applied at the APA Closing and the Company’s repayment obligation was terminated. The capital spending in 2021 represented the early investments to retool the Lordstown Facility, acquire testing equipment and related capabilities, and to prepare for manufacturing.

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Cash Flows from Financing Activities

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For the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2021, cash flows from financing activities decreased $81.7 million. Financing cash flows in 2022 were primarily related to the $100 million down payment received from Foxconn, $52.0 million from Foxconn Investment Transactions, and $40.4 million in sales under the Equity Purchase Agreement and ATM, net of issuance costs. Financing cash flows in 2021 were primarily related to the $100 million down payment received from Foxconn, $82.0 million of cash proceeds from the exercise of warrants in 2021 and $49.4 million from sales under the Equity Purchase Agreement, net of issuance costs.

Off-Balance Sheet Financing Arrangements

We have no obligations, assets or liabilities, which would be considered off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022. We do not participate in transactions that create relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, often referred to as variable interest entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements. We have not entered into any off-balance sheet financing arrangements, established any special purpose entities, guaranteed any debt or commitments of other entities, or purchased any non-financial assets.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis of accounting, which contemplates continuity of operations, realization of assets and liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to the carrying amounts and classification of assets, liabilities, and reported expenses that may be necessary if the Company

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were unable to continue as a going concern. In connection with the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we conducted an evaluation as to whether there were conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date of the issuance of such financial statements, and concluded that substantial doubt existed as to our ability to continue as a going concern as further discussed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, our independent auditors, in their report on the audited financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Determination of useful lives and depreciation will begin once the assets are ready for their intended use.

Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. Maintenance and repair expenditures are expensed as incurred, while major improvements that increase functionality of the asset are capitalized and depreciated ratably to expense over the identified useful life. Further, interest on any debt financing arrangement is capitalized to the purchased property, plant, and equipment if the requirements for capitalization are met.

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment are reviewed for potential impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset or asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value of the asset or asset group.

Warrants

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The Company accounts for the Private Warrants and the Foxconn Warrants as described in Note 3 in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC Topic 815-40-15-7D and 7F under which these Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and must be recorded as liabilities. Accordingly, the Company classifies these Warrants as liabilities at their fair value at each reporting period or at the time of settlement. Any change in fair value is recognized in the statement of operations.  

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The Company accounts for the BGL Warrants as equity as these warrants qualify as share-based compensation under ASC Topic 718.

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On January 27, 2021, we redeemed all of the Public Warrants originally issued in the Initial Public Offering that remained outstanding.

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Recent Accounting Standards

Management does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

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As discussed in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs an impairment review of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. During 2022, the carrying amount of the Company’s asset group exceeded its estimated undiscounted future cash flows and an impairment charge of $111.4 million was recognized, equal to the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeded its fair value. Fair value of the asset group was derived from the Company’s enterprise value at the time of impairment as the Company believed this methodology represented the most appropriate fair value of the asset group in accordance with accounting guidance.

We identified the evaluation of the impairment of long-lived assets as a critical audit matter. Subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate the methodology used by the Company to determine the fair value of the asset group. Specifically, evaluating whether the methodology reflected a market participant’s determination of the asset group’s highest and best use required involvement of valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s impairment process, including controls related to the use of an appropriate methodology. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating the methodology selected to determine the fair value of the asset group by (1) considering the highest and best use for the asset group based on the nature of the asset group and current market conditions, and (2) comparing the Company’s methodology to alternative fair value methodologies.  

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

New York, New York
March 6, 2023

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(2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/KPMG LLP

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New York, New York

March 6, 2023

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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