By Ryan Tracy and Victoria McGrane 

WASHINGTON--The Federal Reserve launched a sweeping review of its practices for supervising big banks, a move that comes in response to accusations its internal culture stifles dissent.

The Fed said the review is focused on whether senior staff are privy to enough information when they make decisions impacting the very largest financial firms, including "whether channels exist for decision makers to be aware of divergent views." A team of Fed staff as well as the Fed's inspector general will look into the matter separately, the Fed said.

The move comes amid growing criticism from lawmakers and others that the Fed is too close to Wall Street and that its examiners are not objective enough about the big banks they oversee.

That criticism, which had begun to simmer several years after the 2008 financial crisis, flared up in recent weeks after a former examiner at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York said her desire to get tough on Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. was in several instances stifled by her supervisors. The examiner, Carmen Segarra, also released recordings of internal Fed meetings that painted the regulator as unwilling to stand up to Goldman.

The New York Fed has denied those accusations.

Still, the reports have prompted Congress to probe the Fed's oversight and on Friday, New York Fed President William Dudley is set to testify before the Senate Banking Committee at a hearing examining "regulatory capture," a term for regulators that are too cozy with firms they oversee. Mr. Dudley and other Fed officials have denied the Fed is captured and said it is committed to improving oversight.

"We are not perfect. We cannot catch or correct every error by a financial institution, and we sometimes make mistakes," Mr. Dudley said in testimony prepared for Friday's hearing and released by the New York Fed Thursday. "But in my view, a good measure of the effectiveness of supervision is the improved strength and stability of banks since the financial crisis."

The Fed's oversight is run out of its headquarters in Washington but includes hundreds of personnel inside big banks' offices -- groups known as examination teams. In a letter to the Fed inspector general on Nov. 17, two top Fed officials said the new review should focus on whether those teams' voices are heard.

"Decision-makers must have access to complete information and to the informed views of members of the examination team in order to reach appropriate decisions and supervisory conclusions regarding the examination of large banking organizations," wrote General Counsel Scott Alvarez and Mike Gibson, head of the Fed's Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation.

Sen. Sherrod Brown (D., Ohio), whose banking subcommittee will hold the hearing with Mr. Dudley, said the move by the Fed is a long time in coming.

"More than six years ago, when regulators got too cozy with the banks they were regulating, we saw the cost in lost jobs, retirement savings, and homes. It's past time that the Federal Reserve shows -- with actions, not words -- that it will protect consumers rather than Wall Street," Mr. Brown said.

Write to Ryan Tracy at ryan.tracy@wsj.com and Victoria McGrane at victoria.mcgrane@wsj.com

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