Form 10-K - Annual report [Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405]

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒     ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐     TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ___________.

Commission File Number: 1-15288

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware		11-3027591
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor           New Canaan, Connecticut 06840
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (203) 920-1055

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock $.01 par value	NTIP	NYSE American

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $.01 par value

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in this filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D.1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes ☐    No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of June 30, 2024 was approximately $28,027,116 based on the closing price as reported on NYSE American Exchange. Shares of voting stock held by each officer and director and by each person, who as of June 30, 2024, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second quarter, may be deemed to have beneficially owned more than 10% of the voting stock have been excluded. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination of affiliate status for any other purpose.

The number of shares outstanding of Registrant's common stock as of February 24, 2025 was 22,981,271.

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

2023 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

PART I

Item 1.       Business	2
Item 1A. Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.   Unresolved Staff Comments	19
Item 1C.   Cybersecurity	19
Item 2.     Properties	19
Item 3.      Legal Proceedings	20
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures	22
PART II
Item 5.     Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	23
Item 6.      (Reserved)	25
Item 7.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	26
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
Item 8.      Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	32
Item 9.     Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	32
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures	32
Item 9B.   Other Information	33
Item 9C.   Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	33
PART III
Item 10.     Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	34
Item 11.    Executive Compensation	38
Item 12.  Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	43
Item 13.   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	45
Item 14.   Principal Accountant Fees and Services	45
PART IV
Item 15.    Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	47
Item 16.    10-K Summary	49
Signatures	50

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PART I

Forward-looking statements:

THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K CONTAINS STATEMENTS ABOUT FUTURE EVENTS AND EXPECTATIONS WHICH ARE “FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS”. ANY STATEMENT IN THIS 10-K THAT IS NOT A STATEMENT OF HISTORICAL FACT MAY BE DEEMED TO BE A FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENT WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 27A OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR SECTION 21E OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934, AS AMENDED. FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS PROVIDE CURRENT EXPECTATIONS OF FUTURE EVENTS BASED ON CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS AND INCLUDE ANY STATEMENT THAT DOES NOT DIRECTLY RELATE TO ANY HISTORICAL OR CURRENT FACT. STATEMENTS CONTAINING SUCH WORDS AS “MAY,” “WILL,” “EXPECT,” “BELIEVE,” “ANTICIPATE,” “INTEND,” “COULD,” “ESTIMATE,” “CONTINUE” OR “PLAN” AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS OR VARIATIONS ARE INTENDED TO IDENTIFY FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. THESE STATEMENTS ARE BASED ON THE BELIEFS AND ASSUMPTIONS OF OUR MANAGEMENT BASED ON INFORMATION CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TO MANAGEMENT. SUCH FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO CURRENT RISKS, UNCERTAINTIES AND ASSUMPTIONS RELATED TO VARIOUS FACTORS SET FORTH IN THIS REPORT AND IN OTHER FILINGS MADE BY US WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION. BASED UPON CHANGING CONDITIONS, SHOULD ANY ONE OR MORE OF THESE RISKS OR UNCERTAINTIES MATERIALIZE, INCLUDING THOSE DISCUSSED AS “RISK FACTORS” IN ITEM 1A AND ELSEWHERE IN THIS REPORT, OR SHOULD ANY OF OUR UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS PROVE INCORRECT, ACTUAL RESULTS MAY VARY MATERIALLY FROM THOSE DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT. WE UNDERTAKE NO OBLIGATION TO UPDATE, AND WE DO NOT HAVE A POLICY OF UPDATING OR REVISING THESE FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS. READERS ARE CAUTIONED NOT TO PLACE UNDUE RELIANCE ON FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS, WHICH SPEAK ONLY AS OF THE DATE THE STATEMENT WAS MADE. UNLESS THE CONTEXT OTHERWISE REQUIRES, THE TERMS “NETWORK-1”, “COMPANY”, “WE”, “OUR”, AND “US” MEAN NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC. AND ITS WHOLLY-OWNED SUBSIDIARIES, MIRROR WORLDS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC AND HFT SOLUTIONS, LLC.

ITEM 1.          BUSINESS

Our principal business is the development, licensing and protection of our intellectual property assets. We presently own one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents, fifty-four (54) of such patents have expired, and sixteen (16) foreign patents relating to (i) our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio relating to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine and other mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and computers, as well as automobiles; (ii) our HFT Patent Portfolio covering certain advanced

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technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds; (iii) our Cox Patent Portfolio relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet and taking further action to be performed after such identification; (iv) our Remote Power Patent covering the delivery of power over Ethernet (PoE) cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices, such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras; and (v) our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio relating to foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system.

We have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD Biotechnologies, LLC (“ILiAD”), a clinical stage biotechnology company with an exclusive license to seventy-four (74) patents. On December 31, 2024, we owned approximately 6.5% of the outstanding units of ILiAD on a non-fully diluted basis and 4.9% of the outstanding units on a fully diluted basis (after giving effect to the exercise of all outstanding options and warrants).

Our current strategy includes continuing our efforts to monetize our intellectual property. In addition, we continue to seek to acquire additional intellectual property assets to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize. Our strategy includes working with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patented technologies. Our patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as we have achieved with respect to our Remote Power Patent and our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. In addition, we may also enter into strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property.

We have pending litigations involving our assertion of infringement claims concerning certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio. In addition, we have a pending appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit of the District Court judgment of non-infringement dismissing our case against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 of this Annual Report).

At December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $40,600,000 and working capital of $40,066,000. Based on our current cash position, we believe that we will have sufficient cash to fund our operations for the foreseeable future.

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Overview of Our Patents

We currently own one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents and sixteen (16) foreign patents relating to patents within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, HFT Patent Portfolio, Cox Patent Portfolio, Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio and our Remote Power Patent. With respect to our one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents, fifty-four (54) of such patents have expired. However, we can assert expired patents against third parties but only for past damages up to the expiration date. In 2024, our revenue was achieved from claims related to our expired Remote Power Patent and we have appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit the District Court order dismissing our claims involving certain expired patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 hereof).

M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio

Our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, acquired in December 2017 from M2M and IoT Technologies, LLC (“M2M”), relates to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine and other mobile devices including smartphones, tablets and computers, as well as automobiles. The M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio currently consists of forty-one (41) issued U.S. patents, six (6) pending U.S. patent applications, and fifteen (15) registered foreign patents. Since we acquired the M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio in December 2017, we have been issued twenty-nine (29) additional U.S. patents with respect to the portfolio. We anticipate further issuances of additional claims for this portfolio. The expiration dates of the forty-one (41) issued U.S. patents currently within our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio range from September 2033 to May 2034.

We have an obligation to pay M2M 14% of the first $100 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) and 5% of net proceeds greater than $100 million from Monetization Activities (as defined) related to our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. In addition, M2M will be entitled to receive from us $250,000 of additional consideration upon the occurrence of certain future events related to the patent portfolio.

John Nix, the Managing Member of M2M, provides consulting services to us with respect to our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. Mr. Nix is an entrepreneur and inventor, and founder and Chief Executive Officer of Vobal Technologies, LLC. In 2016, Mr. Nix was recognized as “Creator of the Year” by the Intellectual Property Law Association of Chicago for his intellectual property related to eSIM technology.

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HFT Patent Portfolio

On March 25, 2022, we acquired the HFT Patent Portfolio. This portfolio covers certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds. The HFT Patent Portfolio currently includes eleven (11) issued U.S. patents and two pending U.S. patents. The expiration dates within our HFT Patent Portfolio range from October 2039 to February 2040.

In addition to the purchase price that we paid at closing, we have an obligation to pay the seller an additional cash payment of $500,000 and $375,000 of our common stock contingent upon achieving certain milestones with respect to the HFT Patent Portfolio. We also have an obligation to pay the seller 15% of the first $50 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) generated from the patent portfolio and 17.5% of net proceeds greater than $50 million.

Cox Patent Portfolio

Our Cox Patent Portfolio, acquired from Dr. Ingemar Cox in February 2013, currently consists of thirty-nine (39) U.S. patents relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet, such as audio and video, and taking further actions to be performed based on such identification. All of the patents within our Cox patent portfolio have expired. We have a pending appeal to the Federal Circuit of a District Court ruling dismissing our case against Google Inc. and YouTube, LLC involving assertion of certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 hereof). The patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio are based on a patent application filed in 2000. Since the acquisition of the Cox Patent Portfolio in February 2013, we have been issued thirty-four (34) additional patents relating to this portfolio. The claims in these thirty-four (34) additional patents are generally directed towards systems of content identification and performing actions following therefrom.

We are obligated to pay Dr. Cox 12.5% of the net proceeds generated by us from licensing, sale or enforcement of the Cox Patent Portfolio. Dr. Cox provides consulting services to us with respect to the Cox Patent Portfolio and assists our efforts to develop the patent portfolio.

Dr. Cox is currently a Professor at the University of Copenhagen and University College London where he is head of its Information and Decision Systems Group. He is also Director of the EPSRC Digital Health Hub for AMR (Antimicrobial resistance). Dr. Cox was formerly a member of the Technical Staff at AT&T Bell Labs and a Fellow at NEC Research Institute. He is a Fellow of the ACM, IEEE, the IET (formerly IEE), and the British Computer Society and is a member of the UK Computing Research Committee. In 2019, Dr. Cox was the recipient of the Tony Kent Strix Award in recognition of his contribution to the field of information retrieval. He was founding co-editor in chief of the IEE Proc. on Information Security and was an associate editor of the IEEE Trans. on Information Forensics and Security. He is co-author of a book entitled “Digital Watermarking” and its second edition “Digital Watermarking and Steganography”. He is an inventor or co-inventor of over seventy (70) U.S. patents.

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Remote Power Patent

Our Remote Power Patent (U.S. Patent No. 6,218,930) covers the delivery of power over Ethernet cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras. Our Remote Power Patent expired on March 7, 2020. Notwithstanding the expiration of the Remote Power Patent in March 2020, in October and November 2022, we asserted the patent in nine separate actions against ten defendants for damages prior to March 7, 2020 and have reached settlement agreements with nine of the defendants (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 hereof).

On June 13, 2003, the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE), a non-profit, technical professional association, approved the 802.3af Power over Ethernet standard (the “Standard”), which covers technologies deployed in delivering power over Ethernet networks. The Standard provides for the Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) to be deployed in switches or as standalone midspan hubs to provide power to remote devices such as wireless access points, IP phones and network-based cameras. The technology is commonly referred to as Power over Ethernet (“PoE”). In 2009, the IEEE Standards Association approved 802.3at, a new PoE standard which, among other things, increased the available power for delivery over Ethernet networks. We believe that our Remote Power Patent covers several of the key technologies covered by both the 802.3af and 802.3at standards.

Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio

Our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio, acquired in May 2013, consists of ten (10) U.S. patents and covers foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system. All of our patents within our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio have expired. Our 227 Patent, within this portfolio, was previously asserted in litigations against Apple Inc. and Microsoft Corporation which were settled resulting in aggregate payments to us of $29,650,000. In December 2024, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court granting Meta Platform’s Inc.’s (formerly Facebook) motion for summary judgment of non- infringement dismissing Network-1 claims against Meta involving certain patents within our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio.

The inventions relating to document stream operating systems covered by our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio resulted from the work done by Yale University computer scientist, Professor David Gelernter, and his then graduate student, Dr. Eric Freeman, in the mid-1990s. Certain aspects of the technologies developed by David Gelernter were commercialized in their company's product offering called “Scopeware.” Technologies embodied in Scopeware are now common in various computer and web-based operating systems.

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As part of our acquisition of the Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio in 2013, we also entered into an agreement with Recognition Interface, LLC (“Recognition”), an entity that financed the commercialization of the Mirror Worlds patent portfolio prior to its sale to Mirror Worlds, LLC and also retained an interest in the licensing proceeds of the Mirror Worlds patent portfolio. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement with us, we are obligated to pay Recognition an interest in the net proceeds realized from our monetization of the Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio as follows: (i) 10% of the first $125 million of net proceeds; (ii) 15% of the next $125 million of net proceeds; and (iii) 20% of any portion of the net proceeds in excess of $250 million. Since entering into the agreement with Recognition in May 2013, we have paid Recognition an aggregate of $3,127,000 with respect to such net proceeds interest in our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio (no such payments were made during the years 2024 and 2023).

Network-1 Strategy

Our strategy is to capitalize on our intellectual property assets by entering into licensing arrangements with third parties that utilize our intellectual property's proprietary technologies as well as any additional proprietary technologies covered by patents which may be acquired by us in the future. Our current patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as has been the case with our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. Our Remote Power Patent has generated licensing revenue in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2024. Since the acquisition of our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio in May 2013, we have received licensing and other revenue of $47,150,000 through December 31, 2024. In addition, we may enter into third party strategic relationships with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patent technologies. Based on our cash position, we review opportunities to acquire additional intellectual property as well as evaluate other strategic alternatives.

In connection with our activities relating to the protection of our intellectual property assets, or the intellectual property assets of third parties with whom we may have strategic relationships in the future, it may be necessary to assert patent infringement claims against third parties whom we believe are infringing our patents or those of our strategic partners. We are currently involved in several litigations to protect our patents including certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio and an appeal to the Federal Circuit of a District Court dismissal involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 (hereof). We have previously successfully asserted litigation with respect to our Remote Power Patent and our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio.

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Revenue Concentration

Revenue from our Remote Power Patent as a result of a litigation settlement with a defendant constituted 100% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We anticipate that our future revenue will continue to be derived from a few parties.

Competition

With respect to our ability to acquire additional intellectual property assets or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to monetize their intellectual property assets, we face considerable competition from other companies, many of which have significantly greater financial and other resources than we have. The patent licensing and enforcement industry has grown and there has been a material increase in the number of companies seeking to acquire intellectual property assets from third parties or to provide financing to third parties seeking to monetize their intellectual property. Entities including, among others, Acacia Research Corporation (NASDAQ:ACTG), Intellectual Ventures, WI-LAN Inc., VirnetX Holdings Corporation (NYSE MKT:VHC) and RPX Corporation, seek to acquire intellectual property or partner with third parties to license or enforce intellectual property rights. In addition, we also compete with strategic corporate buyers with respect to the acquisition of intellectual property assets. It is expected that others will enter this market as well. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial and human resources than us.

We may also compete with litigation funding firms such as Burford Capital Limited, Validity Finance, LLC, Fortress Investment Group, LLC, Parabellum Capital LLC and Bentham Capital LLC, venture capital firms and hedge funds for intellectual property acquisitions and licensing opportunities. Many of these competitors also have greater financial resources and human resources than us.

Regulatory Environment

If new legislation, regulations or rules are implemented either by Congress, the USPTO or the courts that impact the patent application process, the patent enforcement process or the rights of patent holders, these changes could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain legislation, regulations, and rulings by the courts and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcement of patents. U.S. patent laws were amended by the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, referred to as the “America Invents Act”, which became effective on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act included a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. In general, it addressed issues surrounding the enforceability of patents and the increase in patent litigation by, among other things, establishing new procedures for patent litigation and new administrative post-grant review procedures to challenge the patentability of issued patents outside of litigation, including Inter Partes Review (IPR) and Covered Business Method Review (CBM) proceedings which provide third parties a timely and cost effective alternative to district court litigation to challenge the validity of an issued patent. The America Invents Act and its implementation increased the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement of patent rights has made it more difficult to successfully enforce our patents.

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In addition, future changes in patent law could adversely impact our business. Such changes may not be advantageous to us and may make it more difficult to obtain adequate patent protection to enforce our patents. Increased focus on the growing number of patent lawsuits, particularly by non-practicing entities (NPEs), may result in legislative changes which increase the risk and costs of asserting patent litigation.

Investment in ILiAD Biotechnologies

During the period December 2018 to date, we made aggregate investments of $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company dedicated to the prevention and treatment of human disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. ILiAD is currently focused on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine, BPZE1, for the prevention of pertussis (whooping cough). Pertussis is a life-threatening disease caused by the highly contagious respiratory bacterium Bordetella pertussis. ILiAD has the exclusive license to seventy-four (74) issued patents and has fifty-four (54) pending patent applications. On December 31, 2024, we owned approximately 6.5% of the outstanding units of ILiAD on a non-fully diluted basis and 4.9% of the outstanding units on a fully diluted basis (after giving effect to the exercise of all outstanding options, and warrants). In connection with our investment, Corey Horowitz, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, became a member of ILiAD’s Board of Managers and receives the same compensation for service on the Board as the other non-management Board members.

BPZE1 was developed in the laboratory of Camille Locht, PhD, at the Institut Pasteur de Lille (IPL) and French National Institute of Health and Medical research. BPZE1 is a live-attenuated intranasal vaccine designed to overcome deficiencies of current pertussis vaccines, including poor durability of protection and failure to prevent nasopharyngeal Bordetella pertussis infections that lead to escape mutants and transmission to vulnerable infants.

On August 24, 2022, ILiAD consummated a private equity financing of $42,800,000, of which a multi-national pharmaceutical company invested $30,000,000.

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Corporate Information

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in July 1990. Our principal executive offices are located at 65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor, New Canaan, Connecticut 06840 and our telephone number is (203) 920-1055.

Available Information

We file or furnish various reports, such as registration statements, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other materials with the SEC. Our website address is www.network-1.com. You may obtain, free of charge on our Internet website, copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements, Section 16 filings and amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information we post on our website is intended for reference purposes only; none of the information posted on our website is part of this Annual Report or incorporated by reference herein.

In addition to the materials that are posted on our website, you may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and other information statements, and other information regarding issuers, including us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC’s Internet site is http://www.sec.gov.

Employees and Consultants

We currently have two full-time employees and two consultants providing monthly services to us.

ITEM 1A.

RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various material risks and uncertainties, including those described below, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flow, and the trading price of our common stock. You should carefully consider the material risks and uncertainties described below in addition to the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including, but not limited to, the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The material risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks that we do not know of or that we currently believe are immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could be materially adversely affected, and the trading price of our common stock could decline significantly.

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Risks Related to Our Business

Our revenue is uncertain as it is dependent upon litigation outcomes involving our patents which we cannot predict.

Our revenue is dependent upon our litigation outcomes. We currently have pending patent infringement litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio and a pending appeal of dismissal of litigation involving our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 hereof). Patent litigation is inherently risky and uncertain and we cannot assure you that any of our current or future litigation will result in a favorable outcome for us. Accordingly, our revenue is uncertain.

If we are unable to protect our patents, our business would be negatively impacted.

We believe our patents are valid, enforceable and valuable. Despite this belief, third parties typically defend assertion of our patents by asserting defenses, among others, of non-infringement and invalidity. In addition, in the future certain of our patents may be subject to USPTO post-grant inter partes review proceedings (IPRs) which could result in all or a part of our patents being invalidated or the claims being limited. Unfavorable outcomes in our litigation or IPRs may reduce our ability to enforce our patents or have other adverse consequences. If we are unable to protect our patents or otherwise realize value for them, our business, financial condition and operating results would be negatively impacted.

We may not achieve successful outcomes of litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio or be able to monetize our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, which would have a material negative impact on our ability to achieve significant revenue and net income in the future.

On December 26, 2024, we commenced patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 hereof). We also intend to make efforts to monetize our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. We may not achieve successful outcomes in these patent litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio or be able to monetize our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio which would have a material negative impact on our ability to achieve significant revenue and net income in the future.

The outcome of our substantial investment in ILiAD is uncertain.

We have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company, with focus on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine (BPZE1) for the prevention of pertussis (whopping cough). Notwithstanding the aforementioned, ILiAD still faces material risks going forward. Accordingly, our investment in ILiAD remains subject to substantial risks.

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We have been dependent upon our Remote Power Patent for a significant portion of our revenue in the past and we may not be able to generate future revenue from our other patents.

Our Remote Power Patent has generated revenue for us in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2024. Revenue from our Remote Power Patent constituted 100% of our revenue for 2024 ($100,000) and 2023 ($2,601,000). We had no revenue in 2022 and revenue from our Remote Power Patent constituted 100% of our revenue for 2021 ($36,029,000), 2020 ($4,403,000) and 2019 ($3,037,000). As a result of the expiration of our Remote Power Patent on March 7, 2020, we no longer receive revenue from such patent for any period subsequent to the expiration date. Our failure to successfully monetize our other patents, including our HFT Patent Portfolio and M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, would have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

We may not be able to capitalize in the future on our strategy to acquire high quality patents with significant licensing opportunities or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property.

Based upon the success we achieved from licensing our Remote Power Patent (twenty-eight (28) license agreements and in excess of $188,000,000 of revenue through December 31, 2024), the revenue we generated from our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio ($47,150,000), establishing a patent portfolio currently consisting of one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents and sixteen (16) foreign patents, and our cash position, we believe we have the expertise and sufficient capital to compete in the patent monetization market and to enter strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their patents. Our strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patent assets which management believes have the potential for significant licensing opportunities. However, we may not be able to acquire such additional high quality patents or, if acquired, we may not achieve material revenue or profit from such patents. Acquisitions of patent assets are competitive, time consuming, complex and costly to consummate. High quality patents with significant licensing opportunities are difficult to find and are often very competitive to acquire. In addition, such acquisitions present material risks. Even if we acquire such additional patent assets, we may not be able to achieve significant licensing revenue or even generate sufficient revenue related to such patent assets to offset the acquisition costs and the legal fees and expenses which may be incurred to enforce, license or otherwise monetize such patents. In addition, we may not be able to enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property and, even if we consummate such strategic relationships, we may not achieve material revenue or profit from such relationships.

The patent monetization cycle is long, costly and unpredictable.

There is generally a significant time lag between acquiring a patent portfolio and recognizing revenue from those patent assets. During this time lag, significant costs are likely to be incurred which may have a negative impact on our results of operations, cash flow and financial position. Furthermore, the outcome of our efforts to monetize our patents is uncertain and we may not be successful.

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Our quarterly and annual operating and financial results, including our revenue, are difficult to predict and are likely to fluctuate significantly in future periods.

Our quarterly and annual operating and financial results are difficult to predict and may fluctuate significantly from period to period. Our revenue, net income and results of operations may widely fluctuate, including years where we may have no revenue, as a result of a variety of factors that are outside our control, including the timing and our ability to achieve successful outcomes from current and future patent litigation, our ability and timing in consummating future license agreements for our intellectual property assets, the timing and extent of payments received by us from licensees, whether we will achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD, and the timing and our ability to achieve revenue from future strategic relationships.

In the future we could be classified as a Personal Holding Company resulting in a 20% tax on our PHC Income that we do not distribute to our shareholders.

The personal holding company (“PHC”) rules under the Internal Revenue Code impose a 20% tax on a PHC’s undistributed personal holding company income (“UPHCI”), which means, in general, taxable income subject to certain adjustments and reduced by certain distributions to shareholders. For a corporation to be classified as a PHC, it must satisfy two tests: (1) that more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares must be owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer individuals at any time during the second half of the year (after applying constructive ownership rules to attribute stock owned by entities to their beneficial owners and among certain family members and other related parties) (the “Ownership Test”) and (2) at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income for a taxable year consists of dividends, interest, royalties, annuities and rents (the “Income Test”). During the second half of 2024, based on available information concerning our shareholder ownership, we did not satisfy the Ownership Test. In addition, we did not satisfy the Income Test for 2024. Thus, we were not a PHC for 2024. However, we may be determined to be a PHC in the future. If we were determined to be a PHC in 2025 or any future year, we would be subject to an additional 20% tax on our UPHCI. In such event, we may issue a special cash dividend to our shareholders in an amount equal to the UPHCI rather than incur the 20% tax.

We are dependent upon our CEO and Chairman.

Our success is largely dependent upon the personal efforts of Corey M. Horowitz, our Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors. On March 22, 2022, we entered into a new four year employment agreement with Mr. Horowitz pursuant to which he continues to serve as our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The loss of the services of Mr. Horowitz would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. We do not maintain key-man life insurance on the life of Mr. Horowitz.

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Cash dividends may not be continued to be paid.

Our dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. We have paid such semi-annual dividends since our dividend policy was enacted in December 2016. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our earnings, financial requirements and other factors existing at the time. We may not be in a position to continue to pay dividends in the future.

Legislation, regulations, court rulings and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcement of patents and may continue to do so in the future.

Legislation, regulations, court rulings and actions by the USPTO have materially increased the risk and cost of enforcing patents. U.S. patent laws were amended by the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, referred to as the America Invents Act, which became effective on March 16, 2013. The America Invents Act included a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. In general, it addressed issues surrounding the enforceability of patents and the increase in patent litigation by, among other things, establishing new procedures for patent litigation and new administrative post-grant review procedures to challenge the patentability of issued patents outside of litigation, including Inter Partes Review (IPR) proceedings, which provide third parties a timely, cost effective alternative to district court litigation to challenge the validity of an issued patent. In addition, the America Invents Act changed the way that parties may be joined in patent infringement actions, and increased the likelihood that such actions will need to be brought against individual parties allegedly infringing by their respective individual actions or activities. The America Invents Act and its implementation also increased the uncertainties and costs surrounding the enforcement of patent rights, which have made it more difficult to successfully prosecute our patents.

The increasing development of artificial intelligence could impact our business.

Our patents are central to our business strategy of licensing our intellectual property rights or enforcing such rights against those that we believe are infringing. However, rapid advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have the potential to impact our current business model in various ways. AI technologies are increasingly capable of developing solutions that either design around existing patents or create alternative technologies that may not infringe our intellectual property. Furthermore, the proliferation of AI may lead to the emergence of new market participants with innovative solutions that challenge our patents' validity or enforceability. Such challenges could result in lengthy legal battles or the invalidation of our patents, thereby impacting our potential future revenue.

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AI driven legal analytics tools can also empower potential infringers with sophisticated insights into the strengths and weaknesses of our patent claims, potentially reducing our leverage in litigation and licensing negotiations. Investors are advised that our financial results could be adversely affected if we are unable to adapt to the rapid changes brought about by AI and ML technologies, and our ability to enforce our patent rights is consequently diminished.

Changes in patent law could adversely impact our business.

Patent laws may continue to change and may alter the protections afforded to owners of patent rights. Such changes may not be advantageous to us and may make it more difficult to obtain adequate patent protection to enforce our patents. Increased focus on the growing number of patent lawsuits, particularly by non-practicing entities (NPEs), may result in further legislative changes which increase the risk and costs of asserting patent litigation.

Our pending patent infringement litigations are time consuming and costly.

We have pending litigations involving our HFT Patent Portfolio and a pending appeal to the Federal Circuit of dismissal of our litigation against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see “Legal Proceedings” at page 20 of this Annual Report). While we have contingent legal fee arrangements, or a contingency plus a fixed cash amount arrangement, with our patent litigation counsel in each litigation, we are responsible for all or a portion of the expenses which are anticipated to be material. In addition, the time and effort required of our management to effectively pursue these litigations is likely to be significant and it may adversely affect other business opportunities.

We face intense competition to acquire intellectual property and enter into strategic relationships.

With respect to our ability to acquire additional intellectual property or enter into strategic relationships with third parties to monetize their intellectual property, we face considerable competition from other companies, many of which have significantly greater financial and other resources than we have. We face a number of competitors in the patent licensing and enforcement business seeking to acquire intellectual property rights from third parties. Many of these competitors have significantly more financial and human resources than us.

We may also compete with strategic corporate buyers, litigation funding firms, venture capital firms and hedge funds for intellectual property acquisitions and licensing opportunities. Many of these competitors also have greater financial resources and human resources than us.

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Our markets are subject to rapid technological change and our technologies face potential technology obsolescence.

The markets covered by our intellectual property are characterized by rapid technological changes, changing customer requirements, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and evolving industry standards. The introduction of products embodying new technologies and the emergence of new industry standards may render our technologies obsolete or less marketable.

In addition, other companies may develop competing technologies that offer better or less expensive alternatives to the technologies covered by our intellectual property. Moreover, technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by other companies or adopted by various standards groups could render our patents obsolete, less marketable or unenforceable.

The burdens of being a public company may adversely affect us including our ability to pursue litigation.

As a public company, our management must devote substantial time, attention and financial resources to comply with U.S. securities laws. This may have a material adverse effect on management's ability to effectively and efficiently pursue its business. In addition, our disclosure obligations under U.S. securities laws require us to disclose information publicly that will be available to litigation opponents. We may, from time to time, be required to disclose information that may have a material adverse effect on our litigation strategies. This information may enable our litigation opponents to develop effective litigation strategies that are contrary to our interests.

General Risk Factors

Investors may have limited influence on stockholder decisions because ownership of our common stock is concentrated.

As of February 15, 2025, our executive officers and directors beneficially owned 31.9% of our outstanding common stock. As a result, these stockholders may be able to exercise substantial control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets. This concentration of ownership will limit other stockholders' ability to influence corporate matters and may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from acquiring control over us.

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Our common stock may be delisted from the NYSE American exchange if we fail to comply with continued listing standards.

Our common stock is currently traded on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “NTIP”. If we fail to meet any of the continued listing standards of the NYSE American exchange, our common stock could be delisted. Such delisting could adversely affect the price and trading (including liquidity) of our common stock.

There are inherent uncertainties involved in estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Any changes in estimates, judgments and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses, and income. Estimates, judgments, and assumptions are inherently subject to change in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, expenses, and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Provisions in our corporate charter, by-laws and in Delaware law could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, discourage a takeover and adversely affect existing stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the Board of Directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our Board of Directors, without further action by stockholders, and may include, among other things, voting rights (including the right to vote as a series on particular matters), preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion and redemption rights, and sinking fund provisions, any of which could adversely affect holders of our common stock. Although there are currently no shares of preferred stock outstanding, future holders of preferred stock may have rights superior to our common stock and such rights could also be used to restrict our ability to merge with or sell our assets to third parties.

We are also subject to the “anti-takeover” provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which could prevent us from engaging in a “business combination” with a 15% or greater stockholder for a period of three years from the date such person acquired that status unless appropriate board or stockholder approvals are obtained.

In addition, our By-laws contain advance notice requirements for director nominations and for new business to be brought up at stockholder meetings. Stockholders wishing to submit director nominations or raise matters to a vote of stockholders must provide notice to us within specified date windows and in very specific forms in order to have that matter voted on at a stockholders meeting.

The aforementioned provisions could deter unsolicited takeovers or delay or prevent changes in our control or management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares over the then current market price. These provisions may also limit the ability of stockholders to delay, deter or prevent a change of control, or approve transactions that they may deem to be in their best interests.

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Our stock price may be volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to, the following:

•

the outcome of our litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC involving certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio;

•

our ability to monetize our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio;

•

the outcome of our appeal to the Federal Circuit of the District Court dismissal of our litigation against Google and YouTube involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio;

•

our ability to achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD;

•

our ability to acquire additional intellectual property;

•

our ability to enter into strategic relationships with third parties to license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property;

•

variations in our quarterly and annual operating results;

•

our ability to continue to pay cash dividends;

•

our ability to raise capital if needed;

•

sales of our common stock;

•

technology changes;

•

the increasing development of artificial intelligence could impact our business;

•

legislative, regulatory and competitive developments; and

•

economic and other external factors.

In addition, the securities markets have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also have a material and adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

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ITEM 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C.

CYBERSECURITY

Based on our small size (two employees and two consultants), we rely extensively on information technology systems managed by third party major service providers to securely process, store and transmit our data to conduct business. Our employees and consultants utilize end point security tools, such as firewalls and anti-virus protection, to protect our data. We have recently implemented overall risk procedures which incorporate certain uniform processes. To date, we have not engaged any consultants, auditors or other third parties in connection with our risk management system or processes.

In connection with our use of third party service providers, we have certain processes in place to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks from threats and incidents. To date, we have not been materially impacted by risks from cybersecurity threats or incidents and we are not aware of cybersecurity threats or incidents that are reasonably likely to materially affect our business. However, there could be cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future that may adversely affect our business.

Our Executive Vice President oversees risks of cybersecurity threats and reports quarterly, and as necessary, to the Board of Directors, including promptly reporting any cybersecurity incidents that may pose a significant risk to us. Our Executive Vice President has over ten years of experience with developers of access management, network security and data protection solutions.

ITEM 2.

PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices are located in New Canaan, Connecticut, where we lease approximately 2,000 square feet of office space at a base rent of $5,500 per month pursuant to a lease amendment, dated May 1, 2022, which term expires on April 30, 2025. We believe that our office facility is suitable and appropriate to support our current needs.

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ITEM 3.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

HFT Patent Portfolio Litigation

On December 24, 2024, our wholly-owned subsidiary, HFT Solutions, LLC (“HFT”), initiated patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 10,931,286, U.S. Patent No. 11,128,305, and U.S. Patent No. 11,575,381. The asserted patents are part of the HFT Patent Portfolio acquired by us in March 2022. The HFT Patent Portfolio relates to, among other things, certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds.

Cox Patent Portfolio Litigation

On April 4, 2014 and December 3, 2014, we initiated litigation against Google Inc. (“Google”) and YouTube, LLC (“YouTube”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for infringement of several of our patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio which relate to the identification of media content on the Internet. The lawsuit alleged that Google and YouTube had infringed and continued to infringe certain of our patents by making, using, selling and offering to sell unlicensed systems and related products and services, which included YouTube’s Content ID system.

The litigations against Google and YouTube were subject to court ordered stays which were in effect from July 2, 2015 until January 2, 2019 as a result of proceedings then pending at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) and appeals to the U.S. District Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Pursuant to a joint stipulation and order, entered on January 2, 2019, the parties agreed, among other things, that the stays with respect to the litigations were lifted. In January 2019, the two litigations against Google and YouTube were consolidated. The consolidated actions proceeded and discovery was subsequently completed. On April 24, 2024, following a motion for summary judgment by the defendants, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a judgment dismissing our patent infringement claims finding that the asserted claims of two of the patents are invalid for indefiniteness and granting summary judgment that the asserted claims of another asserted patent are not infringed by Google’s accused system. The Court’s ruling disposes of all of our claims in the case. On May 14, 2024, we filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the appeal is pending.

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Remote Power Patent Litigation

In October and November 2022, we initiated nine separate litigations against ten defendants for infringement of our Remote Power Patent seeking monetary damages based upon reasonable royalties, as follows: (i) on October 6, 2022, we initiated such litigation against Arista Networks, Inc., Fortinet, Inc., Honeywell International Inc. and Ubiquiti Inc. in the United States District Court, District of Delaware; (ii) on October 27, 2022, and November 3, 2022, we initiated such litigation against TP-Link USA Corporation and Hikvision USA, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California; (iii) on November 4, 2022, we initiated such litigation against Panasonic Holdings Corporation and Panasonic Corporation of North America in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (Marshall Division); and (iv) on November 8, 2022 and November 16, 2022, we initiated such litigation against Antaira Technologies, LLC and Dahua Technology USA in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we entered into settlement agreements with eight of the defendants resulting in aggregate settlement payments to us of $2,601,000 and a conditional payment of $150,000. On February 21, 2025, we received the conditional payment of $150,000 from a defendant as the conditions were satisfied in accordance with the settlement agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we entered into a settlement agreement with one additional defendant resulting in a settlement payment to us of $100,000. On January 14, 2025, the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware granted Ubiquiti’s partial motion for summary judgment on indirect infringement. On February 13, 2025, the Court granted the parties joint motion to dismiss the litigation.

Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio Litigation

On May 9, 2017, Mirror Worlds Technologies, LLC, our wholly-owned subsidiary, initiated litigation against Facebook, Inc. (“now Meta Platforms, Inc., “Meta”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227, U.S. Patent No. 7,865,538 and U.S. Patent No. 8,255,439 (among the patents within our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio). The lawsuit alleges that the asserted patents are infringed by Meta’s core technologies that enable Meta’s Newsfeed and Timeline features. We seek, among other things, monetary damages based upon reasonable royalties.

On August 11, 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York District Court issued an order granting Meta’s motion for summary judgment of non-infringement and dismissed the case. On January 23, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled in our favor and reversed the summary judgment finding on non-infringement of the District Court and remanded the litigation to the Southern District of New York for further proceedings.

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On March 7, 2022, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York entered a ruling granting in part and denying in part a motion for summary judgment by Meta. In its ruling, the District Court (i) denied Meta’s motion that the asserted patents were invalid by concluding that all asserted claims were patent eligible under §101 of the Patent Act and (ii) granted summary judgment of non-infringement in favor of Meta and dismissed the case. On April 4, 2022, we filed an appeal of the District Court decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On December 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court granting Meta’s motion for summary judgment of non-infringement dismissing our claims against Meta.

ITEM 4.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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PART II

ITEM 5.

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information. Our common stock is listed for trading on the NYSE American exchange under the symbol “NTIP”. On February 24, 2025, the closing price for our common stock as reported on the NYSE American exchange was $1.38 per share. The number of record holders of our common stock was 36 as of February 24, 2025. In addition, we believe there were in excess of approximately 1200 holders of our common stock in “street name” as of February 24, 2025.

Dividend Policy. Our dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. On February 23, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of March 29, 2024 to all common shareholders of record as of March 15, 2024. On August 27, 2024, our Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of September 26, 2024 to all common shareholders of record as of September 12, 2024. On February 19, 2025, our Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of March 28, 2025 to all common shareholders of record as of March 14, 2025. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our earnings, financial requirements and other factors existing at the time.

As of December 31, 2024, we had accrued dividends of $121,000 for unvested restricted stock units with dividend equivalent rights.

Recent Issuances of Unregistered Securities. There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2024.

Stock Repurchases. On June 14, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized an extension and increase of our share repurchase program (“Share Repurchase Program”) to repurchase up to $5,000,000 of shares of our common stock over the subsequent 24 month period. The common stock may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions in our discretion. The timing and amount of the shares repurchased is determined by management (excluding repurchases under our 10b5-1 plans) based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Our Share Repurchase Program may be increased, suspended or discontinued at any time.

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During the months of October, November and December 2024, we repurchased common stock pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program as indicated below:

Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1, 2024 to October 31, 2024	142,274	$1.35	142,274	$3,120,855
November 1, 2024 to November 30, 2024	12,653	$1.32	12,653	$3,104,155
December 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024	1,449	$1.30	1,449	$3,102,266
Total	156,376	$1.35	156,376

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased an aggregate of 733,436 shares of our common stock pursuant to our Share Repurchase Program at a cost of $1,270,438 (exclusive of commissions) or an average price per share of $1.73.

Since the inception of our Share Repurchase Program (August 2011) to December 31, 2024, we have repurchased an aggregate of 10,374,232 shares of our common stock at a cost of $19,983,354 (exclusive of commissions) or an average per share price of $1.93.

On December 23, 2024, we entered into a written trading plan (the “10b5-1 Plan”) under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the” Exchange Act”). Adopting a trading plan that satisfies the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it might otherwise be prevented from doing so due to self-imposed trading black-outs or pursuant to insider trading laws. Purchases under the 10b5-1 Plan may be made during the following periods: (1) beginning on January 2, 2025 until two trading days after we issue a press release announcing our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024, and (2) beginning on April 1, 2025 until two trading days after we issue a press release announcing our financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Under the 10b5-1 Plan, our third party broker may purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock, subject to certain price, market, volume and timing constraints, in accordance with the terms of the plan and subject to Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act.

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Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes share and exercise price information for our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024.

	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options and rights	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options and rights	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column(a))
	(a)	(b)	(c)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	487,500⁽¹⁾	$ —⁽²⁾	2,110,000 ⁽³⁾

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders	$  —	$  —	—

Total	487,500	$  —	2,110,000

___________________

(1)    Consists of shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding restricted stock units issued under the 2022 Stock Incentive Plan and the 2013 Stock Incentive Plan.

(2)    Does not take into account outstanding restricted stock units as these awards have no exercise price.

(3)  Represents shares of common stock reserved for issuance under our 2022 Stock Incentive Plan. We discontinued issuing awards under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan as a result of adoption of the 2022 Stock Incentive Plan.

Our 2022 Stock Incentive Plan (“2022 Plan”) provides for the grant of any or all of the following types of awards: (a) stock options, (b) restricted stock units (c) restricted stock, (d) stock appreciation rights, (e) unrestricted stock awards, (f) cash based awards, and (g) other stock-based awards. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted singly, in combination, or in tandem. Subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments as provided in the 2022 Plan, the 2022 Plan provides for an aggregate of 2,300,000 shares of our common stock to be available for distribution pursuant to the 2022 Plan. The Compensation Committee (or the Board of Directors) generally has the authority to administer the 2022 Plan, determine participants who will be granted awards under the 2022 Plan, the size and types of awards, the terms and conditions of awards and the form and content of the award agreements representing awards. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted to our employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2024, there were 62,500 shares issuable upon vesting of outstanding restricted stock units under our 2022 Plan and 425,000 shares issuable upon vesting outstanding restricted stock units under our 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”).

ITEM 6.

(RESERVED)

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in the “Risk Factors” Section on pages 10 – 18 hereof.

OVERVIEW

Our principal business is the development, licensing and protection of our intellectual property assets. We presently own one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents and sixteen (16) foreign patents relating to: (i) our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio relating to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine and other mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and computers, as well as automobiles; (ii) our HFT Patent Portfolio covering certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds; (iii) our Cox Patent Portfolio relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet and taking further action to be performed after such identification; (iv) our Remote Power Patent covering the delivery of power over Ethernet (PoE) cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices, such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras; and (v) our Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio relating to foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system.

With respect to our one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents, fifty-four (54) of such patents have expired. However, we can assert expired patents against third parties but only for past damages up to the patent expiration date. In 2024, our revenue was from our expired Remote Power Patent and we are currently appealing to the Federal Circuit a District Court dismissal of claims involving certain expired patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio (see Note K to our consolidated financial statements included herein). Our revenue is dependent upon our ability to achieve successful litigation outcomes.

At December 31, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $40,600,000 and working capital of $40,066,000. Based on our cash position, we review opportunities to acquire additional intellectual property as well as evaluate other strategic opportunities.

To date we have invested $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a clinical stage biotechnology company with an exclusive license to seventy-four (74) patents (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included herein). Our investment continues to involve significant risk and the outcome is uncertain.

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We have been dependent upon our Remote Power Patent for a significant portion of our revenue. Our Remote Power Patent has generated revenue in excess of $188,000,000 from May 2007 through December 31, 2024. We no longer receive licensing revenue for our Remote Power Patent for any period subsequent to March 7, 2020 (the expiration date of the patent). During the fourth quarter of 2022, we commenced nine separate litigations against ten defendants involving our Remote Power Patent for patent infringement for the period prior to March 7, 2020. During 2024, we entered into a settlement agreement with one defendant for which we received $100,000. Such settlement payment constituted all of our revenue for 2024. During 2023, we entered into settlement agreements with eight of the defendants with respect to the aforementioned litigation resulting in aggregate settlement payments made to us of $2,601,000 and a future conditional payment of $150,000 (see Note K to our consolidated financial statements included herein). All of our revenue for 2023 was from these settlements involving our Remote Power Patent. If we are unable to successfully monetize our other patent portfolios or achieve a successful outcome of our investment in ILiAD, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be negatively impacted.

In addition, we have pending litigation involving certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio and have appealed the judgment of the District Court dismissing our litigation against Google and YouTube on the grounds of non-infringement involving certain patents within our Cox Patent Portfolio. In addition, we intend to monetize our M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. We may not achieve successful outcomes of such litigation, the appeal, or future litigation involving our patent assets.

Our current strategy includes continuing our licensing efforts with respect to our intellectual property assets and the monetization of our patent portfolios. In addition, we continue to seek to acquire additional intellectual property assets to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize. Our strategy includes working with inventors and patent owners to assist in the development and monetization of their patented technologies. We may also enter into strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property. Our patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as we have achieved with respect to our Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio.

The significant components of expenses, when revenue is recorded, that may impact our net income (loss) relate to contingent legal fees and expenses related to our patent litigation (see Note I[1] to our consolidated financial statements included herein) and incentive compensation payable to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to his employment agreement (see Note J[1] to our consolidated financial statements included herein). Both such components of expenses are based on a percentage of the revenue received by us as a result of litigation or otherwise.

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Our annual and quarterly operating and financial results may fluctuate significantly from period to period as a result of a variety of factors that are outside our control, including the timing and our ability to achieve successful outcomes of our patent litigation, our ability and timing of consummating future license agreements for our intellectual property, and whether we will achieve a return on our investment in ILiAD and the timing of any such return.

Our future operating results may also be materially impacted by our ability to acquire high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities. In the future, we may not be able to identify or consummate such patent acquisitions or, if consummated, achieve significant licensing revenue with respect to such acquisitions.

In 2025 and future years we could be classified as a Personal Holding Company. If this is the case, we would be subject to a 20% tax on the amount of any undistributed personal holding company income (as defined) for such year that we do not distribute to our shareholders (see Note E to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report).

Our current dividend policy consists of semi-annual cash dividends of $0.05 per share ($0.10 per share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. In 2024 and 2023, we paid semi-annual cash dividends in accordance with our dividend policy. At this time, we anticipate continuing to pay dividends consistent with our policy. However, our dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by our Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon our financial requirements, earnings and other factors existing at the time (see Note N to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Revenue. We had revenue of $100,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024”) as compared to revenue of $2,601,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023 (“2023”). All of our revenue for 2024 and 2023 was from litigation settlements involving our Remote Power Patent (see Note K[4] to our consolidated financial statements included herein).

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses for 2024 were $3,721,000 as compared to $4,836,000 for 2023. The decrease in operating expenses of $1,115,000 was primarily due to lower costs of revenue of $846,000, general and administrative of $275,000 and amortization of patents of $146,000. These reductions were offset somewhat due to higher professional fees of $152,000.

We had costs of revenue of $28,000 and $874,000 for 2024 and 2023, respectively. Included in the costs of revenue for 2024 were contingent legal fees of $23,000 and incentive bonus compensation of $5,000 payable to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Included in the costs of revenue for 2023 were contingent legal fees of $744,000 and incentive bonus compensation of $130,000 payable to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to his employment Agreement (see Note J [1] to our consolidated financial statement included herein).

General and administrative expenses were $2,614,000 for 2024 as compared to $2,889,000 for 2023. The decrease in general and administrative expenses for 2024 was primarily due to lower payroll and related employer taxes of $159,000 and stock-based compensation of $109,000.

Operating Loss. We had an operating loss of $3,621,000 for 2024 compared with an operating loss of $2,235,000 for 2023. The operating loss increase of $1,386,000 was primarily due to lower revenue from patent litigation settlements in 2024 of $2,501,000 as compared to 2023.

Realized and Unrealized Loss on Marketable Securities. For 2024, we recorded realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities of $177,000 as compared to realized and unrealized gains on marketable securities of $525,000 in 2023, primarily due to the timing of maturities on marketable securities and the declines in yields on our fixed income holdings.

Income Taxes. For 2024, we had no current tax expense for federal, state and local income taxes and a deferred tax benefit of $425,000. For 2023, we had a current income tax for federal, state and local income taxes of $11,000 and a deferred tax benefit of $399,000.

Share of Net Losses of Equity Method Investee. We recognized $1,912,000 of net losses during 2024 related to our equity share of ILiAD net losses, as compared to recognized net losses of $2,003,000 for 2023 (see Note H to our consolidated financial statements included herein). We anticipate continuing to record our share of net losses from ILiAD.

Net Loss. As a result of the foregoing, we realized a net loss of $3,034,000 or $0.13 per share basic and diluted for 2024 compared with a net loss of $1,457,000 or $0.06 per share basic and diluted for 2023. Our net loss for 2024 increased by $1,577,000 as compared to 2023 primarily due to lower revenue from patent litigation settlements in 2024 of $2,501,000.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We have financed our operations primarily from revenue from licensing our patents. At December 31, 2024, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities of $40,600,000 and working capital of $40,066,000. Based on our current cash position, we believe that we will have sufficient cash to fund our operations for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future. Our patent infringement litigation or realization of our investment in ILiAD may result in a material increase in our liquidity and capital resources.

Working capital decreased by $4,784,000 at December 31,2024 to $40,600,000 as compared to working capital of $44,850,000 at December 31, 2023. The decrease in working capital in 2024 was primarily due to our operating loss of $3,621,000, cash dividends payments of $2,366,000 and share repurchases of $1,295,000, offset by interest and dividend income of $1,897,000.

Net cash used in operating activities for 2024 increased by $1,407,000 from $1,076,000 used in operating activities for 2024 compared to $331,000 provided by operating activities for 2023, primarily because of the increase in our net loss of $1,577,000.

Net cash used in investing activities during 2024 decreased by $5,488,000 as a result of our holdings of marketable securities declining by $1,049,000 in 2024 as compared to $6,537,000 in 2023.

Net cash used in financing activities for 2024 and 2023 was $3,724,000 and $3,420,000, respectively. The increase of $304,000 primarily resulted from higher repurchases of common shares of $329,000.

We maintain our cash equivalents and marketable securities in money market funds, government securities, certificates of deposit, corporate bonds and short-term fixed income securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that our investments have significant exposure to interest rate risk.

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OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

We do not have any long-term debt, capital lease obligations, purchase obligations or other long-term liabilities.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require our management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on our own historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after taking account of our circumstances and expectations for the future based on available information. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. There are items within our financial statements that require estimation but are not deemed critical, as defined above.

For a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies and related judgments, see Note B to our consolidated financial statements included herein.

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ITEM 7A.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 8.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The consolidated financial statements required hereby are located on pages F-1 through F- 23 which follow Part III.

ITEM 9.

CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a)   Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this review, our executive officers concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in applicable rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

(i) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is also responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate “internal control over financial reporting” of the Company, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is defined as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer’s principal executive and principal financial officer and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally

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accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.

(ii)

Attestation Report of Registered Public Accounting Firm

We are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and as such, are not required to provide the information contained in this sub-section pursuant to Item 308(b) of Regulation S-K. Accordingly, this Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.

(iii) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended December 31,2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B.

OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C.

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not Applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10.

DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The following information includes information each director and executive officer has given us about his or her age, all positions he or she holds, his or her principal occupation and business experience for at least the past five years, and the names of other publicly-held companies of which he or she currently serves as a director or has served as a director during the past five years. In addition to the information presented regarding each director’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills that led our Board to the conclusion that he or she should serve as a director, we also believe that all of our directors have a reputation for integrity, honesty and adherence to high ethical standards. They each have demonstrated business acumen, exercise sound judgment, and a commitment of service to Network-1 and our Board.

Information about the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and director appears in this Annual Report under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters” beginning on page 43 hereof. There are no family relationships among any of our directors and executive officers.

NAME	AGE	POSITION
Corey M. Horowitz	70	Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors
Jonathan E. Greene	63	Executive Vice President, Secretary and a Director
Robert M. Mahan	58	Chief Financial Officer
Niv Harizman	60	Director
Allison Hoffman	54	Director

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Corey M. Horowitz has been our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer since December 2003. Mr. Horowitz has also served as Chairman of our Board of Directors since January 1996 and has been a member of our Board of Directors since April 1994. In December 2018, Mr. Horowitz became a member of the Board of Managers of ILiAD Biotechnologies, LLC, a privately held biotechnology company, in connection with our investment in the company (see “Business-Investment in ILiAD Biotechnologies” at page 9 of this Annual Report). Mr. Horowitz is also a member of the Life Sciences Institute Leadership Council at the University of Michigan. We believe Mr. Horowitz’s qualifications to serve on our Board of Directors include his significant experience and expertise as an executive in the intellectual property field, his understanding of our intellectual property and the patent acquisition, licensing and enforcement business combined with his private equity and corporate transactional experience.

Jonathan E. Greene became our Executive Vice President in October 2013 and our Secretary and a member of our Board of Directors in September 2022. He also serves as a member of our Strategic Development Committee. Mr. Greene served as a consultant to the Company from December 2004 until March 2013, providing technical and marketing analysis for our intellectual property portfolio. Mr. Greene became an employee of Network-1 in March 2013. From April 2006 to February 2009, Mr. Greene served as a marketing consultant for Avatier Corporation, a developer of identity management software. From August 2003 until December 2004, he served as a consultant to Neartek, Inc., a storage management software company (August 2003 until October 2003) and Kavado Inc., a security software company (November 2003 until December 2004). We believe Mr. Greene’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his engineering and technical expertise to assist us in our patent acquisition, licensing and enforcement business.

Robert M. Mahan became our Chief Financial Officer in December 2022. Mr. Mahan currently serves as President of Management and Financial Services, Inc., a consulting firm that he founded in 2011 which provides general management, financial and operations consulting services to private and public companies. In March 2023, he also became and continues to serve as Chief Financial Officer of Back Office Staffing Solutions, LLC, a private company providing back office processing services for staffing firms. From May 2021 to February 2022, Mr. Mahan served as Interim Chief Financial Officer of Loft Orbital Solutions, Inc., a space infrastructure company that designs, launches and operates low earth orbit satellites. From April 2019 to May 2021, he served as the Interim Chief Financial Officer of XWELL, Inc., formerly XpresSpa Group, Inc., (NASDAQ:XWEL), a global health and wellness holding company operating XpresCheck®, XpresSpa®, and Treat™ locations in airports. From November 2016 through April 2019, Mr. Mahan served as the Chief Financial Officer of SkyBell Technologies, Inc., a company engaged in the video doorbell and smart home industry. Mr. Mahan began his career in the audit practice of PricewaterhouseCoopers from 1989 through 1992 and as a Controller/Division Chief Financial Officer of Tommy Hilfiger USA, Inc. from 1992 – 2001.

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Niv Harizman has been a member of our Board of Directors since December 2012 and serves as Chair of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and our Strategic Development Committee as well as a member of our Audit Committee and Compensation Committee. Mr. Harizman is a Managing Member of Tyto Capital Partners LLC, a private investment firm specializing in debt and equity investments in middle market companies and special situations, a position he has held since August 2010. Since March 2010, Mr. Harizman has also been the Managing Member of NHK Partners LLC, an entity that makes private investments and provides consulting services. Since November 2013, Mr. Harizman has been affiliated with Riverside Management Group, a merchant banking firm, and BCW Securities LLC, its affiliated broker-dealer. Mr. Harizman previously held senior investment banking positions at Credit Suisse First Boston LLC, Deutsche Bank and BT AlexBrown Incorporated. We believe Mr. Harizman’s qualifications to serve on our Board include his significant investment and financial transactional experience and expertise.

Allison Hoffman has been a member of our Board of Directors since December 2012 and serves as Chair of our Audit Committee and our Compensation Committee, as well as a member of our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Since August 2020, Ms. Hoffman has served as General Counsel of Phreesia, Inc. (NYSE:PHR), a leading provider of software solutions that healthcare organizations use to manage the patient intake process. From January 2016 until August 2020, Ms. Hoffman served as Chief Legal Officer and Chief Administrative Officer at Intersection Parent, Inc., an urban experience company that utilizes technology to make cities better, including bringing free Wi-Fi throughout New York City. We believe that Ms. Hoffman’s qualifications to serve on our Board include her extensive legal background and transactional experience.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Our Board of Directors currently has four standing committees: an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee, a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and a Strategic Development Committee. Each committee has a charter. These charters are available on our website at: http://ir.Network-1.com/governance-docs. Each member of each committee is an “independent” director under the standards of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide except for Jonathan Greene, our Executive Vice President, who serves as a member of the Strategic Development Committee. Two of our current four directors, Allison Hoffman and Niv Harizman, are considered independent directors under Rule 803A(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

Audit Committee

Our Board of Directors has a separately standing Audit Committee in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 803B of the NYSE American Company LLC Guide consisting of Allison Hoffman (Chair) and Niv Harizman. Allison Hoffman qualifies as an audit committee financial expert under applicable SEC rules. Ms. Hoffman and Mr. Harizman qualify as “independent” as independence for audit committee members is defined under Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 803B(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

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The Audit Committee is appointed by our Board of Directors to provide assistance to the Board in fulfilling its oversight responsibility with respect to, among other things, (i) the integrity of our financial statements, (ii) our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, (iii) selecting and evaluating the qualifications and independence of our independent registered public accounting firm, (iv) evaluating the performance of our independent registered public accounting firm, and (v) our internal controls and procedures.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee consists of Allison Hoffman (Chair) and Niv Harizman. The Compensation Committee is appointed by our Board of Directors to assist the Board in carrying out its responsibilities relating to the compensation of our executive officers and directors. The Committee has overall responsibility for evaluating and approving the officer and director compensation plans, policies and our programs.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Board has a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consisting of Niv Harizman (Chair) and Allison Hoffman. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for, among other things, developing and recommending to the Board a set of corporate governance policies for the Company, establishing criteria for selecting new directors, and identifying, screening and recruiting new directors. The Committee also recommends to the Board nominees for directors and recommends directors for committee membership to the Board.

Strategic Development Committee

We also have a Strategic Development Committee consisting of Niv Harizman (Chair) and Jonathan Greene. The Strategic Development Committee assists our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer in strategic development and planning of our business relating to identifying potential strategic partners, the acquisition of new IP and other strategic opportunities. The Committee also assists in capital markets related activities.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to our executive officers, directors and employees. Copies of the Code of Ethics may be obtained, without charge, upon written request addressed to: Network-1 Technologies, Inc., 65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor, New Canaan, Connecticut 06840, Attn: Chief Executive Officer.

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Insider Trading Policies and Procedures

We have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and/or other disposition of our securities by directors, officers, employees and consultants (who have access to material non-public information) and the Company, that are reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to us. Under this policy, all of our officers, employees, non-employee directors and consultants who are in possession of material non-public information are prohibited from trading in the Company’s securities, except for trades made pursuant to plans approved by our compliance officer and counsel in accordance the insider trading policy that are intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act.

ITEM 11.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The following table summarizes compensation for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, awarded to, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and to each of our executive officers who received total compensation in excess of $100,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 for services rendered in all capacities to us (collectively, the “Named Executive Officers”).

Summary Compensation Table

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Bonus ($)			Stock Awards($)⁽³⁾		All Other Compensation($)⁽¹⁾			Total($)
Corey M. Horowitz	2024	$	562,515	$	130,000	(2)	$	—	$	61,000	(4)	$	753,515
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer	2023	$	545,572	$	305,000	(2)	$	—	$	53,500	(4)	$	904,072

Robert Mahan	2024	$	175,000	$	25,000		$	—	$	3,750	(5)	$	203,750
Chief Financial Officer	2023	$	175,000	$	—		$	115,000	$	—		$	290,000

Jonathan Greene	2024	$	200,000	$	50,000		$	32,250	$	53,491	(6)	$	335,741
Executive Vice President	2023	$	200,000	$	25,000		$	33,900	$	30,409	(6)	$	289,309

_____________________

(1) We have concluded that the aggregate amount of perquisites and other personal benefits paid in 2024 and 2023 to our Named Executive Officers did not exceed $10,000, except for Mr. Greene as disclosed in Note (5) below.

(2) Mr. Horowitz received the following cash incentive bonus payments for 2024: (i) an annual discretionary bonus of $125,000 and (ii) incentive bonus compensation of $5,000 pursuant to his employment agreement (see “Employment Agreements – Termination of Employment Agreement and Change in Control Arrangements” below). Mr. Horowitz received for 2023 an annual discretionary bonus of $175,000 and incentive bonus compensation of $130,000.

(3) The amounts in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards granted to the Named Executive Officers computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. In accordance with SEC rules, the grant date fair value of an award that is subject to a performance condition is based on the probable outcome of the performance condition. See Note B [10] to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report for a discussion of the assumptions made by the Company in determining the grant date fair value.

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(4) Includes 401(k) matching funds contributions by the Company and profit sharing under the Company's 401(k) Plan for the benefit of Mr. Horowitz of $ 46,000 for 2024 and $43,500 for 2023, respectively. Also includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Horowitz in 2024 of $15,000 and $10,000 in 2023.

(5) Includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Mahan of $3,750 in 2024.

(6) Includes (i) 401(k) matching funds contributions by the Company and profit sharing under the Company's 401(k) Plan for the benefit of Mr. Greene of $30,000 for 2024 and $29,659 for 2023, (ii) dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon vesting of restricted stock units owned by Mr. Greene of $750 in 2024 and $750 in 2023, and (iii) reimbursement of medical insurance premiums of $22,741 in 2024 and $14,952 in 2023.

Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table

Employment Agreements, Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements

On March 22, 2022, we entered into a new employment agreement (“Agreement”) with Corey M. Horowitz, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which he continues to serve as our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for a four year term (“Term”), at an annual base salary of $535,000 subject to increases of 3% per annum during the Term. The Agreement established an annual target bonus of $175,000 for our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer based upon performance. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer received an annual discretionary bonus of $125,000 and $175,000, respectively.

In addition, pursuant to the Agreement, we granted to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, under our 2013 Plan, 600,000 restricted stock units (the “RSUs”, each RSU awarded by us to our officers, directors and consultants represents a contingent right to receive one share of our common stock) which terms provided for vesting in four tranches, as follows: (1) 175,000 RSUs vested 100,000 RSUs on March 22, 2023 and 75,000 RSUs on March 22,2024, subject to Mr. Horowitz’s continued employment by us through each such vesting date (the “Employment Condition”) (“Tranche 1”); (2) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term our common stock achieves a closing price for twenty (20) consecutive trading days (“Closing Price”) of a minimum of $3.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 2”); (3) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term our common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.00 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 3”); and (4) 125,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term, our common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 4”). In the event of a Change of Control (as defined), Termination Other Than for Cause (as defined) or a termination by Mr. Horowitz for Good Reason (as defined) in each case prior to the last day of the Term, the vesting of all RSUs (Tranches 1,2,3 and 4) shall accelerate (and not be subject to any conditions) and all RSUs shall become immediately fully vested. All RSUs granted by us to our officers, directors or consultants have dividend equivalent rights.

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Under the terms of the Agreement, so long as Mr. Horowitz continues to serve as an executive officer of the Company, whether pursuant to the Agreement or otherwise, Mr. Horowitz shall also receive incentive compensation in an amount equal to 5% of our gross royalties or other payments from Licensing Activities (as defined) (without deduction of legal fees or any other expenses) with respect to our Remote Power Patent and a 10% net interest (gross royalties and other payments after deduction of all legal fees and litigation expenses related to licensing, enforcement and sale activities, but in no event shall he receive less than 6.25% of the gross recovery) of our royalties and other payments relating to Licensing Activities with respect to patents other than our Remote Power Patent (including all of our existing patent portfolios and our investment in ILiAD) (collectively, the “Incentive Compensation”). During the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, Mr. Horowitz earned Incentive Compensation of $5,000 and $130,000, respectively.

The Incentive Compensation shall continue to be paid to Mr. Horowitz for the life of each of our patents with respect to licenses entered into with third parties during the Term or at any time thereafter, whether he is employed by us or not; provided, that, the employment of Mr. Horowitz has not been terminated by us “For Cause” (as defined) or terminated by him without “Good Reason” (as defined). In the event of a merger or sale of substantially all of our assets, we have the option to extinguish the right of Mr. Horowitz to receive future Incentive Compensation by payment to him of a lump sum payment, in an amount equal to the fair market value of such future interest as determined by an independent third party expert if the parties do not reach agreement as to such value. In the event that Mr. Horowitz’s employment is terminated by us “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) or by him for “Good Reason” (as defined), Mr. Horowitz shall also be entitled to (i) a lump sum severance payment of 12 months base salary, (ii) a pro-rated portion of the $175,000 target bonus provided bonus criteria have been satisfied on a pro-rated basis through the calendar quarter in which the termination occurs and (iii) accelerated vesting of all unvested options, RSUs or other awards.

In connection with the Agreement, Mr. Horowitz has also agreed not to compete with us as follows: (i) during the Term and for a period of 12 months thereafter if his employment is terminated “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) provided he is paid his 12 month base salary severance amount and (ii) for a period of two years from the termination date, if terminated “For Cause” by us or “Without Good Reason” by Mr. Horowitz.

Jonathan Greene serves as our Executive Vice President and Secretary on an at-will basis at an annual base salary of $250,000 which commenced on January 1, 2025. Mr. Greene received a discretionary annual bonus of $50,000 for 2024 and $25,000 for 2023. On January 2, 2025, Mr. Greene was granted 25,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vest on the one year anniversary of the date of grant (January 2, 2026) and 50% of such RSUs vest on the two year anniversary of the date of grant (January 2, 2027). On January 8, 2024, Mr. Greene was granted 15,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vested on the one year anniversary of the date of grant (January 8, 2025) and 50% of such RSUs will vest on the two year anniversary of the grant (January 8, 2026).

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Robert Mahan serves as our Chief Financial Officer since December 21, 2022 on a consulting basis at an annual compensation of $175,000. Mr. Mahan received a discretionary annual bonus of $25,000 for 2024. On September 8, 2023, Mr. Mahan was granted 50,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vested on the one year anniversary of the grant (September 8, 2024) and 50% of the RSUs vest on the two year anniversary date of grant (September 8, 2025).

Profit Sharing 401(k) Plan

We offer all employees who have completed a year of service (as defined) participation in a 401(k) retirement savings plan, which provides a tax-advantaged method of saving for retirement. We expensed matching contributions and profit sharing of $76,000 and $73,159 under the 401(k) plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Director Compensation

In 2024, we compensated each non-management director of our Company by granting to each such outside director 15,000 RSUs. The RSUs vested in equal amounts of 3,750 RSUs on each of March 15, 2024, June 15, 2024, September 15, 2024 and December 15, 2024. In addition, we pay our non-management directors cash director fees of $40,000 per annum ($10,000 per quarter). Non-management directors also receive additional cash compensation on an annual basis for serving on the following Board committees: The Audit Committee Chairperson receives $7,500 and members receive $5,000; the Chairperson and members of each of the Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Strategic Development Committee (except for Mr. Greene as a management member of the Strategic Development Committee) receive annual fees of $3,750 and $2,500, respectively.

The following table sets forth the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to persons who served as members of our Board of Directors (other than our Named Executive Officers) during the year ended December 31, 2024. No director who is also a Named Executive Officer received any compensation for services as a director in 2024.

Name	Fees earned or paid in cash ($)⁽¹⁾	Stock Awards ($)^{(2) (3)}	All other compensation ($)⁽⁴⁾	Total ($)
Niv Harizman	$47,500	$32,700	$ 1,125	$ 81,325
Allison Hoffman	$50,000	$32,700	$ 1,125	$ 83,825
Emanuel Pearlman⁽⁵⁾	$37,500	$32,700	$ 1,125	$ 71,325

___________________________

(1)

Represents directors’ fees payable in cash to each non-management director of $10,000 per quarter ($40,000 per annum) for 2024 plus additional cash fees for serving on Board committees as disclosed above.

(2)

The amounts included in this column represent the grant date fair value of restricted stock unit awards (RSUs) granted to directors, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. For a discussion of valuation assumptions see Note B [10] to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report. The 15,000 RSUs granted to each non-management director vested on a quarterly basis beginning March 15, 2024. Each RSU represents a contingent right to receive one share of common stock.

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(3)

As of December 31, 2024, no stock options were owned by any of the above listed directors.

(4)

Includes dividends (dividend equivalent rights) earned upon the vesting of RSUs in 2024.

(5)

Mr. Pearlman served as a director until September 2024.

Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2024

The following table sets forth information relating to outstanding equity awards consisting of unvested restricted stock units for each Named Executive Officer as of December 31, 2024 (there were no outstanding stock options):

	Option Awards				Stock Awards
Name	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options		Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date	Equity incentive plan awards: Number of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested	Equity incentive plan awards: Market value of unearned shares, units or other rights that have not vested⁽¹⁾ ($)
Name	Exercisable	Unexercisable	Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date
Corey M. Horowitz Chairman and CEO	—	—	—	—	425,000⁽²⁾	$565,250
Robert M. Mahan Chief Financial Officer	—	—	—	—	25,000⁽³⁾	$   33,250
Jonathan Greene Executive Vice President	—	—	—	—	22,500⁽⁴⁾	$     29,925

_________________________________

(1)

In accordance with SEC rules, market value is based on $1.33 per share representing the closing price of our common stock on the last trading day of the year.

(2)

Represents 425,000 unvested restricted stock units, the terms of the vesting of such restricted stock units are disclosed on page 39 under “Employment Agreements - Termination of Employment and Change-In-Control Arrangements.”

(3)

Represents 25,000 unvested restricted stock units, which vest on September 8, 2025, subject to Mr. Mahan’s continued engagement.

(4)

Represents 22,500 unvested restricted stock units, of which (i) 7,500 restricted stock units vest on January 8, 2025, (ii) 7,500 restricted stock units vest on January 24, 2025, and (iii) 7,500 restricted stock units vest on January 8, 2026, subject to Mr. Greene’s continued employment.

Policies and Procedures for Equity Grant Awards/ Material Non- Public Information

Under our equity award policy, the Compensation Committee generally grants equity awards to our executive officers, directors and consultants on an annual basis with the exception of our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer who typically receives awards at the time of renewal of his employment agreement. For a number of years, we have awarded restricted stock units to our executive officers, directors and consultants and have not awarded stock options. In the event that the Compensation Committee were to make awards of stock options in the future, it will take into account material non-public information when determining the timing and terms of such option awards by generally making such awards on an annual basis on a pre-determined schedule. We do not time the disclosure of material non-public information for the purpose of affecting executive compensation.

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ITEM 12.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of February 15, 2025 for (i) each of our directors, (ii) each of our executive officers, (iii) each person known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding shares of common stock, and (iv) all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

NAME AND ADDRESS OF BENEFICIAL OWNER	AMOUNT AND NATURE OF BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾		PERCENTAGE OF COMMON STOCK BENEFICIALLY OWNED⁽²⁾
Executive Officers and Directors: Corey M. Horowitz⁽³⁾		6,797,337		29.6%
CMH Capital Management Corp.⁽⁴⁾		2,291,372		10.0%
Niv Harizman⁽⁵⁾		320,985		1.4%
Jonathan E. Greene⁽⁶⁾		113,259		*
Allison Hoffman⁽⁷⁾		109,311		*
Robert Mahan⁽⁸⁾		25,000		*
All officers and directors as a group  (6 Persons)		7,340,892		31.9%
5% Stockholders:
Steven D. Heinemann⁽⁹⁾		1,737,893		7.6%
Goose Hill Capital LLC⁽¹⁰⁾		1,152,760		5.0%
Clayton Partners LLC⁽¹¹⁾		1,213,155		5.3%

_____________________________________

*Less than 1%.

(1)

Unless otherwise indicated, we believe that all persons named in the above table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock beneficially owned by them. Unless otherwise indicated the address for each listed beneficial owner is c/o Network-1 Technologies, Inc., 65 Locust Avenue, Third Floor, New Canaan, Connecticut 06840.

(2)

A person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of shares of common stock that can be acquired by such person within 60 days from February 15, 2025 upon the exercise of stock options, vesting of restricted stock units or the conversion of other convertible securities within such 60 day period. Each beneficial owner's percentage ownership

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is determined by assuming that all stock options, restricted stock units held and other convertible securities by such person (but not those held by any other person) and which are exercisable or vest within 60 days from February 15, 2025 have been exercised or vested. Assumes a base of 22,981,271 shares of our common stock outstanding as of February 15, 2025.

(3)

Includes (i) 3,983,954 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Horowitz, (ii) 2,157,097 shares of common stock held by CMH Capital Management Corp., an entity solely owned by Mr. Horowitz, (iii)134,275 shares of common stock owned by the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan, of which Mr. Horowitz is the trustee, (v) 67,470 shares of common stock owned by Donna Slavitt, the wife of Mr. Horowitz, (vi) an aggregate of 452,250 shares of common stock held by two trusts and a custodian account for the benefit of Mr. Horowitz’s three children, and (vii) 2,291 shares of common stock held by Horowitz Partners, a general partnership of which Mr. Horowitz is a partner. Does not include 425,000 restricted stock units owned by Mr. Horowitz that do not vest within 60 days of February 15, 2025.

(4)

Includes 2,157,097 shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. and 134,275 shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan. Corey M. Horowitz, by virtue of being the sole officer, director and shareholder of CMH Capital Management Corp. and the trustee of the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan, has the sole power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by CMH Capital Management Corp. and the CMH Capital Management Corp. Profit Sharing Plan.

(5)

Includes (i) 317,235 shares of common stock and (ii) 3,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units that vest within 60 days of February 15, 2025. Does not include 11,250 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Harizman that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2025.

(6)

Includes 113,259 shares of common stock. Does not include 22,500 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Greene that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2025.

(7)

Includes (i) 105,561 shares of common stock and (ii) 3,750 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units that vest within 60 days of February 15, 2025. Does not include 11,250 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Ms. Hoffman that do not vest within 60 days from February 15, 2025.

(8)

Includes 25,000 shares of common stock. Does not include 25,000 shares of common stock subject to restricted stock units owned by Mr. Mahan that do not vest within 60 days of February 15, 2025.

(9)

Includes 585,133 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Heinemann and 1,152,760 shares of common stock owned by Goose Hill Capital LLC. Goose Hill Capital LLC is a limited liability company of which Mr. Heinemann is the sole member. Mr. Heinemann, by virtue of being the sole member of Goose Hill Capital LLC, has the sole power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by Goose Hill

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Capital LLC. The aforementioned beneficial ownership is based upon Amendment No. 12 to Schedule 13G filed by Mr. Heinemann with the SEC on February 7, 2025. The address for Mr. Heinemann is c/o Goose Hill Capital, LLC, 12378 Indian Road, North Palm Beach, Florida 33408.

(10)

Includes 1,152,760 shares of common stock. Steven D. Heinemann, by virtue of being the sole member of Goose Hill Capital LLC, has the sole power to vote and dispose of the shares of common stock owned by Goose Hill Capital LLC. The aforementioned beneficial ownership is based upon Amendment No. 12 to Schedule 13G filed by Mr. Heinemann with the SEC on February 7, 2025. The address for Goose Hill Capital LLC is 12378 Indian Road, North Palm Beach, Florida 33408.

(11)

Includes 1,213,155 shares of common stock owned by Clayton Partners LLC based upon Amendment No.2 Schedule 13G filed by Clayton Partners LLC with the SEC on February 13, 2025. The address for Clayton Partners is 3160 College Avenue, Suite 203, Berkeley, California 94705.

ITEM 13.

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons

The Audit Committee has responsibility for reviewing and approving related-persons transactions in accordance with its charter. A related person is any executive officer, director, nominee for director or more than 5% stockholder of the Company, including immediate family members, and any entity owned or controlled by such persons. In addition, pursuant to our Code of Ethics, all of our officers, directors and employees are to avoid conflicts of interest and to refrain from taking part or exercising influence in any transaction in which such party’s personal interest may conflict with the best interest of the Company. Except for provisions of the Audit Committee Charter, there are no written procedures governing review of related-persons transactions.

Director Independence

Two of our four directors, Allison Hoffman and Niv Harizman, are considered independent directors in compliance with the standard of independence in Section 803A(2) of the NYSE American LLC Company Guide.

ITEM 14.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Audit Fees

Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C., our independent registered accounting firm as of December 12, 2024, billed us aggregate fees of $80,000 for the audit of our annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. Marcum LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm during the period October 11, 2022 through

-45-

November 13, 2024, billed us aggregate fees of $72,480 for the review of our financial statements included in our Form 10-Qs for the interim periods in the year ended December 31, 2024. Marcum LLP billed us aggregate fees of $156,000 in the year ended December 31, 2023 for the audit of our annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, review of our financial statements included in our Form 10-Qs and for other services in connection with statutory and regulatory filings.

Tax Fees and Other Fees

Marcum LLP provided no tax and compliance services for the year ended December 31, 2024 and was paid $2,500 for such services for the year ended December 31, 2023. Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C. and Marcum LLP did not render any other professional services other than those discussed above for 2024 and 2023.

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee charter provides that our audit committee must comply with SEC rules to maintain auditor independence as set forth in Rule 2-01(c)(7)(i) of Regulation S-X. The Audit Committee has a policy to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services to be provided by our independent registered public accounting firm. All the services above were approved in advance by our Board of Directors.

-46-

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.


Index to Consolidated Financial Statements	Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID 606)	F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB Firm ID 688)	F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-4

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-7

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Network-1 Technologies, Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

As discussed in Note B to the consolidated financial statements, the Company adopted ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) as of December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. We have audited the Company's implementation of ASU 2023-07 and the related disclosures. In our opinion, such adoption is appropriate and has been properly applied. We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2023 financial statements of the Company other than with respect to the implementation of ASU 2023-07, and accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on the 2023 financial statements taken as a whole.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ GRASSI & CO., CPAs, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

Jericho, NY

February 28, 2025

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Network-1 Technologies, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, , the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting due to the adoption of ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting discussed in Note B to the financial statements, and accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any form of assurance about whether such adjustments is appropriate or properly applied. The adjustments were audited by other auditors.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

/s/ Marcum LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2014 until 2024.

New York, New York
March 8, 2024

F-2

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	December 31,
	2024			2023
ASSETS:
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,145,000		$	16,896,000
Marketable securities, at fair value		27,455,000			28,571,000
Other current assets		232,000			206,000
Total Current Assets		40,832,000			45,673,000
OTHER ASSETS:
Patents, net of accumulated amortization		1,205,000			1,326,000
Equity investment		3,337,000			5,249,000
Operating leases right of use asset		27,000			16,000
Security deposits		13,000			13,000
Total Other Assets		4,582,000			6,604,000
TOTAL ASSETS	$	45,414,000		$	52,277,000
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable	$	203,000		$	125,000
Accrued payroll		292,000			378,000
Other accrued expenses		247,000			297,000
Operating lease obligations		24,000			23,000

Total Current Liabilities		766,000			823,000

LONG TERM LIABILITIES:
Deferred tax liability		337,000			762,000

TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	1,103,000		$	1,585,000

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note I)		—			—

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	$	—		$	—
Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 50,000,000 shares; 22,961,619 and 23,553,908 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively		229,000			235,000
Additional paid-in capital		65,455,000			67,446,000
Accumulated deficit		(21,373,000	)		(16,989,000	)

TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY		44,311,000			50,692,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	45,414,000		$	52,277,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-3

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
REVENUE	$	100,000		$	2,601,000

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Costs of revenue		28,000			874,000
Professional fees and related costs		959,000			807,000
General and administrative		2,614,000			2,889,000
Amortization of patents		120,000			266,000

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES		3,721,000			4,836,000

OPERATING LOSS		(3,621,000	)		(2,235,000	)
OTHER INCOME
Interest and dividend income, net		1,897,000			1,868,000
Net realized and unrealized gain on marketable securities		177,000			525,000
Total other income, net		2,074,000			2,393,000

(LOSS) INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE		(1,547,000	)		158,000

INCOME TAXES PROVISION:
Current		—			11,000
Deferred taxes, net		(425,000	)		(399,000	)
Total income taxes benefit		(425,000	)		(388,000	)
(LOSS) INCOME BEFORE SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE:		(1,122,000	)		546,000

SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE		(1,912,000	)		(2,003,000	)
NET LOSS	$	(3,034,000	)	$	(1,457,000	)

Net Loss Per Share:
Basic	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.06	)
Diluted	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.06	)

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic		23,250,224			23,791,287
Diluted		23,250,224			23,791,287
Cash dividends declared per share	$	0.10		$	0.10

NET LOSS	$	(3,034,000	)	$	(1,457,000	)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Net unrealized holding gain on corporate bonds and notes arising during the year, net of tax		—			14,000

COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$	(3,034,000	)	$	(1,443,000	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-4

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024 AND 2023


	Common Stock
	Shares			Amount			Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Deficit			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders’ Equity

Balance – January 1, 2023		23,863,639		$	239,000		$	66,939,000		$	(12,055,000	)	$	(14,000	)	$	55,109,000
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared		—			—			—			(2,433,000	)		—			(2,433,000	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			508,000			—			—			508,000
Vesting of restricted stock units		157,500			1,000			(1,000	)		—			—			—
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes		(39,099	)		—			—			(83,000	)		—			(83,000	)
Treasury stock purchased and retired		(428,132	)		(5,000	)		—			(961,000	)		—			(966,000	)
Realized gain on corporate bonds		—			—			—			—			14,000			14,000
Net loss		—			—			—			(1,457,000	)		—			(1,457,000	)
Balance – December 31, 2023		23,553,908		$	235,000		$	67,446,000		$	(16,989,000	)		—		$	50,692,000
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared		—			—			(2,388,000	)		—			—			(2,388,000	)
Stock-based compensation		—			—			399,000			—			—			399,000
Vesting of restricted stock units		170,000			2,000			(2,000	)		—			—			—
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes		(28,853	)		—			—			(61,000	)		—			(61,000	)
Treasury stock purchased and retired		(733,436	)		(8,000	)		—			(1,289,00	)		—			(1,297,000	)
Net loss		—			—			—			(3,034,000	)		—			(3,034,000	)
Balance – December 31, 2024		22,961,619		$	229,000		$	65,455,000		$	(21,373,000	)		—		$	44,311,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-5

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$	(3,034,000	)	$	(1,457,000	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Amortization of patents		120,000			266,000
Stock-based compensation		399,000			508,000
Loss allocated from equity investment		1,912,000			2,003,000
Deferred tax benefit		(425,000	)		(399,000	)
Amortization of right of use asset, net		64,000			65,000
Unrealized loss (gain) on marketable securities		67,000			(103,000	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current assets		(26,000	)		142,000
Prepaid taxes		—			177,000
Accounts payable		79,000			(382,000	)
Income taxes payable		—			(115,000	)
Security deposit		—			(13,000	)
Operating lease obligations		(74,000	)		(70,000	)
Accrued expenses		(158,000	)		(291,000	)

NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES		(1,076,000	)		331,000

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Sales of marketable securities		15,250,000			53,521,000
Purchases of marketable securities		(14,201,000	)		(46,984,000	)

NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES		1,049,000			6,537,000

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Cash dividends paid		(2,366,000	)		(2,371,000	)
Value of shares delivered to fund withholding taxes		(63,000	)		(83,000	)
Repurchases of common stock, inclusive of commissions and excise tax		(1,295,000	)		(966,000	)

NET CASH USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES		(3,724,000	)		(3,420,000	)

NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(3,751,000	)		3,448,000
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year		16,896,000			13,448,000

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year	$	13,145,000		$	16,896,000
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid during the years for:
Interest	$	—		$	—
Income taxes	$	—		$	65,000
NON-CASH FINANCING ACTIVITY
Accrued dividend rights on restricted stock units	$	59,000		$	65,000
Right-of-use asset for lease liability	$	75,000		$	80,000

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F-6

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note A – Business

Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the “Company”) is engaged in the development, licensing and protection of its intellectual property assets. The Company presently owns one hundred and six (106) U.S. patents, fifty-four (54) of such patents have expired, and sixteen (16) foreign patents related to (i) the M2M/IoT patent portfolio (the “M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio”) relating to, among other things, enabling technology for authenticating and using eSIM (embedded Subscriber Identification Module) technology in IoT, Machine-to-Machine, and other mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and computers, and automobiles; (ii) the HFT patent portfolio (the “HFT Patent Portfolio”) covering certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds; (iii) the Cox patent portfolio (the “Cox Patent Portfolio) relating to enabling technology for identifying media content on the Internet and taking further actions to be performed after such identification; (iv) the remote power patent (the “Remote Power Patent”) covering delivery of Power over Ethernet (PoE) cables for the purpose of remotely powering network devices, such as wireless access ports, IP phones and network based cameras; and (v) the Mirror Worlds patent portfolio (the “Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio”) relating to foundational technologies that enable unified search and indexing, displaying and archiving of documents in a computer system.

The Company’s current strategy includes continuing to pursue licensing opportunities for its intellectual property assets. In addition, the Company reviews opportunities to acquire or license additional intellectual property as well as other strategic alternatives. The Company’s patent acquisition and development strategy is to focus on acquiring high quality patents which management believes have the potential to generate significant licensing opportunities as the Company has achieved with respect to its Remote Power Patent and Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. In addition, the Company may also enter into strategic relationships with third parties to develop, commercialize, license or otherwise monetize their intellectual property.

The Company has made equity investments totaling $7,000,000 in ILiAD Biotechnologies, LLC (“ILiAD”), a clinical stage biotechnology company (see Note H hereof).

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

[1]

Principles of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Mirror Worlds Technologies, LLC and HFT Solutions, LLC. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

[2]

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. The estimates and assumptions made in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements primarily include costs related to the Company’s assertion of litigation, the valuation of the Company’s patent portfolios, stock-based compensation, the recoverability of deferred tax assets and the carrying value of the Company’s equity method investments. Actual results could be materially different from those estimates, upon which the carrying values were based.

Certain amounts recorded to reflect the Company’s share of the income or losses of its equity method investee, accounted for under the equity method, are based on estimates and the unaudited results of operations of the equity method investee, and may require adjustment in the future when the audit is complete. The Company reports its share of the results of its equity method investee on a one quarter lag basis.

[3]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company maintains cash deposits in high quality financial institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). Accounts at each institution are insured by the FDIC for up to $250,000. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had $10,000 and $2,403,000, respectively, in excess of the FDIC insured limit. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had cash equivalents of $12,947,000 and $15,327,000, respectively, that were held in brokerage accounts and not insured by the FDIC.

F-7

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments, including certificates of deposit and money market funds, which are purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

[4]

Marketable Securities

The Company’s marketable securities are comprised of certificates of deposit with an original maturity greater than three months from date of purchase, government securities, corporate bonds and fixed income mutual funds. (see Note G hereof). At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, included in marketable securities, the Company had aggregate certificates of deposit of $761,000 and $6,077,000, respectively. The Company’s marketable securities are measured at fair value and are accounted for as trading securities.. Unrealized holding gains and losses on certificates of deposit, government securities, certain corporate bonds and fixed income mutual funds are recorded in net realized and unrealized gain (loss) from investments on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss). Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, on certain corporate bonds and notes are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity until realized. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains and losses are included in earnings and are derived using the specific identification method for determining the cost of the marketable securities.

[5]

Revenue Recognition

Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when the Company completes the licensing of its intellectual property to its licensees, enters into a litigation settlement agreement involving any of its expired patents or obtains a judgment following trial after all appeals have been exhausted. With respect to licensing its intellectual property or such litigation settlement agreement, revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for licensing its intellectual property or in settlement of the litigation.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

•

identification of the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

identification of the performance obligations in the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

determination of the consideration for the license or settlement;

•

allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•

recognition of revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Revenue disaggregated by source is as follows:

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue
		Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Litigation Settlements	$	100,000	$	2,601,000
Total Revenue	$	100,000	$	2,601,000

See Note K [4] hereof for further discussion of revenue recognized.

Revenue from the Company’s patent licensing and enforcement business is typically generated from negotiated license agreements or settlement agreements as a result of litigation involving the Company’s patents. The timing and amount of revenue recognized from each licensee or such settlement agreement depends upon a variety of factors, including the terms of each agreement and the nature of the obligations of the parties. These agreements may include, but are not limited to, elements related to past infringement liabilities, non-refundable upfront license fees, and ongoing royalties on licensed products sold by the licensee. Generally, in the event of settlement of litigation related to the Company’s assertion of patent infringement involving its intellectual property, defendants will either pay (i) a non-refundable lump sum payment for a non-exclusive fully-paid license, (ii) a non-refundable lump sum payment (license initiation fee) together with an ongoing obligation to pay quarterly or monthly royalties to the Company for the life of the licensed patent, or (iii) a lump sum settlement payment with respect to litigation involving the Company’s patents.

F-8

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Fully-paid licenses provide for a non-refundable up-front payment for which the Company has no future obligations or performance requirements, revenue is generally recognized when the Company has obtained the signed license agreement, all performance obligations have been substantially performed, amounts are fixed and determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Revenue from fully-paid licenses may consist of one or more installments. The timing and amount of revenue recognized from each licensee depends upon a number of factors including the specific terms of each agreement and the nature of the deliverables and obligations.

[6]

Equity Method Investments

Equity method investments are equity securities in entities the Company does not control but over which it has the ability to exercise significant influence. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting in accordance with ASC 323, Investments — Equity Method and Joint Ventures (see Note H hereof). Equity method investments are measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus the Company’s share of an investee’s income or loss. The Company’s proportionate share of the income or loss from equity method investments is recognized on a one-quarter lag. When the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investment is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding. When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

Upon a sale of an equity method investment by the Company, the difference between sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the equity investment is recognized in profit or loss. Upon the issuance of securities in an observable price transaction, the Company will account for the share issuance by the equity method investee as if the Company had sold a proportionate share of its investment in the observable price transaction. The Company will record a gain or loss associated with the dilution of its investment to reflect third party investments in the investee and will increase or decrease its basis in the equity method investee accordingly. The gain or loss is recorded within other income or expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company performed an assessment to determine significance of the equity method investee under the investment, asset and income tests utilizing the 20% threshold. The Company determined that the equity method investee satisfied the income test and has included summarized financial data of the equity method investee in Note H hereof.

[7]

Patents

The Company owns patents that relate to various technologies. The Company capitalizes the costs associated with the acquisition and certain registration costs of its acquired patents. The Company amortizes these capitalized acquisition costs over the remaining useful lives of the underlying patents, on a straight-line basis. Any further payments made to maintain or develop the patents should be expensed as incurred, except in cases where the costs directly increase the patents' functionality or extend their useful life.

[8]

Costs of Revenue and Related Costs

The Company includes in costs of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 contingent legal fees payable to patent litigation counsel, any other contractual payments to third parties related to net proceeds received from monetization of patents (see Note I[1] hereof) and incentive bonus compensation payable to its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (see Note J[1] hereof).

F-9

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

[9]

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (ASC 740), which requires the Company to use the assets and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the assets and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary (timing) differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years to differences between financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Under this accounting standard, the effect on deferred income taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

ASC 740-10, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, defines uncertainty in income taxes and the evaluation of a tax position as a two-step process. The first step is to determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals or litigation based on the technical merits of that position. The second step is to measure a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not threshold to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. A tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold should be recognized in the first subsequent period in which the threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not criteria should be de-recognized in the first subsequent financial reporting period in which the threshold is no longer met. The Company had no uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

U.S. federal, state and local income tax returns prior to 2021 are not subject to examination by any applicable tax authorities, except that tax authorities could challenge returns (only under certain circumstances) for earlier years to the extent they generated loss carry-forwards that are available for those future years.

[10]

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for its stock-based compensation awards to employees and directors in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation — Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all stock-based compensation to employees, including grants of employee stock options and restricted stock units, to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) based on their grant date fair values.

Compensation expense related to awards to employees is recognized on a straight-line basis based on the grant date fair value over the associated service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term. The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the number of shares underlying the grant and either the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant for time-based and performance-based awards, or the fair value on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo Simulation model for market-based awards.

[11]

Earnings Per Share

The Company reports earnings per share in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires presentation of basic and diluted earnings per share in conjunction with the disclosure of the methodology used in computing such earnings per share. Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts, such as warrants and options to purchase common stock were exercised and shares were issued pursuant to outstanding restricted stock units. Common stock equivalents having an anti-dilutive effect on earnings per share are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

F-10

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

[12]

Fair Value Measurements

ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and Disclosures, defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. This topic also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires classification based on observable and unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in an active market for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, either directly or indirectly. These include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity; therefore, the inputs are developed by the Company using estimates and assumptions that the Company expects a market participant would use, including pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques.

The carrying value of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents and accounts payable, approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The Company’s marketable securities are classified within Level 1 because they are valued using quoted market prices in an active market.

The Company’s equity method investment is measured on a non-recurring basis and is classified within Level 2 as it is valued using an observable price transaction for similar assets in a market that is not active (see Note B [6] and Note H hereof).

[13]

Carrying Value, Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

An impairment loss shall be recognized only if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset (asset group) is not recoverable and exceeds its fair value. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset (asset group) is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset (asset group). That assessment shall be based on the carrying amount of the asset (asset group) at the date it is tested for recoverability. An impairment loss shall be measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset (asset group) exceeds its fair value. If an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of a long-lived asset shall be its new cost basis. For a depreciable long-lived asset, the new cost basis shall be depreciated (amortized) over the remaining useful life of that asset. Restoration of a previously recognized impairment loss is prohibited. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no impairment to the Company’s patents and equity investment.

The Company’s equity investment in ILiAD is evaluated on a non-recurring basis for impairment, when and if a triggering event occurs.

[14]

Leases

Under ASC 842, the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Right-of-Use (“ROU”) assets and related lease obligations are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. For this purpose, the Company considers only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. As the Company's lease does not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company's determined incremental borrowing rate is a hypothetical rate based on its understanding of what the Company's credit rating would be. The ROU asset also includes any lease payments made prior to commencement and is recorded net of any lease incentives received and net of the deferred rent balance on the date of implementation. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease and the initial term will be adjusted when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. As permitted under ASC 842, the Company has elected to not recognize ROU assets and related lease obligations for leases with initial terms of twelve months or less.

F-11

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

[15]

Dividend Policy

Cash dividends are recorded when declared by the Company’s Board of Directors. Common stock dividends are charged against accumulated deficit, or additional paid-in capital in the case of a dividend deemed a return of capital, when declared or paid (see Note O hereof).

[16]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The ASU requires additional information about specific expenses in certain notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The guidance will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2024-03 to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

Income Tax Disclosure

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The new requirements will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance will be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating ASU 2023-09 to determine its impact on the Company's disclosures.

Segments

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 updates reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. See Note B[17] below for additional information.

[17]

Segment Reporting

The Company reports its segment information to reflect the manner in which the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) reviews and assesses performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the CODM. The primary financial measures used by the CODM to evaluate performance and allocate resources are net income (loss) and operating income (loss). Such measures are used to evaluate the Company’s ongoing operations and as part of the Company’s internal planning and forecasting processes. Net loss and Operating loss are disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Segment expenses and other segment items are provided to the CODM on the same basis as disclosed in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company has a single reporting segment.

F-12

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note C – Patents

The Company’s intangible assets at December 31, 2024 include patents with estimated remaining economic useful lives ranging from 9 to 15 years. For all periods presented, all the Company’s patents were subject to amortization. The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization related to acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Schedule of patent
	2024			2023
Gross carrying amount	$	8,473,000		$	8,473,000
Accumulated amortization		(7,268,000	)		(7,147,000	)
Patents, net	$	1,205,000		$	1,326,000

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $120,000 and $266,000, respectively. Future amortization of current intangible assets, net is as follows:


For the years ended December 31,
2025	$	120,000
2026		120,000
2027		119,000
2028		116,000
2029		116,000
Thereafter		614,000
Total	$	1,205,000

The expiration dates for the M2M/IoT Portfolio range from September 2033 to May 2034. The expiration dates within the Company’s HFT Patent Portfolio range from October 2039 to February, 2040. All of the patents within the Company’s Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio, Cox Portfolio and the Remote Power Patent have expired.

Note D – Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic Income (Loss) per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted average number of outstanding common shares during the period. Diluted per share data included the dilutive effects of restricted stock units. Potentially dilutive shares of 487,500 and 587,000 at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consist of restricted stock units. However, as the Company generated a net loss in 2024 and 2023, all potentially dilutive shares were not reflected in diluted net loss per share because the impact of such instruments was anti-dilutive. Computations of basic and diluted weighted average common shares outstanding are as follows:

Schedule of earnings per share
	2024		2023

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic		23,250,224		23,791,287

Dilutive effect of restricted stock units		—		—

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted		23,250,224		23,791,287

Restricted stock units excluded from the computation of diluted income per share because the effect of inclusion would have been anti-dilutive		487,500		587,500

F-13

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note E – Income Taxes

Significant components of the income taxes were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.


	2024			2023
Current
State and local	$	—		$	—
Federal					11,000
Total Current Tax Expense	$	—		$	11,000

Deferred
State and local	$	(42,000	)		(39,000	)
Federal		(383,000	)		(360,000	)
Total Deferred Tax Expense		(425,000	)		(399,000	)

Total Income Taxes	$	(425,000	)	$	(388,000	)

Significant components of deferred tax assets (liability) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:


	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets (liability):
Net operating loss carryforward	$	1,215,000		$	804,000
Capital loss carryforward		—			47,000
Stock options and RSUs		26,000			27,000
Tax credit carryforward		148,000			148,000
Other		197,000			182,000
Total deferred tax assets		1,586,000			1,208,000
Valuation allowance		(1,586,000	)		(1,208,000	)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	—		$	—


	2024			2023

Deferred Tax Liability⁽¹⁾	$	(337,000	)		(762,000	)
Total deferred tax liability	$	(337,000	)	$	(762,000	)

_________________________

(1)	Deferred tax liability primarily as a result of a temporary difference related to the Company’s equity method investment.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s estimated aggregate total net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) were $5,158,000 and $3,364,000, respectively, for U.S. federal tax purposes with an indefinite life. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had deferred tax assets of $1,586,000 and $1,201,000, respectively, which were offset by valuation allowances of $1,586,000 and $1,201,000, respectively, as it was determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets would not be realized. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had a deferred tax liability position of $337,000 and $762,000, respectively.

F-14

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note E – Income Taxes (continued)

The reconciliation between the taxes as shown and the amount that would be computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to the net income before income taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024		2023

Income tax - statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
Permanent differences		—		(0.19)%
Change in valuation allowance		(10.99)%		(1.98)%
State		2.27%		2.46%

Total		12.28%		21.29%

On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IR Act”) was signed into federal law. The IR Act provides for, among other things, a new U.S. federal 1% excise tax on certain repurchases of stock by publicly traded U.S. domestic corporations and certain U.S. domestic subsidiaries of publicly traded foreign corporations occurring on or after January 1, 2023. The excise tax is imposed on the repurchasing corporation itself, not its shareholders from which shares are repurchased. The amount of the excise tax is generally 1% of the fair market value of the shares repurchased at the time of the repurchase. However, for purposes of calculating the excise tax, repurchasing corporations are permitted to net the fair market value of certain new stock issuances against the fair market value of stock repurchases during the same taxable year. In addition, certain exceptions apply to the excise tax. The U.S. Department of Treasury has been given authority to provide regulations and other guidance to carry out and prevent the abuse or avoidance of the excise tax. The excise tax applies in cases where the total value of the stock repurchased during the taxable year exceeds $1,000,000. The Company met this threshold in 2024 and incurred an excise tax of $10,000 which has been recorded within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheet (see Note M hereof).

The personal holding company (“PHC”) rules under the Internal Revenue Code impose a 20% tax on a PHC’s undistributed personal holding company income (“UPHCI”), which means, in general, taxable income subject to certain adjustments. For a corporation to be classified as a PHC, it must satisfy two tests: (i) that more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares must be owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer individuals at any time during the second half of the year (after applying constructive ownership rules to attribute stock owned by entities to their beneficial owners and among certain family members and other related parties) (the “Ownership Test”) and (ii) at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income for a taxable year consists of dividends, interest, royalties, annuities and rents (the “Income Test”). During the second half of 2024, based on available information concerning the Company’s shareholder ownership, the Company did not satisfy the Ownership Test. In addition, the Company did not satisfy the Income Test in 2024. Thus, the Company was not a PHC for 2024. However, the Company may subsequently be determined to be a PHC in 2025 or in future years if it satisfies both the Ownership Test and the Income Test. If the Company were to become a PHC in 2025 or any future year, it would be subject to an additional 20% tax on its UPHCI. In such an event, the Company may issue a special cash dividend to its shareholders in an amount equal to the UPHCI rather than incur the additional 20% tax.

Note F – Stockholders’ Equity

The Company adopted a new 2022 Stock Incentive Plan, (the “2022 Plan”), approved by its Board of Directors on July 25, 2022 and its stockholders on September 20, 2022. The 2022 Plan provides for the grant of any or all of the following types of awards: (a) stock options, (b) restricted stock, (c) deferred stock, (d) stock appreciation rights, and (e) other stock-based awards including restricted stock units. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted singly, in combination, or in tandem. Subject to standard anti-dilution adjustments as provided, the 2022 Plan provides for an aggregate of 2,300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to be available for distribution. The Company’s Compensation Committee generally has the authority to administer the 2022 Plan, determine participants who will be granted awards, the size and types of awards, the terms and conditions of awards and the form and content of the award agreements representing awards. Awards under the 2022 Plan may be granted to employees, directors and consultants of the Company and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024, there were 2,110,000 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note F – Stockholders’ equity (continued)

As of December 31, 2024, there were 62,500 shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2022 Plan and 425,000 shares of common stock subject to outstanding awards under the Company 2013 Stock Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”). The Company discontinued issuing awards under its 2013 Plan as a result of the adoption of the 2022 Plan.

Restricted Stock Units

A summary of restricted stock units granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is as follows (each restricted stock unit represents the contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock):

Schedule of stock option activity
	2024						2023
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at beginning of year		587,500		$	1.81			625,000		$	1.87

Grants of restricted stock units		70,000			2.17			120,000			2.27

Vested restricted stock units		(170,000	)		(2.37	)		(157,500	)		(2.43	)

Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at end of year		487,500		$	1.66			587,500		$	1.81

Restricted stock unit compensation expense was $399,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $508,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company has an aggregate of $261,000 of unrecognized restricted stock unit compensation expense as of December 31, 2024 to be expensed over a weighted average period of approximately 1 year.

The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the number of shares granted and the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant for time-based and performance-based awards and fair value at grant date using the Monte Carlo simulation model for market-based awards(see Note B[10] hereof)..

All of the Company’s issued restricted stock units have dividend equivalent rights. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was $121,000 and $99,000, respectively, accrued for dividend equivalent rights which were included in other accrued expenses.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note G – Marketable Securities

Marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were composed of:

Schedule of marketable securities
	December 31, 2024
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Government securities	$	16,470,000	$	63,000	$	(71,000	)	$	16,462,000
Fixed income mutual funds		9,630,000		132,000		(30,000	)		9,732,000
Certificates of deposit		752,000		9,000		—			761,000
Corporate bonds and notes		496,000		4,000		—			500,000
Total marketable securities	$	27,348,000	$	208,000	$	(101,000	)	$	27,455,000


	December 31, 2023
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Certificates of deposit	$	6,112,000		—	$	(35,000	)	$	6,077,000
Government securities		14,701,000		127,000		(10,000	)		14,818,000
Fixed income mutual funds		7,585,000		91,000		—			7,676,000
Total marketable securities	$	28,398,000	$	218,000	$	(45,000	)	$	28,571,000

Note H – Equity Investment

During the period December 2018 through August 2022, the Company made aggregate investments of $7,000,000 in ILiAD, a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company dedicated to the prevention and treatment of human disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. ILiAD is focused on validating its proprietary intranasal vaccine, BPZE1, for the prevention of Pertussis (whooping cough). At December 31, 2024, the Company owned approximately 6.5% of the outstanding units of ILiAD on a non-fully diluted basis and 4.9% of the outstanding units on a fully diluted basis (after giving effect to the exercise of all outstanding options and warrants). In connection with its investment, the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer obtained a seat on ILiAD’s Board of Managers and receives the same compensation for service on the Board of Managers as other non-management Board members.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded an allocated net loss from its equity method investment in ILiAD of $1,912,000 and $2,003,000, respectively.

The Company performed an assessment to determine significance of its equity investee using the investment, asset and income tests. The Company concluded the income test threshold was met for the year ended December 31, 2024. The following table provides certain summarized financial information for the Company’s equity method investee for the periods presented and has been compiled from the equity investee’s financial statement, reported on one quarter lag.

Schedule of equity method investments
	Twelve Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Loss from continuing operations	$	29,263,000	$	24,272,000
Comprehensive loss	$	29,017,000	$	29,532,000

Note I – Commitments and Contingencies

[1]

Legal fees:

The Company engages law firms with respect to its patent litigation on a full contingency basis ranging from 15-40% (with certain exceptions) of the net recovery (after deduction of expenses) depending on the stage of the proceeding in which the result (settlement or judgment) is achieved. The Company is responsible for all or a portion of the expenses incurred with respect to such litigation. With respect to proceedings at the U.S Patent and Trademark Office, the Company engages law firms on a fixed fee basis.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

[2]

Patent Acquisitions:

On March 25, 2022, the Company completed the acquisition of a new patent portfolio (HFT Patent Portfolio) currently consisting of eleven U.S. patents covering certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds. The Company paid the seller $500,000 at the closing and has an obligation to pay the seller an additional $500,000 in cash and $375,000 of the Company’s common stock (up to a maximum of 375,000 shares) upon achieving certain milestones with respect to the HFT Patent Portfolio. The Company also has an additional obligation to pay the seller 15% of the first $50 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) generated by the patent portfolio and 17.5% of net proceeds greater than $50 million. No such payments were made by the Company to the seller during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of its Cox Patent Portfolio, the Company is obligated to pay Dr. Cox 12.5% of the net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) generated by the Company from licensing, sale or enforcement of the patent portfolio. As of the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, no expense was incurred with respect to the Cox Patent Portfolio. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no amounts were accrued with respect to the Cox Patent Portfolio.

As part of the acquisition of the Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio, the Company also entered into an agreement with Recognition Interface, LLC (“Recognition”) pursuant to which Recognition received from the Company an interest in the net proceeds realized from the monetization of the Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio, as follows: (i) 10% of the first $125 million of net proceeds; (ii) 15% of the next $125 million of net proceeds; and (iii) 20% of any portion of the net proceeds in excess of $250 million. Since entering into the agreement with Recognition in May 2013, the Company has paid Recognition an aggregate of $3,127,000 with respect to such net proceeds interest related to the Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio. No such payments were made by the Company to Recognition during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of its M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio, the Company is obligated to pay M2M 14% of the first $100 million of net proceeds (after deduction of expenses) and 5% of net proceeds greater than $100 million from Monetization Activities (as defined in the acquisition agreement) related to the M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio. In addition, M2M will be entitled to receive from the Company $250,000 of additional consideration upon the occurrence of certain future events related to the patent portfolio. No such payments were made by the Company to M2M during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

[3]

Savings and investment plan:

The Company has a Savings and Investment Plan which allows participants to make contributions by salary reduction pursuant to Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. The Company also may make discretionary annual matching and profit sharing contributions in amounts determined by the Board of Directors, subject to statutory limits. The 401(k) Plan expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $76,000 and $73,000, respectively, all of which was accrued as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and is recorded within accrued payroll on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

[4]

Leases:

The Company has one operating lease for its principal office space in New Canaan, Connecticut that expires on April 30, 2025. On September 29, 2023, the Company exercised its early termination right under the lease to terminate the lease as of December 31, 2023 which was extended on December 27, 2023 until March 31, 2024.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note I – Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)

On March 28, 2024, the Company agreed to revoke the exercise of its early termination right and the lease expires on April 30, 2025.

There are no material residual guarantees associated with the Company’s lease and there are no significant restrictions or covenants included in the Company’s lease.

The calculated incremental borrowing rate was approximately 4.2%, which was calculated based on the remaining lease term of 3 years as of May 1, 2022. The remaining lease term as of December 31, 2024 was approximately 4 months.

There was no sublease rental income for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Company is not the lessor in any lease arrangement, and there were no related-party lease agreements.

Right-of-use lease assets and related lease obligations for the Company’s operating leases were recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as follows:


	As of		As of
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	27,000	$	16,000

Operating lease obligations – current	$	24,000	$	23,000
Operating lease obligations – non-current		—		—
Total lease obligations	$	24,000	$	23,000

The table below presents certain information related to the Company’s lease costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Schedule of leases cost
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	64,000	$	68,000

Future lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:


	Operating Leases
2025	$	24,000
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
2029		—
Total future minimum lease payments		24,000
Less imputed interest		—
Total operating lease liability	$	24,000

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note J - Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements

[1] On March 22, 2022, the Company entered into an employment agreement (“Agreement”) with its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to which he continues to serve as the Company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for a four-year term (“Term”), at an annual base salary of $535,000 which shall be increased by 3% per annum during the Term. The Agreement established an annual target bonus of $175,000 for the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer based upon performance. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer received an annual discretionary bonus of $125,000 and $175,000, respectively.

In addition, pursuant to the Agreement, the Company granted the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, under its 2013 Plan, 600,000 restricted stock units (the “RSUs”, each RSU awarded by the Company to its officers, directors and consultants represents a contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock) which terms provided for vesting in four tranches, as follows: (1) 175,000 RSUs which vested 100,000 RSUs on March 22, 2023 and 75,000 RSUs on March 22, 2024, subject to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer’s continued employment by the Company through each such vesting date (the “Employment Condition”) (“Tranche 1”); (2) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term that the Company’s common stock achieves a closing price for twenty (20) consecutive trading days (“Closing Price”) of a minimum of $3.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 2”); (3) 150,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term that the common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.00 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 3”); and (4) 125,000 RSUs shall vest if at any time during the Term, that the common stock achieves a Closing Price of a minimum of $4.50 per share (subject to adjustment for stock splits) and the Employment Condition is satisfied through the date such minimum per share Closing Price is achieved (“Tranche 4”). In the event of a Change of Control (as defined), Termination Other Than for Cause (as defined) or a termination by the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for Good Reason (as defined) in each case prior to the last day of the Term, the vesting of all RSUs (Tranches 1, 2, 3 and 4) shall accelerate (and not be subject to any conditions) and all RSUs shall become immediately fully vested. All RSUs granted by the Company to its officers, directors or consultants have dividend equivalent rights.

Under the terms of the Agreement, so long as the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer continues to serve as an executive officer of the Company, whether pursuant to the Agreement or otherwise, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer shall also receive incentive compensation in an amount equal to 5% of the Company’s gross royalties or other payments from Licensing Activities (as defined) (without deduction of legal fees or any other expenses) with respect to the Remote Power Patent and a 10% net interest (gross royalties and other payments after deduction of all legal fees and litigation expenses related to licensing, enforcement and sale activities, but in no event shall he receive less than 6.25% of the gross recovery) of the Company’s royalties and other payments relating to Licensing Activities with respect to patents other than the Remote Power Patent (including all of the Company’s patent portfolios and its investment in ILiAD) (collectively, the “Incentive Compensation”). During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer earned Incentive Compensation of $5,000 and $130,000, respectively.

The Incentive Compensation shall continue to be paid to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer for the life of each of the Company’s patents with respect to licenses entered into with third parties during the term of his employment or at any time thereafter, whether he is employed by the Company or not; provided, that, the employment of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer has not been terminated by the Company “For Cause” (as defined) or terminated by him without “Good Reason” (as defined). In the event of a merger or sale of substantially all of the Company’s assets, the Company has the option to extinguish the right of the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer to receive future Incentive Compensation by payment to him of a lump sum payment, in an amount equal to the fair market value of such future interest as determined by an independent third party expert if the parties do not reach agreement as to such value. In the event that the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer’s employment is terminated by the Company “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) or by him for “Good Reason” (as defined), the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer shall also be entitled to (i) a lump sum severance payment of 12 months base salary, (ii) a pro-rated portion of the $175,000 target bonus provided bonus criteria have been satisfied on a pro-rated basis through the calendar quarter in which the termination occurs and (iii) accelerated vesting of all unvested stock options, RSUs or other awards.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note J - Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements (continued)

In connection with the Agreement, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer has also agreed not to compete with the Company as follows: (i) during the Term of the Agreement and for a period of 12 months thereafter if his employment is terminated “Other Than For Cause” (as defined) provided he is paid his 12 months base salary severance amount and (ii) for a period of two years from the termination date, if terminated “For Cause” by the Company or “Without Good Reason” by the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

[2] The Company’s Executive Vice President serves on an at-will basis at an annual base salary of $250,000. The Executive Vice President received a discretionary annual bonus of $50,000 and $25,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. On January 2, 2025, the Company’s Executive Vice President was granted 25,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vest on the one year anniversary of the date of grant (January 2, 2026) and 50% of the RSUs vest on the two year anniversary of the date of grant (January 2 ,2027). On January 8, 2024, the Company’s Executive Vice President was granted 15,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vest on the one year anniversary of the date of grant (January 8, 2025) and 50% of such RSUs vest on the two year anniversary of the grant (January 8, 2026), subject to continued employment.

[3] The Company’s Chief Financial Officer serves on a consulting basis at an annual base salary of $175,000. The Chief Financial Officer received a discretionary annual bonus of $25,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. On September 8, 2023, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer was granted 50,000 RSUs under the 2022 Plan, 50% of such RSUs vested on the one year anniversary date of the grant (September 8, 2024) and 50% of such RSUs vest on the two year anniversary of the date of the grant (September 8, 2025), subject to continued services.

Note K – Legal Proceedings

[1] On December 24, 2024, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, HFT Solutions, LLC, initiated patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio. The HFT Patent Portfolio relates to, among other things, certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds.

[2] On April 4, 2014 and December 3, 2014, the Company initiated litigation against Google Inc. (“Google”) and YouTube, LLC (“YouTube”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for infringement of several of its patents within its Cox Patent Portfolio acquired from Dr. Cox which relate to the identification of media content on the Internet. The lawsuit alleges that Google and YouTube have infringed and continue to infringe certain of the Company’s patents by making, using, selling and offering to sell unlicensed systems and related products and services, which include YouTube’s Content ID system. The litigations against Google and YouTube were subject to court ordered stays which were in effect from July 2, 2015 until January 2, 2019 as a result of proceedings at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) and the appeals of PTAB Final Written Decisions to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Pursuant to a Joint Stipulation and Order Regarding Lifting of Stays, entered on January 2, 2019, the parties agreed, among other things, that the stays with respect to the litigations were lifted. In January 2019, the two litigations against Google and YouTube were consolidated. The consolidated actions proceeded and discovery was completed. On April 24, 2024, following a motion for summary judgment by defendants, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a judgment dismissing the Company’s patent infringement claims finding that the asserted claims of two of the patents are invalid for indefiniteness and granting summary judgment that that the asserted claims of another patent are not infringed by Google’s accused system. The Court’s ruling disposes of all of the Company’s claims in the case. On May 14, 2024, the Company filed a notice of appeal to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the appeal is pending.

[3] On May 9, 2017, Mirror Worlds Technologies, LLC, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, initiated litigation against Facebook, Inc. (“now Meta Platforms, Inc. (“Meta”)) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227, U.S. Patent No. 7,865,538 and U.S. Patent No. 8,255,439 (among the patents within the Company’s Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio). The lawsuit alleged that the asserted patents are infringed by Meta’s core technologies that enable Meta’s Newsfeed and Timeline features. On August 11, 2018, the Court issued an order granting Meta’s motion for summary judgment of non-infringement and dismissed the case. On August 17, 2018, the Company filed a Notice of Appeal to appeal the summary judgment decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On January 23, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note K – Legal Proceedings (continued)

the Federal Circuit ruled in the Company’s favor and reversed the summary judgment finding on non-infringement of the District Court and remanded the litigation to the Southern District of New York for further proceedings.

On March 7, 2022, the District Court entered a ruling granting in part and denying in part a motion for summary judgment by Meta. In its ruling the Court (i) denied Meta’s motion that the asserted patents were invalid by concluding that all asserted claims were patent eligible under §101 of the Patent Act and (ii) granted summary judgment of non-infringement in favor of Meta and dismissed the case. On April 4, 2022, the Company filed an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. On December 4, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the judgment of the District Court granting Meta’s motion for summary judgment of non-infringement dismissing the Company’s claims against Meta.

[4] In October and November 2022, the Company initiated nine separate litigations against ten defendants for infringement of its Remote Power Patent seeking monetary damages based upon reasonable royalties, as follows: (i) On October 6, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Arista Networks, Inc., Fortinet, Inc., Honeywell International Inc. and Ubiquiti Inc. in the United States District Court, District of Delaware; (ii) On October 27, 2022, and November 3, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against TP-Link USA Corporation and Hikvision USA, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California; (iii) On November 4, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Panasonic Holdings Corporation and Panasonic Corporation of North America in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (Marshall Division); and (iv) On November 8, 2022 and November 16, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Antaira Technologies, LLC and Dahua Technology USA in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into settlement agreements with eight of the ten defendants resulting in aggregate settlements paid and recognized as revenue of $2,601,000 and a conditional payment of $150,000. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with an additional defendant resulting in payment to the Company of $100,000. On January 14, 2025, the U. S. District Court for the District of Delaware granted Ubiquiti’s partial motion for summary judgment on indirect infringement. On February 13, 2025, the Court granted the parties joint motion to dismiss the litigation.

Note L - Concentrations

Revenue from the Company’s Remote Power Patent constituted 100% of the Company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. In 2024, one party constituted 100% of the Company’s revenue and in 2023 four parties constituted 90% of the Company’s revenue.

Note M – Stock Repurchase Program

On June 14, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an extension and increase of the Share Repurchase Program to repurchase up to $5,000,000 of the Company’s common stock over the subsequent 24-month period. The common stock may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions or privately negotiated transactions in the Company’s discretion. The timing and amount of the shares repurchased are determined by management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. The repurchase program may be increased, suspended or discontinued at any time.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased an aggregate of 733,436 shares of its common stock pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program at a cost of approximately $1,270,438 (exclusive of commissions) or an average price per share of $1.73.

Since inception of the Share Repurchase Program (August 2011) through December 31, 2024, the Company has repurchased an aggregate of 10,374,232 shares of its common stock at a cost of approximately $19,983,354 (exclusive of commissions) or an average per share price of $1.93.

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NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

Note M – Stock Repurchase Program (continued)

On December 23, 2024, the Company entered into a written trading plan (the “10b5-1 Plan”) under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Adopting a trading plan that satisfies the conditions of Rule 10b5-1 allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it might otherwise be prevented from doing so due to self-imposed trading black-outs or pursuant to insider trading laws. Purchases under the 10b5-1 Plan may be made during the following periods: (1) beginning on January 2, 2025 until two trading days after the Company issues a press release announcing its financial results for the year ended December 31, 2024, and (2) beginning on April 1, 2025 until two trading days after the Company issues a press release announcing its financial results for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Under the 10b5-1 Plan, the Company’s third party broker may purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain price, market, volume and timing constraints, in accordance with the terms of the plan and subject to Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act.

Note N – Dividend Policy

The Company’s dividend policy consists of a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per common share ($0.10 per common share annually) which have been paid in March and September of each year. On February 23, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of March 29, 2024 to all common shareholders of record as of March 15, 2024. On August 27, 2024, the Board of Directors declared a semi-annual dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of September 26, 2024 to all common shareholders of record as of September 12, 2024. The Company’s dividend policy undergoes a periodic review by the Board of Directors and is subject to change at any time depending upon the Company’s earnings, financial requirements and other factors.

Note O – Subsequent Events

[1] On February 19, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors declared a semi-annual cash dividend of $0.05 per share with a payment date of March 28, 2025 to all common shareholders of record as of March 14, 2025.

[2] On February 19, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the grant of 15,000 RSUs to each of the Company’s two non-management directors. The RSUs vest over a one year period in equal quarterly installments of 3,750 shares of common stock on each of March 15, 2025, June 15, 2025, September 15, 2025 and December 15, 2025.

[3] On February 21, 2025, the Company received a payment of $150,000 from a defendant in the Company’s Remote Power Patent litigation as certain conditions in the settlement agreement were satisfied on February 13, 2025 (see Note K [4] herein). The Company will record the $150,000 conditional settlement payment as revenue in the first quarter of 2025.

F-23

PART IV

ITEM 15.

EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)(1)     Financial Statements:

The following are included under Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”:

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023

Consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders' equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Notes to consolidated financial statements

(a)(2)     Financial Statements Schedules:

Financial statement schedules are omitted because the information is not applicable.

(a)(3)     Exhibits:

-47-

3(i)(a)

Certificate of Incorporation, as amended. Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (Registration No. 333-59617), declared effective by the SEC on November 12, 1998 (the “1998 Registration Statement”), and incorporated herein by reference.

3(i)(b)

Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation dated November 27, 2001. Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-81344) declared effective by the SEC on February 12, 2002, and incorporated herein by reference (the “February 2002 Form S-3”)

3(i)(c)

Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation dated October 9, 2013. Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 10, 2013, and incorporated herein by reference.

3(ii)

Second Amended and Restated By-laws. Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016 filed on November 14, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.

4.1

Description of Common Stock. Previously filed under the header “Common Stock” under the section captioned “Description of Securities” in the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1A (File No. 333-190719) filed on September 30, 2014 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.2⁺

Employment Agreement, dated July 14, 2016, between the Company and Corey M. Horowitz, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 19, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.3⁺

Employment Agreement, dated March 22, 2022, between the Company and Corey M. Horowitz, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 28, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.4⁺

2013 Stock Incentive Plan. Previously filed as Appendix B to the Company’s Schedule 14A (Proxy Statement) filed on August 20, 2013 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.5⁺

2022 Stock Incentive Plan Previously filed as Exhibit A to the Company's Schedule 14A (Proxy Statement) filed on July 27, 2022 and incorporated herein by reference.

10.6

Form of Indemnification Agreement for directors and officers. Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

-48-

Code of Ethics. Previously filed as Exhibit 14 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 2004 filed on April 14, 2004 and incorporated herein by reference.

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures. Previously filed as Exhibit 19 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on March 8, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

21.1*

List of Subsidiaries of Registrant.

23.1*

Consent of Grassi & Co., CPAs, P.C., independent registered public accounting firm.

23.2*

Consent of Marcum LLP, independent registered accounting firm

31.1*

Section 302 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

31.2*

Section 302 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

32.1*

Section 906 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.

32.2*

Section 906 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.

97.

Compensation Recovery Policy. Previously filed as Exhibit 97 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed on March 8, 2024 and incorporated herein by reference.

101* Interactive data files: *

101.INS    XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH XBRL Scheme Document.

101.CAL XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB XBRL Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document

_____________________

* Filed herewith

⁺ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

ITEM 16.

10-K Summary

None.

-49-

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

By /s/ Corey M. Horowitz

Corey M. Horowitz

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

February 28, 2025

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

NAME	TITLE	DATE

/s/ Corey M. Horowitz Corey M. Horowitz	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of Directors (principal executive officer)	February 28, 2025
/s/ Robert Mahan Robert Mahan	Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)	February 28, 2025
/s/ Jonathan Greene Jonathan Greene	Executive Vice President, Secretary and a Director	February 28, 2025
/s/ Niv Harizman Niv Harizman	Director	February 28, 2025
/s/ Allison Hoffman Allison Hoffman	Director	February 28, 2025

-50-

EXHIBIT 21.1

List of Subsidiaries of Network-1 Technologies, Inc.

Name		Jurisdiction

Mirror Worlds Technologies, LLC		Delaware

HFT Solutions, LLC		Delaware

EXHIBIT 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. on Form S-8 File No’s 333-192811 and 333-269142 of our report dated February 28, 2025, with respect to our audit of the consolidated financial statements of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, which appear in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

/s/ GRASSI & CO., CPAs, P.C.

Jericho, New York

February 28, 2025

EXHIBIT 23.2

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Consent

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of Network-1 Technologies, Inc, on Form S-8 File No’s. 333-192811 and 333-269142 of our report dated March 8, 2024, with respect to our audit of the consolidated financial statements of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. as of December 31, 2023 and for the year ended December 31, 2023, which report is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2024.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum llp

Morristown, NJ

February 28, 2025

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. §1350)

I, Corey M. Horowitz, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the "Registrant"), certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 of the Registrant;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the Registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the Registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The Registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the Registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date: February 28, 2025		/s/ Corey M. Horowitz
		Corey M. Horowitz Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. §1350)

I, Robert M. Mahan, Chief Financial Officer of Network-1 Technologies, Inc. (the "Registrant"), certify that:

1. I have reviewed this report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 of the Registrant;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Registrant's internal control over financial reporting.


Date: February 28, 2025		/s/ Robert M. Mahan
		Robert M. Mahan Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350,

as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, Corey M. Horowitz, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Network-1 Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), does hereby certify that:

The Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 of the Company (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Corey M. Horowitz

Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

February 28, 2025

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. §1350,

as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the undersigned, Robert M. Mahan, Chief Financial Officer of Network-1 Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the "Company"), does hereby certify that:

/s/ Robert M. Mahan

Chief Financial Officer

February 28, 2025

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Feb. 24, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity File Number	1-15288
Entity Registrant Name	NETWORK-1 TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0001065078
Entity Tax Identification Number	11-3027591
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	65 Locust Avenue
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Third Floor
Entity Address, City or Town	New Canaan
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06840
City Area Code	203
Local Phone Number	920-1055
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	NTIP
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float				$ 28,027,116
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding			22,981,271
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Auditor Firm ID	606	688
Auditor Location	GRASSI & CO., CPAs, P.C.	Marcum LLP
Auditor Location	Jericho, NY	New York, New York

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 13,145,000	$ 16,896,000
Marketable securities, at fair value	27,455,000	28,571,000
Other current assets	232,000	206,000
Total Current Assets	40,832,000	45,673,000
OTHER ASSETS:
Patents, net of accumulated amortization	1,205,000	1,326,000
Equity investment	3,337,000	5,249,000
Operating leases right of use asset	27,000	16,000
Security deposits	13,000	13,000
Total Other Assets	4,582,000	6,604,000
TOTAL ASSETS	45,414,000	52,277,000
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Accounts payable	203,000	125,000
Accrued payroll	292,000	378,000
Other accrued expenses	247,000	297,000
Operating lease obligations	24,000	23,000
Total Current Liabilities	766,000	823,000
LONG TERM LIABILITIES:
Deferred tax liability	337,000	762,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES	1,103,000	1,585,000
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note I)
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 10,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023
Common stock, $0.01 par value; authorized 50,000,000 shares; 22,961,619 and 23,553,908 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	229,000	235,000
Additional paid-in capital	65,455,000	67,446,000
Accumulated deficit	(21,373,000)	(16,989,000)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	44,311,000	50,692,000
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$ 45,414,000	$ 52,277,000

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Common stock, shares issued	22,961,619	23,553,908
Common stock, shares outstanding	22,961,619	23,553,908

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
REVENUE	$ 100,000	$ 2,601,000
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Costs of revenue	28,000	874,000
Professional fees and related costs	959,000	807,000
General and administrative	2,614,000	2,889,000
Amortization of patents	120,000	266,000
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES	3,721,000	4,836,000
OPERATING LOSS	(3,621,000)	(2,235,000)
OTHER INCOME
Interest and dividend income, net	1,897,000	1,868,000
Net realized and unrealized gain on marketable securities	177,000	525,000
Total other income, net	2,074,000	2,393,000
(LOSS) INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES AND SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE	(1,547,000)	158,000
INCOME TAXES PROVISION:
Current		11,000
Deferred taxes, net	(425,000)	(399,000)
Total income taxes benefit	(425,000)	(388,000)
(LOSS) INCOME BEFORE SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE:	(1,122,000)	546,000
SHARE OF NET LOSSES OF EQUITY METHOD INVESTEE	(1,912,000)	(2,003,000)
NET LOSS	$ (3,034,000)	$ (1,457,000)
Net Loss Per Share:
Basic	$ (0.13)	$ (0.06)
Diluted	$ (0.13)	$ (0.06)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	23,250,224	23,791,287
Diluted	23,250,224	23,791,287
Cash dividends declared per share	$ 0.10	$ 0.10
NET LOSS	$ (3,034,000)	$ (1,457,000)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Net unrealized holding gain on corporate bonds and notes arising during the year, net of tax		14,000
COMPREHENSIVE LOSS	$ (3,034,000)	$ (1,443,000)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($)	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Total
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 239,000	$ 66,939,000	$ (12,055,000)	$ (14,000)	$ 55,109,000
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022	23,863,639
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared			(2,433,000)		(2,433,000)
Stock-based compensation		508,000			508,000
Vesting of restricted stock units	$ 1,000	(1,000)
Vesting of restricted stock units, shares	157,500
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes			(83,000)		(83,000)
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes, shares	(39,099)
Treasury stock purchased and retired	$ (5,000)		(961,000)		(966,000)
Treasury stock purchased and retired, shares	(428,132)
Realized gain on corporate bonds				14,000	14,000
Net loss			(1,457,000)		(1,457,000)
Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 235,000	67,446,000	(16,989,000)		50,692,000
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2023	23,553,908
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared		(2,388,000)			(2,388,000)
Stock-based compensation		399,000			399,000
Vesting of restricted stock units	$ 2,000	(2,000)
Vesting of restricted stock units, shares	170,000
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes			(61,000)		(61,000)
Value of shares delivered to pay withholding taxes, shares	(28,853)
Treasury stock purchased and retired	$ (8,000)		(1,289.00)		(1,297,000)
Treasury stock purchased and retired, shares	(733,436)
Net loss			(3,034,000)		(3,034,000)
Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 229,000	$ 65,455,000	$ (21,373,000)		$ 44,311,000
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2024	22,961,619

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net loss	$ (3,034,000)	$ (1,457,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Amortization of patents	120,000	266,000
Stock-based compensation	399,000	508,000
Loss allocated from equity investment	1,912,000	2,003,000
Deferred tax benefit	(425,000)	(399,000)
Amortization of right of use asset, net	64,000	65,000
Unrealized loss (gain) on marketable securities	67,000	(103,000)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Other current assets	(26,000)	142,000
Prepaid taxes		177,000
Accounts payable	79,000	(382,000)
Income taxes payable		(115,000)
Security deposit		(13,000)
Operating lease obligations	(74,000)	(70,000)
Accrued expenses	(158,000)	(291,000)
NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES	(1,076,000)	331,000
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Sales of marketable securities	15,250,000	53,521,000
Purchases of marketable securities	(14,201,000)	(46,984,000)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES	1,049,000	6,537,000
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Cash dividends paid	(2,366,000)	(2,371,000)
Value of shares delivered to fund withholding taxes	(63,000)	(83,000)
Repurchases of common stock, inclusive of commissions and excise tax	(1,295,000)	(966,000)
NET CASH USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES	(3,724,000)	(3,420,000)
NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	(3,751,000)	3,448,000
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of year	16,896,000	13,448,000
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of year	13,145,000	16,896,000
Cash paid during the years for:
Interest
Income taxes		65,000
NON-CASH FINANCING ACTIVITY
Accrued dividend rights on restricted stock units	59,000	65,000
Right-of-use asset for lease liability	$ 75,000	$ 80,000

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure [Table]
Net Income (Loss)	$ (3,034,000)	$ (1,457,000)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Arrangements [Line Items]
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	12 Months Ended
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]	Based on our small size (two employees and two consultants), we rely extensively on information technology systems managed by third party major service providers to securely process, store and transmit our data to conduct business. Our employees and consultants utilize end point security tools, such as firewalls and anti-virus protection, to protect our data. We have recently implemented overall risk procedures which incorporate certain uniform processes. To date, we have not engaged any consultants, auditors or other third parties in connection with our risk management system or processes.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]	false
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Text Block]	To date, we have not been materially impacted by risks from cybersecurity threats or incidents and we are not aware of cybersecurity threats or incidents that are reasonably likely to materially affect our business. However, there could be cybersecurity threats or incidents in the future that may adversely affect our business.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Expertise of Management Responsible [Text Block]	Our Executive Vice President oversees risks of cybersecurity threats and reports quarterly, and as necessary, to the Board of Directors, including promptly reporting any cybersecurity incidents that may pose a significant risk to us. Our Executive Vice President has over ten years of experience with developers of access management, network security and data protection solutions.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]	true

Business

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Business

Note A – Business

The Company has made equity investments totaling $7,000,000 in ILiAD Biotechnologies, LLC (“ILiAD”), a clinical stage biotechnology company (see Note H hereof).

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Note B – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

[1]

Principles of Consolidation

[2]

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

[3]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

[4]

Marketable Securities

[5]

Revenue Recognition

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

•

identification of the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

identification of the performance obligations in the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

determination of the consideration for the license or settlement;

•

allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•

recognition of revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Revenue disaggregated by source is as follows:

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue
		Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Litigation Settlements	$	100,000	$	2,601,000
Total Revenue	$	100,000	$	2,601,000

See Note K [4] hereof for further discussion of revenue recognized.

[6]

Equity Method Investments

[7]

Patents

[8]

Costs of Revenue and Related Costs

[9]

Income Taxes

[10]

Stock-Based Compensation

[11]

Earnings Per Share

[12]

Fair Value Measurements

There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in an active market for identical assets or liabilities.

The Company’s marketable securities are classified within Level 1 because they are valued using quoted market prices in an active market.

[13]

Carrying Value, Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company’s equity investment in ILiAD is evaluated on a non-recurring basis for impairment, when and if a triggering event occurs.

[14]

Leases

[15]

Dividend Policy

[16]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

Income Tax Disclosure

Segments

[17]

Segment Reporting

Patents

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Patents

Patents

Note C – Patents

Schedule of patent
	2024			2023
Gross carrying amount	$	8,473,000		$	8,473,000
Accumulated amortization		(7,268,000	)		(7,147,000	)
Patents, net	$	1,205,000		$	1,326,000

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $120,000 and $266,000, respectively. Future amortization of current intangible assets, net is as follows:


For the years ended December 31,
2025	$	120,000
2026		120,000
2027		119,000
2028		116,000
2029		116,000
Thereafter		614,000
Total	$	1,205,000

Income (Loss) Per Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Net Loss Per Share:

Income (Loss) Per Share

Note D – Income (Loss) Per Share

Schedule of earnings per share
	2024		2023

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic		23,250,224		23,791,287

Dilutive effect of restricted stock units		—		—

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted		23,250,224		23,791,287

Restricted stock units excluded from the computation of diluted income per share because the effect of inclusion would have been anti-dilutive		487,500		587,500

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Note E – Income Taxes

Significant components of the income taxes were as follows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.


	2024			2023
Current
State and local	$	—		$	—
Federal					11,000
Total Current Tax Expense	$	—		$	11,000

Deferred
State and local	$	(42,000	)		(39,000	)
Federal		(383,000	)		(360,000	)
Total Deferred Tax Expense		(425,000	)		(399,000	)

Total Income Taxes	$	(425,000	)	$	(388,000	)

Significant components of deferred tax assets (liability) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following:


	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets (liability):
Net operating loss carryforward	$	1,215,000		$	804,000
Capital loss carryforward		—			47,000
Stock options and RSUs		26,000			27,000
Tax credit carryforward		148,000			148,000
Other		197,000			182,000
Total deferred tax assets		1,586,000			1,208,000
Valuation allowance		(1,586,000	)		(1,208,000	)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	—		$	—


	2024			2023

Deferred Tax Liability⁽¹⁾	$	(337,000	)		(762,000	)
Total deferred tax liability	$	(337,000	)	$	(762,000	)

_________________________

(1)	Deferred tax liability primarily as a result of a temporary difference related to the Company’s equity method investment.

The reconciliation between the taxes as shown and the amount that would be computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to the net income before income taxes is as follows:


	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024		2023

Income tax - statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
Permanent differences		—		(0.19)%
Change in valuation allowance		(10.99)%		(1.98)%
State		2.27%		2.46%

Total		12.28%		21.29%

The personal holding company (“PHC”) rules under the Internal Revenue Code impose a 20% tax on a PHC’s undistributed personal holding company income (“UPHCI”), which means, in general, taxable income subject to certain adjustments. For a corporation to be classified as a PHC, it must satisfy two tests: (i) that more than 50% in value of its outstanding shares must be owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer individuals at any time during the second half of the year (after applying constructive ownership rules to attribute stock owned by entities to their beneficial owners and among certain family members and other related parties) (the “Ownership Test”) and (ii) at least 60% of its adjusted ordinary gross income for a taxable year consists of dividends, interest, royalties, annuities and rents (the “Income Test”). During the second half of 2024, based on available information concerning the Company’s shareholder ownership, the Company did not satisfy the Ownership Test. In addition, the Company did not satisfy the Income Test in 2024. Thus, the Company was not a PHC for 2024. However, the Company may subsequently be determined to be a PHC in 2025 or in future years if it satisfies both the Ownership Test and the Income Test. If the Company were to become a PHC in 2025 or any future year, it would be subject to an additional 20% tax on its UPHCI. In such an event, the Company may issue a special cash dividend to its shareholders in an amount equal to the UPHCI rather than incur the additional 20% tax.

Stockholders’ Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders’ Equity

Note F – Stockholders’ Equity

Restricted Stock Units

Schedule of stock option activity
	2024						2023
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at beginning of year		587,500		$	1.81			625,000		$	1.87

Grants of restricted stock units		70,000			2.17			120,000			2.27

Vested restricted stock units		(170,000	)		(2.37	)		(157,500	)		(2.43	)

Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at end of year		487,500		$	1.66			587,500		$	1.81

Restricted stock unit compensation expense was $399,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $508,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company has an aggregate of $261,000 of unrecognized restricted stock unit compensation expense as of December 31, 2024 to be expensed over a weighted average period of approximately 1 year.

Marketable Securities

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Marketable Securities

Marketable Securities

Note G – Marketable Securities

Marketable securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were composed of:

Schedule of marketable securities
	December 31, 2024
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Government securities	$	16,470,000	$	63,000	$	(71,000	)	$	16,462,000
Fixed income mutual funds		9,630,000		132,000		(30,000	)		9,732,000
Certificates of deposit		752,000		9,000		—			761,000
Corporate bonds and notes		496,000		4,000		—			500,000
Total marketable securities	$	27,348,000	$	208,000	$	(101,000	)	$	27,455,000


	December 31, 2023
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Certificates of deposit	$	6,112,000		—	$	(35,000	)	$	6,077,000
Government securities		14,701,000		127,000		(10,000	)		14,818,000
Fixed income mutual funds		7,585,000		91,000		—			7,676,000
Total marketable securities	$	28,398,000	$	218,000	$	(45,000	)	$	28,571,000

Equity Investment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Equity Investment

Note H – Equity Investment

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded an allocated net loss from its equity method investment in ILiAD of $1,912,000 and $2,003,000, respectively.

Schedule of equity method investments
	Twelve Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Loss from continuing operations	$	29,263,000	$	24,272,000
Comprehensive loss	$	29,017,000	$	29,532,000

Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Note I – Commitments and Contingencies

[1]

Legal fees:

[2]

Patent Acquisitions:

[3]

Savings and investment plan:

[4]

Leases:

On March 28, 2024, the Company agreed to revoke the exercise of its early termination right and the lease expires on April 30, 2025.

There are no material residual guarantees associated with the Company’s lease and there are no significant restrictions or covenants included in the Company’s lease.

There was no sublease rental income for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the Company is not the lessor in any lease arrangement, and there were no related-party lease agreements.

Right-of-use lease assets and related lease obligations for the Company’s operating leases were recorded in the consolidated balance sheet as follows:


	As of		As of
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	27,000	$	16,000

Operating lease obligations – current	$	24,000	$	23,000
Operating lease obligations – non-current		—		—
Total lease obligations	$	24,000	$	23,000

The table below presents certain information related to the Company’s lease costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Schedule of leases cost
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	64,000	$	68,000

Future lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, were as follows:


	Operating Leases
2025	$	24,000
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
2029		—
Total future minimum lease payments		24,000
Less imputed interest		—
Total operating lease liability	$	24,000

Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Employment Arrangements And Other Agreements

Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements

Note J - Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements

Legal Proceedings

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Legal Proceedings

Note K – Legal Proceedings

Concentrations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Risks and Uncertainties [Abstract]

Concentrations

Note L - Concentrations

Stock Repurchase Program

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]

Stock Repurchase Program

Note M – Stock Repurchase Program

Dividend Policy

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Dividend Policy

Note N – Dividend Policy

Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Note O – Subsequent Events

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Principles of Consolidation

[1]

Principles of Consolidation

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

[2]

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

Cash and Cash Equivalents

[3]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Marketable Securities

[4]

Marketable Securities

Revenue Recognition

[5]

Revenue Recognition

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

•

identification of the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

identification of the performance obligations in the license agreement or litigation settlement agreement;

•

determination of the consideration for the license or settlement;

•

allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

•

recognition of revenue when the Company satisfies its performance obligations.

Revenue disaggregated by source is as follows:

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue
		Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Litigation Settlements	$	100,000	$	2,601,000
Total Revenue	$	100,000	$	2,601,000

See Note K [4] hereof for further discussion of revenue recognized.

Equity Method Investments

[6]

Equity Method Investments

Patents

[7]

Patents

Costs of Revenue and Related Costs

[8]

Costs of Revenue and Related Costs

Income Taxes

[9]

Income Taxes

Stock-Based Compensation

[10]

Stock-Based Compensation

Earnings Per Share

[11]

Earnings Per Share

Fair Value Measurements

[12]

Fair Value Measurements

There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in an active market for identical assets or liabilities.

The Company’s marketable securities are classified within Level 1 because they are valued using quoted market prices in an active market.

Carrying Value, Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

[13]

Carrying Value, Recoverability and Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company’s equity investment in ILiAD is evaluated on a non-recurring basis for impairment, when and if a triggering event occurs.

Leases

[14]

Leases

Dividend Policy

[15]

Dividend Policy

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

[16]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses

Income Tax Disclosure

Segments

Segment Reporting

[17]

Segment Reporting

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue

Schedule of disaggregation of revenue
		Years Ended December 31,
		2024		2023
Litigation Settlements	$	100,000	$	2,601,000
Total Revenue	$	100,000	$	2,601,000

Patents (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Patents

Schedule of patent

Schedule of patent
	2024			2023
Gross carrying amount	$	8,473,000		$	8,473,000
Accumulated amortization		(7,268,000	)		(7,147,000	)
Patents, net	$	1,205,000		$	1,326,000

Schedule of future amortization of current intangible


For the years ended December 31,
2025	$	120,000
2026		120,000
2027		119,000
2028		116,000
2029		116,000
Thereafter		614,000
Total	$	1,205,000

Income (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Net Loss Per Share:

Schedule of earnings per share

Schedule of earnings per share
	2024		2023

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic		23,250,224		23,791,287

Dilutive effect of restricted stock units		—		—

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted		23,250,224		23,791,287

Restricted stock units excluded from the computation of diluted income per share because the effect of inclusion would have been anti-dilutive		487,500		587,500

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of components of the income taxes


	2024			2023
Current
State and local	$	—		$	—
Federal					11,000
Total Current Tax Expense	$	—		$	11,000

Deferred
State and local	$	(42,000	)		(39,000	)
Federal		(383,000	)		(360,000	)
Total Deferred Tax Expense		(425,000	)		(399,000	)

Total Income Taxes	$	(425,000	)	$	(388,000	)

Schedule of components of deferred tax assets and liability


	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets (liability):
Net operating loss carryforward	$	1,215,000		$	804,000
Capital loss carryforward		—			47,000
Stock options and RSUs		26,000			27,000
Tax credit carryforward		148,000			148,000
Other		197,000			182,000
Total deferred tax assets		1,586,000			1,208,000
Valuation allowance		(1,586,000	)		(1,208,000	)
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance	$	—		$	—


	2024			2023

Deferred Tax Liability⁽¹⁾	$	(337,000	)		(762,000	)
Total deferred tax liability	$	(337,000	)	$	(762,000	)

_________________________

(1)	Deferred tax liability primarily as a result of a temporary difference related to the Company’s equity method investment.

Schedule of reconciliation of income tax


	Years Ended
	December 31,
	2024		2023

Income tax - statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
Permanent differences		—		(0.19)%
Change in valuation allowance		(10.99)%		(1.98)%
State		2.27%		2.46%

Total		12.28%		21.29%

Stockholders’ Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of stock option activity

Schedule of stock option activity
	2024						2023
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value			Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at beginning of year		587,500		$	1.81			625,000		$	1.87

Grants of restricted stock units		70,000			2.17			120,000			2.27

Vested restricted stock units		(170,000	)		(2.37	)		(157,500	)		(2.43	)

Balance of restricted stock units outstanding at end of year		487,500		$	1.66			587,500		$	1.81

Marketable Securities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Marketable Securities

Schedule of marketable securities

Schedule of marketable securities
	December 31, 2024
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Government securities	$	16,470,000	$	63,000	$	(71,000	)	$	16,462,000
Fixed income mutual funds		9,630,000		132,000		(30,000	)		9,732,000
Certificates of deposit		752,000		9,000		—			761,000
Corporate bonds and notes		496,000		4,000		—			500,000
Total marketable securities	$	27,348,000	$	208,000	$	(101,000	)	$	27,455,000


	December 31, 2023
	Cost Basis		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Certificates of deposit	$	6,112,000		—	$	(35,000	)	$	6,077,000
Government securities		14,701,000		127,000		(10,000	)		14,818,000
Fixed income mutual funds		7,585,000		91,000		—			7,676,000
Total marketable securities	$	28,398,000	$	218,000	$	(45,000	)	$	28,571,000

Equity Investment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Schedule of equity method investments

Schedule of equity method investments
	Twelve Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Loss from continuing operations	$	29,263,000	$	24,272,000
Comprehensive loss	$	29,017,000	$	29,532,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of operating leases obligations


	As of		As of
	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$	27,000	$	16,000

Operating lease obligations – current	$	24,000	$	23,000
Operating lease obligations – non-current		—		—
Total lease obligations	$	24,000	$	23,000

Schedule of leases cost

Schedule of leases cost
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023

Operating lease cost	$	64,000	$	68,000

Schedule of future minimum leases payments


	Operating Leases
2025	$	24,000
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
2029		—
Total future minimum lease payments		24,000
Less imputed interest		—
Total operating lease liability	$	24,000

Business (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Business (Details Narrative)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) Integer	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Patents owned by the company	106
Expired patents	54
Foreign patents owned by the company	16
ILiAD Biotechnologies LLC [Member]
Aggregate investment amount \| $	$ 7,000,000	$ 7,000,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Product Information [Line Items]
Total Revenue	$ 100,000	$ 2,601,000
Litigation Settlements [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Total Revenue	$ 100,000	$ 2,601,000

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
FDIC insured limit	$ 250,000	$ 250,000
Cash in excess of FDIC insured limit	10,000	2,403,000
Cash equivalents not insured	12,947,000	15,327,000
Certificates of deposit	761,000	6,077,000
Uncertain tax positions	0	0
Company impairment patents and equity investment	$ 0	$ 0

Patents (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Patents
Gross carrying amount	$ 8,473,000	$ 8,473,000
Accumulated amortization	(7,268,000)	(7,147,000)
Patents, net	$ 1,205,000	$ 1,326,000

Patents (Details 1)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Patents
2025	$ 120,000
2026	120,000
2027	119,000
2028	116,000
2029	116,000
Thereafter	614,000
Total	$ 1,205,000

Patents (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Patents (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Amortization expense	$ 120,000	$ 266,000
Minimum [Member]
Estimated remaining economic useful of patents	9 years
Expiration dates of the patents within the Company's M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio	September 2033
Expiration dates within companys HFT patent portfolio	October 2039
Maximum [Member]
Estimated remaining economic useful of patents	15 years
Expiration dates of the patents within the Company's M2M/IoT Patent Portfolio	May 2034
Expiration dates within companys HFT patent portfolio	February, 2040

Income (Loss) Per Share (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
Income (Loss) Per Share (Details) - shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Net Loss Per Share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	23,250,224	23,791,287
Dilutive effect of restricted stock units
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – diluted	23,250,224	23,791,287
Restricted stock units excluded from the computation of diluted income per share because the effect of inclusion would have been anti-dilutive	487,500	587,500

Income (Loss) Per Share (Details Narrative) - shares	12 Months Ended
Income (Loss) Per Share (Details Narrative) - shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Net Loss Per Share:
Potentially dilutive shares	487,500	587,000

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current
State and local
Federal		11,000
Total Current Tax Expense		11,000
Deferred
State and local	(42,000)	(39,000)
Federal	(383,000)	(360,000)
Total Deferred Tax Expense	(425,000)	(399,000)
Total Income Taxes	$ (425,000)	$ (388,000)

Income Taxes (Details 1) - USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Net operating loss carry forwards

$ 1,215,000

$ 804,000

Capital loss carryforward

47,000

Stock options and RSU

26,000

27,000

Tax Credit Carryforward

148,000

Other

197,000

182,000

Total deferred tax assets

1,586,000

1,208,000

Valuation allowance

(1,586,000)

(1,208,000)

Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

Deferred Tax Liability

^[1]

(337,000)

(762,000)

Total deferred tax assets (liability)

$ (337,000)

$ (762,000)

[1]	Deferred tax liability primarily as a result of a temporary difference related to the Company’s equity method investment.

Income Taxes (Details 2)	12 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details 2)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax - statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
Permanent differences		(0.19%)
Change in valuation allowance	(10.99%)	(1.98%)
State	2.27%	2.46%
Total	12.28%	21.29%

Income Taxes (Details Narrative) - USD ($)

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Operating loss carryforwards

$ 5,158,000

$ 3,364,000

Deferred tax assets

1,586,000

1,201,000

Valuation allowances

1,586,000

1,201,000

Deferred tax liability

^[1]

$ 337,000

$ 762,000

[1]	Deferred tax liability primarily as a result of a temporary difference related to the Company’s equity method investment.

Stockholders' equity (Details) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
Stockholders' equity (Details) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Restricted stock units, outstanding number of units, beginning balance	587,500	625,000
Restricted stock units, weighted average grant date fair value, beginning balance	$ 1.81	$ 1.87
Grants of restricted stock units	70,000	120,000
Grants of restricted stock units, weighted average grant date fair value	$ 2.17	$ 2.27
Vested restricted stock units	(170,000)	(157,500)
Vested restricted stock units, weighted average grant date fair value	$ (2.37)	$ (2.43)
Resricted stock units, Outstanding Number of units, Ending Balance	487,500	587,500
Restricted stock units, weighted average grant date fair value, ending balance	$ 1.66	$ 1.81

Stockholders’ Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Stockholders’ Equity (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock unit compensation expense	$ 399,000	$ 508,000
Unrecognized restricted stock unit compensation expense	$ 261,000
Weighted average amortized period	1 year
Accrued dividend rights on restricted stock unit	$ 121,000	$ 99,000
Stock Incentive Plan 2022 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock available for issuance under 2022 Plan	2,110,000
Common stock subject to outstanding awards	62,500
Stock Incentive Plan 2013 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Common stock subject to outstanding awards	425,000

Marketable Securities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value [Member]
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Government securities	$ 16,462,000	$ 14,818,000
Fixed income mutual funds	9,732,000	7,676,000
Certificates of deposit	761,000	6,077,000
Corporate bonds and notes	500,000
Total marketable securities	27,455,000	28,571,000
Cost Basis [Member]
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Government securities	16,470,000	14,701,000
Fixed income mutual funds	9,630,000	7,585,000
Certificates of deposit	752,000	6,112,000
Corporate bonds and notes	496,000
Total marketable securities	27,348,000	28,398,000
Gross Unrealized Gains [Member]
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Government securities	63,000	127,000
Fixed income mutual funds	132,000	91,000
Certificates of deposit	9,000
Corporate bonds and notes	4,000
Total marketable securities	208,000	218,000
Gross Unrealized Losses [Member]
Securities Financing Transaction [Line Items]
Government securities	(71,000)	(10,000)
Fixed income mutual funds	(30,000)
Certificates of deposit		(35,000)
Corporate bonds and notes
Total marketable securities	$ (101,000)	$ (45,000)

Equity Investment (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Equity Investment (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]
Loss from continuing operations	$ 29,263,000	$ 24,272,000
Comprehensive loss	$ 29,017,000	$ 29,532,000

Equity Investment (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Equity Investment (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Iliad [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Ownership percentage fully diluted	4.90%
Equity investment net loss	$ 1,912,000	$ 2,003,000
Iliad [Member] \| Class C Units [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Ownership percentage not fully diluted	6.50%
ILiAD Biotechnologies LLC [Member]
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Aggregrate investment	$ 7,000,000	$ 7,000,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating lease right-of-use assets	$ 27,000	$ 16,000
Operating lease obligations – current	24,000	23,000
Operating lease obligations – non-current
Total lease obligations	$ 24,000	$ 23,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Details 1) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies (Details 1) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 64,000	$ 68,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Details 2) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 24,000
2026
2027
2028
2029
Total future minimum lease payments	24,000
Less imputed interest
Total operating lease liability	$ 24,000	$ 23,000

Commitments and Contingencies (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended		140 Months Ended
	Mar. 25, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	May 01, 2022
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Patent litigation net recovery percentage, Minimum		15.00%
Patent litigation net recovery percentage, Maximum		40.00%
HFT patent acqusition - cash at closing	$ 500,000
Obligation to pay HFT seller additional cash based on achieving certain milestones	500,000
Contingent common stock issued upon achieving certain milestones	$ 375,000
First $50 million of HFT net proceeds	15.00%
Greater than $50 million of HFT net proceeds	17.50%
Payments to seller		$ 0	$ 0
Obligated to pay Cox, net proceeds percentage		12.50%		12.50%
Obligated to pay Recognition, net proceeds
First $125 Million		10.00%		10.00%
Next $125 Million		15.00%		15.00%
Over $250 Million		20.00%		20.00%
Recognition net proceeds payment related to Mirror Worlds patents				$ 3,127,000
Obligated to pay MTM
First $100 Million		14.00%		14.00%
Next $100 Million		5.00%		5.00%
Additional consideration payable upon occurrence of certain future events		$ 250,000		$ 250,000
Plan expense		$ 76,000	$ 73,000
Borrowing rate - incremental					4.20%
Remaining lease term		4 months		4 months	3 years

Employment Arrangements and Other Agreements (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended			12 Months Ended
	Mar. 22, 2024	Mar. 22, 2023	Mar. 22, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Annual discretionary bonus				$ 125,000	$ 175,000
CEO Incentive Compensation				5,000	130,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock units granted			600,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche One [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock units Tranche 1			175,000
Restricted Stock Units to vest (Tranche 1)	75,000	100,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Two [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Restricted stock units to vest (Tranche 2)			150,000
Minimum stock price for vesting			$ 3.50
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] \| Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Tranche Three [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Minimum stock price for vesting			$ 4.00
Restricted stock units to vest (Tranche 3)			150,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] \| Share Based Compensation Award Tranche Four [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Minimum stock price for vesting			$ 4.50
Restricted stock units to vest (Tranche 4)			125,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| New Employment Agreement [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Annual base salary			$ 535,000
Annual base salary increase			3.00%
Annual Target Bonus			$ 175,000
Prorated target bonus			$ 175,000
Vice President [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Annual discretionary bonus				$ 50,000	25,000
Chief Financial Officer [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Annual base salary					175,000
Annual bonus					$ 25,000

Legal Proceedings (Details Narrative) - USD ($)			2 Months Ended	8 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Legal Proceedings (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 24, 2024	May 09, 2017	Nov. 30, 2022	Dec. 03, 2014	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Recognized revenue					$ 100,000	$ 2,601,000
Non recognized revenue						$ 150,000
Citadel Securities [Member]
Litigation pending, description	Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, HFT Solutions, LLC, initiated patent litigations against Citadel Securities, LLC and Jump Trading, LLC in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois for infringement of certain patents within our HFT Patent Portfolio. The HFT Patent Portfolio relates to, among other things, certain advanced technologies relating to high frequency trading, which inventions specifically address technological problems associated with speed and latency and provide critical latency gains in trading systems where the difference between success and failure may be measured in nanoseconds.
Google [Member]
Litigation pending, description				Company initiated litigation against Google Inc. (“Google”) and YouTube, LLC (“YouTube”) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for infringement of several of its patents within its Cox Patent Portfolio acquired from Dr. Cox which relate to the identification of media content on the Internet. The lawsuit alleges that Google and YouTube have infringed and continue to infringe certain of the Company’s patents by making, using, selling and offering to sell unlicensed systems and related products and services, which include YouTube’s Content ID system. The litigations against Google and YouTube were subject to court ordered stays which were in effect from July 2, 2015 until January 2, 2019 as a result of proceedings at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) and the appeals of PTAB Final Written Decisions to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Pursuant to a Joint Stipulation and Order Regarding Lifting of Stays, entered on January 2, 2019, the parties agreed, among other things, that the stays with respect to the litigations were lifted. In January 2019, the two litigations against Google and YouTube were consolidated. The consolidated actions proceeded and discovery was completed. On April 24, 2024, following a motion for summary judgment by defendants, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York issued a judgment dismissing the Company’s patent infringement claims finding that the asserted claims of two of the patents are invalid for indefiniteness and granting summary judgment that that the asserted claims of another patent are not infringed by Google’s accused system. The Court’s ruling disposes of all of the Company’s claims in the case. On May 14, 2024, the Company filed a notice of appeal to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the appeal is pending
Facebook [Member]
Litigation pending, description		Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, initiated litigation against Facebook, Inc. (“now Meta Platforms, Inc. (“Meta”)) in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,006,227, U.S. Patent No. 7,865,538 and U.S. Patent No. 8,255,439 (among the patents within the Company’s Mirror Worlds Patent Portfolio). The lawsuit alleged that the asserted patents are infringed by Meta’s core technologies that enable Meta’s Newsfeed and Timeline features.
Arista Networks [Member]
Litigation pending, description			Company initiated nine separate litigations against ten defendants for infringement of its Remote Power Patent seeking monetary damages based upon reasonable royalties, as follows: (i) On October 6, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Arista Networks, Inc., Fortinet, Inc., Honeywell International Inc. and Ubiquiti Inc. in the United States District Court, District of Delaware; (ii) On October 27, 2022, and November 3, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against TP-Link USA Corporation and Hikvision USA, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Central District of California; (iii) On November 4, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Panasonic Holdings Corporation and Panasonic Corporation of North America in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (Marshall Division); and (iv) On November 8, 2022 and November 16, 2022, the Company initiated such litigation against Antaira Technologies, LLC and Dahua Technology USA in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Concentrations (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Concentrations (Details Narrative)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage revenue	100.00%	100.00%
Four Parties [Member]
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Percentage revenue	100.00%	90.00%

Stock Repurchase Program (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended	161 Months Ended
Stock Repurchase Program (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Jun. 14, 2023
Number of shares, common stock repurchased since inception	733,436	10,374,232
Aggregate cost of common stock repurchased since inception	$ 1,270,438	$ 19,983,354
Average price per share, common stock repurchased since inception	$ 1.73	$ 1.93
Board Of Directors [Member]
Stock repurchase program, dollar amount			5,000,000

Dividend Policy (Details Narrative) - $ / shares			12 Months Ended
Dividend Policy (Details Narrative) - $ / shares	Aug. 27, 2024	Feb. 23, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Dividends, per share - semi-annual			$ 0.05
Dividends, per share - annual			$ 0.10
Board Of Directors [Member]
Dividends, per share - semi-annual	$ 0.05	$ 0.05
Semi-annual cash dividend payment date	Sep. 26, 2024	Mar. 29, 2024
Semi-annual cash dividend record date	Sep. 12, 2024	Mar. 15, 2024

Subsequent Events (Details Narrative) - USD ($)					12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Feb. 21, 2025	Feb. 19, 2025	Aug. 27, 2024	Feb. 23, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Dividends, per share - semi-annual					$ 0.05
Board Of Directors [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Dividends, per share - semi-annual			$ 0.05	$ 0.05
Dividend payment date			Sep. 26, 2024	Mar. 29, 2024
Semi-annual cash dividend record date			Sep. 12, 2024	Mar. 15, 2024
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Restricted stock units granted to directors		15,000
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Board Of Directors [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Dividends, per share - semi-annual		$ 0.05
Dividend payment date		Mar. 28, 2025
Semi-annual cash dividend record date		Mar. 14, 2025
Subsequent Event [Member] \| Settlement Agreement [Member]
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Contingent settlement payment received	$ 150,000

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