Form 6-K - Report of foreign issuer [Rules 13a-16 and 15d-16]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 6-K

REPORT OF FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16
OR 15d-16 UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the month of February 2024

Commission File Number: 001-41730

Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S.A.B. de C.V.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Paseo de los Tamarindos No. 90,

Torre II, Piso 28, Col. Bosques de las

Lomas

Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05120

Mexico City

United Mexican States

+52 (55) 5950-0070

(Address of principal executive office)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F:

Form 20-F

Form 40-F

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXHIBIT
99.1	Press release dated February 21, 2024 – Vesta Q4 2023 Earnings Results
99.2	Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S.A.B. de C.V.


By:	/s/ Juan Felipe Sottil Achutegui
	Name:	Juan Felipe Sottil Achutegui
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer

Date: February 21, 2024

Exhibit 99.1

Mexico City, February 21, 2024 – Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta S.A.B. de C.V., (“Vesta”, or the “Company”) (BMV: VESTA; NYSE: VTMX), a leading industrial real estate company in Mexico, today announced results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023. All figures included herein were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which differs in certain significant respects from U.S. GAAP. This information should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto. Vesta’s financial results are stated in US dollars unless otherwise noted.

Full Year and Q4 2023 Highlights

Vesta delivered outstanding financial results for the full year 2023, achieving US$ 214.5 million in total income; a 20.5% year over year increase exceeding the upper range of its 19-20% revenue guidance for the full year 2023. 2023 Adjusted NOI margin¹ and Adjusted EBITDA margin² reached 94.6% and 82.0%, respectively, both of which exceeded guidance. Vesta FFO ended 2023 with US$ 127.9 million; a 23.6% increase compared to US$ 103.5 million in 2022.

Vesta achieved strong leasing activity in 2023, reaching a total of 7.9 million sf; 4.5 million sf in new leases and 3.4 million in lease renewals, with a six-year average weighted lease life.

Fourth quarter 2023 leasing activity reached 2.7 million sf: 1.7 million sf in new contracts with top quality companies such as Foxconn, Tesla, BRP, among others, and 1.0 million sf in lease renewals. Vesta’s fourth quarter 2023 total portfolio occupancy reached 93.4%, while stabilized and same-store occupancy reached 96.7% and 97.0%, respectively.

2023 renewals and re-leasing reached 4.1 million sf, with a weighted average spread of 6.5%. Same-store NOI increased by 9.5% in 2023.

2023 new construction totaled 3.2 million square feet, at a 10.1% weighted average yield on cost. Vesta’s current construction in progress reached 3.1 million sf by the end of the fourth quarter 2023, representing an estimated investment of US$ 267.1 million and a 9.8% yield on cost, in markets including Mexico City, Ciudad Juarez and Bajio region.

Vesta successfully closed a US$ 148.8 million follow-on ADS offering in December 2023, ending the year with a strong balance sheet also with benefit of the Company’s successful July 5, 2023 IPO. This was reflected in 2.4x Net Debt to EBITDA and a 24.1% LTV.

Vesta completed the acquisition of an 81 thousand sf facility located in Toluca, State of Mexico during the fourth quarter 2023, leased to a tier-1 supplier to the neighboring Stellantis automotive plant. The property was acquired for US $25.3 million, equivalent to an estimated 8.5% cap rate.

During the fourth quarter 2023 and aligned with the Company’s asset recycling strategy, Vesta sold a 313 thousand sf building in Tijuana, Baja California for US $37.0 million, which represents an estimated 6.5% cap rate over market rent and 4.0% cap rate over in-place rent Net proceeds will be used partially to pay down Vesta’s current debt, taxes and other corporate uses.

¹Adjusted NOI Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers

² Adjusted EBITDA Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers

Net proceeds will be used partially to pay down Vesta’s current debt, taxes and other corporate uses.

During the fourth quarter, Vesta sold 8.5 hectares of land in Aguascalientes for US$ 5.1 million.

Vesta strengthened the social and environmental pillars of its strategy during 2023, including 1) prepared the Company’s first Human Rights Risk Assessment 2) implemented a Level One and Level Two Diagnosis for Vesta’s parks and offices as is required for ISO 14001:2015 Certification; 3) began implementation of sustainable taxonomy (Mexican and EU); 4) completed a biodiversity assessment based on TNFD Standards; 5) aligned with IFRS ESG Standards (S1 & S2); 6) finalized a climate change strategy (Physical and Transitional Analysis) emissions inventory; 7) and rebuilt the Company’s social investment strategy.

Vesta was also included within the S&P/BMV Total ESG Mexico Index in 2023, for the fourth consecutive year, and was included within the S&P Global Sustainability Yearbook for the second consecutive year. Further, Vesta remains on track to achieve its targets related to the sustainability-linked bond issued at the beginning of 2021, having ended 2023 with seven new LEED certified buildings. Finally, Vesta was recognized as an Edge Champion for square footage certified with Edge Certification in 2023.

Guidance 2024

Vesta expects revenues to increase between 16-17% in 2024 with a 94.0% NOI margin and an 83.0% EBITDA margin, while maintaining the Company´s solid performance across key operational metrics.³

				*12 months*
Financial Indicators (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Total Rental Income	55.9	47.4	17.9	214.5	178.0	20.5
Total Revenues (-) Energy	54.0	46.2	17.0	212.5	176.8	20.2
Adjusted NOI	53.0	44.3	19.7	201.2	168.7	19.2
*Adjusted NOI Margin %*	*98.1%*	*95.9%*		*94.6%*	*95.5%*
Adjusted EBITDA	44.1	39.4	12.0	174.2	149.9	16.2
*Adjusted EBITDA Margin %*	*81.7%*	*85.4%*		*82.0%*	*84.8%*
EBITDA Per Share	0.0520	0.0573	(9.2)	0.2266	0.2160	4.9
Total Comprehensive Income	112.3	84.6	32.7	324.5	252.5	28.5
Vesta FFO	32.6	27.2	20.0	127.9	103.5	23.6
Vesta FFO Per Share	0.0384	0.0395	(2.7)	0.1664	0.1492	11.6
Vesta FFO (-) Tax Expense	14.4	13.2	9.3	36.0	61.6	(41.5)
Vesta FFO (-) Tax Expense Per Share	0.0170	0.0192	(11.4)	0.0468	0.0887	(47.2)
Diluted EPS	0.1323	0.1229	7.6	0.4221	0.3638	16.0
Shares (average)	848.7	688.2	23.3	768.8	694.3	10.7

³ These amounts are estimates and are based on management’s current expectations. Amounts are subject to change and Vesta undertakes no responsibility to update this outlook. The Company is unable to present a quantitative reconciliation of expected NOI margin and expected Adjusted EBITDA margin which are forward-looking non-IFRS measures, because the Company cannot reliably predict certain of their necessary components, such as gain on revaluation of investment property, exchange gain (loss) – net, or gain on sale of investment property, among others.


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Fourth quarter 2023 revenue reached US$ 55.9 million; a 17.9% year on year increase from US$ 47.4 million in the fourth quarter 2022, primarily due to US$ 8.3 million in new revenue-generating contracts and a US$ 1.9 million inflationary benefit on fourth quarter 2023 results. Fourth quarter 2023 Adjusted NOI and EBITDA margins reached 98.1% and 81.7%, respectively.

Fourth quarter 2023 Adjusted Net Operating Income (Adjusted NOI) 4 increased 19.7% to US$ 53.0 million, compared to US$ 44.3 million in the fourth quarter 2022. The fourth quarter 2023 Adjusted NOI margin was 98.1%; a 220-basis-point year on year increase due to lower property-related costs.

Fourth quarter 2023 Adjusted EBITDA 5 increased 12.0% to US$ 44.1 million, as compared to US$ 39.4 million in the fourth quarter 2022. The Adjusted EBITDA margin was 81.7%; a 365-basis-point decrease primarily due to the peso appreciation relative to the same period last year, which in turn impacted Vesta´s employee’s benefits, auditing, legal and consulting expenses.

Fourth quarter 2023 Vesta funds from operations (Vesta FFO) increased by 20.0% to US$ 32.6 million, from US$ 27.2 million in 2022. Vesta FFO per share was US$ 0.0384 for the fourth quarter 2023 compared with US$ 0.0395 for the same period in 2022; a 2.7% decrease resulting from the Company’s December 2023 follow-on issuance. Fourth quarter 2023 Vesta FFO excluding current tax expense was US$ 14.4 million compared to US$ 13.2 million in the fourth quarter 2022, due to higher profit with a lower interest expense in the fourth quarter 2023 relative to the same period in 2022.

Fourth quarter 2023 total comprehensive gain was US$ 112.3 million, versus US$ 84.6 million in the fourth quarter 2022. This increase was primarily due to increased revenues, higher gain on the revaluation of investment properties and a positive effect from income tax gain for the fourth quarter 2023.

The total value of Vesta’s investment property portfolio was US$ 3.2 billion as of December 31, 2023; a 17.3% increase compared to US$ 2.7 billion at the end of December 31, 2022.

⁴ Adjusted NOI and Adjusted NOI Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers

⁵ Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers


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Letter from the CEO

2023: A Year of Growth, Execution, Milestones and Discipline

2023 was a year of tremendous opportunity and growth for Vesta. The dynamic landscape underscored the value of agile adaptability and quick decision making in light of transformative geopolitical shifts and monetary policy actions that are keeping inflation anchored. Climate change risk, and the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on human progress, are also forcing solutions through innovation.

While China has taken a back seat in the global economy- facing U.S. sanctions, rising wages and supply chain challenges- Mexico has evolved into higher-value processes, attracting new capital inflows to our country and continuing to profit from the nearshoring trend. And for the first time ever, Mexico’s exports to the U.S. have surpassed those from China.

Vesta has also demonstrated the importance of well-planned strategy, long-term vision, strong corporate governance, and stakeholder trust. We proudly secured access to the world’s most relevant capital market in 2023 by raising almost $600 million dollars through the NYSE IPO of Vesta ADSs, and a follow-on shortly after, enabling investors to continue investing in the nearshoring trend.

Strong fundamentals reflect a market where demand for premium Industrial Real Estate and truly outstanding asset quality continues to surpass supply, driving occupancy and rent increases to record highs- also with expanding renewal spreads. Vesta ended the year with sustained strength: 2023 leasing activity reached almost 8.0 million square feet, 4.5 million square feet of which resulted from new leases and re-leasing- a record high for our Company- with multinational clients such as Tesla, Eaton, Foxconn and BRP, among others. 3.4 million of our 2023 leasing was in renewals and weighted average re-leasing spreads reached 6.5% with some markets, particularly in northern Mexico, achieving re-leasing spreads of over 20%.

Close client relationships and deep local experience provides us with a unique and privileged ability to anticipate opportunities to drive Vesta’s development pipeline, supported by a strong balance sheet. In 2023 Vesta delivered almost 4.0 million square feet in new buildings, began construction on 3.2 million square feet and completed an opportunistic acquisition of 81 thousand square feet in Toluca, within the State of Mexico, aligned with our Level 3 growth plan, presented in June, to reach almost 50.0 million square feet by 2025. Our investment process is disciplined and based on twenty-five years of experience in the market, strategically allocating capital to the markets that matter most. We ended the fourth quarter with a total development pipeline of 3.1 million sf at an expected investment of US$ 267.1 million and an average cap rate of 9.8%.

We continue selectively and strategically executing Vesta’s asset recycling strategy, also aligned with our Level 3 strategy. Vesta sold a 313 thousand square foot building in Tijuana, Baja California for US $37.0 million during the fourth quarter, which reflects a 6.5% cap rate over market rent and 4.0% cap rate over in-place rent. We also sold 8.5 hectares of land in Aguascalientes for US$ 5.1 million during the quarter.


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Finally, Vesta again delivered exceptional financial results, with 2023 revenues increasing more than 20% to US$ 215 million and Adjusted NOI and EBITDA margins of 94.6% and 82.0%, respectively. Full Year 2023 Vesta FFO reached US$ 127.9 million, a 23.6% year on year increase. And we invested more than US$ 263 million in innovative, best-in-class projects throughout the year.

Vesta’s dynamism and agility is part of our deeply ingrained corporate culture of turning barriers into opportunities and focusing on our goal, not on obstacles. We continue to strengthen our business model and the operating and technology models that enable it.

Moreover, Vesta will continue successfully executing in a dynamic market backdrop, focusing on the most relevant markets and developing state-of-the-art buildings for a diversified portfolio of high-profile clients. Our strong presence on the ground positions us to continue delivering exceptional results, focusing only on strategic and profitable growth.

As we embark on the year ahead, I’d like to note that 2024 is the final year of what has shown to be strong execution on our Level 3 strategy. We look forward to presenting our plan for the next phase of our journey, and continued evolution, at our 2024 Vesta Day. The team is committed to further value creation for all our Vesta stakeholders.

Thank you for your continued support,

Lorenzo D. Berho

CEO


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Fourth Quarter Financial Summary

Consolidated Statutory Accounts

The accompanying consolidated condensed interim financial statements have been prepared based on International Accounting Standards (IFRS), which differs in certain significant respects from U.S. GAAP. This information should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our financial consolidated statements, including the notes thereto and are stated in US dollars unless otherwise noted.

All consolidated financial statements have been prepared using an historical cost basis, excluding investment properties and financial instruments at the end of each reporting period. Historical cost is largely based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. Fourth quarter 2023 results are presented in comparison to the same period of the prior year and on an adjusted basis based on the same accounting rules.

Revenues

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Revenues
Rental income	53.0	44.7	18.5	200.3	168.7	18.7
Reimbursable building services	1.0	1.5	(33.0)	11.2	8.1	39.5
Energy Income	1.9	1.3	53.6	1.9	1.3	53.6
Management Fees	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	NA
Total Revenues	55.9	47.4	17.9	214.5	178.0	20.5
Total Operating Property Costs	(4.9)	(3.8)	29.6	(18.2)	(11.4)	59.7
Related to properties that generate rental income	(3.2)	(2.8)	11.7	(13.5)	(8.9)	50.7
Costs related to properties	(1.0)	(1.9)	(45.2)	(11.4)	(8.0)	41.6
Costs related to energy	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0
Related to properties that did not generate rental income	(1.7)	(0.9)	83.5	(4.8)	(2.5)	91.9
Adjusted Net Operating Income	53.0	44.3	19.7	201.2	168.7	19.2

Vesta’s fourth quarter total revenues increased 17.9% to US$ 55.9 million in the fourth quarter 2023, from US$ 47.4 million in the fourth quarter 2022. The US$ 8.5 million rental revenue increase was primarily due to: [i] a US$ 8.3 million, or 17.4%, increase from space rented in the fourth quarter of 2023 which had previously been vacant in the fourth quarter of 2022; [ii] a US$ 1.9 million, or 4.1%, increase related to inflationary adjustments on rented property in the fourth quarter of 2023; [iii] a U$ 0.7 million, or 1.4%, increase in energy income, from charges to tenants for their energy use; [iv] a US$ 0.6 million, or 1.3%, increase in rental income due to the conversion of peso-denominated rental income into US dollars; [v] a US$ 0.1 million management fee increase related to tenant improvements (TIs) to Vesta developments.

Vesta’s fourth quarter 2023 rental revenue results were partially offset by: [i] a US$ 2.5 million, or 5.2%, decrease related to lease agreements which expired and were not renewed during the fourth quarter 2023; [ii] a US$ 0.5 million, or 1.0%, decrease in other income which represents reimbursements for expenses paid


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by Vesta on behalf of clients but not considered to be rental revenue; and [iii] US$ 0.1 million, or 0.3% from properties sold during the fourth quarter.

87.8% of Vesta’s fourth quarter 2023 rental revenues were US dollar denominated and indexed to the US Consumer Price Index (CPI), an increase from 87.2% in the fourth quarter 2022. Contracts denominated in pesos are adjusted annually based on the equivalent Mexican Consumer Price Index, the “Indice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor” (INPC).

Property Operating Costs

Vesta’s fourth quarter 2023 total operating costs reached US$ 4.9 million, compared to US$ 3.8 million in the fourth quarter 2022; a US$ 1.1 million, or 29.6%, increase due to increased costs related to both rental income generating and non-rental income generating properties.

During the fourth quarter 2023, costs related to investment properties generating rental revenues amounted to US$ 3.2 million, compared to US$ 2.8 million for the same period in 2022. This was primarily attributable to an increase in costs related to energy which increase to US$ 2.1 million in fourth quarter 2023, from US$ 0.9 million in fourth quarter 2022; while other costs related to properties decrease to US$ 1.0 million in fourth quarter, from US$ 1.9 million in fourth quarter 2022.

Costs from investment properties which did not generate rental revenues during the fourth quarter 2023 increased to US$ 1.7 million, from US$ 0.9 million for the same period of 2022. This was primarily due to an increase in real estate taxes, maintenance and other property related expenses such as general administrative services for the Vesta Parks.

Adjusted Net Operating Income (Adjusted NOI) ⁶

Fourth quarter Adjusted Net Operating Income increased 19.4% to US$ 53.0 million year on year with a 220-basis-point NOI margin increase, to 98.1%, resulting from higher rental income and lower costs associated with rental income generating properties excluding both income and costs related to energy.

General and Administrative Expenses

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
General and administration Expenses	(8.8)	(5.6)	58.3	(30.1)	(23.0)	31.3
Stock-based compensation Expenses	1.7	1.7	2.5	8.0	6.7	20.3
Depreciation	(0.6)	(0.4)	49.7	(1.6)	(1.5)	7.8
Adjusted EBITDA	44.1	39.4	12.0	174.2	149.9	16.2

⁶ NOI and NOI Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers


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Fourth quarter 2023 administrative expenses totaled US$ 8.8 million, compared to US$ 5.6 million in the fourth quarter of 2022: a 58.3% increase. The increase is due to the peso appreciation relative to the same period last year, which in turn impacted Vesta´s employee’s benefits, auditing, legal and consulting expenses, as well an increase in Vesta’s stock-based compensation during the fourth quarter of 2023.

The expense related to the share-based payment of Vesta’s compensation plan amounted to US$ 1.7 million for the fourth quarter of 2023. For more detailed information on Vesta’s expenses, please see Note 21 within the Company’s Financial Statements.

Depreciation

Depreciation during the fourth quarter of 2023 was US$ 0.6 million, compared to US$ 0.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. This was related to office space and office equipment depreciation during the quarter and the amortization of Vesta´s operating systems.

Adjusted EBITDA ⁷

Fourth quarter 2023 Adjusted EBITDA increased 12.0% to US$ 44.1 million, from US$ 39.4 million in the fourth quarter 2022, while the EBITDA margin decreased 365-basis-points to 81.7%, as compared to 85.4% for the same period of last year. This decrease was due to higher costs and expenses during the fourth quarter.

Other Income and Expense

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Other Income and Expenses
Interest income	3.9	1.1	2.5	9.4	2.6	2.6
Other (expenses) income	(0.7)	0.3	(3.2)	1.7	1.0	0.8
Other income energy	0.4	0.0	na	0.4	0.0	na
Transaction cost on debt issuance	0.0	0.0	na	0.0	0.0	na
Interest expense	(11.6)	(12.3)	(0.1)	(46.3)	(46.4)	(0.0)
Exchange gain (loss)	2.7	2.3	0.2	8.9	1.9	3.6
Gain from properties sold	(0.5)	0.0	na	(0.5)	5.0	(1.1)
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	63.9	45.7	0.4	243.5	185.5	0.3
Total other income (expenses)	58.1	37.1	0.6	217.1	149.7	0.5

Total fourth quarter 2023 other income reached US$ 58.1 million, compared to US$ 37.1 million in other income at the end of the fourth quarter 2022, an increase primarily due to increased interest income and higher gain on revaluation of investment properties.

⁷EBITDA and EBITDA Margin calculations have been modified, please refer to Notes and Disclaimers


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Fourth quarter 2023 interest income increased to US$ 3.9 million year on year, from US$ 1.1 million in fourth quarter 2022, due to a higher cash position resulting from the Company's equity raise and follow-on, as well as higher interest rates during the quarter.

Fourth quarter 2023 other expense resulted in a US$ 0.7 million loss due to the net result of the Company’s other accounting expenses.

Fourth quarter 2023 other net income energy resulted in a US$ 0.4 million margin, this other net income includes energy provided to companies that are not clients of Vesta.

Fourth quarter 2023 interest expense decreased to US$ 11.6 million, from US$ 12.3 million for the same quarter in 2022, reflecting a lower debt balance.

Vesta’s fourth quarter 2023 foreign exchange gain was US$ 2.7 million, compared to a US$ 2.3 million gain in fourth quarter 2022. This gain relates primarily to sequential currency movement in Vesta’s dollar-denominated debt balance during fourth quarter 2023 within WTN, the Company’s only subsidiary that uses the Mexican peso as its functional currency.

Vesta sold properties during the fourth quarter 2023, resulting in a US$ 0.5 million loss due to the discrepancy between the properties’ valuation and the price for which they were sold.

Fourth quarter 2023 valuation of investment properties resulted in a US$ 63.9 million gain, compared to a US$ 45.7 million gain in the fourth quarter of 2022. This year-on-year increase is driven by an increase in the portfolio and by increased market rents.

Profit Before Income Taxes

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Profit Before Income Taxes	99.8	74.8	33.4	381.6	291.8	30.8
Income Tax Expense	14.0	3.9	na	(65.0)	(48.2)	34.8
Current Tax	(18.2)	(13.9)	0.3	(92.0)	(42.0)	119.0
Deferred Tax	32.1	17.8	0.8	27.0	(6.2)	(532.1)
Profit for the Period	113.8	78.7	na	316.6	243.6	30.0
Valuation of derivative financial instruments	0.0	0.0	na	0.0	0.0	na
Exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations	(1.6)	5.9	(1.3)	7.9	8.9	(0.1)
Total Comprehensive Income for the period	112.3	84.6	0.3	324.5	252.5	0.3

Due to the above factors, fourth quarter 2023 profit before income tax amounted to US$ 99.8 million, compared to US$ 74.8 million for the same quarter last year.

Income Tax Expense

Vesta reported a US$ 14.0 million income tax expense, compared to a US$ 3.9 million income in the fourth quarter 2022. The fourth quarter 2023 current tax expense was US$ 18.2 million, compared to a US$ 13.9


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million expense in fourth quarter 2022, an increase due to a higher exchange rate related current tax during fourth quarter 2023.

Deferred taxes primarily reflect: [i] the effect on the Company’s balance sheet of the exchange rate used to convert taxable assets from Mexican pesos (including the monetary value of Vesta’s investment properties and the amortized tax loss benefits ) into U.S. dollars at the end of the fourth quarter 2023 and 2022; [ii] the impact of an inflationary benefit on the tax base of the Company’s fiscal assets, in keeping with Mexican income tax laws; and, [iii] the recognition of the fair value of investment properties for accounting purposes, as tax assessed on these assets is based on their historical cost which is then appreciated.

Fourth Quarter 2023 Profit

Due to the above, the Company’s fourth quarter 2023 profit was US$ 113.8 million, compared to US$ 78.7 million profit in the fourth quarter 2022.

Total Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Period

Vesta closed the fourth quarter 2023 with US$ 112.3 million in total comprehensive income gain, compared to a US$ 84.6 million gain at the end of the fourth quarter of 2022, due to the above factors. This comprehensive income was partially offset by a US$ 1.6 million comprehensive loss in exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations.

Funds from Operations (FFO)

				*12 months*
FFO Reconciliation (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Profit for the year	113.8	78.7	44.6	316.6	243.6	na
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	(63.9)	(45.7)	39.8	(243.5)	(185.5)	31.3
Gain in sell properties	0.5	0.0	na	0.5	(5.0)	na
FFO	50.4	33.0	52.7	73.6	53.1	38.7
Stock-based compensation expense	1.7	1.7	2.5	8.0	6.7	20.3
Exchange Gain (Loss)	(2.7)	(2.3)	20.2	(8.9)	(1.9)	359.1
Depreciation	0.6	0.4	49.7	1.6	1.5	7.8
Other income	0.7	(0.3)	(318.6)	(1.7)	(1.0)	82.2
Other income energy	(0.4)	0.0	na	(0.4)	0.0	na
Energy	0.2	(0.4)	na	0.2	(0.4)	na
Interest income	(3.9)	(1.1)	254.9	(9.4)	(2.6)	256.5
Income Tax Expense	(14.0)	(3.9)	261.3	65.0	48.2	34.8
Vesta FFO	32.6	27.2	20.0	127.9	103.5	23.6
Vesta FFO per share	0.0384	0.0395	(2.7)	0.1664	0.1492	11.6
Current Tax	(18.2)	(13.9)	30.2	(92.0)	(42.0)	na
Vesta FFO (-) Tax Expense	14.4	13.2	9.3	36.0	61.6	(41.5)
Vesta FFO (-) Tax Expense per share	0.0170	0.0192	(11.4)	0.0468	0.0887	(47.2)


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Fourth quarter 2023 Vesta Funds from Operations (Vesta FFO) after tax expense resulted in a US$ 14.4 million, or US$ 0.0170 per share, gain compared with a US$ 13.2 million, or US$ 0.0192 per share, gain for fourth quarter 2022.

Vesta FFO for the fourth quarter 2023, reached US$ 32.6 million; a 20.0% increase compared with US$ 27.2 million in fourth quarter 2022.

The current tax associated with the Company’s operations resulted in a US$ 18.2 million expense. The exchange-rate related portion of the current tax represented a US$ 6.2 million expense, the taxes from the portfolio sold represent US$ 9.0 million expense and the current operating tax represented a US$ 3.0 million expense.

Current Tax Expense	Q1 2023	Q2 2023	Q3 2023	Q4 2023
Operating Current Tax	(10.6)	(9.6)	(15.0)	(3.0)
Exchange Rate Related Current Tax	(10.2)	(11.9)	(16.5)	(6.2)
Portfolio sold	NA	NA	NA	(9.0)
Total Current Tax Expense	(20.7)	(21.5)	(31.6)	(18.2)


Accumulated Current Tax Expense	3M 2023	6M 2023	9M 2023	12M 2023
Operating Current Tax	(10.6)	(20.1)	(35.2)	(38.1)
Exchange Rate Related Current Tax	(10.2)	(22.1)	(38.6)	(44.8)
Portfolio sold	NA	NA	NA	(9.0)
Total Current Tax Expense	(20.7)	(42.2)	(73.8)	(92.0)

Capex

Investing activities during the fourth quarter of 2023 were primarily related to payments for works in progress in the construction of new buildings in the Northern, Bajio and Central regions reflected in a US$ 67.4 million total expense.

Debt

As of December 31, 2023, the Company´s overall balance of debt was US$ 915.2 million, of which US$ 69.6 million is related to short-term liabilities and US$ 845.6 million is related to long-term liabilities. The secured portion of the debt is approximately 32% of total debt and is guaranteed by some of the Company’s investment properties, as well as by the related income derived from these properties. As of fourth quarter 2023, 100% of Vesta’s debt was denominated in US dollars and 100% of its interest rate was fixed.

Stabilized Portfolio

Vesta currently reports stabilized portfolio occupancy and same store occupancy as management believes these metrics are useful indicators of the performance of the Company’s operating portfolio. The additional metrics are intended to reflect market best practices and better enable the comparison of Vesta’s performance with the performance of its publicly traded industrial real estate peers.


	12

Under the "operating portfolio" calculation, the measure will include properties that have reached 80% occupancy or have been completed for more than one year, whichever occurs first.

	Q4 2022			Q4 2023
Region	Stabilized Portfolio		Growth SF	Stabilized Portfolio
Region	SF	%	SF	SF	%
Central Mexico	7,178,604	21.3%	1,334	7,179,938	20.0%
Bajio	16,183,191	48.0%	1,613,165	17,796,356	49.6%
North	10,352,575	30.7%	518,619	10,871,194	30.3%
Total	33,714,370	100%	2,133,118	35,847,488	100%

	Q4 2022		Q4 2023
	Occupancy SF	% Total	Occupancy SF	% Total
Central Mexico	7,110,781	99.1%	6,978,521	97.2%
Bajio	15,028,352	92.9%	16,976,381	95.4%
North	9,914,893	95.8%	10,691,756	98.3%
Total	32,054,026	95.1%	34,646,658	96.7%

Same-Store Portfolio

Based on the updated calculation, this metric will only include properties within the Company’s portfolio which have been stabilized for the entirety of current and comparable periods. This amended definition is intended to reflect market best practices and aid in the comparison of Vesta’s performance with the performance of its publicly traded industrial real estate peers. Vesta has provided below a reconciliation of the updated definition versus the prior definition.

	Q4 2022			Q4 2023
Region	Same Store Portfolio		Growth SF	Same Store Portfolio
Region	SF	%	SF	SF	%
Central Mexico	6,991,487	22.5%	188,451	7,179,938	22.1%
Bajio	14,816,411	47.7%	1,026,433	15,842,844	48.7%
North	9,255,796	29.8%	264,230	9,520,026	29.3%
Total	31,063,694	100%	1,479,114	32,542,808	100%

	Q4 2022		Q4 2023
	Occupancy SF	% Total	Occupancy SF	% Total
Central Mexico	6,923,664	99.0%	6,978,521	97.2%
Bajio	14,001,540	94.5%	15,262,119	96.3%
North	9,255,796	100.0%	9,340,588	98.1%
Total	30,181,000	97.2%	31,581,228	97.0%


	13

Total Portfolio

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s portfolio was comprised of 213 high-quality industrial assets, with a total gross leased area (“GLA”) of 37.3 million sf (3.5 million square meters “m^2”) and with 87.8% of the Company’s income denominated in US dollars. The majority of Vesta’s properties are located in markets representing the most significant economic growth in the country, such as the Northern, Central and Bajio regions. Vesta’s tenants are predominantly multinational companies, and the Company has balanced industry exposure to sectors such as e-commerce/online retail, food and beverage, automotive, aerospace and logistics, among others.

	Q3 2023		Q4 2023
Region	Total Portfolio		Growth SF	Total Portfolio
Region	SF	%	SF	SF	%
Central Mexico	7,179,938	19.5%	0	7,179,938	19.3%
Bajio	17,341,893	47.0%	685,715	18,027,608	48.4%
North	12,384,129	33.6%	-313,549	12,070,580	32.4%
Total	36,905,960	100%	372,166 *	37,278,126	100%

^{* Adjusted by changes in the initial size of the portfolio.}

Total Vacancy

Vesta’s property portfolio had a 6.6% vacancy rate as of December 31, 2023.

	Q3 2023		Q4 2023
	Vacant SF	% Total	Vacant SF	% Total
Central Mexico	198,401	2.8%	201,417	2.8%
Bajio	1,329,732	7.7%	1,051,227	5.8%
North	1,248,896	10.1%	1,225,772	10.2%
Total	2,777,029	7.5%	2,478,416	6.6%


	14

Projects Under Construction

Vesta is currently developing 3,101,652 sf (288,153 m²) in inventory and BTS buildings.

Projects under Construction
Project	GLA (SF)	GLA (m²)	Investment ⁽¹⁾ (thousand USD)	Type	Expected Termination Date	City	Region
Juárez Oriente 3	279,022	25,922	23,530	Inventory	Jul-24	Ciudad Juárez	North Region
Juárez Oriente 4	226,257	21,020	17,535	Inventory	Jul-24	Ciudad Juárez	North Region
Juárez Oriente 5	210,800	19,584	16,651	BTS	Jun-24	Ciudad Juárez	North Region
Aguascalientes 3	200,318	18,610	12,110	Inventory	Jul-24	Aguascalientes	Bajio Region
San Luis Potosí 4	262,532	24,390	15,799	Inventory	Jul-24	SLP	Bajio Region
Tres Naciones 10	131,571	12,223	8,323	Inventory	May-24	SLP	Bajio Region
Thyssen Exp	77,717	7,220	5,668	BTS	Jun-24	SMA	Bajio Region
Querétaro 6	214,760	19,952	12,326	BTS	Jan-24	Querétaro	Bajio Region
Querétaro 7	268,367	24,932	15,916	Inventory	Sep-24	Querétaro	Bajio Region
La Villa	213,065	19,794	32,098	Inventory	May-24	Valle de México	Central Region
Punta Norte 1	845,957	78,592	88,487	Inventory	Dec-24	Valle de México	Central Region
Punta Norte 2	171,286	15,913	18,650	Inventory	Oct-24	Valle de México	Central Region
Total	3,101,652	288,153	267,091

^{(1) Investment includes proportional cost of land and infrastructure.}

Land Reserves

The Company had 30.9 million sf in land reserves as of December 31, 2023.

	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2023
Region	Gross Land Area (SF)	Gross Land Area (SF)	% Chg.
Tijuana	0	0	na
Monterrey	4,392,285	4,392,285	0.0%
Juárez	0	0	na
San Luis Potosí	2,555,692	2,555,692	0.0%
Querétaro	5,163,676	5,209,421	0.9%
Guanajuato	3,404,979	3,404,979	0.0%
Aguascalientes	12,543,707	11,628,775	-7.3%
SMA	3,870,234	3,597,220	-7.1%
Guadalajara	0	0	na
Puebla	92,548	92,548	0.0%
Mexico City	0	0	na
Total	32,023,121	30,880,920	-3.6%


	15

Summary of 12-Month 2023 Results

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Revenues
Rental income	53.0	44.7	18.5	200.3	168.7	18.7
Other Income	1.0	1.5	(33.0)	11.2	8.1	39.5
Energy Income	1.9	1.3	53.6	1.9	1.3	53.6
Management Fees	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	NA
Total Revenues	55.9	47.4	17.9	214.5	178.0	20.5
Total Operating Property Costs	(4.9)	(3.8)	29.6	(18.2)	(11.4)	59.7
Related to properties that generate rental income	(3.2)	(2.8)	11.7	(13.5)	(8.9)	50.7
Costs related to properties	(1.0)	(1.9)	(45.2)	(11.4)	(8.0)	41.6
Costs related to energy	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0
Related to properties that did not generate rental income	(1.7)	(0.9)	83.5	(4.8)	(2.5)	91.9
Adjusted Net Operating Income	53.0	44.3	19.7	201.2	168.7	19.2
General and administrative Expenses	(8.8)	(5.6)	58.3	(30.1)	(23.0)	31.3
Stock-based compensation expense	1.7	1.7	2.5	8.0	6.7	20.3
Depreciation	(0.6)	(0.4)	49.7	(1.6)	(1.5)	7.8
Adjusted EBITDA	44.1	39.4	12.0	174.2	149.9	16.2
Other Income and Expenses
Interest income	3.9	1.1	2.5	9.4	2.6	2.6
Other (expenses) income	(0.7)	0.3	(3.2)	1.7	1.0	0.8
Other net income energy	0.4	0.0	na	0.4	0.0	na
Transaction cost on debt issuance	0.0	0.0	na	0.0	0.0	na
Interest expense	(11.6)	(12.3)	(0.1)	(46.3)	(46.4)	(0.0)
Exchange gain (loss)	2.7	2.3	0.2	8.9	1.9	3.6
Gain from properties sold	(0.5)	0.0	na	(0.5)	5.0	(1.1)
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	63.9	45.7	0.4	243.5	185.5	0.3
Total other income (expenses)	58.1	37.1	0.6	217.1	149.7	0.5
Profit Before Income Taxes	99.8	74.8	33.4	381.6	291.8	30.8
Income Tax Expense	14.0	3.9	na	(65.0)	(48.2)	34.8
Current Tax	(18.2)	(13.9)	0.3	(92.0)	(42.0)	119.0
Deferred Tax	32.1	17.8	0.8	27.0	(6.2)	(532.1)
Profit for the Period	113.8	78.7	na	316.6	243.6	30.0
Exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations	(1.6)	5.9	(1.3)	7.9	8.9	(0.1)
Total Comprehensive Income for the period	112.3	84.6	0.3	324.5	252.5	0.3
Shares (average)	848.7	688.2	23.3	768.8	694.3	10.7
Diluted EPS	0.1323	0.1229		0.4221	0.3638

Revenues increased 20.5% to US$ 214.5 million for the year 2023, compared to US$ 178.0 million in 2022, while operating costs increased to US$ 18.2 million, or 59.7%, compared to US$ 11.4 million in 2022, due to the increase in expenses related to those properties which generate income as well as those which did not generate rental income. Adjusted Net operating income for 2023 was US$ 201.2 million compared to US$ 168.7 million in the same period of 2022.


	16

At the close of December 31, 2023, general and administrative expenses increased by 31.3% to US$ 30.1 million in 2023, from US$ 23.0 million in 2022, primarily due to increased expenses related to employee benefits, auditing, legal and consulting expenses and to Vesta´s stock-based compensation.

Total other income for the twelve months of 2023 was US$ 217.1 million, compared to US$ 149.7 million in the prior year. The result reflects an increase in interest income, exchange gain and a gain on the revaluation of investment properties.

The Company’s profit before tax therefore amounted to US$ 381.6 million for 2023.

Income tax for the twelve months ending December 31, 2023 resulted in a US$ 65.0 million expense, compared to US$ 48.2 million expense for the same period 2022. This year-on-year increase was primarily due to a higher current tax during 2023.

Profit for 2023 was US$ 316.6 million, compared to US$ 243.6 million in the same period of 2022, due to factors described above.

Vesta ended the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2023 with US$ 324.5 million in total comprehensive income, compared to US$ 252.5 million at the end of the twelve-months of 2022 period, due to the factors previously described. This gain was partially increased by a US$ 7.9 million gain in exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations.

Capex for the year 2023 reached US$ 263.1 million and was related to investment property development.


	17

Subsequent Events

Dividends:

Vesta paid a cash dividend for the fourth quarter 2023 equivalent to PS$ 0.29149 per ordinary share on January 15, 2024. The dividend was paid through the S.D. Indeval S.A. de C.V. Institución para el Depósito de Valores (INDEVAL). This amount was provisioned within the Company’s financial statements at the end of the fourth quarter 2023 as dividends payable.

	Dividends per share
Q1 2023	0.3921
Q2 2023	0.3045
Q3 2023	0.3230
Q4 2023	0.2915

Vesta shareholders approved a US$ 60.31 million dividend at its Annual General Shareholders Meeting held on March 30, 2023, to be paid in quarterly installments at the closing exchange rate of the day prior to payment. The quarterly dividend per share is determined based on the outstanding number of shares on the distribution date.


	18

Appendix: Financial Tables

				*12 months*
Consolidated Interim and Annual Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive Income (million)	Q4 2023	Q4 2022	Chg. %	2023	2022	Chg. %
Revenues
Rental income	53.0	44.7	18.5	200.3	168.7	18.7
Other Income	1.0	1.5	(33.0)	11.2	8.1	39.5
Energy Income	1.9	1.3	53.6	1.9	1.3	53.6
Management Fees	0.1	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	NA
Total Revenues	55.9	47.4	17.9	214.5	178.0	20.5
Total Operating Property Costs	(4.9)	(3.8)	29.6	(18.2)	(11.4)	59.7
Related to properties that generate rental income	(3.2)	(2.8)	11.7	(13.5)	(8.9)	50.7
Costs related to properties	(1.0)	(1.9)	(45.2)	(11.4)	(8.0)	41.6
Costs related to energy	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0	(2.1)	(0.9)	132.0
Related to properties that did not generate rental income	(1.7)	(0.9)	83.5	(4.8)	(2.5)	91.9
Adjusted Net Operating Income	53.0	44.3	19.7	201.2	168.7	19.2
General and administrative Expenses	(8.8)	(5.6)	58.3	(30.1)	(23.0)	31.3
Stock-based compensation	1.7	1.7	2.5	8.0	6.7	20.3
Depreciation	(0.6)	(0.4)	49.7	(1.6)	(1.5)	7.8
Adjusted EBITDA	44.1	39.4	12.0	174.2	149.9	16.2
Other Income and Expenses
Interest income	3.9	1.1	2.5	9.4	2.6	2.6
Other (expenses) income	(0.7)	0.3	(3.2)	1.7	1.0	0.8
Other net income energy	0.4	0.0	na	0.4	0.0	na
Transaction cost on debt issuance	0.0	0.0	na	0.0	0.0	na
Interest expense	(11.6)	(12.3)	(0.1)	(46.3)	(46.4)	(0.0)
Exchange gain (loss)	2.7	2.3	0.2	8.9	1.9	3.6
Gain from properties sold	(0.5)	0.0	na	(0.5)	5.0	(1.1)
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	63.9	45.7	0.4	243.5	185.5	0.3
Total other income (expenses)	58.1	37.1	0.6	217.1	149.7	0.5
Profit Before Income Taxes	99.8	74.8	33.4	381.6	291.8	30.8
Income Tax Expense	14.0	3.9	na	(65.0)	(48.2)	34.8
Current Tax	(18.2)	(13.9)	0.3	(92.0)	(42.0)	119.0
Deferred Tax	32.1	17.8	0.8	27.0	(6.2)	(532.1)
Profit for the Period	113.8	78.7	na	316.6	243.6	30.0
Valuation of derivative financial instruments	0.0	0.0	na	0.0	0.0	na
Exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations	(1.6)	5.9	(1.3)	7.9	8.9	(0.1)
Total Comprehensive Income for the period	112.3	84.6	0.3	324.5	252.5	0.3
Shares (average)	848.7	688.2	23.3	768.8	694.3	10.7
Diluted EPS	0.1323	0.1229		0.4221	0.3638


	19

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (million)	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
ASSETS
CURRENT
Cash and cash equivalents	501.2	139.1
Financial assets held for trading	0.0	0.0
Accounts receivable- net	33.9	30.1
Operating lease receivable	10.1	7.7
Due from related parties	0.0	0.0
Prepaid expenses	21.3	25.3
Guarantee deposits made	0.0	0.0
Total current assets	566.4	202.2
NON-CURRENT
Investment properties	3212.2	2738.5
Leasing Terms	0.8	1.4
Office equipment - net	2.5	1.4
Derivative financial instruments	0.0	0.0
Guarantee Deposits made	10.2	9.6
Total non-current assets	3225.8	2750.9

TOTAL ASSETS	3792.2	2953.2

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Current portion of long-term debt	69.6	4.6
Financial leases payable-short term	0.6	0.6
Accrued interest	3.1	3.8
Accounts payable	13.2	16.6
Income tax payable	38.8	14.8
Dividends payable	15.2	14.4
Accrued expenses	7.1	5.2
Total current liabilities	147.6	60.0
NON-CURRENT
Long-term debt	845.6	925.9
Financial leases payable-long term	0.0	0.9
Derivative financial instruments	0.3	0.0
Guarantee deposits received	25.7	18.3
Long-term accounts payable	7.7	7.9
Employees benefits	1.5	0.3
Deferred income taxes	276.9	300.0
Total non-current liabilities	1157.7	1253.3

TOTAL LIABILITIES	1305.2	1313.4

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Capital stock	591.6	480.6
Additional paid-in capital	934.9	460.7
Retained earnings	989.7	733.4
Share-base payments reserve	3.7	6.0
Foreign currency translation	(33.0)	(40.9)
Valuation of derivative financial instruments	0.0	0.0
Total shareholders' equity	2487.0	1639.8

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	3792.2	2953.2


	20

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (million)	December 31, 2023	December 31, 2022
Cash flow from operating activities:
Profit before income taxes	381.6	291.8
Adjustments:
Depreciation	1.0	0.9
Depreciation of right of use assets	0.6	0.6
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	(243.5)	(185.5)
Effect of foreign exchange rates	(1.0)	(1.9)
Interest income	(9.4)	(2.6)
Interest expense	44.3	44.9
Amortization of debt issuance costs	2.0	1.5
Share-based compensation	8.0	6.7
Gain in sale of investment property	0.5	(5.0)
Employee Benefits	1.2	0.3
Income tax benefit from equity issuance costs	8.3	0.0
Working capital adjustments
(Increase) decrease in:
Operating leases receivables- net	(2.4)	1.3
Recoverable taxes	(3.8)	(10.7)
Guarantee Deposits made	(1.1)	1.9
Prepaid expenses	4.0	(17.3)
(Increase) decrease in:
Accounts payable	0.0	(1.6)
Accrued expenses	1.9	(10.1)
Guarantee Deposits received	7.3	2.5
Interest received	9.4	2.6
Income Tax Paid	(64.1)	(55.0)
Net cash generated by operating activities	144.8	65.2

Cash flow from investing activities
Purchases of investment property	(263.1)	(269.2)
Acquisition of office furniture	42.1	7.3
Sale of investment property	(2.1)	(0.2)
Net cash used in investing activities	(223.1)	(262.2)

Cash flow from financing activities
Interest paid	(45.0)	(44.8)
Loans obtained	0.0	0.0
Loans Paid	(16.8)	0.0
Cost of debt issuance	0.0	(1.7)
Dividends paid	(59.5)	(57.0)
Repurchase of treasury shares	0.0	(15.6)
Equity issuance	594.4	0.0
Costs of equity issuance	(27.7)	0.0
Repayments of finance leases	(0.6)	(0.6)
Net cash (used in) generated by financing activities	444.7	(119.8)

Effects of exchange rates changes on cash	(4.4)	3.1
Net Increase in cash and cash equivalents	362.0	(313.7)
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of period	139.1	453.6
Cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents at the end of period	501.2	139.9


	21

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (million)	Capital Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Share-based payment reserve	Foreign Currency Translation	Total Stockholders´ Equity

Balances as of December 31, 2021	482.86	466.23	547.21	7.15	(49.83)	1453.63
Vested shares	2.01	5.80	0.00	(7.82)	0.00	0.00
Share-based payments	0.00	0.00	(57.43)	0.00	0.00	(57.43)
Dividends declared	0.00	0.00	0.00	6.65	0.00	6.65
Repurchase of shares	(4.25)	(11.35)	0.00	0.00	0.00	(15.60)
Comprehensive income (loss)	0.00	0.00	243.62	0.00	8.92	252.55
Balances as of December 31, 2022	480.62	460.68	733.41	5.98	(40.90)	1639.79
Equity issuance	108.77	466.22	0.00	0.00	0.00	574.99
Vested shares	2.20	8.05	0.00	(10.25)	0.00	(0.00)
Share-based payments	0.00	0.00	(60.31)	0.00	0.00	(60.31)
Dividends payments	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.00	0.00	8.00
Comprehensive income	0.00	0.00	316.64	0.00	7.86	324.50
Balances as of December 31, 2023	591.60	934.94	989.74	3.73	(33.04)	2486.97


	22

Notes and Disclaimers

Interim Consolidated Condensed Financial Statements: The figures presented within this release for the three-month periods ending December 31, 2023 and 2022 have not been audited.

Exchange Rate: The exchange rates used for the figures expressed in US dollars (US$) were:

Date	Exchange Rate
*Balance Sheet*
December 31, 2022	19.362
December 31, 2023	16.894
*Income Statement*
Q4 2022 (average)	19.699
Q4 2023 (average)	17.583
2022 (average)	20.125
2023 (average)	17.762

“Adjusted EBITDA” as the sum of profit for the year adjusted by (a) total income tax expense (b) interest income, (c) other income, (d) other expense (e) finance costs, (f) exchange gain (loss) – net, (g) gain on sale of investment property, (h) gain on revaluation of investment property, (i) depreciation, (j) stock-based compensation expense (k) energy income and (l) energy costs during the relevant period

“Adjusted EBITDA margin” means Adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenues minus energy income.

“NOI” means the sum of Adjusted EBITDA plus general and administrative expenses, reversing the discrete depreciation expense impact in Adjusted EBITDA minus and stock-based compensation expense during the relevant period.

“Adjusted NOI” means the sum of NOI plus property operating costs related to properties that did not generate rental income during the relevant period minus energy costs.

“Adjusted NOI margin” means Adjusted NOI divided by total revenues minus energy income.

“FFO” means profit for the period, excluding: (i) gain on sale of investment property and (ii) gain on revaluation of investment property.

“Vesta FFO” means the sum of FFO, as adjusted for the impact of exchange gain (loss) - net, other income – net, other energy income net, interest income, total income tax expense, depreciation and stock-based compensation expense and equity plus.

Prior period: Unless otherwise stated, the comparison of operating and financial figures compares the same prior year period.

Percentages may not sum to total due to rounding.


	23

Build to Suit (BTS): a building which is custom-made in design and construction in order to meet client-specific needs.

Inventory buildings: buildings constructed in accordance with standard industry specifications, for those clients that do not require a BTS Building.

Analyst Coverage

In compliance with the internal regulation of the BMV, article 4.033.01 Frac. VIII, Vesta is covered by analysts at the following brokers:

Barclays Bank Mexico, S.A.

Bank of America

BBVA Bancomer S.A.

Bradesco BBI Research

BTG Pactual US Capital LLC

Casa de Bolsa Credit Suisse S.A. de C.V.

Casa de Bolsa Santander S.A. de C.V.

Citigroup Global Markets Inc.

GBM Grupo Bursátil Mexicano S.A. de C.V.

Grupo Financiero Interacciones S.A. de C.V.

Grupo Signum, S.A. de C.V.

Goldman Sachs

Itaú Corretora de Valores S.A

J.P. Morgan Casa de Bolsa, S.A. de C.V.

Morgan Stanley

Scotia Inverlat Casa de Bolsa S.A. de C.V.

About Vesta

Vesta is a real estate owner, developer and asset manager of industrial buildings and distribution centers in Mexico. As of December 31, 2023, Vesta owned 213 properties located in modern industrial parks in 16 states of Mexico totaling a GLA of 37.3 million sf (3.5 million m²). Vesta has several world-class clients participating in a variety of industries such as automotive, aerospace, high-tech, pharmaceuticals, electronics, food and beverage and packaging. For additional information visit: www.vesta.com.mx.

This report may contain certain forward-looking statements and information relating to the Company and its expected future performance that reflects the current views and/or expectations of the Company and its management with respect to its performance, business and future events. Forward looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate or imply future results, performance or achievements, and may contain words like “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “envisages,” “will likely result,” or any other words or phrases of similar meaning. Such statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Some of the factors that may affect outcomes and results include, but are not limited to: (i) national, regional and local economic and political climates; (ii) changes in global financial markets, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates; (iii) increased or unanticipated competition for our properties; (iv) risks associated with acquisitions, dispositions and development of properties; (v) tax structuring and changes in income tax laws and rates; (vi) availability of financing and capital, the levels of debt that we maintain; (vii) environmental uncertainties, including risks of natural disasters; (viii) risks related to any potential health crisis and the measures that governments, agencies, law enforcement and/or health authorities implement to address such crisis; and (ix) those additional factors discussed in reports filed with the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores and in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We caution you that these important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the plans, objectives, expectations, estimates and intentions expressed in this presentation and in oral statements made by authorized officers of the Company. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of their dates. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, including any financial guidance, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise except as may be required by law.

Change in Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, Adjusted NOI and Vesta FFO calculation methodology

During the year ended December 31, 2023, our business began to experience different effects associated with our tenants growing their operations in Mexico that among other impacts resulted in increased energy consumption which we recognize as an energy income and energy cost during the period. Our management considered these income and costs represent a business activity not actively managed by us and does not relate directly to our business operation and strategy; therefore, we updated our policy to further adjust our Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, Adjusted NOI and Vesta FFO to exclude energy income and energy costs.

We have applied the change in calculation methodology retroactively. This change had an impact on Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, Adjusted NOI and Vesta FFO of $0.3 million, ($0.4) million and $0.0 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, NOI and Adjusted NOI to profit for the year, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, for each of the periods indicated, as reported in the Company’s financial statements. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as the sum of profit for the year adjusted by (a) total income tax expense (b) interest income, (c) other income, (d) other expense (e) finance costs, (f) exchange gain (loss) – net, (g) gain on sale of investment property, (h) gain on revaluation of investment property, (i) depreciation, (j) stock-based compensation expense (k) energy income and (l) energy costs during the relevant period. We calculate NOI as the sum of Adjusted EBITDA plus general and administrative expenses, reversing the discrete depreciation expense impact in Adjusted EBITDA minus and stock-based compensation expense during the relevant period. We calculate Adjusted NOI as the sum of NOI plus property operating costs related to properties that did not generate rental income during the relevant period.

Adjusted EBITDA is not a financial measure recognized under IFRS and does not purport to be an alternative to profit or total comprehensive income for the period as a measure of operating performance or to cash flows from operating activities as a measure of liquidity. Additionally, Adjusted EBITDA is not intended to be a measure of free cash flow available for management’s discretionary use, as it does not consider certain cash requirements such as interest payments and tax payments. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under IFRS. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA to measure and evaluate the operating performance of our principal business (which consists of developing, leasing and managing industrial properties) before our cost of capital and income tax expense. Adjusted EBITDA is a measure commonly used in our industry, and we present Adjusted EBITDA to supplement investor understanding of our operating performance. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides investors and analysts with a measure of operating results unaffected by differences in tenant’s operation, capital structures, capital investment cycles and fair value adjustments of related assets among otherwise comparable companies.

NOI or Adjusted NOI are not financial measures recognized under IFRS and do not purport to be alternatives to profit for the period or total comprehensive income as measures of operating performance. NOI and Adjusted NOI are supplemental industry reporting measures used to evaluate the performance of our investments in real estate assets and our operating results. In addition, Adjusted NOI is a leading indicator of the trends related to NOI as we typically have a strong development portfolio of “speculative buildings.” Under IAS 40, we have adopted the fair value model to measure our investment property and, for that reason, our financial statements do not reflect depreciation nor amortization of our investment properties, and therefore such items are not part of the calculations of NOI or Adjusted NOI. We believe that NOI is useful to investors as a performance measure and that it provides useful information regarding our results of operations and financial condition because, when compared across periods, it reflects the impact on operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs and acquisition and development activity on an unleveraged basis, providing perspective not immediately apparent from profit for the year. For example, interest expense is not necessarily linked to the operating performance of a real estate asset and is often incurred at the corporate level as opposed to the property level. Similarly, interest expense may be incurred at the property level even though the financing proceeds may be used at the corporate level (e.g., used for other investment activity). As so defined, NOI and Adjusted NOI may not be comparable to net operating income or similar measures reported by other real estate companies that define NOI or Adjusted NOI differently.

The table below also includes a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA margin, NOI margin and Adjusted NOI margin to profit for the year, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, for each of the periods indicated, as reported in the Company’s financial statements. We present margin ratios to rental income plus management fees minus electricity income to compliment the understanding of our operating performance; measuring our profitability compared to the revenues directly related to our business activities.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of FFO and Vesta FFO to profit for the period, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, for each of the periods indicated, as reported in the Company’s financial statements. FFO is calculated as profit for the period, excluding: (i) gain on sale of investment property and (ii) gain on revaluation of investment property. We calculate Vesta FFO as the sum of FFO, as adjusted for the impact of exchange gain (loss) - net, other income – net, interest income, total income tax expense, depreciation and long-term incentive plan and equity plus.

The Company believes that Vesta FFO is useful to investors as a supplemental performance measure because it excludes the effects of certain items which can create significant earnings volatility, but which do not directly relate to our business operations. We believe Vesta FFO can facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods, while also providing a more meaningful predictor of future earnings potential. Additionally, since Vesta FFO does not capture the level of capital expenditures per maintenance and improvements to maintain the operating performance of properties, which has a material economic impact on operating results, we believe Vesta FFO’s usefulness as a measure of performance may be limited.

Our computation of FFO and Vesta FFO may not be comparable to FFO measures reported by other REITs or real estate companies that define or interpret the FFO definition differently. FFO and Vesta FFO should not be considered as a substitute for net profit for the period attributable to our common shareholders.

Independent Auditor’s Report and Consolidated Financial Statements for 2023, 2022 and 2021

Independent Auditor’s Report
to the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S. A. B. de C. V. (in US dollars)

We have audited the consolidated financial statements of Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S. A. B. de C. V. and Subsidiaries (the “Entity”), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and the consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income (loss), consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and notes to the consolidated financial statements, including material accounting policies information.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Entity as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

We conducted our audits in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Financial Statements section of our report. We are independent of the Entity in accordance with the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants’ Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (IESBA Code) together with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in Mexico, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements and the IESBA Code. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been translated into English for the convenience of readers.

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements of the current period. These matters were addressed in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole, and in forming our opinion thereon, and we do not provide a separate opinion on these matters. We have concluded that the following Key Audit Matter should be communicated in our report.

The Entity uses external appraisers in order to determine the fair value for all investment properties. Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). The Entity engaged third-party valuation firms to assist with the determination of the fair value of investment properties. Fair values are determined using the discounted cash flows approach for the Entity’s land and buildings and market approach for the Entity’s land reserves. Factors and assumptions considered, the majority of which are not directly observable in the market, to estimate the fair value of our investment property, include discount rates, long-term net operating income, inflation rates, absorption periods and market rents. The Entity performs these procedures on an annual basis. The Entity adds initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset. The Entity records gains and losses arising from the changes in the fair value determined by the third-party valuation firms in profit or loss in the period in which they arise. We obtained an understanding and evaluated the Entity’s methodology for determining the fair value of investment properties. We evaluated the Entity’s investment properties by performing detail procedures on the existence, by performing site visits. We evaluated the Entity’s investment properties by performing detail procedures on the valuation, including, but not limited to, the involvement of internal fair value specialists in the review of business and valuation assumptions and methodologies utilized in the valuation models. We also held various discussions with accounting and operations management regarding certain business assumptions utilized in the valuation models and, on a test basis, obtained audit support to substantiate the assumptions therein. We also tested the design and implementation of management’s controls over investment properties. Based on the procedures performed, investment properties appear reasonable in the context of the financial statements taken as a whole.

Management is responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the annual report that the Entity will prepare pursuant to Article 33, Section I, Subsection b) of the Fourth Title, First Chapter of the General Provisions Applicable to Issuers and other Participants in the Mexican Stock Exchange and the Instructions attached to these provisions (the Provisions), but does not include the consolidated financial statements or our auditor’s report thereon. As of the date of our auditor’s report, we have not yet obtained these documents and they will be available only after the issuance of this Audit Report.

Our opinion on the consolidated financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance thereon.

In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the consolidated financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If based on the work we have performed, we concluded that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have anything to report in this regard.

Responsibilities of Management and Those Charged with Governance for the Consolidated Financial Statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and for such internal control as management determines is necessary to enable the preparation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is responsible for assessing the Entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless management either intends to liquidate the Entity or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so.

Those charged with governance are responsible for overseeing the Entity’s financial reporting process.

Auditor’s Responsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these consolidated financial statements.

As part of an audit in accordance with ISAs, we exercise professional judgment and maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit. We also:

We communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant deficiencies in internal control that we identify during our audit.

We also provide those charged with governance with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.

From the matters communicated with those charged with governance, we determine those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the consolidated financial statements of the current period and are therefore the key audit matters. We describe these matters in our auditor’s report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, we determine that a matter should not be communicated in our report because the adverse consequences of doing so would reasonably be expected to outweigh the public interest benefits of such communication.

Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S. A. B. de C. V. (“Vesta” or the “Entity”) is a corporation incorporated in Mexico. The address of its registered office and principal place of business is Paseo de los Tamarindos 90, 28^th floor, Mexico City.

Vesta and subsidiaries (collectively, the “Entity”) are engaged in the development, acquisition and operation of industrial buildings and distribution facilities that are rented to corporations in eleven states throughout Mexico.

On April 27, 2021, Vesta announced the favorable results of its primary offering of common shares (equity issuance). The offering consisted in an equity offering of shares in Mexico through the Mexican Stock Exchange with an international distribution. Vesta received gross income of $200,000,000 from this equity issuance. The primary global offering considered 101,982,052 shares, and an over-allotment option of up to 15% calculated with respect to the number of shares subject to the primary offering, that was 15,297,306 additional shares, an option that could be exercised by the underwriters within the following 30 days to this date; such over-allotment was exercised by the underwriters on April 28, 2022 in a total of 14,797,307 shares for an amount of $29,215,419. The cost of such equity issuance was $6,019,970.

On May 13, 2021, Vesta offered $350,000,000 of Senior Notes, Vesta ESG Global bond 35/8 05/31, with maturity on May 13, 2031. The notes will bear interest at a rate of 3.62% per annum. The cost of such debt issuance was $7,746,222. On September 1, 2022, Vesta announced a new $200,000,000 sustainability linked revolving credit facility with various financial institutions. As a part of such revolving credit, Vesta paid debt issuance costs in an amount of $1,339,606. As of December 31, 2023 no amount has been borrowed yet.

As a result of the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in Mexico and around the world, Vesta successfully maintained during 2020 the disciplined execution of strategies, which included rapidly adapting to the current environment and providing temporary relief to clients supported by strong relationships and its strong knowledge of the market. This allowed Vesta to quickly and timely identify emerging trends and seize new business opportunities. As part of negotiations with clients during 2020, Vesta only granted deferral of leases payments for those tenants who met certain strict criteria, focusing that decision on long-term growth. In total, there were 43 deferral agreements that represented approximately a $5.5 million operating lease receivable, of which 84% were recovered during the second half of 2020 and 16% were recovered during 2021; agreements and payments have been fulfilled. It is important to note that, as of September 30, 2021, 95% of Vesta's tenants had reached pre-crisis operating levels and, at the end of the year, all are at normal levels. During 2021 Vesta did not grant additional deferrals to tenants. The economic trends of the real estate market in Mexico, and specifically the industrial real estate market, were not materially affected by the pandemic. See Note 8 “Investment Properties” for further details. Finally, from an internal point of view, Vesta continued with its surveillance measures and cost reduction, review of contracts with non-essential third parties and constant monitoring of its performance.

On April 23, 2021, a mandatory federal decree was published in Mexico where various labor and tax regulations were modified to generally prohibit the subcontracting of personnel and establish the rules under which specialized services may be subcontracted. During 2021, the Entity completed all the necessary corporate actions to approve the adjustments to the constitutive documents of the Entity and its subsidiaries, in order to adjust them to what it is established in the current legal framework; likewise, it took all previous actions to implement the administrative changes necessary to fully comply with the terms of the new legal framework on the beginning of its term; there was no impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the period ended December 31, 2021 derived from these actions.

On September 1, 2022, Vesta announced a new $200,000,000 sustainability linked revolving credit facility with various financial institutions. As a part of such revolving credit, Vesta paid debt issuance costs in an amount of $1,339,606. As of December 31, 2023 no amount has been borrowed yet.

On June 29, 2023, Vesta entered into an underwriting agreement (the ‘‘Underwriting Agreement’’) with Citigroup Global Markets Inc., BofA Securities, Inc. and Barclays Capital Inc., as representative of the underwriters, relating to Vesta’s initial public offering (the ‘‘Offering’’) of 125,000,000 Common Shares in the form of American Depositary Shares (the ‘‘ADS’’) each ADS representing 10 Common Shares of Vesta’s common stock (‘‘common stock’’), which included the exercise by the underwriters in full of the over-allotment option to purchase an additional 18,750,000 shares of Vesta’s common stock, at an Offering price of $31.00 US dollars per ADS.

The closing of the Offering for the ADS’s took place on July 5, 2023, raising gross proceeds of approximately $445,625,000, which included 18,750,000 shares sold by Vesta upon the exercise by the underwriters of the over-allotment option in full. Issuance expenses were approximately $22,950,000. Vesta intends to use the net proceeds from the Offering to fund growth strategy including the acquisition of land or properties and related infrastructure investments, and for the development of industrial buildings.

On December 7, 2023, Vesta entered into an underwriting agreement (the ‘‘Follow-On Underwriting Agreement’’) with Morgan Stanley & CO, LLC, BofA Securities, Inc. and Barclays Capital Inc., as representative of the underwriters, relating to Vesta’s sale of common shares (the ‘‘Follow-on Offering’’) of 42,500,000 Common Shares in the form of ADS, each ADS representing 10 Common Shares of Vesta’s common stock, at a Follow-on Offering price of $35.00 US dollars per ADS.

The closing of the Follow-on Offering for the ADS’s took place on December 13, 2023, raising gross proceeds of approximately $148,750,000. Issuance expenses were approximately $4,746,000. Vesta intends to use the net proceeds from the Follow-on Offering to fund growth strategy including the acquisition of land or properties and related infrastructure investments, and for the development of industrial buildings.

New and amended IFRS Accounting Standards that are effective for the current year

In the current year, the Entity has applied several amendments to IFRS Accounting Standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) that are mandatorily effective for an accounting period that begins on or after January 1, 2023. Their adoption has not had any material impact on the disclosures or on the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements.

New and revised IFRS Standards issued but not yet effective for the current year

At the date of authorization of these consolidated financial statements, the Entity has not applied the following new and amended IFRS Standards that have been issued but are not yet effective:

Management does not expect the adoption of the aforementioned standards to have a significant impact on the Entity's consolidated financial statements in future periods, except as indicated below:

Amendments to IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements and IAS 28 Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures – Sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture

The amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28 deal with situations where there is a sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture. Specifically, the amendments state that gains or losses resulting from the loss of control of a subsidiary that does not contain a business in a transactions with an associate or a joint venture that is accounted for using the equity method, are recognized in the parent’s profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investors’ interests in that associate or joint venture. Similarly, gains and losses resulting from the measurement of investments retained in any former subsidiary (that has become an associate or a joint venture that is accounted for using the equity method) to fair value are recognized in the former parent’s profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investors’ interests in the new associate or joint venture.

The effective date of the amendments has yet to be set by the IASB; however, earlier application for the amendments is permitted. Vesta management anticipates that the application of these amendments may have an impact on Vesta’s consolidated financial statements in future periods should such transactions arise.

Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements - Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and Non-current liabilities with covenants

The amendments to IAS 1 clarify that if an entity’s right to defer settlement of a liability is subject to the entity complying with the required covenants only at a date subsequent to the reporting period, the entity has a right to defer settlement of the liability even if it does not comply with those covenants at the end of the reporting period.

The classification of a liability is unaffected by the likelihood that the entity will exercise its right to defer settlement of the liability for at least twelve months after the reporting period.

In addition, a requirement has been introduced to require disclosure when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as non-current and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024 and must be applied retrospectively. The Entity is currently assessing the impact the amendments will have on current practice and whether existing loan agreements may require renegotiation.

Vesta management anticipates that the application of these amendments may have an impact on the disclosures of the consolidated financial statements in future periods.

The amendment to IFRS 16 Leases specifies the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains.

A seller-lessee applies the amendment to annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Earlier application is permitted, and that fact must be disclosed.

The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Statements: Disclosures – Supplier Finance Arrangements

The amendments specify disclosure requirements to assist users of financial statements in understanding the effects of supplier finance arrangements on an entity’s liabilities, cash flows and exposure to liquidity risk.

In these arrangements, one or more finance providers pay amounts an entity owes to its suppliers. The entity agrees to settle those amounts with the finance providers according to the terms and conditions of the arrangements.

The amendments require an entity to provide information about the impact of supplier finance arrangements on liabilities and cash flows, including terms and conditions of those arrangements, quantitative information on liabilities related to those arrangements as at the beginning and end of the reporting period and the type and effect of non-cash changes in the carrying amounts of those arrangements. The information on those arrangements is required to be aggregated unless the individual arrangements have dissimilar or unique terms and conditions. In the context of quantitative liquidity risk disclosures required by IFRS 7, supplier finance arrangements are included as an example of other factors that might be relevant to disclose.

The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2024. Early adoption is permitted but will need to be disclosed.

The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 21 Effects of Changes in Foreign Currency Rates – Lack of Exchangeability

The amendment specifies when an entity must evaluate if a currency is exchangeable into another currency and when it is not and how an entity determines the exchange rate to apply when a currency is not exchangeable and requires additional disclosures when a currency is not exchangeable with information that would enable users of its financial statements to evaluate how a currency’s lack of exchangeability affects, or is expected to affect, its financial performance, financial position and cash flow.

A currency is exchangeable into another currency when an entity is able to exchange that currency for the other currency through markets or exchange mechanisms that create enforceable rights and obligations without undue delay at the measurement date and for a specified currency.

A currency is not exchangeable into the other currency if an entity can only obtain an insignificant amount of the other currency.

The amendments will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted but will need to be disclosed.

The amendments are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for investment properties and financial instruments that are measured at fair value at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the accounting policies below.

Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Entity takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these consolidated financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are within the scope of IFRS 2, Share-based Payments.

In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorized into Level 1, 2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared by Management assuming that the Entity will continue to operate as a going concern.

During the first months of 2020, the infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus appeared and it was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Global Pandemic on March 11, 2020. Its expansion motivated a series of containment measures in the different geographies where the Entity operates and certain sanitary measures have been taken by the Mexican authorities to stop the spread of this virus. Derived from the uncertainty and duration of this pandemic, the Entity analyzed the considerations mentioned in Note 1.1 to determine if the assumption of continuing as a going concern is applicable.

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of Vesta and entities (including structured entities) controlled by Vesta and its subsidiaries. Control is achieved when the Entity:

The Entity reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Entity obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Entity loses control of the subsidiary. Specifically, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income (loss) from the date the Entity gains control or until the date when the Entity ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the Entity and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income of subsidiaries is attributed to the owners of the Entity and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Entity’s accounting policies.

All intragroup assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Entity are eliminated in full on consolidation.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized in Vesta’s statement of financial position when the Entity becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are measured subsequently at amortized cost:

Debt instruments that meet the following conditions are measured subsequently at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVTOCI):

By default, all other financial assets are measured subsequently at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).

Despite the foregoing, the Entity may make the following irrevocable election / designation at initial recognition of a financial asset:

The effective interest method is a method for calculating the amortized cost of a debt instrument and for allocating interest income during the relevant period.

For financial assets that were not purchased or originated by credit-impaired financial assets (for example, assets that are credit-impaired on initial recognition), the effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts future cash inflows (including all commissions and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs, and other premiums or discounts), excluding expected credit losses, over the expected life of the debt instrument or , if applicable, a shorter period, to the gross carrying amount of the debt instrument on initial recognition. For purchased or originated credit-impaired financial assets, a credit-adjusted effective interest rate is calculated by discounting estimated future cash flows, including expected credit losses, at the amortized cost of the debt instrument on initial recognition.

The amortized cost of a financial asset is the amount at which the financial asset is measured on initial recognition minus repayments of principal, plus the accumulated amortization using the effective interest method of any difference between that initial amount and the maturity amount, adjusted for any loss. The gross book value of a financial asset is the amortized cost of a financial asset before adjusting any provision for losses.

Interest income is recognized using the effective interest effect for debt instruments subsequently measured at amortized cost and at fair value through other comprehensive income. For financial assets purchased or originated other than financial assets with credit impairment, interest income is calculated by applying the effective interest rate to the gross book value of a financial asset, except for financial assets that have subsequently suffered impairment of credit (see below). For financial assets that have subsequently deteriorated credit, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the amortized cost of the financial asset. If in subsequent reporting periods the credit risk in the credit-impaired financial instrument improves, so that the financial asset is no longer credit-impaired, interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate to the gross book value of the financial asset.

Interest income is recognized as realized in the consolidated statements of profit and other comprehensive income (loss) for the year.

The book value of financial assets denominated in a foreign currency is determined in that foreign currency and it is translated at the exchange rate at the end of each reporting period.

For financial assets measured at amortized cost that are not part of a designated hedging relationship, exchange differences are recognized in exchange gain (loss)-net in the statement of profit and other comprehensive income (loss).

The Entity recognizes lifetime expected credit losses (“ECL”) for operating lease receivables.

The expected credit losses on these financial assets are estimated using a provision matrix based on the Entity’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors, general economic conditions and an assessment of both the current as well as the forecast direction of conditions at the reporting date, including time value of money where appropriate.

The measurement of expected credit losses is a function of the probability of default, the loss given the default (that is, the magnitude of the loss if there is a default), and the exposure at default.

The evaluation of the probability of default and the default loss is based on historical data adjusted for forward-looking information as described above. Regarding exposure to default, for financial assets, this is represented by the gross book value of the assets on the reporting date; for financial guarantee contracts, the exposure includes the amount established on the reporting date, along with any additional amount expected to be obtained in the future by default date determined based on the historical trend, the Entity's understanding of the specific financial needs of the debtors, and other relevant information for the future.

For financial assets, the expected credit loss is estimated as the difference between all the contractual cash flows that are due to the Entity in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Entity expects to receive, discounted at the original effective interest rate. For a lease receivable, the cash flows used to determine the expected credit losses are consistent with the cash flows used in the measurement of the lease receivable in accordance with IFRS 16 Leases.

The Entity recognizes an impairment loss or loss in the result of all financial instruments with a corresponding adjustment to their book value through a provision for losses account, except investments in debt instruments that are measured at fair value at through other comprehensive income, for which the provision for losses is recognized in other comprehensive and accumulated results in the investment revaluation reserve, and does not reduce the book value of the financial asset in the statement of financial position.

The Entity derecognizes a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the asset's cash flows expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Entity does not transfer or retain substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Entity recognizes its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for the amounts due. If the Entity retains substantially all the risks and benefits of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Entity continues to recognize the financial asset and also recognizes a loan guaranteed by the income received.

Upon derecognition of a financial asset measured at amortized cost, the difference between the asset's book value and the sum of the consideration received and receivable is recognized in income. In addition, when an investment in a debt instrument classified as fair value through other comprehensive income is written off, the accumulated gain or loss previously accumulated in the investment revaluation reserve is reclassified to profit or loss. In contrast, in the derecognition of an investment in a capital instrument that the Entity chose in the initial recognition to measure at fair value through other comprehensive income, the accumulated gain or loss previously accumulated in the investment revaluation reserve is not reclassifies to profit or loss, but is transferred to accumulated profit (deficit).

All financial liabilities are measured subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Financial liabilities (including borrowings) that are not (i) contingent consideration of an acquirer in a business combination, (ii) held-for-trading, or (iii) designated as at FVTPL, are measured subsequently at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments (including all fees and expenses paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition.

The Entity derecognizes financial liabilities when, and only when, the Entity’s obligations are discharged, cancelled or have expired. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and the consideration paid and payable is recognized in profit or loss.

When the Entity exchanges with the existing lender a debt instrument in another with substantially different terms, that exchange is accounted for as an extinction of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new financial liability. Similarly, the Entity considers the substantial modification of the terms of an existing liability or part of it as an extinction of the original financial liability and the recognition of a new liability. The terms are assumed to be substantially different if the discounted present value of the cash flows under the new terms, including any fees paid net of any fees received and discounted using the original effective rate, is at least 10% different from the current discounted rate. Value of the remaining cash flows of the original financial liability. If the modification is not material, the difference between: (1) the carrying amount of the liability before the modification; and (2) the present value of the cash flows after the modification should be recognized in profit or loss as the gain or loss from the modification within other gains and losses.

The balance as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 of short-term accounts payables was:

Cash and cash equivalents consist mainly of bank deposits in checking accounts and short-term investments, highly liquid and easily convertible into cash, maturing within three months as of their acquisition date, which are subject to immaterial value change risks. Cash is carried at nominal value and cash equivalents are valued at fair value; any fluctuations in value are recognized in interest income of the period. Cash equivalents are represented mainly by investments in treasury certificates (CETES) and money market funds.

Restricted cash represents cash and cash equivalents balances held by the Entity that are only available for use under certain conditions pursuant to the long-term debt agreements entered into by the Entity (as discussed in Note 12). These restrictions are classified according to their restriction period: less than 12 months and over one year, considering the period of time in which such restrictions are fulfilled, whereby the short-term restricted cash balance was classified within current assets under cash and cash equivalents and the long-term restricted cash was classified within security deposits made.

During 2022, the Entity paid $7.5 million to Scotiabank for the issuance of letters of credit for the National Control Energy Center (CENACE, for its acronym in Spanish) in connection to the Aguascalientes and Querétaro projects, in exchange of a guarantee. This amount will be paid back to the Entity once the project investment conditions are met.

Investment properties are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation (including property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are measured initially at cost, including transaction costs. The Entity does not capitalize borrowing costs during the construction phase of investment properties. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are measured at fair value. Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of investment properties are included in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

An investment property is derecognized upon sale or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected to be received from such investment property. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in (loss) gain on sale of investment property in the period in which the property is derecognized.

Vesta, as a lessor, retains substantially all of the risks and benefits of ownership of the investment properties and account for its leases as operating leases. Rental income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Initial direct costs incurred in negotiating and arranging an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the leased asset and recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Entity assesses whether a contract is or contains a lease, at inception of the contract. The Entity recognizes a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability with respect to all lease arrangements in which it is the lessee, except for short-term leases (defined as leases with a lease term of 12 months or less) and leases of low value assets. For these leases, the Entity recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease unless another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased assets are consumed.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by using the rate implicit in the lease. If this rate cannot be readily determined, the Entity uses its incremental borrowing rate.

The lease liability is presented as a separate line in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The lease liability is subsequently measured by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability (using the effective interest method) and by reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made.

Rights-of-use assets consist of the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, the rental payments made on or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives received and any direct initial costs. Subsequent valuation is cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

If the Entity incurs an obligation arising from the costs of dismantling and removing a leased asset, restoring the place in which it is located, or restoring the underlying asset to the condition required by the terms and conditions of the lease, a provision measured in accordance with IAS 37 should be recognized. To the extent that the costs are related to a rights of use asset, the costs are included in the related rights of use asset, unless such costs are incurred to generate inventories.

Assets for rights of use are depreciated over the shorter period between the lease period and the useful life of the underlying asset. If a lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset or the cost of the asset for rights of use reflects that the Entity plans to exercise a purchase option, the asset for rights of use will be depreciated over its useful life. Depreciation begins on the lease commencement date.

Assets for rights of use are presented as a separate concept in the consolidated statement of financial position.

The Entity applies IAS 36 to determine whether a rights-of-use asset is impaired and accounts for any identified impairment loss as described in the 'Impairment of assets other than goodwill' policy.

Leases with variable income that do not depend on an index or rate are not included in the measurement of the lease liability and the asset for rights of use. The related payments are recognized as an expense in the period in which the event or condition that triggers the payments occurs and are included in the concept of “Other expenses” in the consolidated statement of profits and other comprehensive Income (Loss).

As a practical expedient, IFRS 16 allows you not to separate the non-lease components and instead account for any lease and its associated non-lease components as a single arrangement. The Entity has not adopted this practical expedient. For contracts that contain lease components and one or more additional lease or non-lease components, the Entity assigns the consideration of the contract to each lease component under the relative selling price method independent of the lease component and aggregate stand-alone relative selling price for all non-lease components.

The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of Vesta and all of its subsidiaries except for WTN Desarrollos Inmobiliarios de México, S. de R. L. de C. V. (“WTN”), which considers the Mexican peso to be their functional currency and is considered to be “foreign operations” under IFRS. However, Vesta and its subsidiaries keep their accounting records in Mexican pesos. In preparing the financial statements of each individual entity, transactions in currencies other than the entity's functional currency (foreign currencies) are recognized at the exchange rates in effect on the dates of each transaction. At the end of each reporting period, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the exchange rates in effect at that date. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the exchange rates in effect on the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not retranslated.

Exchange differences on monetary items are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.

For the purposes of presenting consolidated financial statements, the assets and liabilities of WTN is translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rates in effect on the last business day of each reporting period. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period, unless exchange rates fluctuate significantly during that period, in which case the exchange rates in effect on the dates of the transactions are used. Exchange differences arising, if any, are recorded in other comprehensive income.

Employee benefits for termination are recorded in the results of the year in which they are incurred.

A liability is recognized for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries, annual leave and sick leave in the period the related service is rendered at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for that service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.

Liabilities recognized in respect of other long-term employee benefits are measured at the present value of the estimated future cash outflows expected to be made by the Entity in respect of services provided by employees up to the reporting date.

Post-employment and other long-term employee benefits, which are considered to be monetary items, include obligations for pension and retirement plans and seniority premiums. In Mexico, the economic benefits from employee benefits and retirement pensions are granted to employees with 10 years of service and minimum age of 60. In accordance with Mexican Labor Law, the Entity provides seniority premium benefits to its employees under certain circumstances. These benefits consist of a one-time payment equivalent to 12 days wages for each year of service (at the employee’s most recent salary, but not to exceed twice the legal minimum wage), payable to all employees with 15 or more years of service, as well as to certain employees terminated involuntarily before the vesting of their seniority premium benefit.

For defined benefit retirement plans and other long-term employee benefits, such as the Entity’s sponsored pension and retirement plans and seniority premiums, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each reporting period. All remeasurement effects of the Entity’s defined benefit obligation such as actuarial gains and losses are recognized directly in Other comprehensive gain – Net of tax. The Entity presents service costs within general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income (Loss). The Entity presents net interest cost within finance costs in the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income (Loss). The projected benefit obligation recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as of the end of each reporting period.

PTU is recorded in the results of the year in which it is incurred and is presented in General and administrative expenses line item in the consolidated statement of profit and other comprehensive income (loss).

As result of the recent changes to the Income Tax Law and the Labor Law, as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, PTU is determined based on taxable income, according to Section I of Article 9 of the that Law and the Article 127 of the Labor Law.

The Entity creates a provision for the costs of compensated absences, such as paid annual leave, which is recognized using the accrual method.

Equity-settled share-based payments to employees are measured at the fair value of the equity instruments at the grant date. Details regarding the determination of the fair value of equity-settled share-based transactions are set out in Note 21.

The fair value determined at the grant date of the equity-settled share-based payments is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period, based on the Entity’s estimate of equity instruments that will eventually vest, with a corresponding increase in equity. At the end of each reporting period, the Entity revises its estimate of the number of equity instruments expected to vest. The impact of the revision of the original estimates, if any, is recognized in profit or loss such that the cumulative expense reflects the revised estimate, with a corresponding adjustment to the equity settled employee benefits reserve.

Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax.

Current income tax (“ISR”) is recognized in the results of the year in which is incurred.

The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net profit as reported in profit or loss because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The Entity’s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

A provision is recognized for those matters for which the tax determination is uncertain but it is considered probable that there will be a future outflow of funds to a tax authority. The provisions are measured at the best estimate of the amount expected to become payable. The assessment is based on the judgement of tax professionals within the Entity supported by previous experience in respect of such activities and in certain cases based on specialist independent tax advice.

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax assets are generally recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition (other than in a business combination) of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor the accounting profit. In addition, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if the temporary difference arises from the initial recognition of goodwill.

The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realized, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Entity expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is an enforceable legal right that allows offsetting current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they are related to income taxes collected by the same tax authority and the Entity has the right to intention to settle your current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.

Current and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination.

Provisions are recognized when the Entity has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event, when it is probable that the Entity will be required to settle the obligation, and when a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

The amount recognized as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties associated with the obligation.

When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, a receivable is recognized as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably.

Rental income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease. Energy income and Reimbursable building services arise from tenant leases and consists on the recovery of certain operating expenses of the respective property. Such reimbursements are included in rental income in the consolidated financial statements.

The Entity’s primary business is the acquisition, development, and management of industrial and distribution center real estate. Vesta manages its operations on an aggregated, single segment basis for purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions and, accordingly, has only one reporting and operating segment. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, all of our assets and operations are derived from assets located within Mexico.

Other income and other expenses consist of transactions which substantially depart from our rental income from operating leases; these mainly include the income and expenses derived from the charge and expense of energy consumption through the Entity’s infrastructure to non-tenant third-parties, insurance recoveries and others.

Certain items in our consolidated statements of income and other comprehensive income (loss) and certain tables in our footnotes for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 have been reclassified to conform to the 2023 presentation.

In the application of the Entity’s accounting policies, which are described in Note 3, management of the Entity is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.

As described in Note 8, the Entity uses external appraisers in order to determine the fair value of its investment properties. Such appraisers use several valuation methodologies that include assumptions that are not directly observable in the market to estimate the fair value of its investment properties. Note 8 provides detailed information about the key assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of the investment properties.

In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Entity uses market-observable data to the extent it is available. Where Level 1 inputs are not available, the Entity engages third party qualified valuation experts. The valuation committee works closely with the qualified external valuation experts to establish the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs to the model. The Chief Financial Officer reports the valuation committee’s findings to the board of directors of the Entity every quarter to explain the cause of fluctuations in the fair value of the assets and liabilities. Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets and liabilities are disclosed in Note 8 and 19.

The Entity’s management believes that the chosen valuation methodologies and assumptions used are appropriate in determining the fair value of the Entity’s investment properties.

For purposes of the consolidated statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and in banks, including restricted cash. Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period as shown in the consolidated statement of cash flows can be reconciled to the related items in the consolidated statements of financial position as follows:

Restricted cash represents balances held by the Entity that are only available for use under certain conditions pursuant to the loan agreements entered into by the Entity. Such conditions include payment of monthly debt service fee and compliance with certain covenants set forth in the loan agreement. These restrictions are classified according to their restriction period: less than 12 months and over one year, considering the period of time in which such restrictions are fulfilled. Non-current restricted cash was classified within security deposits made in the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position.

The Entity did not have additions to the right-of-use asset and lease liabilities during 2023. Additions to right of use assets during 2022 and 2021 of $635,956 and $1,144,662, respectively were financed by new leases. Other non-cash investing activities related to investment properties are included in Note 8.

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities not requiring cash relate to a decrease for the amortization of debt issuance costs for $1,971,555, $1,544,113 and $4,781,465 in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively and an increase for new lease liabilities for $635,956 and $1,144,662 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Pursuant to the lease agreements, rental payments should be received within 30 days following their due date; thereafter the payment is considered past due. As shown in the table above, 92%, 88%, and 92% of all operating lease receivables are current at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

All rental payments past due are monitored by the Entity; for receivables outstanding from 30 to 90 days’ efforts are made to collect payment from the respective client. Operating lease receivables outstanding for more than 30 days but less than 60 days represent 3%, 3% and 3% of all operating lease receivables at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Operating lease receivables outstanding for more than 60 and less than 90 days represent 1%, 8%, and 3% of all operating lease receivable at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. Operating lease receivables outstanding greater than 90 days represent 3%, 1%, and 2% as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Lifetime ECL represents the expected credit losses that will result from all possible default events over the expected life of the operating lease receivable.

The following table shows the movement in expected credit losses that has been recognized for the lease receivable:

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 one of the Entity’s clients account for 45% or $4,525,100, 42% or $3,249,692 and 43% or $3,863,928, respectively, of the operating lease receivables balance. The same client accounted for 5%, 6%, and 6% of the total rental income of Entity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. No other client represented more than 10% of the Entity’s total rental income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Operating leases relate to non-cancellable lease agreements over the investment properties owned by the Entity, which generally have terms ranging between 5 to 15 years, with options to extend the term up to a total term of 20 years. Rents are customarily payable on a monthly basis, and are adjusted annually according to applicable inflation indices (US and Mexican inflation indices). Security deposits are typically equal to one or two months’ rent. Obtaining property insurance (third party liability) and operating maintenance are obligations of the tenants.

All lease agreements include a rescission clause that entitles the Entity to collect all unpaid rents during the remaining term of the lease agreement in the event that the client defaults in its rental payments, vacates the properties, terminates the lease agreement or enters into bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. All lease agreements are classified as operating leases and do not include purchase options.

Future minimum lease payments receivable under non-cancellable operating lease agreements are as follows:

The Entity uses external appraisers in order to determine the fair value for all of its investment properties. The external appraisers hold recognized and relevant professional qualifications and have vast experience in the types of investment properties owned by the Entity. The external appraisers use valuation techniques such as the discounted cash flows approach, replacement cost approach and income cap rate approach. The techniques used include assumptions, the majority of which are not directly observable in the market, to estimate the fair value of the Entity’s investment property such as discount rates, exit cap rates, long-term NOI, inflation rates, absorption periods and market rents.

The values, determined by the external appraisers annually, are recognized as the fair value of the Entity’s investment property at the end of each reporting period. The appraisers use a discounted cash flow approach to determine the fair value of land and buildings (using the expected net operating income (“NOI”) of the investment property) and a market approach to determine the fair value of land reserves. Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair values are included in the consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive (loss) income in the period in which they arise.

The Entity’s investment properties are located in México and they are classified as Level 3 in the IFRS fair value hierarchy. The following table provides information about how the fair values of the investment properties are determined (in particular, the valuation techniques and inputs used).

The following table presents a sensitivity analysis to the impact of 10 basis points (“bps”) of the discount rates and exit cap rate and the aggregated impact, in absolute terms, of these two on fair values of the investment properties – land and buildings representing leased land and buildings valued used the discounted cash flows method. An increase/decrease in discount rates and exit cap rate will decrease/increase the building and land valuation as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

The table below sets forth the aggregate values of the Entity’s investment properties for the years indicated:

A total of $19,510,889, $23,866,003, and $739,381 additions to investment property related to land reserves and new buildings that were acquired from third parties, were not paid as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and were therefore excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows for those years.

A total of $15,884,322, $739,381 and $933,571 of 2022, 2021 and 2020 additions were paid during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively and were included in the 2023, 2022 and 2021 consolidated statement of cash flows.

During 2023, the Entity reached an agreement to sell a land reserve located in Aguascalientes totaling 914,932 square feet for $5,057,500 and also sold a 313,410 square feet building in Tijuana for $37,000,000, the cost associated with the sales was $42,519,100, generating a loss in sale of investment property of $461,600.

During 2022, the Entity reached an agreement to sell two land reserves located in Queretaro totaling 115,101 square feet for $909,005 and also sold land reserves located in Cd. Juarez totaling 1,297,508 square feet for $13,862,383, the cost associated with the two sales was $9,743,562, generating a gain in sale of investment property of $5,027,826.

During 2021, the Entity reached an agreement to sell four land reserves located in Queretaro totaling 2.1 million square feet for $16,317,539, the cost associated with the sale was $7,395,427, generating a gain in sale of investment property of $8,922,112.

During 2021, the Entity reached an agreement to sell two industrial properties located in Queretaro and Ciudad Juarez totaling 1,371,129 square feet for $108,248,000, the cost associated with the sale was $103,177,437, generating a gain in sale of investment property of $5,070,563.

During 2007, the Entity entered into an agreement to build the Querétaro Aerospace Park, which consists of a Trust created by the Government of the State of Querétaro, as grantor (fideicomitente), Aeropuerto Intercontinental de Querétaro, S. A. de C. V., as a participant for the purposes of granting its consent, Bombardier Aerospace México, S.A. de C.V., as beneficiary (fideicomisario), and BBVA Bancomer, S.A., as Trustee (fiduciario), to which the Entity, through its subsidiary, Proyectos Aeroespaciales, S. de R. L. de
C. V. (PAE), adhered as grantee and beneficiary. The Government of the State of Queretaro contributed certain rights to the Trust, including rights to use the land and the infrastructure built by the state of Queretaro, allowing PAE to build and lease buildings for a total period equivalent to the term of the concession granted to the Aerospace Park; the remaining term is approximately 41 years as of December 31, 2023.

PAE is the only designated real estate developer and was granted the right to use the land and infrastructure to develop industrial facilities thereon, lease such industrial facilities to companies in the aerospace and related industries and to collect the rents derived from the lease of the industrial facilities, for a period of time equivalent to the remaining term of the airport concession (approximately 34 years as of December 31, 2023). With respect to such rights, all construction, addition and improvements made by Proyectos Aeroespaciales to the contributed land (including without limitation, the industrial facilities) will revert in favor of the Government of the State of Queretaro at the end of the term of the Trust, for zero consideration.

During 2013, the Entity entered into an agreement with Nissan Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. (“Nissan”) to build and lease to Nissan the Douki Seisan Park (“DSP Park”) located in Aguascalientes, Mexico. The land where the DSP Park is located is owned by Nissan. On July 5, 2012, Nissan created a Trust (Trust No. F/1704 with Deutsche Bank México, S.A. as Trustee) to which the Entity (through one of its subsidiaries, Vesta DSP,
S. de R.L. de C.V), is beneficiary and was granted the use of the land for a period of 40 years. The infrastructure and all the related improvements were built by and are managed by the Entity.

Some of the Entity’s investment properties have been pledged as collateral to secure its long-term debt, the long-term debt is secured by 67 investment properties with a carrying amount of $642,470,000.

In September 1, 2022, , the Entity obtained a three-year unsecured sustainability-linked revolving credit facility for $200 million. This loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 1.60 percentage points. As a part of such revolving credit, Vesta paid debt issuance costs in an amount of $1,339,606. As of December 31, 2023 no amount has been borrowed yet.

On May 13, 2021, the Entity offered $350,000,000 of Senior Notes (“Vesta ESG Global bond 35/8 05/31”) with maturity on May 13, 2031. The notes bear interest at a rate of 3.625%. The cost of such debt issuance was $7,746,222.

On August 2, 2019, the Entity entered into a new five-year unsecured credit agreement with various financial institutions for an aggregated amount of $80,000,000 which proceeds were received on the same date;, and a revolving credit line of $125,000,000. This loan bears interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 2.15 percentage points. On March 23, 2020 and April 7, 2020, the Entity borrowed $85,000,000 and $40,000,000, respectively, out of the revolving credit line, bearing quarterly interest at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.85 percentage points.

On June 25, 2019, the Entity entered into a 10-year Senior Note series RC and 12-year Senior Note series RD with various financial institutions, for aggregate amounts of $70,000,000 and $15,000,000, respectively. Each Series RC notes and Series RD notes bear interest on the unpaid balance at the rates of 5.18% and 5.28%, respectively.

On May 31, 2018, the Entity entered into an agreement for the issuance and sale of Series A Senior Note of $45,000,000 due on May 31, 2025, and Series B Senior Note of $45,000,000 due on May 31, 2028. Each Series A Note and Series B Note bear interest on the unpaid balance at the rates of 5.50% and 5.85%, respectively.

On November 1, 2017, the Entity entered into a loan agreement with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for $118,000,000 due on December 1, 2027. This loan bears interest at a rate of 4.75%.

On September 22, 2017, the Entity entered into an agreement for an issuance and sale Series A Senior Note of $65,000,000 due on September 22, 2024, and Series B Senior Note of $60,000,000 due on September 22, 2027. Each Series A Note and Series B Note bears interest on the unpaid balance of such Series A Note and Series B Note at the rates of 5.03% and 5.31%, respectively, payable semiannually on the September 22 and March 22 of each year.

On July 27, 2016, the Entity entered into a 10-year loan agreement with Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MetLife”) for a total amount of $150,000,000 due on August 2026. The proceeds of both of the aforementioned credit facilities were used to settle the Entity’s debt with Blackstone which matured on August 1, 2016.

These credit agreements require the Entity to maintain certain financial and to comply with certain affirmative and negative covenants. The Entity is in compliance with such covenants as of December 31, 2023.

The credit agreements also entitle MetLife to withhold certain amounts deposited by the Entity in a separate fund as guarantee deposits for the debt service and tenants guarantee deposits of the Entity’s investment properties pledged as collateral. Such amounts are presented as guaranteed deposit assets in the consolidated statement of financial position.

Scheduled maturities and periodic amortization of long-term debt are as follows:

The analysis of the employee benefit liabilities recorded in the consolidated financial statements is detailed below:

Assumptions: The Entity performs an annual evaluation of the reasonableness of the assumptions used in the calculations of the defined benefit obligations, the post-employment and other long-term employee benefits.

The principal long-term assumptions used in determining the retirement plan, seniority premium and the current service cost are as follows:

In Mexico, the methodology used to determine the discount rate was the Yield or Internal Rate of Return (“IRR”), which includes a yield curve. In this case, the expected rates were taken from a yield curve of the Federation Treasury Certificate (known in Mexico as CETES), because there is no deep market for high quality corporate obligations in Mexican pesos.

Considering the materiality of labor liabilities, Vesta does not include sensitivity analysis of the actuarial assumptions.

Vesta presents a maturity analysis to facilitate understanding of the effect of the defined benefit plan on the timing, amount and uncertainty in the entity's future cash flows:

Based on our assumptions, the benefit amounts expected to be paid in the following years are as follows:

Pursuant to a resolution of the general ordinary stockholders meeting on March 30, 2023, the Entity declared a dividend of $60,307,043, approximately $0.08782 per share. The dividend will be paid in four equal installments of $15,076,761 due on April 17, 2023, July 15, 2023, October 15, 2023 and January 15, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the unpaid dividends are $15,155,311.

The first installment of the 2023 declared dividends, paid on April 17, 2023, was approximately $0.0218 per share, for a total dividend of $15,076,761.

The second installment of the 2023 declared dividends, paid on July 17, 2023, was approximately $0.0180 per share, for a total dividend of $15,076,761.

The third installment of the 2023 declared dividends, paid on October 16, 2023, was approximately $0.0182 per share, for a total dividend of $15,076,761.

Pursuant to a resolution of the general ordinary stockholders meeting on March 24, 2022, the Entity declared a dividend of $57,432,776, approximately $0.08306 per share. The dividend will be paid in four equal installments of $14,358,194 due on April 15, 2022, July 15, 2022, October 15, 2022 and January 15, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the unpaid dividends are $14,358,194.

The first installment of the 2022 declared dividends, paid on April 15, 2022, was approximately $0.0207 per share, for a total dividend of $14,358,194.

The second installment of the 2022 declared dividends, paid on July 15, 2022, was approximately $0.02086 per share, for a total dividend of $14,358,194.

The third installment of the 2022 declared dividends, paid on October 15, 2022, was approximately $0.02086 per share, for a total dividend of $14,358,194.

The fourth installment of the 2022 declared dividends, paid on January 15, 2023, was approximately $0.02086 per share, for a total dividend of $14,358,194.

Pursuant to a resolution of the general ordinary stockholders meeting on March 23, 2021, the Entity declared a dividend of $55,776,929, approximately $0.097 per share. The dividend will be paid in four equal installments of $13,944,232 due on April 15, 2021, July 15, 2021, October 15, 2021 and January 15, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the unpaid dividends are $13,944,232.

The first installment of the 2021 declared dividends, paid on April 15, 2021, was approximately $0.0242 per share, for a total dividend of $13,944,232.

The second installment of the 2021 declared dividends, paid on July 15, 2021, was approximately $0.0242 per share, for a total dividend of $13,944,232.

The third installment of the 2021 declared dividends, paid on October 15, 2021, was approximately $0.0242 per share, for a total dividend of $13,944,232.

The fourth installment of the 2021 declared dividends, paid on January 15, 2022, was approximately $0.0237 per share, for a total dividend of $13,534,554.

Stockholders' equity, except restated common stock and tax-retained earnings, will incur income tax payable by the Entity at the rate in effect at the time of its distribution. Any tax paid on such distribution may be credited against income for the year in which the dividend tax is paid and, in the subsequent two years, against tax for the year and the related estimated payments.

Dividends paid from tax profits generated from January 1, 2014 to residents in Mexico and to nonresident stockholders may be subject to an additional tax of up to 10%, which will be withheld by the Entity.

Pursuant temporary provisions of the Income Tax Law of 2016, a tax benefit was granted to individual taxpayers that are subjects to 10% withholding tax on dividends received from legal entities, which come from earnings generated in 2014, 2015 and 2016, subject to compliance with specific requirements. The tax benefit consists in a tax credit equivalent to 5% of the distributed dividend (applicable only to dividends distributed in 2020 and onwards). Such tax credit will be credited only against the aforementioned 10% withholding tax.

Retained earnings that may be subject to withholding of up to 10% on distributed dividends is as follows:

Shares held in the Incentive Plan trust accrue dividends, which are irrevocable, regardless if the employee forfeits the granted shares.

To determine deferred tax the Entity applied the applicable tax rates to temporary differences based on their estimated reversal dates.

The Entity manages its capital to ensure that the Entity will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to partners through the optimization of the debt and equity balance.

The capital structure of the Entity consists of net debt (total borrowings, including the current portion, as detailed in Note 10 offset by cash and bank balances) and equity of the Entity (comprising issued capital, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings and other comprehensive income as detailed in Note 12). The Entity is not subject to any externally imposed capital requirements.

The Board reviews the capital structure of the Entity on a regular basis. As part of this review, the Board considers the cost of capital and the risks associated with each class of capital.

Details of the significant accounting policies and methods adopted, including the criteria for recognition, the basis of measurement and the basis on which income and expenses are recognized, in respect of each class of financial asset, financial liability and equity instrument are disclosed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements.

The Entity’s principal financial assets are bank balances, cash equivalents and restricted cash as disclosed in Note 5 and operating lease receivables as disclosed in Note 7. The Entity’s principal financial liability is long-term debt as disclosed in Note 10.

The Entity seeks to minimize the effects of market risk (including fair value interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk and cash flow interest rate risk. The use of financial derivatives is governed by the Entity’s policies approved by the board of directors. The Entity does not enter into or trade financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes.

The Entity’s activities expose it primarily to the financial risks of changes in interest rates (see 17.8 below) and foreign currency exchange rates (see 17.6 below). The Entity enters into an interest rate swaps to mitigate the risk of rising interest rates.

Market risk exposures are measured using value-at-risk (VaR) supplemented by sensitivity analysis.

The Entity is exposed to foreign exchange risk, primarily with respect to the Mexican peso and to the US dollar in respect of one of its subsidiaries, whose functional currency is the Mexican peso. Foreign exchange risk arises from future commercial transactions and recognized monetary assets and liabilities.

The carrying amounts of the Entity’s foreign currency denominated monetary assets and monetary liabilities at the end of the reporting period as well as the relevant exchange rates are as follows:

The following table details the Entity’s sensitivity to a 10% appreciation or depreciation in the US Dollar against the Mexican peso. 10% is the sensitivity rate used when reporting foreign currency risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in foreign exchange rates. The sensitivity analysis includes only outstanding foreign currency denominated monetary items and adjusts their translation at the period end for a 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates. A positive number below indicates an increase in profit or equity where the US dollar appreciates 10% against the relevant currency. For a 10% depreciation of the US dollar against the Mexican peso, there would be a comparable impact on the profit or equity, and the balances below would be negative:

The Entity minimizes its exposure to interest rate risk by borrowing funds at fixed rates or entering into interest rate swap contracts where funds are borrowed at floating rates. This minimizes interest rate risk together with the fact that properties owned by the Entity generate a fixed income in the form of rental income which is indexed to inflation.

Under interest rate swap contracts, the Entity agrees to exchange the difference between fixed and floating rate interest amounts calculated on agreed notional principal amounts. Such contracts enable the Entity to mitigate the risk of changing interest rates on the fair value of issued fixed rate debt and the cash flow exposures on the issued variable rate debt. The fair value of interest rate swaps at the end of the reporting period is determined by discounting the future cash flows using the curves at the end of the reporting period and the credit risk inherent in the contract. The average interest rate is based on the outstanding balances at the end of the reporting period.

In May 2021, the interest rate swap contracts were cancelled as related loans were paid.

Credit risk refers to the risk that counterparty will default on its contractual obligations resulting in financial loss to the Entity. The Entity has adopted a policy of only dealing with creditworthy counterparties as a means of mitigating the risk of financial loss from defaults. The Entity’s exposure and the credit ratings of its counterparties are monitored, and the transactions consummated are entered into with approved counterparties. The Entity’s maximum credit risk is the total of its financial assets included in its statement of financial position.

The Entity’s clients operate in a variety of industries. Its real estate portfolio is primarily concentrated in the food and beverage, automotive, aerospace, medical, logistics and plastics industries. The Entity’s exposure to these industries subjects it to the risk of economic downturns in such industrial sectors to a greater extent than if its properties were more diversified across other industries.

If the Entity is unable to raise additional debt or equity, its results of operations could suffer. The Entity closely monitors the maturity of its liabilities and the cash needs of its operations. It prepares and provides a detailed cash flow analysis on a quarterly basis and presents it to its board of directors. Decisions are made to obtain new financing or limit cash investments in order to maintain a healthy projected cash balance.

The maturity of the long-term, its current portion and the accrued interest at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

The Entity’s investments are classified as level 1 in the IFRS 13 fair value hierarchy since they are traded in an active market.

The fair value of long-term debt and its related current portion as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is $881,873,634, $912,330,632 and $951,153,932, respectively. This measurement is classified as level 2 since management uses an adjusted observable discount rate to determine fair value of debt.

Management considers that the carrying amounts of all other financial assets and other financial liabilities recognized in the consolidated financial statements approximate their fair values.

The remuneration of Entity’s management and key executives is determined by the remuneration committee taking in to account the individual performance of the officer and market trends. The performance bonus elected into share-based compensation includes a 20% premium (Equity plus).

The following table details the general and administrative expense of the annual salary plus short-term benefits as well as the Long-term incentive plan and Equity plus that are reflected in the general and administrative expense of the Entity:

Vesta Long Term Incentive Plan - Based on the Relative Total Return, entity share price performance plus dividends relative to the performance of its peer set, for the last three calendar years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021. The calculation resulted in a grant of 3,722,427, 3,763,449 and 3,687,231 shares, with a market value of $14,857,978, $9,040,519 and $7,168,103, respectively.

The long-term incentive expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

Compensation expenses related to these plans will continue to be accrued through the end of the service period.

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, there are 8,655,670, 8,456,290, and 8,331,369 shares outstanding, respectively, with a weighted average remaining contractual life of 13 months. All of the shares granted but outstanding to be delivered were in the trust during the vesting period.

In the ordinary course of business, the Entity is party to various legal proceedings. The Entity is not involved in any litigation or arbitration proceeding for which the Entity believes it is not adequately insured or indemnified, or which, if determined adversely, would have a material adverse effect on the Entity or its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

As mentioned in Note 8, all rights to construction, improvements and infrastructure built by the Entity in the Queretaro Aerospace Park and in the DSP, Park automatically revert to the government of the State of Queretaro and to Nissan at the end of the concessions, which is approximately in 41 and 34 years, respectively.

The fourth installment of the 2023 declared dividends, paid on January 15, 2024, was approximately $0.0172 per share, for a total dividend of $15,155,311.

On January 24, 2024, the Entity sold a land reserve located in Queretaro totaling 64,583 square feet for $780,000, the cost associated with the sales was $583,000, generating a gain in sale of investment property of $197,000.

On February 20, 2024, the issuance of the consolidated financial statements was authorized by Juan Sottil, Vesta´s CFO, consequently, they do not reflect events occurring after that date. These consolidated financial statements are subject to approval by the Board of Directors and the General Ordinary Shareholders’ Meeting, who may decide to modify such consolidated financial statements according to the Mexican General Corporate Law.

	Notes		December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021
Assets

Current assets:
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		5		$	501,166,136		$	139,147,085		$	452,821,132
Recoverable taxes		6			33,864,821			30,088,473			19,377,562
Operating lease receivables- Net		7			10,100,832			7,690,195			9,039,147
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		7.vi			21,299,392			25,308,351			483,581
Total current assets					566,431,181			202,234,104			481,721,422

Non-current assets:
Investment properties		8			3,212,164,164			2,738,465,276			2,263,170,941
Office furniture – Net					2,541,990			1,437,981			2,119,589
Right-of-use asset – Net		9			834,199			1,417,945			1,344,417
Security deposits paid, restricted cash and others					10,244,759			9,601,094			11,510,701
Total non-current assets					3,225,785,112			2,750,922,296			2,278,145,648

Total assets				$	3,792,216,293		$	2,953,156,400		$	2,759,867,070

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt		10		$	69,613,002		$	4,627,154		$	2,880,592
Lease liabilities - short term		9			607,481			606,281			464,456
Accrued interest					3,148,767			3,847,752			3,840,079
Accounts payable		3.f			13,188,966			16,628,788			3,011,415
Income tax payable					38,773,726			14,824,658			27,838,872
Accrued expenses and taxes					7,078,988			5,154,626			15,246,156
Dividends payable		12.4			15,155,311			14,358,194			13,944,232
Total current liabilities					147,566,241			60,047,453			67,225,802

Non-current liabilities:
Long-term debt		10			845,573,752			925,872,432			930,652,624
Lease liabilities - long term		9			290,170			897,658			915,957
Security deposits received					25,680,958			18,333,119			15,868,704
Long-term payable		3.f			7,706,450			7,889,937			-
Employee benefits		11			1,519,790			348,280			-
Deferred income taxes		18.3			276,910,507			299,979,693			291,578,576
Total non-current liabilities					1,157,681,627			1,253,321,119			1,239,015,861

Total liabilities					1,305,247,868			1,313,368,572			1,306,241,663

	Notes	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2022			December 31, 2021

Litigation and other contingencies	20

Stockholders’ equity:
Capital stock	12		591,600,113			480,623,919			482,858,389
Additional paid-in capital	12.3		934,944,456			460,677,234			466,230,183
Retained earnings			989,736,218			733,405,749			547,213,771
Share-based payments reserve			3,732,350			5,984,051			7,149,453
Foreign currency translation reserve			(33,044,712	)		(40,903,125	)		(49,826,389	)

Total stockholders’ equity			2,486,968,425			1,639,787,828			1,453,625,407

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	3,792,216,293		$	2,953,156,400		$	2,759,867,070

	Notes	December 31, 2023			December 31,2022			December 31,2021
Revenues:
Rental income	13	$	213,448,296		$	178,025,461		$	160,698,385
Management fees			1,019,316			-			87,973
			214,467,612			178,025,461			160,786,358

Property operating costs related to properties that generated rental income	14.1		(13,476,324	)		(8,940,789	)		(8,543,961	)
Property operating costs related to properties that did not generate rental income	14.1		(4,763,398	)		(2,482,605	)		(2,182,796	)
General and administrative expenses	14.2		(31,719,895	)		(24,414,428	)		(21,400,917	)

Interest income			9,414,027			2,640,687			76,871
Other income	15		5,138,158			1,330,853			150,478
Other expenses	16		(3,037,113	)		(373,991	)		(122,684	)
Finance cost	17		(46,306,975	)		(46,396,156	)		(50,263,493	)
Exchange gain (loss)- net			8,906,782			1,939,848			(1,109,567	)
(Loss) gain on sale of investment property – net			(461,600	)		5,027,826			13,992,675
Gain on revaluation of investment properties	8		243,459,821			185,491,518			164,649,959

Profit before income taxes			381,621,095			291,848,224			256,032,924

Current income tax expense	18.1		(91,953,099	)		(41,981,391	)		(50,262,466	)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	18.1		26,969,516			(6,242,079	)		(31,828,085	)
Total income tax expense			(64,983,583	)		(48,223,470	)		(82,090,551	)

Profit for the year			316,637,512			243,624,754			173,942,373

Other comprehensive income (loss) - net of tax:
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit - Fair value gain on derivative instruments	19		-			-			2,892,985
Exchange differences on translating other functional currency operations			7,858,413			8,923,264			(4,844,991	)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)			7,858,413			8,923,264			(1,952,006	)

Total comprehensive income for the year		$	324,495,925		$	252,548,018		$	171,990,367

Basic earnings per share	12.5	$	0.4183		$	0.3569		$	0.2683

Diluted earnings per share	12.5	$	0.4118		$	0.3509		$	0.2636

	Capital Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Share-Based Payments Reserve			Foreign Currency Translation Reserve			Valuation of Derivative financial instruments			Total Stockholders’ Equity

Balances as of January 1, 2021	$	422,437,615		$	297,064,471		$	429,048,327		$	7,986,137		$	(44,981,398	)	$	(2,892,985	)	$	1,108,662,167

Equity issuance		58,773,174			164,422,275			-			-			-			-			223,195,449
Share-based payments		-			-			-			5,554,353			-			-			5,554,353
Vested shares		1,647,600			4,743,437			-			(6,391,037	)		-			-			-
Dividends declared		-			-			(55,776,929	)		-			-			-			(55,776,929	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		-			-			173,942,373			-			(4,844,991	)		2,892,985			171,990,367

Balances as of December 31, 2021		482,858,389			466,230,183			547,213,771			7,149,453			(49,826,389	)		-			1,453,625,407

Share-based payments		-			-			-			6,650,487			-			-			6,650,487
Vested shares		2,014,895			5,800,994			-			(7,815,889	)		-			-			-
Dividends declared		-			-			(57,432,776	)		-			-			-			(57,432,776	)
Repurchase of shares		(4,249,365	)		(11,353,943	)		-			-			-			-			(15,603,308	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		-			-			243,624,754			-			8,923,264			-			252,548,018

Balances as of December 31, 2022		480,623,919			460,677,234			733,405,749			5,984,051			(40,903,125	)		-			1,639,787,828

Equity issuance		108,771,608			466,218,277			-			-			-			-			574,989,885
Share-based payments		-			-			-			8,001,830			-			-			8,001,830
Vested shares		2,204,586			8,048,945			-			(10,253,531	)		-			-			-
Dividends declared		-			-			(60,307,043	)		-			-			-			(60,307,043	)
Comprehensive income (loss)		-			-			316,637,512			-			7,858,413			-			324,495,925

Balances as of December 31, 2023	$	591,600,113		$	934,944,456		$	989,736,218		$	3,732,350		$	(33,044,712	)	$	-		$	2,486,968,425

	December 31,2023			December 31,2022			December 31,2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Profit before income taxes	$	381,621,095		$	291,848,224		$	256,032,924
Adjustments:
Depreciation		974,291			901,492			1,143,134
Right-of-use depreciation		603,782			562,428			458,082
Gain on revaluation of investment property		(243,459,821	)		(185,491,518	)		(164,649,959	)
Unrealized effect of foreign exchange rates		(1,048,369	)		(1,939,848	)		1,109,567
Interest income		(9,414,027	)		(2,640,687	)		(76,871	)
Interest expense		44,335,420			44,852,043			45,482,028
Amortization of debt issuance costs		1,971,555			1,544,113			4,781,465
Expense recognized in respect of share-based payments		8,001,830			6,650,487			5,554,353
Loss (gain) on sale of investment property		461,600			(5,027,826	)		(13,992,675	)
Employee benefits and pension costs		1,171,510			348,280			-
Income tax benefit from equity issuance costs		8,307,906			-			-
Working capital adjustments:
(Increase) decrease in:
Operating lease receivables – Net		(2,410,637	)		1,348,952			(2,678,246	)
Recoverable taxes		(3,776,348	)		(10,710,911	)		(4,516,452	)
Security deposits paid, restricted cash and others		(1,138,296	)		1,909,607			(7,004,175	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,008,959			(17,338,623	)		(63,524	)
Increase (decrease) in:
Accounts payable		3,258			(1,619,312	)		(230,177	)
Accrued expenses and taxes		1,924,362			(10,091,530	)		10,936,516
Security deposits received		7,347,839			2,464,415			1,944,455
Financial assets held for trading		-			-			684,936
Interest received		9,414,027			2,640,687			76,871
Income taxes paid		(64,103,701	)		(54,995,605	)		(27,062,220	)
Net cash generated by operating activities		144,796,235			65,214,868			107,930,032

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investment property		(263,051,665	)		(269,222,961	)		(108,394,270	)
Sale of investment property		42,057,500			7,285,242			124,565,539
Purchases of office furniture and vehicles		(2,078,300	)		(219,884	)		(219,143	)
Net cash (used in) generated by investing activities		(223,072,465	)		(262,157,603	)		15,952,126

Cash flows from financing activities:
Interest paid		(45,034,414	)		(44,844,370	)		(44,474,123	)
Loans obtained		-			-			350,000,000
Loans paid		(16,789,756	)		-			(252,500,000	)
Costs of debt issuance		-			(1,667,278	)		(7,746,222	)
Dividends paid		(59,509,926	)		(57,018,815	)		(55,367,252	)
Repurchase of treasury shares		-			(15,603,308	)		-
Equity issuance proceeds		594,375,000			-			229,215,419
Equity issuance costs paid		(27,693,021	)		-			(6,019,970	)
Payment of lease liabilities		(606,279	)		(647,961	)		(564,677	)
Net cash generated by (used in) financing activities		444,741,604			(119,781,732	)		212,543,175

Effects of exchange rate changes on cash		(4,446,323	)		3,050,420			(4,146,343	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		362,019,051			(313,674,047	)		332,278,990

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of year		139,147,085			453,556,444			121,277,454

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of year - Note 5	$	501,166,136		$	139,882,397		$	453,556,444

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	For the Three-Month						12 months
	Period Ended December 31						Cumulative
	2023			2022			2022‎			2021‎
	(millions of US$)‎
Profit for the period		113.8			78.7			316.6			243.6
(+) Total income tax expense		(14.0	)		(3.9	)		65.0			48.2
(-) Interest income		(3.9	)		(1.1	)		(9.4	)		(2.6	)
(-) Other income – net⁽¹⁾		0.7			(0.3	)		(1.7	)		(1.0	)
(-) Other income energy		(0.4	)		0.0			(0.4	)		0.0
(+) Finance costs		11.6			12.3			46.3			46.4
(-) Exchange gain (loss) - net		(2.7	)		(2.3	)		(8.9	)		(1.9	)
(-) Gain on sale of investment property		0.5			0.0			0.5			(5.0	)
(-) Gain on revaluation of investment property		(63.9	)		(45.7	)		(243.5	)		(185.5	)
(+) Depreciation		0.6			0.4			1.6			1.5
(+) Long-term incentive plan and Equity plus		1.7			1.7			8.0			6.7
(+) Energy net		0.2			(0.4	)		0.2			(0.4	)
Adjusted EBITDA		44.1			39.4			174.2			149.9
(+) General and administrative expenses (less depreciation)		8.8			5.6			30.1			23.0
(-) Stock-based compensation expense		(1.7	)		(1.7	)		(8.0	)		(6.7	)
NOI		51.2			43.3			196.4			166.2
(+) Property operating costs related to properties that did not generate rental income		1.7			0.9			4.8			2.5
Adjusted NOI		53.0			44.3			201.2			168.7

	For the Three-Month						12 months
	Period Ended December 31,						Cumulative
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	‎(millions of US$)‎
Profit for the period		113.8			78.7			316.6			243.6
(-) Gain on sale of investment property		0.5			0.0			0.5			(5.0	)
(-) Gain on revaluation of investment property		(63.9	)		(45.7	)		(243.5	)		(185.5	)
FFO		50.4			33.0			73.6			53.1
(-) Exchange gain (loss) – net		(2.7	)		(2.3	)		(8.9	)		(1.9	)
(-) Other income – net⁽¹⁾		0.7			(0.3	)		(1.7	)		(1.0	)
(-) Other income energy		(0.4	)		0.0			(0.4	)		0.0
(-) Interest income		(3.9	)		(1.1	)		(9.4	)		(2.6	)
(+) Total income tax expense		(14.0	)		(3.9	)		65.0			48.2
(+) Depreciation		0.6			0.4			1.6			1.5
(+) Long-term incentive plan and Equity plus		1.7			1.7			8.0			6.7
(+) Energy net		0.2			(0.4	)		0.2			(0.4	)
Vesta FFO		32.6			27.2			127.9			103.5

	Corporación Inmobiliaria Vesta, S. A. B. de C. V. and Subsidiaries

	Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and Independent Auditor’s Report Dated February 20, 2024

Table of contents	Page



Independent Auditor’s Report	1

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position	5

Consolidated Statements of Profit and Other Comprehensive
Income (Loss)	7

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	8

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	9

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	10

	The supporting paragraphs in IAS 1 are also amended to clarify that accounting policy information that relates to immaterial transactions, other events or conditions is immaterial and need not be disclosed. Accounting policy information may be material because of the nature of the related transactions, other events or conditions, even if the amounts are immaterial. However, not all accounting policy information relating to material transactions, other events or conditions is itself material. The IASB has also developed guidance and examples to explain and demonstrate the application of the ‘four-step’ materiality process describer in IFRS Practice Statement 2.

Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors – Definition of Accounting Estimates	Vesta has adopted the amendments to IAS 8 for the first time as of January 1, 2023. The amendments replace the definition of a change in accounting estimates with a definition of accounting estimates. Under the new definition, accounting estimates are “monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty”. The definition of a change in accounting estimates was deleted.

IFRS 17 Insurance contracts (including the June 2020 and December 2021 Amendments to IFRS 17)	Vesta has adopted IFRS 17 and the related amendments for the first time as of January 1, 2023. IFRS 17 establishes the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts and supersedes IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts. IFRS 17 outlines a general model, which is modified for insurance contracts with direct participation features, described as the variable fee approach. The general model is simplified if certain criteria are met by measuring the liability for remaining coverage using the premium allocation approach. The general model uses current assumptions to estimate the amount, timing and uncertainty of future cash flows and it explicitly measures the cost of that uncertainty. It takes into account market interest rates and the impact of policyholders’ options and guarantees. Vesta does not have any contracts that meet the definition of an insurance contract under IFRS 17.

Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes –Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction	Vesta has adopted the amendments to IAS 12- Deferred tax related to assets and liabilities arising from a single transaction for the first time as of January 1, 2023. The amendments introduce a further exception from the initial recognition exemption. Under the amendments, an entity does not apply the initial recognition exemption for transactions that give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences. Depending on the applicable tax law, equal taxable and deductible temporary differences may arise on initial recognition of an asset and liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit. Following the amendments to IAS 12, an entity is required to recognize the related deferred tax asset and liability, with the recognition of any deferred tax asset being subject to the recoverability criteria in IAS 12.

Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28	Sale or contribution of assets between an investor and its associate or joint venture

Amendments to IAS 1 ⁽¹⁾	Classification of liabilities as current or non-current and non-current liabilities with covenants.

Amendments to IFRS 16 ⁽¹⁾	Lease liability in a sale and leaseback

Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7 ⁽¹⁾	Supplier Finance Arrangements

Amendments to IAS 21 ⁽²⁾	Lack of Exchangeability

	Ownership percentage
Subsidiary/Entity	2023	2022	2021	Activity

QVC, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
QVC II, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
WTN Desarrollos Inmobiliarios de México, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
Vesta Baja California, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
Vesta Bajío, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
Vesta Querétaro, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
Proyectos Aeroespaciales, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties

	Ownership percentage
Subsidiary/Entity	2023	2022	2021	Activity

Vesta DSP, S. de R. L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Holds investment properties
Vesta Management, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Provides specialized administrative services (REPSE # AR12757/2022)
Servicio de Administración y Mantenimiento Vesta, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Provide specialized administrative services (REPSE # AR17617/2022)
Enervesta, S. de R.L. de C.V.	99.99%	99.99%	99.99%	Provides administrative services to the Entity
Trust CIB 2962	(1)	(1)	(1)	Vehicle to distribute shares to employees under the Long-Term Incentive plan.

As of December 31,	2023		2022		2021

Not later than 1 year	$	204,723,974	$	155,267,112	$	140,816,013
Later than 1 year and not later than 3 years		344,644,619		250,043,235		213,202,071
Later than 3 year and not later than 5 years		329,579,421		209,592,871		169,944,066
Later than 5 years		185,044,052		154,909,895		102,405,961

	$	1,063,992,066	$	769,813,113	$	626,368,111

As of December 31	2023		2022		2021

Advance payments ⁽¹⁾	$	19,308,297	$	17,201,933	$	-
Other accounts receivables ⁽²⁾		328,082		7,486,147		-
Property expenses		1,638,607		543,804		-
Prepaid expenses		24,406		76,467		483,581

	$	21,299,392	$	25,308,351	$	483,581

Property	Fair value hierarchy	Valuation techniques	Significant unobservable inputs	Value/range	Relationship of unobservable inputs to fair value

Buildings and land	Level 3	Discounted cash flows	Discount rate	2023: 7.00%% to 12.21% 2022: 7.50% to 12.24% 2021: 7.75% to 12.15%	The higher the discount rate, the lower the fair value.

			Exit cap rate	2023: 6.50% to 8.99% 2022: 6.50% to 8.99% 2021: 6.75% to 8.99%	The higher the exit cap rate, the lower the fair value.

			Long-term NOI	Based on contractual rent and then on market related rents	The higher the NOI, the higher the fair value.

			Inflation rates	Mexico: 3.6% to 4.25%, in 2023 3.4% to 5.0%, in 2022 3.55% to 4.15% in 2021 U.S.: 2.1% to 3.0%, in 2023 2.1% to 3.5% in 2022, 2.3% to 3.0% in 2021	The higher the inflation rate, the higher the fair value.

			Absorption period	12 months of average	The shorter the absorption period, the higher the fair value

			Market related rents	Depending on the park/state	The higher the market rent the higher the fair value

Land reserves	Level 3	Market comparable	Price per acre	Weighted average price per acre is $195,196 in 2023, $239,266 in 2022, $149,153 in 2021.	The higher the price, the higher the fair value.

	December 31, 2023
	Impact of +/- 10 bps on exit cap rate		Impact of +/- 10 bps on discount rate		Impact of +/- 10 bps on exit cap rate and discount rate

Buildings and land	$	14,622,874	$	15,652,178	$	36,530,020

	December 31, 2022
	Impact of +/- 10 bps on exit cap rate		Impact of +/- 10 bps on discount rate		Impact of +/- 10 bps on exit cap rate and discount rate

Buildings and land	$	12,177,562	$	20,763,362	$	21,538,398

Rights-of-use	January 1, 2023		Additions		Disposals		December 31, 2023

Office space	$	2,552,121	$	-	$	-	$	2,552,121
Vehicles and office furniture		791,773		-		-		791,773

Cost of rights-of-use	$	3,343,894	$	-	$	-	$	3,343,894

Depreciation of rights-of-use	January 1, 2023			Additions			Disposals		December 31, 2023

Office space	$	(1,508,871	)	$	(452,154	)	$	-	$	(1,961,025	)
Vehicles and office furniture		(417,078	)		(131,592	)		-		(548,670	)
Accumulated depreciation		(1,925,949	)		(583,746	)		-		(2,509,695	)

Total	$	1,417,945		$	(583,746	)	$	-	$	834,199

Rights-of-use	January 1, 2022			Additions			Disposals		December 31, 2022

Office space	$	2,296,581		$	255,540		$	-	$	2,552,121
Vehicles and office furniture		411,357			380,416			-		791,773

Cost of rights-of-use	$	2,707,938		$	635,956		$	-	$	3,343,894

Depreciation of rights-of-use

Office space	$	(1,078,035	)	$	(430,836	)	$	-	$	(1,508,871	)
Vehicles and office furniture		(285,486	)		(131,592	)		-		(417,078	)
Accumulated depreciation		(1,363,521	)		(562,428	)		-		(1,925,949	)

Total	$	1,344,417		$	73,528		$	-	$	1,417,945

Rights-of-use	January 1, 2021			Additions			Disposals		December 31, 2021

Office space	$	1,260,626		$	1,035,955		$	-	$	2,296,581
Vehicles and office furniture		302,650			108,707			-		411,357

Cost of rights-of-use	$	1,563,276		$	1,144,662		$	-	$	2,707,938

Depreciation of rights-of-use

Office space	$	(717,375	)	$	(360,660	)	$	-	$	(1,078,035	)
Vehicles and office furniture		(188,064	)		(97,422	)		-		(285,486	)
Accumulated depreciation		(905,439	)		(458,082	)		-		(1,363,521	)

Total	$	657,837		$	686,580		$	-	$	1,344,417

Finance lease liabilities	As of December 31, 2023			As of December 31, 2022			As of December 31, 2021

Less than 1 year	$	662,388		$	709,901		$	523,281
Later than 1 year and not later than 5 years		301,099			963,487			968,672
		963,487			1,673,388			1,491,953
Less: future finance cost		(65,836	)		(169,449	)		(111,540	)

Total lease liability	$	897,651		$	1,503,939		$	1,380,413

Finance lease - short term	$	607,481		$	606,281		$	464,456
Finance lease - long term		290,170			897,658			915,957

Total lease liability	$	897,651		$	1,503,939		$	1,380,413

Loan	Amount		Annual interest rate			Monthly amortization	Maturity		31/12/2023			31/12/2022			31/12/2021

MetLife 10-year		150,000,000		4.55	%	(1)		August 2026		144,266,224			146,723,915			149,071,012
Series A Senior Note		65,000,000		5.03	%	(3)		September 2024		65,000,000			65,000,000			65,000,000
Series B Senior Note		60,000,000		5.31	%	(3)		September 2027		60,000,000			60,000,000			60,000,000
Series A Senior Note		45,000,000		5.50	%	(3)		May 2025		45,000,000			45,000,000			45,000,000
Series B Senior Note		45,000,000		5.85	%	(3)		May 2028		45,000,000			45,000,000			45,000,000
MetLife 10-year		118,000,000		4.75	%	(2)		December 2027		103,955,374			117,867,109			118,000,000
MetLife 8-year		26,600,000		4.75	%	(1)		August 2026		25,620,991			26,041,321			26,441,925
Series RC Senior Note		70,000,000		5.18	%	(4)		June 2029		70,000,000			70,000,000			70,000,000
Series RD Senior Note		15,000,000		5.28	%	(5)		June 2031		15,000,000			15,000,000			15,000,000
Vesta ESG Global bond 35/8 05/31		350,000,000		3.63	%	(6)		May 2031		350,000,000			350,000,000			350,000,000
										923,842,589			940,632,345			943,512,937

Less: Current portion										(69,613,002	)		(4,627,154	)		(2,880,592	)

Less: Direct issuance cost										(8,655,835	)		(10,132,759	)		(9,979,721	)

Total Long-term debt									$	845,573,752		$	925,872,432		$	930,652,624

2025		49,856,047
2026		165,520,823
2027		98,852,717
2028		105,000,000
2029		70,000,000
Thereafter		365,000,000
Less: direct issuance cost		(8,655,835	)

Total long-term debt	$	845,573,752

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As of December 31,	2023	2022	2021

Financial:
Discount rate	9.80%	10.30%	8.20%
Rate of salary increase	5.00%	5.00%	4.50%
Rate of minimum wage increase	5.00%	5.00%	4.50%
Inflation rate	4.00%	4.00%	3.50%
Biometric:
Mortality	EMSSA-09	EMSSA-09	EMSSA-09
Incapacity	EMSSIH-97	EMSSIH-97	EMSSIH-97
Retirement age	65 years	65 years	65 years
Rotation	20% / 100%	20% / 100%	20% / 100%

Assumption	Seniority premium	Retirement Plan

2024	5,047	265,205
2025	7,798	538,736
2026	4,099	73,151
2027	4,012	86,782
2028	3,091	71,281
2029 onwards	56,858	1,923,520

	Number of shares			Amount			Additional paid-in capital

Balance as of January 1, 2021		564,214,433		$	422,437,615		$	297,064,471

Vested shares		3,258,637			1,647,600			4,743,437
Repurchase of shares		116,779,558			58,773,174			164,422,275

Balance as of December 31, 2021		684,252,628			482,858,389			466,230,183

Vested shares		4,161,111			2,014,895			5,800,995
Repurchase of shares		(8,710,999	)		(4,249,365	)		(11,353,944	)

Balance as of December 31, 2022		679,702,740			480,623,919			460,677,234

Vested shares		4,156,388			2,204,586			8,048,945
Equity Issuance		186,250,000			108,771,608			466,218,277

Balance as of December 31, 2023		870,109,128		$	591,600,113		$	934,944,456

Period	Amount		Reinvested earnings		Distributed earnings (1)		Amount that may be subject to withholding		Amount not subject to withholding

Retained earnings through December 31, 2013	$	204,265,028		204,265,028		204,265,028	$	-	$	-
2014		24,221,997		24,221,997		24,221,997		-	$	-
2016		45,082,793		45,082,793		45,082,793		-	$	-
2017		126,030,181		126,030,181		126,030,181		-	$	-
2018		93,060,330		93,060,330		22,541,485		70,518,845	$	-
2019		134,610,709		134,610,709		-		134,610,709	$	-
2020		66,956,082		66,956,082		-		66,956,082	$	-
2021		173,942,373		173,942,373		-		173,942,373	$	-
2022		243,624,754		243,624,754		-		243,624,754	$	-
2023		325,012,754		325,012,754		-		325,012,754	$	-

December 31, 2023	Weighted average interest rate %	1 to 3 months		3 months to 1 year		1 to 4 years		5 or more years		Total
Long-term debt		$	1,143,783	$	67,306,362	$	420,392,444	$	435,000,000	$	923,842,589
Accrued interest	4.98%		17,523,667		20,701,788		118,441,437		29,034,658		185,701,550

		$	18,667,450	$	88,008,150	$	538,833,881	$	464,034,658	$	1,109,544,139

											Plan Parameters
Grant Year	Total Relative Return (*)			Shares granted in LTI		Equity Plus Guaranteed Shares		Cumulative Exercised Shares			Shares in trust		MIN		TARGET		MAX

2015		0	%	$	-	$	-	$	-		$	-	$	-		1,738,037		2,600,000
2016		55	%		863,499		483,826		(1,347,325	)		-		695,215		1,738,037		2,607,056
2017		40	%		637,200		944,674		(1,581,873	)		-		695,215		1,738,037		2,607,056
2018		145	%		3,423,106		753,372		(4,176,478	)		-		1,000,000		2,500,000		3,750,000
2019		150	%		3,550,449		515,706		(4,066,156	)		-		1,000,000		2,500,000		3,750,000
2020		150	%		3,707,949		520,492		(2,818,960	)		1,409,481		1,000,000		2,500,000		3,750,000
2021		143	%		3,760,851		525,181		(1,395,612	)		2,890,420		1,100,000		2,750,000		4,125,000
2022		143	%		3,763,449		592,318		-			4,355,769		1,100,000		2,750,000		4,125,000
2023		143	%		3,722,427		-		-			-		1,100,000		2,750,000		4,125,000

Total				$	23,428,930	$	4,335,569	$	(15,386,404	)	$	8,655,670