Form 10-K - Annual report [Section 13 and 15(d), not S-K Item 405]

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-37850

ATOMERA INCORPORATED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	30-0509586
(State or Other jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

750 University Avenue, Suite 280

Los Gatos, California 95032

(Address, including zip code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

(408) 442-5248

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock: Par value $0.001	ATOM	Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the past 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒	Smaller reporting company ☒
	Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes ☐ No ☒

State the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $100,088,746. Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each executive officer, director and holder of 10% or more of the outstanding common stock (as determined based on public filings) have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the registrant for any other purpose.

As of February 28, 2025, there were 30,703,865 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The registrant intends to file a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024. Portions of such proxy statement are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

ATOMERA INCORPORATED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page
	PART I

Item 1.	Business	1
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	10
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	18
Item 1C.	Cybersecurity	19
Item 2.	Properties	19
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	19
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	19

	PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	20
Item 6.	Reserved	21
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	21
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	25
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	26
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	48
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	48
Item 9B.	Other Information	49
Item 9C.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	49

	PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	50
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	50
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	50
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	50
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	50

	PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	51
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	52

	Signatures	53

NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are intended to be covered by the “safe harbor” created by those sections. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “ongoing,” “project,” “plan,” “expect” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

	·	our future financial and operating results;

	·	our intentions, expectations and beliefs regarding anticipated growth, technology adoption, market penetration and trends in our business;

	·	the timing and success of our plan of commercialization;

	·	our ability to operate our license and royalty-based business model;

	·	the effects of market conditions on our stock price and operating results;

	·	our ability to have our technology solutions gain market acceptance;

	·	the effects of competition in our market and our ability to compete effectively;

	·	our ability to maintain, protect and enhance our intellectual property;

	·	costs associated with initiating and defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;

	·	our expectations concerning our relationships with customers, potential customers, partners and other third parties;

	·	the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;

	·	future acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary companies or technologies; and

	·	our ability to comply with evolving legal standards and regulations, particularly concerning requirements for being a public company.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report and our subsequently filed Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for us to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Annual Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in our forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances described in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Annual Report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

PART I

Item 1.

Business

Company Overview

We are engaged in the business of developing, commercializing and licensing proprietary processes and technologies for the $550+ billion semiconductor industry. Our lead technology, named Mears Silicon Technology™, or MST^®, is a thin film of reengineered silicon, typically 100 to 300 angstroms (or approximately 20 to 60 silicon atomic unit cells) thick. MST is our proprietary and patent-protected performance enhancement technology that we believe addresses a number of key engineering challenges facing the semiconductor industry. We believe that by incorporating MST, transistors can be made smaller, with increased speed, reliability and power efficiency. In addition, since MST is an additive and low-cost technology, we believe it can be deployed on an industrial scale, with machines commonly used in semiconductor manufacturing. We believe that MST can be widely incorporated into the most common types of semiconductor products, including analog, logic, optical and memory integrated circuits.

We do not design or manufacture integrated circuits directly. Instead, we develop and license technologies and processes that we believe offer the designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits a low-cost solution to the industry’s need for greater performance and lower power consumption. Our customers and partners include:

	·	foundries, which manufacture integrated circuits on behalf of fabless manufacturers;

	·	integrated device manufacturers, or IDMs, which are the fully-integrated designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits;

	·	fabless semiconductor manufacturers, which are designers of integrated circuits that outsource the manufacturing of their chips to foundries;

	·	original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, that manufacture the epitaxial, or epi, machines used to deposit semiconductor layers, such as the MST film, onto silicon wafers; and

	·	electronic design automation companies, which make tools used throughout the industry to simulate performance of semiconductor products using different materials, design structures and process technologies.

Our principal business objective is to enter into commercial license agreements that enable our customers to manufacture and sell MST-enabled products, generating license revenues and ongoing royalties. We also license our MSTcad^® software to customers, enabling them to simulate the effects of MST on their products using Synopsys, Inc.’s technology computer-aided design, or TCAD, software. In addition, we offer fee-based engineering services to customers evaluating MST. Our goal is that MSTcad licensing and engineering service arrangements will be tools that demonstrate the benefits of MST and will lead customers to enter into full commercial licenses. A “full commercial license” involves a three-stage approach consisting of:

	1.	An integration license that provides our customer the right to use MST technology (with MST film deposited for the customer by Atomera) in the manufacture of silicon wafers for internal testing and sampling;

	2.	An R&D license, which includes the rights granted in an integration license and grants our customer the rights to install MST on a tool in their fab and to manufacture MST-enabled products for internal use only; and

	3.	A high-volume manufacturing, or HVM, license which grants the rights to manufacture and sell MST-enabled products to their customers.

In 2024, we changed the terminology of our licenses. Previously, our R&D license was referred to as a “manufacturing license” and our HVM license was called a “distribution license.” However, the rights conferred to customers under each of these licenses did not change and the terms are used interchangeably in this Annual Report.

Depending upon our customers’ business needs and how we initially engaged with them, we may make these license grants in one or more separate contracts. The upfront license fee becomes larger at each stage. Upon the grant of an HVM license, our licensees are also required to make royalty payments to us based on the number and/or sales price of MST-enabled products they sell to their customers either at the wafer or individual chip level. We have engaged with certain customers under joint development agreements, or JDAs. Our JDAs include development, technology transfer, manufacturing and licensing components.

To date, applications of our MST technology have primarily been for power devices, RFSOI devices and advanced CMOS integrated circuits including logic and memory. CMOS integrated circuits are the most widely used type of integrated circuits in the semiconductor industry. We believe MST has the potential to overcome the key challenges found in the implementation of next-generation nano-scale semiconductor devices incorporating CMOS type transistors, namely enhancing drive current, reducing leakage and reducing variability. In addition, we believe that MST has the potential to deliver these benefits through a single technology that requires relatively minor modifications to the industry-standard CMOS manufacturing flow. Consequently, we believe that by incorporating MST, designers can make transistors with increased speed, reliability and energy efficiency, without significantly altering the current fabrication process or cost of production.

During 2024, we began applying our technology to wafers used for fabrication of “compound semiconductors” which are devices built using materials other than silicon, such as gallium nitride (GaN), which have properties especially attractive to the power and radio frequency markets. Currently, materials such as GaN suffer from a tradeoff between high-cost specialized wafers and defective, low-yielding wafers resulting from the crystal mismatch between heterogeneous materials. We believe MST can offer a cost-effective solution to these tradeoffs by serving as a buffer layer between different materials, such as GaN and a silicon wafer substrate.

We were organized as a Delaware limited liability company under the name Nanovis LLC on November 26, 2001. On March 13, 2007, we converted to a Delaware corporation under the name Mears Technologies, Inc. On January 12, 2016, we changed our name to Atomera Incorporated. Shares of our common stock are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ATOM”.

Industry Overview

Semiconductors, Generally

Recent years have seen a remarkable proliferation of consumer and commercial products, especially in wireless, automotive and high-speed devices. Cloud computing and artificial intelligence technologies have provided people with new ways to create, store and share information. At the same time, the increasing use of electronics in cars, buildings, appliances and other consumer products is creating a broad landscape of “smart” devices such as wearable technologies and The Internet of Things. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being widely adopted by both the enterprise and consumer, and the infrastructure required for the processing of AI workloads is considerable. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated trends toward remote and hybrid work, cloud computing and mobile devices. These trends coincided with the increasing rollout of 5G cellular networks and associated devices, augmented and virtual reality technologies, cryptocurrencies, and especially artificial intelligence technology, all of which require high levels of processing power. These trends in both enterprise and consumer applications are driving increasing demand for integrated circuits and systems with greater functionality and performance, reduced size, and much less power consumption as key requirements.

These developments depend, in large part, on integrated circuits, or microchips, which are sets of electronic circuits on a single chip of semiconductor material, normally silicon. It is common for a single semiconductor chip to combine many components (processor, communications, memory, custom logic, input/output) resulting in highly complex chip designs. Transistors are the building blocks of integrated circuits and the most complex semiconductor chips today contain more than 100 billion transistors, each of which may have features that are much less than 1/1,000^th the diameter of a human hair.

The most widely used transistors in semiconductor chips today are based on CMOS technology. Among its many attributes, CMOS allows for a higher density of transistors on a chip and lower power usage than non-CMOS technologies.

The Pursuit of Increased Semiconductor Performance

For years, the semiconductor industry was able to almost double the number of transistors it could pack into a single microchip about every two years, a rate of improvement commonly known as “Moore’s Law.” The semiconductor industry uses the term “node” to describe the minimum line width or geometry on a semiconductor chip, expressed in nanometers, or nm, for today’s technologies. Historically, smaller nodes enable more densely packed designs that produced less costly products on a per-transistor basis. Frequently, smaller nodes also correspond to an improvement in chip performance, making them the mile markers of Moore’s Law, with each node marking a new generation of chip-manufacturing technology.

Until recently, the industry succeeded at maintaining the rate of improvement predicted by Moore’s Law by scaling the key transistor parameters, such as shrinking feature sizes and reducing operating voltages, thereby allowing more transistors to be packed onto a single microchip. This trend was facilitated in large part by the development of CMOS technologies and rapid improvements in in lithography, which is the technology used in patterning circuits. However, a discontinuity in the rate of improvement delivered by scaling appeared when transistor technology reached feature sizes below 100 nanometers. The industry responded with advanced materials to supplement the ongoing geometry shrinks. Some of those materials advances included strained silicon, Silicon-on-Insulator and High-K/Metal Gate. Semiconductor makers also attempted to obtain performance improvements through more exotic design architectures which frequently required material innovations to support their manufacturability and reliability.

The designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits and systems — our targeted customers — are facing intense pressure to deliver innovative products while constantly reducing their time-to-market and prices. In other words, innovation in chip and system design today often hinges on “better, sooner and cheaper.” We believe that the semiconductor industry has accepted that moving forward in the nano-era will require adoption of new innovations that extend the scaling formula, including those based on the use of new engineered materials, a market opportunity our MST technology seeks to address. Because shrinking geometries at the smaller nodes incurs higher capital and manufacturing costs, only a limited number of companies can afford to continue investing in those nodes. These constraints have caused semiconductor designers and manufacturers to increasingly rely on engineered materials, like MST, to deliver node-over-node increases transistor performance without having to rely solely on dimensional (lithographic) feature scaling..

Vertical Disaggregation of the Industry

In trying to keep research and development costs manageable, while attempting to satisfy the demand for increasingly complex semiconductors, certain designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits have transitioned to a more open innovation model in which competing companies and third-party providers actively collaborate to address performance issues through various alliances, joint ventures, and licensing of externally developed technology.

Historically, most semiconductor companies were vertically integrated. They designed, fabricated, packaged and tested their semiconductors using internally developed software design tools and manufacturing processes and equipment. As the cost and skills required for designing and manufacturing complex semiconductors have increased, the semiconductor industry has become disaggregated, with companies concentrating on one or more individual stages of the semiconductor development and production process. This disaggregation has fueled the growth of fabless semiconductor companies, design tool vendors, semiconductor equipment manufacturers, third-party semiconductor manufacturers (or foundries), semiconductor assembly, package and test companies, and intellectual property companies that develop and license technology to others.

While specialization has enabled greater development and manufacturing efficiency, it has also created an opportunity for licensing companies, such as Atomera, that develop and license technology to meet fundamental, industry-wide challenges. These intellectual property companies have been able to gain broad adoption of their technology throughout the industry by working with companies within the semiconductor supply chain to evaluate and integrate their technology. Manufacturers and designers of semiconductors increasingly find it more cost-effective to license technologies from IP-based companies than to develop processes internally that are not their core competence. We believe this collaboration and integration of externally-developed IP benefits semiconductor companies by enabling them to bring new technology to market faster and more cost-effectively.

Applications of Mears Silicon Technology

Among the initial applications for which MST can provide technology differentiation are in power devices, RFSOI devices and advanced CMOS integrated circuits. We offer MST-SP (between 3-5 volts) and MST-SPX (up to 48V), which are types of MST-enabled power devices that offer what we believe to be industry-leading on-resistance (also referred to as Rsp) at comparable or improved breakdown voltage and reliability metrics, enabling reduced footprint (and thus smaller devices). We believe that the MST-SP and MST-SPX devices will have immediate application in power management integrated circuits (or PMICs) which are pervasive in hand-held, battery-powered devices and elsewhere. The higher voltage MST-SPX devices are applicable to the rapidly growing automotive and data center power sectors. Both of these MST solutions fill a growing need for reducing power consumption and improving energy efficiency.

We believe MST has the potential to overcome the key challenges found in the implementation of next generation nano-scale semiconductor devices incorporating CMOS-type transistors, namely enhancing drive current, reducing leakage and reducing variability. Shown in the diagram below are two illustrative implementations of MST in advanced CMOS transistors. The first incorporates MST into the channel region of the transistor which can help to reduce gate leakage (translates to lower off-state power consumption) while the second shows MST incorporated into the source/drain region of the transistor. This latter implementation helps control dopant diffusion into the channel which improves control of how the transistor turns on and the variability of the transistor operation. In addition, we believe that MST has the potential to deliver these benefits through a single technology that requires relatively minor modifications to industry-standard CMOS manufacturing flows. Consequently, we believe that by incorporating MST, designers can make transistors with increased speed, reliability and energy efficiency, without significantly altering the current fabrication process or cost of production. These improvements are increasingly difficult to achieve and important in next generation logic and memory devices.

MST improvements are delivered through our proprietary and patent-protected approach based on a deep understanding of the physics of modern semiconductor devices. Our MST film can be used to create better controlled doping profiles for a wide variety of semiconductor device designs, including junctions, contacts and channel regions. MST can thus enable more optimized device designs with improved current and voltage handling, lower variability and improved yield.

We believe the enhancements enabled by MST, as demonstrated in simulations and on our own and our customers’ test chips, are approximately equivalent to the enhancements enabled by one-half to a full node of improvement and, therefore, can extend the productive life of capital equipment and wafer fabrication facilities. The extent of MST-enabled enhancement depends on the device technology and application. We believe that MST compares favorably to other alternatives for enhancing performance of CMOS-type transistors and is both compatible with technologies such as strained silicon and HKMG.

Given the costs of moving to more advanced technologies, we believe one of the most compelling aspects of MST is its cost/benefit profile. We believe that MST will provide a lower cost of production due to our technology’s potential to reduce die size while leveraging existing manufacturing tools, thereby providing chip makers with increased performance at all process nodes with significantly fewer disruptions to manufacturing processes and less incremental cost than other advanced technologies.

We believe MST can improve transistor performance in a variety of device types including microprocessors; logic products; analog, RF, and mixed-signal devices; as well as DRAM, SRAM, and other memory integrated circuits. We have therefore developed different MST product options that can be applied to the critical industry segments and technology nodes. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have done technology simulation work with universities and leading industry players at nodes from 180nm to 2nm. We have also simulated devices with leading industry research facilities and built (and electrically verified) test chips using MST in customer manufacturing facilities which have produced results that demonstrate many of the benefits described above.

Development Partnerships

Synopsys. Since 2017 we have worked in collaboration with Synopsys, Inc., a provider of the most broadly used TCAD simulation software in the semiconductor industry. As a result of our collaboration, Synopsys’ software now supports modeling of MST, which enables semiconductor manufacturers and designers to model the interaction of MST with other process steps. In December 2020, we announced availability of our MSTcad software which runs on Synopsys’ Sentaurus TCAD software and enables semiconductor engineers to simulate the benefits of integrating MST in a variety of devices. We continually refine our MSTcad software by calibrating our models against measured silicon results and we regularly release updates to that software. We believe these capabilities are helping us focus integration efforts for potential customers more quickly on those areas most likely to deliver benefits, thus shortening test cycles and, we believe, accelerating the time to a license decision. In the last three years, semiconductor fabs have generally been running at high capacity to keep up with industry supply shortages which has made it challenging for us to run wafers through our customers’ fabrication lines. MSTcad has been increasingly used by existing and potential customers to identify applications where MST can have the greatest benefit, without requiring access to customer fabs.

Epi Tool Lease. In August 2021 we entered into a five-year lease for an Applied Materials Centura epitaxial deposition reactor which handles both 200mm and 300mm wafers. We utilize this tool to perform deposition on both customer and internal R&D wafers. The terms of our tool lease include the lessor’s maintenance and support as well as access to a cleanroom with advanced cleaning and inspection tools.

MST Commercialization

We do not intend to design or manufacture integrated circuits directly. Instead, we develop and license technologies and processes that offer the designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits increased performance at a lower cost than currently available alternatives. Our customers and partners include foundries, integrated device manufacturers, or IDMs, fabless semiconductor manufacturers, OEMs that manufacture epitaxial deposition tools (also known as epi machines), and electronic design automation software companies, such as Synopsys.

Our business model is to enter into licensing arrangements whereby foundries and IDMs pay us a license fee for their use of MST technology in the manufacture of silicon wafers as well as a royalty for each product. Depending on our customer’s business model and the negotiated terms of our license agreements with each customer, those royalties may be calculated on the basis of wafers or products manufactured and sold that incorporate MST. The primary beneficiaries of our commercialization activities are the IDMs and fabless semiconductor manufacturers, as they produce and distribute integrated circuit devices which are enhanced when they incorporate MST technology. The foundries and OEMs also play an important role in our commercialization strategy because these parties traditionally seek to provide new and improved technologies to their customers – the fabless semiconductor manufacturers in the case of the foundries, and the IDMs and foundries in the case of the OEMs.

In the semiconductor industry, new technologies are vetted thoroughly and carefully by early adopters who are trying to achieve differentiation over competitors. After the early adopters prove the technology in production, it then tends to be broadly and relatively quickly adopted by “followers” who need to overcome their competitive disadvantage. Due to the cost and complexity of semiconductor manufacturing processes and the desire to maintain a stable and repeatable process flow, new technologies tend to be adopted broadly by the industry and, wherever possible, exploited for several generations until they are fully optimized and adoption costs are fully absorbed.

Although each customer or potential customer follows an evaluation and adoption model that is particular to its business model and product focus, our engagements generally consist of the following phases:

	1.	Engineering Planning: In this phase we engage in a technical exchange of information under a non-disclosure agreement to understand the customer’s manufacturing process and to determine how best to integrate the deposition of MST film onto the customer’s semiconductor wafers.

	2.	Set-up for MST Integration: We agree upon the technical evaluation details, including the expected rounds of evaluation testing, the parameters to be tested and allocation of costs. Customers provide us with wafers for our internal processing and physical characterization. Some customers work together with us to develop a TCAD model showing possible results of MST integration with their particular manufacturing process.

	3.	MST Integration. Typically, this phase includes several rounds of tests that involve building test devices on a semiconductor wafer using our MST technology within the customer’s manufacturing process flow. In this phase, we perform the MST deposition on customer wafers, so wafers must be shipped back and forth between the customer and Atomera. We believe that this phase will continue to be the longest in our customer engagement process because integrating into a customer’s flow frequently requires us to conduct subsequent tests based on the result of earlier test runs. This phase also requires investment of time and resources by customers. In order to progress beyond this phase, we must demonstrate benefits at a commercially significant level. It is difficult for both customers and for Atomera to estimate the amount of time a customer will be in the integration phase.

	4.	Process Installation. Prior to enabling a customer to install and use MST technology on epitaxial deposition machines in their own fab, we require execution of an R&D license which grants rights limited to manufacturing MST-enabled products for internal R&D and qualification but does not give the customer the right to distribute or sell products that use MST. After installation of MST into the fab, the customer will continue development work to perfect the integration of MST technology into their transistor manufacturing process flow. Upon completion the customer will typically release a new Process Design Kit (PDK) which incorporates MST. Circuit designers will use the new PDK when developing new microchips for production.

	5.	Technology qualification. The customer will conduct additional testing to ensure that the new products developed with the new PDK achieve manufacturing reliability under accelerated test conditions that simulate volume production. Upon successful completion of the qualification phase and execution of a high volume manufacturing (HVM) license with Atomera, products can be built and shipped using this manufacturing process.

	6.	Production. Upon commencement of sales of wafers or devices built using MST, our customer will pay us a royalty that will be a percentage of the selling price of the wafer or device, depending on the terms agreed in the applicable license agreement.

While the above steps describe a model customer engagement, we have engaged with some customers in ways that do not follow this precise order. JDAs are an example of an engagement format that may combine engineering service, development, manufacturing, process optimization and other joint activities that do not follow the order described above. In addition, we may from time to time enter into evaluation license agreements with certain customers under which they may install MST in their fabs to run internal tests only and not for commercial use or distribution. Other potential customers may run tests on wafers containing MST prior to further engagement with us to integrate MST into their manufacturing process.

We believe that our success is dependent upon the adoption of our MST technology through to commercial production by at least one IDM, foundry, or fabless semiconductor manufacturer. As of the date of this Annual Report, MST was in the integration phase (Phase Three as described above) on 14 different engagements and two engagements in Phase Four (process installation). One of these Phase Four customers is ST Microelectronics (“ST”), our first customer to sign a full commercial license.

We are also working with OEMs on process development and equipment optimization to ensure that MST can be reliably and predictably deposited using their manufacturing tools. We have successfully deposited MST using tools made by each of the leading epitaxial deposition equipment suppliers and we believe that if we are successful in our commercialization efforts, these tool OEMs will promote the incorporation of our MST technology as an option to their standard offering. By doing so, we believe they will simultaneously stimulate additional sales of their capital equipment and encourage more customers to adopt MST.

Through our collaboration with Synopsys, we enable potential customers of MST to more quickly assess the potential benefits of MST to their semiconductor devices. By creating TCAD software models, we can work with manufacturers to assess which of their product types would most benefit from MST. We believe this modeling capability has shortened the time required for us to engage with new potential customers and should ultimately lead to a faster decision process by the customer regarding licensing MST.

We market our MST technology directly to the semiconductor industry through our significant industry contacts and relationships. We also sponsor academic research and participate in industry conferences and associations. In certain foreign jurisdictions, we engage sales representatives to assist us in establishing relationships with local customers.

Customers

In April 2023, we entered into a license agreement with ST that authorizes them to manufacture and distribute MST-enabled products to its customers. This agreement provides for payment of license fees payable upon reaching milestones consistent with Atomera’s standard business model. Our standard model is based around two major milestones, namely the installation of MST in a customer’s fab and qualification of an MST-enabled process. Our license agreement with ST is our first grant of commercial manufacturing and distribution rights. In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed the first major milestone under the ST license agreement by delivering our MST film recipe and ST accepting the film, resulting in our recognizing license revenue associated with that milestone. ST is currently performing testing to optimize their integration of MST as part of their qualification process. Upon qualification, we will earn additional license fees for the distribution license (which we now refer to as the HVM license), after which ST will be entitled to commercially manufacture and sell MST-enabled products and royalties will be payable to us for every product sold. There can be no assurance, however, that ST will complete its process qualification and pursue the licensed rights through to the commercial manufacture and sale of MST-enabled products.

We have two JDAs in place. The first is with a leading semiconductor provider for integration of our MST technology into their manufacturing process. Under this JDA, we granted our customer a paid manufacturing license pursuant to which the customer installed the recipe for our MST film into a tool in their fab and was authorized to fabricate semiconductor wafers incorporating MST for internal use, resulting in this customer entering Phase Four. This JDA also included development milestones that we achieved. We continue to work with this customer and, although this JDA does not confer commercial distribution rights, we believe that successful achievement of the JDA milestones is a significant step toward commercialization, as it should facilitate progress toward integrating MST into one or more of our customer’s multiple production lines, each of which can provide license revenues and royalty streams. We also executed a JDA with a major semiconductor foundry which contains technical targets which, if achieved, should result in paid licenses and engineering services revenue. As of the date of this Annual Report, we are actively engaged with this second JDA customer and planning additional development and integration work that, if successful we believe would be a significant step toward commercialization.

We have also entered into integration license agreements with (i) a leading fabless RF semiconductor provider, (ii) a semiconductor foundry and (iii) Asahi Kasei Microdevices, or AKM, which is an IDM and fabless vendor. Under these integration license agreements, customers have paid us for the right to evaluate MST technology, which is integrated onto their semiconductor wafers. We deposit MST onto the customers’ wafers and the customer has the right under the license agreement to complete the manufacturing process, which enables them to evaluate our technology and to provide limited samples to their customers. AKM, our fabless licensee and our foundry licensee are in our Phase Three (MST Integration).

We intend that each of our integration license agreements and JDAs will result in full commercial licenses like our license agreement with ST which provides for substantially larger upfront license fee payments for grants of manufacturing and distribution rights than the integration licenses and will require royalty payments to us based on sales of MST-enabled products they sell to their customers. However, our ability to enter into royalty-based manufacturing and distribution agreements with licensees under our integration license agreements and JDAs will depend, in large part, on the performance of devices they build using MST and the successful integration of our MST technology on a high-volume production scale. There can be no assurance that our MST technology will deliver the performance, power, cost reduction or other requirements our customers seek for their products or that the integration of our technology with our customers’ manufacturing process will be successful in high volume. In addition, even if our MST technology meets our customers’ technical objectives one or more of our licensees may decide, for reasons unrelated to the price or performance of our MST technology, not to enter into manufacturing and distribution license agreements.

Competition

Our lead product, MST, is a proprietary and patent-protected performance enhancement technology that we believe addresses a number of key engineering challenges facing the semiconductor industry. Historically, the development of a new material technology for the semiconductor industry has taken 10-20 years from conceptualization to volume production. Atomera’s MST technology has followed a similar trajectory, from early patents, publications and presentations to the industry to early evaluations and installation at customers.

We compete with IDMs, OEMs, foundries, fabless manufacturers of semiconductors and semiconductor IP licensing companies for the development and commercialization of technologies that improve the performance of semiconductors. Historically, when a new fabrication process proves to be a low-cost improvement to the standard fabrication process, and is additive, rather than in place of other performance technologies, it has been successfully adopted industry wide. Good examples of such advances have been chemical mechanical polishing (or CMP), strained silicon and High-K/Metal-Gate. The cost to develop such solutions is typically very high and requires many years of testing and modification to perfect. MST has gone through this long, expensive development period and therefore we believe that it has the potential to be one of these low-cost additive technologies, in which case MST would not be subject to significant direct competition from other technologies. We are not aware of another technology being offered in the market which provides the same technical benefits as MST. Nevertheless, in some cases the engineering teams in our customers, who are developing their own process improvements, may view MST as competition to their internally-developed solutions. Likewise, third parties like equipment OEMs, universities, or other material providers may offer solutions which have some of the same benefits that MST offers. We believe that our technology has far more effective, well-developed and fully-supported performance improvements than those offered by these third parties.

Research and Development

The principal focus of our research and development efforts is on enabling existing and prospective customers to integrate MST into their manufacturing processes and enable them to commercialize MST-enabled semiconductor products. We also dedicate research and development resources to evolving and expanding our technology to address new process technologies in the semiconductor industry roadmap. Our research and development is conducted internally, but we work closely with third parties in the semiconductor industry to evaluate and qualify our technology for incorporation into semiconductor products and fabrication equipment. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we incurred research and development expenses of approximately $11.0 million and $12.5 million, respectively.

We believe that our success depends in part on our ability to achieve the following in a cost-effective and timely manner:

	·	enable customers to integrate MST into their products;

	·	develop new technologies that meet the changing needs of the semiconductor industry;

	·	improve our existing technologies to enable growth into new application areas; and

	·	expand our intellectual property portfolio.

Intellectual Property Rights

We regard the protection of our technologies and intellectual property rights as an important element of our business operations and crucial to our success. We rely primarily on a combination of patent laws, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology. We require our employees, consultants, and advisors to enter into confidentiality agreements. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except under specific circumstances. In the case of our employees and consultants, the agreements provide that all of the technology that is conceived by the individual during the course of employment is our exclusive property. The development of our technology and many of our processes are dependent upon the knowledge, experience, and skills of key scientific and technical personnel.

As of December 31, 2024, we have been granted 108 patents in the U.S. and 112 abroad and we have 50 pending patent applications in the U.S. and 77 abroad. We believe our patents adequately block competitors from using our MST technology without our approval and our patent activity over the past five years has focused on extending the scope of our portfolio through a variety of means, including but not limited to patenting new structures, materials and methods uniquely enabled by MST technology. In addition, our MST film recipe is confidential know-how, which is only disclosed to customers who have been, at a minimum, a manufacturing licensee and who have executed the appropriate legal agreements. Unlike patents, know-how has no expiration and our film recipe is necessary in order to utilize MST technology. However, there can be no assurance that one or more of our patents would survive a legal challenge to their scope, validity, or enforceability, or provide significant protection for us. Protection of our film know-how depends on our licensee’s compliance with the terms of their contracts including non-disclosure provisions thereof. The failure of our patents, or the failure of trade secret laws, to adequately protect our technology, might make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products or technologies or for our potential customers to build products with methods and materials similar to MST without paying us a license fee. In addition, patents may not issue from any of our current or future applications.

We also hold registered trademarks in the United States for the marks “Atomera,” “MST” and “MSTcad” and in China for the mark “Mears”.

Employees and Human Capital Management

As of the date of this Annual Report, we employ 20 people on a full-time basis.

Our human capital resources objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based compensation awards that align their compensation with our business objectives and with creation of shareholder value.

Available Information

Our website is located at www.atomera.com. The information on or accessible through our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Copies of our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge, on our investor relations website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material electronically with or furnish it to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. A copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K is also located at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors

We are subject to various risks that may harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operation or prevent us from achieving our goals. If any of these risks occur, our business, financial condition or results of operation may be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and investors could lose all or part of their investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

We have generated limited revenue to date, so it is difficult for potential investors to evaluate our business. To date, our operations have consisted of technology research and development, testing, and joint development work with customers, potential customers and strategic partners. Our business model is to derive our revenue primarily from license fees and royalties, but to date we have only recognized minimal revenues. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate the commercial value of our technology, the viability of our licensing model or our prospective operations. As an early-stage company, we are subject to all the risks inherent in the initial organization, financing, expenditures, complications and delays in a new business, including, without limitation:

	·	the timing and success of our plan of commercialization and the fact that we have entered into only one full commercial license with a customer, ST;

	·	our ability to replicate on a large commercial scale the benefits of our MST technology that we have demonstrated in preliminary testing;

	·	our ability to execute joint development agreements with potential customers;

	·	our ability to structure, negotiate and enforce license agreements that will allow us to operate profitably;

	·	our ability to advance our license agreement with ST through the qualification phase, complete the HVM license milestone with ST and earn the corresponding license fee and subsequently reach the phase in which ST ships royalty-bearing products, which is core to our business model;

	·	our ability to advance the licensing arrangements with our RF licensee and our foundry licensee to R&D and HVM licenses and to shipment of royalty-bearing products;

	·	our success in capitalizing on the achievement of the technical milestones in our first JDA in order to enter into one or more distribution and royalty agreements with business units of that JDA customer as well as our success in meeting technical milestones in the JDA with our second JDA customer;

	·	our ability to convert licensees of our MSTcad software to licenses of our MST technology under commercial license agreements and to successfully utilize MSTcad in both internal development and customer evaluations;

	·	our ability to protect our intellectual property rights; and

	·	our ability to raise additional capital as and when needed.

Investors should evaluate an investment in us in light of the uncertainties encountered by developing companies in a competitive environment. There can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or that we will ultimately be able to attain profitability.

We have a history of significant operating losses and anticipate continued operating losses for at least the near term. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have incurred net losses of approximately $18.4 million and $19.8 million, respectively, and our operations have used approximately $13.2 million and $14.6 million of cash, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $221.5 million. We will continue to experience negative cash flows from operations until at least such time as we are able to secure R&D and HVM license agreements with one or more foundries, IDMs or fabless semiconductor manufacturers and such customers ship sufficient volumes of royalty-bearing products and pay upfront license fees to support our cash requirements. While management will endeavor to generate positive cash flows from the commercialization of our MST technology, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so. If we are unable to generate positive cash flow within a reasonable period of time, we may be unable to further pursue our business plan or continue operations.

While we have entered into one commercial license agreement, four integration license agreements and two joint development agreements, there can be no assurance that any of these relationships will advance to further licensing stages or to royalty-based distribution license agreements. In September and October 2018, respectively, we entered into separate license agreements with AKM and ST, both of which are leading IDMs. In October 2019, we entered into a license agreement with a leading RF semiconductor supplier. In December 2021, we entered into a JDA with a leading semiconductor manufacturer. In February 2022, we entered into an integration license agreement with a semiconductor foundry. In April 2022 we entered into a JDA with a major semiconductor foundry. Our integration licensees have paid us licensing fees for the right to build products that integrate MST technology onto their semiconductor wafers, but the agreements do not grant the licensees the right to sell products incorporating MST. Such rights require our integration licensees to enter into additional license agreements that, if executed, would allow each licensee or their foundry to manufacture MST-enabled products and to sell them to their customers. R&D and HVM agreements such as our license agreement with ST provide for substantially larger upfront license fee payments than integration license fees and such agreements require licensees to make royalty payments to us based the number and sales price of MST-enabled products they sell to their customers. Our first JDA customer paid us for an R&D license in the first quarter of 2021 when we delivered our MST recipe to them. In February 2022, we successfully achieved all the development milestones in the JDA resulting in additional revenue. Nevertheless, neither of our JDAs commits the customers to take MST to production. ST has successfully installed our MST film recipe and they have accepted our film under the license agreement, resulting in the grant of an R&D license to them enabling them to manufacture MST wafers for internal use, but there can be no assurance that our MST technology will deliver the performance, power or other requirements that ST or our other customers seek for their products or that the integration of our technology with our customers’ manufacturing process will be successful in high volume. In addition, even if our MST technology is successfully integrated into the licensees’ products, any or all of our licensees may decide, for reasons unrelated to the price or performance of our MST technology, not to enter the subsequent license phases or execute the additional license agreements required to take MST to commercial production.

We expect that our product qualification and licensing cycle will be lengthy and costly, and our marketing, engineering and sales efforts may be unsuccessful. We have incurred significant engineering, marketing and sales expenses during customer engagements without entering into license agreements, generating a license fee or establishing a royalty stream from the customer and we expect that such investments ahead of license revenue will continue to be necessary in the future. The introduction of any new process technology into semiconductor manufacturing is a lengthy process and we cannot forecast with any degree of assurance the length of time it takes to establish a new licensing relationship. However, based on our engagements with potential customers to date, we believe the time from initial engagement until our customers incorporate our technologies in their semiconductor products can take 18 to 36 months or longer. Our integration license agreements with our current licensees do not commit them to manufacturing or distribution licenses and we expect those licensees to perform additional tests on evaluation wafers under their respective integration licenses before deciding whether to enter the next stages of licensing MST. As such, we will incur additional expenses in our engagements with our licensees before we receive license fees, if any, for manufacturing and distribution and before any subsequent royalty stream begins. Although we have successfully completed the objectives of our first JDA and granted that customer a manufacturing license, the agreement does not commit our customer to a distribution license. While we believe our JDAs and our integration license agreements should accelerate licensing decisions by other customers, the evaluation process for new technologies in the semiconductor industry is inherently long and complex and there can be no assurance that we will successfully convert other customer prospects into paying customers or that any of these customers will generate sufficient revenue to cover our expenses.

Qualification of our MST technology requires access to our potential customers’ manufacturing tools and facilities, as well as to leased tools and facilities, which may not be available on a timely basis or at all. The qualification of a new process technology like MST entails the integration of our MST film into the complex manufacturing processes employed by our potential customers. In order to validate the benefits of MST, our customer engagement process involves fabrication of wafers that incorporate MST deposited by us using our epitaxial deposition tools and then completing the manufacturing of the wafers in our customers’ facilities using their tools. The semiconductor industry in 2024 exceeded $550 billion in sales. Over the past three years, some segments of the industry have been characterized by product shortages as strong demand has outstripped supply, resulting in tight capacity among our potential customers, while other segments have experienced softness and excess supply as part of the correction of COVID-era supply-chain disruptions . Although these supply/demand imbalances and uneven capacity conditions have started to normalize throughout 2024, we have experienced delays in completing the processing of evaluation wafers by our customers as those customers prioritize utilization of their equipment for production use. If our customers do not dedicate their equipment and facilities to testing our products in a timely fashion, we may experience delays that will increase our expenses and delay our customers’ decisions on entering into commercial licenses with us. Additionally, we conduct our ongoing research and development and portions of our customer evaluation activities using leased epitaxial (epi) deposition tools that we believe will accelerate internal development work and customer engagements. However, epi tools require ongoing, complex maintenance and they have been and will continue to be subject to both planned and unplanned downtime. Any interruption in our epi tool availability may negatively impact the progress of customer work as well as our internal research and development and accordingly could delay or prevent customers from entering into commercial licenses.

The long-term success of our business is dependent on a royalty-based business model, which is inherently risky. The long-term success of our business is dependent on future royalties paid to us by licensee-customers, whose business require them to market products to their end customers. Royalty payments under our licenses are generally expected to be based on a percentage of the selling price of wafers made using MST or the selling price of MST-enabled semiconductor die sold, depending on the customer type and the negotiation of our full commercial license agreements. We will depend upon our ability to structure, negotiate and enforce agreements for the determination and payment of royalties, as well as upon our licensees’ compliance with their agreements. We face risks inherent in a royalty-based business model, many of which are outside of our control, such as the following:

	·	the rate of adoption and incorporation of our technology by semiconductor designers and manufacturers and the manufacturers of semiconductor fabrication equipment;

	·	customers’ willingness to agree to an ongoing royalty model, which may impact their product costs and margins;

	·	our licensee customers’ ability to successfully market MST-enabled products to their end customers;

	·	the length of the design cycle and the ability to successfully integrate our MST technology into integrated circuits;

	·	the demand for products incorporating semiconductors that use our licensed technology;

	·	the cyclicality of supply and demand for products using our licensed technology;

	·	the impact of economic downturns; and

	·	the timing of receipt of royalty reports and the applicable revenue recognition criteria, which may result in fluctuation in our results of operations.

We may need additional financing to execute our business plan and fund operations, which additional financing may not be available on reasonable terms or at all. As of December 31, 2024, we had total assets of approximately $29.1 million, cash, cash-equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $26.8 million and working capital of approximately $23.5 million. We believe that we have sufficient capital to fund our current business plans and obligations over, at least, the 12 months following the date of this Annual Report. However, even after installation of MST in a customer’s fab under a manufacturing license, the full production qualification of a new technology like MST can take more than an additional year, and we have limited ability to influence our customers’ testing and qualification processes. Accordingly, we may require additional capital prior to obtaining a royalty-based license or prior to such a license generating sufficient royalty income to cover our ongoing operating expenses. In the event we require additional capital over and above the amount of our presently available working capital, we will endeavor to seek additional funds through various financing sources, including the sale of our equity and debt securities, licensing fees for our technology and joint ventures with industry partners. In addition, we will consider alternatives to our current business plan that may enable us to achieve material revenue with a smaller amount of capital. However, there can be no guarantees that such funds will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If such financing is not available on satisfactory terms, we may be unable to further pursue our business plan and we may be unable to continue operations.

Unfavorable geopolitical and macroeconomic developments could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our business could be adversely affected by conditions in the U.S. and global economies, the United States and global financial markets, potential imposition of tariffs, increased export controls and adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic developments, including inflation rates, the Ukrainian/Russian and Israeli/Palestinian conflicts and related sanctions, bank failures, and economic uncertainties related to these conditions.

For example, increased inflation may result in increases in our operating costs (including our labor costs), reduced liquidity and limits on our ability to access credit or otherwise raise capital on acceptable terms, if at all. In response to rising inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve has raised interest rates, which, coupled with reduced government spending and volatility in financial markets, may have the effect of further increasing economic uncertainty and heightening these risks.

Additionally, financial markets around the world experienced volatility following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 and the eruption of the Israeli/Palestinian conflict in October 2023, including as a result of economic sanctions and export controls against Russia and countermeasures taken by Russia. The full economic and social impact of these sanctions and countermeasures, in addition to the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza, which could conceivably expand, remains uncertain; however, both the conflicts and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, and/or supply chain continuity, in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. While we do not currently operate in Russia, Ukraine or the Middle East, as the adverse effects of these conflicts continue to develop our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Recent efforts to create national self-sufficiency of the semiconductor supply chain by various countries around the world creates new competitive and economic dynamics that are difficult to predict and may lead to semiconductor industry instability. For example, the U.S. government has been imposing increasingly strict export controls, particularly on exports to China, which have already impacted the financial performance and business outlook of certain semiconductor vendors and vendors of semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Increased restrictions on the availability and use of critical semiconductor IP and equipment by various foreign entities may limit Atomera’s ability to license our IP in some parts of the world.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our development programs. Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future collaborators and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such material system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our or our customers’ trade secrets or other proprietary information or other similar disruptions. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our technology could be delayed.

We could be subject to risks caused by misappropriation, misuse, leakage, falsification or intentional or accidental release or loss of information maintained in the information systems and networks of our company and our vendors, including personal or confidential information of our employees, customers and vendors. In addition, outside parties may attempt to penetrate our systems or those of our customers or vendors or fraudulently induce our personnel or the personnel of our customers or vendors to disclose sensitive information in order to gain access to our data and/or systems. We may experience threats to our data and systems, including malicious codes and viruses, phishing and other cyberattacks. The number and complexity of these threats continue to increase over time. If a material breach of, or accidental or intentional loss of data from, our information technology systems or those of our customers or vendors occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and our reputation and credibility could be damaged. We could be required to expend significant amounts of money and other resources to repair or replace information systems or networks. In addition, we could be subject to regulatory actions and/or claims made by individuals and groups in private litigation involving privacy issues related to data collection and use practices and other data privacy laws and regulations, including claims for misuse or inappropriate disclosure of data, as well as unfair or deceptive practices.

Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent these events from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of these events occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As we outsource more of our information systems to vendors, engage in more electronic transactions with customers and vendors, and rely more on cloud-based information systems, the related security risks will increase and we will need to expend additional resources to protect our technology and information systems. In addition, there can be no assurance that our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party contractors, or our consultants’ efforts to implement adequate security and control measures, will be sufficient to protect us against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, security breach, industrial espionage attacks or insider threat attacks which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm.

Our revenues may be concentrated in a few customers and if we lose any of these customers, or these customers do not pay us, our revenues could be materially adversely affected. If we are able to secure the adoption of our MST by one or more foundries, IDMs or fabless semiconductor manufacturers, we expect that for at least the first few years substantially all of our revenue will be generated from license fees and engineering services before customers commence royalty-bearing shipments. Due to the concentration and ongoing consolidation within the semiconductor industry, we may also find that over the longer term our royalty-based revenues are dependent on a relatively few customers. If we lose any of these customers, or these customers do not pay us, our revenues could be materially adversely affected.

If we are unable to manage future expansion effectively, our business, operations and financial condition may suffer significantly, resulting in decreased productivity. If our MST proves to be commercially valuable, it is likely that we will experience a rapid growth phase that could place a significant strain on our managerial, administrative, technical, operational and financial resources. Our organization, procedures and management may not be adequate to fully support the expansion of our operations or the efficient execution of our business strategy. If we are unable to manage future expansion effectively, our business, operations and financial condition may suffer significantly, resulting in decreased productivity.

It may be difficult for us to verify royalty amounts owed to us under our licensing agreements, and this may cause us to lose revenues. We will endeavor to provide that the terms of our license agreements require our licensees to document their use of our technology and report related data to us on a regular basis. We will endeavor to provide that the terms of our license agreements give us the right to audit books and records of our licensees to verify this information, however audits can be expensive, time consuming, and may not be cost justified based on our understanding of our licensees’ businesses. We will endeavor to audit certain licensees to review the accuracy of the information contained in their royalty reports in an effort to decrease the likelihood that we will not receive the royalty revenues to which we are entitled under the terms of our license agreements, but we cannot give assurances that such audits will be effective to that end.

Our business operations could suffer in the event of information technology systems’ failures or security breaches. While we believe that we have implemented adequate security measures within our internal information technology and networking systems, our information technology systems may be subject to security breaches, damages from computer viruses, natural disasters, terrorism, and telecommunication failures. Any system failure or security breach could cause interruptions in our operations, including but not limited to our technology computer-aided design, or TCAD, modeling using Synopsys software, in addition to the possibility of losing proprietary information and trade secrets. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in inappropriate disclosure of our confidential information, our competitive position may be adversely affected, and we may incur liability or additional costs to remedy the damages caused by these disruptions or security breaches.

If integrated circuits incorporating our technologies are used in defective products, we may be subject to product liability or other claims. If our MST technology is used in defective or malfunctioning products, we could be sued for damages, especially if the defect or malfunction causes physical harm to people. While we will endeavor to carry product liability insurance, contractually limit our liability and obtain indemnities from our customers, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain insurance at satisfactory rates or in adequate amounts or that any insurance and customer indemnities will be adequate to defend against or satisfy any claims made against us. The costs associated with legal proceedings are typically high, relatively unpredictable and not completely within our control. Even if we consider any such claim to be without merit, significant contingencies may exist, similar to those summarized in the above risk factor concerning intellectual property litigation, which could lead us to settle the claim rather than incur the cost of defense and the possibility of an adverse judgment. Product liability claims in the future, regardless of their ultimate outcome, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and reputation, and on our ability to attract and retain licensees and customers.

Effective as of January 31, 2024, we lost access to certain semiconductor manufacturing and engineering services which may be difficult and/or costly to replace. From April 2016 through January 2024, we worked with TSI Technology Development & Commercialization Services LLC, or TSI under a Master R&D Services Agreement and a Manufacturing Agreement. Under these agreements, TSI provided us with foundry services, consisting of engineering and manufacturing services. In August 2023, TSI was acquired by Robert Bosch Semiconductor LLC, or Bosch. In October 2023, Bosch advised us that on January 31, 2024 it would cease providing engineering and manufacturing services to third parties, including Atomera, in order to commence the conversion of the TSI fab to production of Silicon Carbide semiconductor products. We are in active discussions with potential replacement providers of foundry services. However, there are few foundries that offer R&D services that are comparable to those provided by TSI, so we may face difficulty in replacing the services that TSI had provided. We have utilized TSI’s services for a portion of our internal R&D which required complete semiconductor device fabrication. No wafers sold or licensed to any customer have been fabricated at TSI. Accordingly, we do not believe that the loss of TSI’s services has had or will have a meaningful impact on any of our ongoing client engagements. However, our access to foundry services was interrupted while we were working to reach an agreement with a replacement foundry and adapt our R&D processes to those used at our replacement foundry. This transition may cause us to incur meaningful startup costs, may divert engineering resources from ongoing R&D activities and may increase our ongoing spending on outsourced engineering services. The potential inability to replace the TSI services may have a material adverse effect on the timing and cost of continuing to develop example applications and devices which exhibit the advantages of our MST technology.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we fail to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights and our confidential information, our business will suffer. We rely primarily on a combination of nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions and patent, trade secret and copyright laws to protect our technology and intellectual property. If we fail to protect our technology and intellectual property, our licensees and others may seek to use our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties, which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our operating results and increase the likelihood of costly litigation. The growth of our business depends in large part on our ability to secure intellectual property rights in a timely manner, our ability to convince third parties of the applicability of our intellectual property rights to their products, and our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. In certain instances, we attempt to obtain patent protection for portions of our technology, and our license agreements typically include both issued patents and pending patent applications as well as our proprietary know-how. If we fail to obtain patents in a timely manner or if the patents issued to us do not cover all of the inventions disclosed in our patent applications, others could use portions of our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties.

We also rely on trade secret laws rather than patent laws to protect other portions of our proprietary technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. The misappropriation of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could seriously harm our business. We protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, suppliers and customers. We cannot be certain that these contracts have not been and will not be breached, that we will be able to timely detect unauthorized use or transfer of our technology and intellectual property, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. If we fail to use these mechanisms to protect our technology and intellectual property, or if a court fails to enforce our intellectual property rights, our business will suffer. We cannot be certain that these protection mechanisms can be successfully asserted in the future or will not be invalidated or challenged.

Further, the laws and enforcement regimes of certain countries do not protect our technology and intellectual property to the same extent as do the laws and enforcement regimes of the U.S. In certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our technology and intellectual property adequately against unauthorized use, which could adversely affect our business.

A court invalidation or limitation of our key patents could significantly harm our business. Our patent portfolio contains some patents that are particularly significant to our MST technology. If any of these key patents are invalidated, or if a court limits the scope of the claims in any of these key patents, the likelihood that companies will take new licenses and that any current licensees will continue to agree to pay under their existing licenses could be significantly reduced. The resulting loss in license fees and royalties could significantly harm our business. Moreover, our stock price may fluctuate based on developments in the course of ongoing litigation.

We may become involved in material legal proceedings in the future to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, which could harm our business. From time to time, we may identify products that we believe infringe on our patents. In that event, we expect to initially seek to license the manufacturer of the infringing products, however if the manufacturer is unwilling to enter into a license agreement, we may have to initiate litigation to enforce our patent rights against those products. Litigation stemming from such disputes could harm our ability to gain new customers, who may postpone licensing decisions pending the outcome of the litigation or who may, as a result of such litigation, choose not to adopt our technologies. Such litigation may also harm our relationships with existing licensees, who may, because of such litigation, cease making royalty or other payments to us or challenge the validity and enforceability of our patents or the scope of our license agreements.

In addition, the costs associated with legal proceedings are typically high, relatively unpredictable and not completely within our control. These costs may be materially higher than expected, which could adversely impair our working capital, affect our operating results and lead to volatility in the price of our common stock. Whether or not determined in our favor or ultimately settled, litigation would divert our managerial, technical, legal and financial resources from our business operations. Furthermore, an adverse decision in any of these legal actions could result in a loss of our proprietary rights, subject us to significant liabilities, require us to seek licenses from others, limit the value of our licensed technology or otherwise negatively impact our stock price or our business and financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Even if we prevail in our legal actions, significant contingencies may exist to their settlement and final resolution, including the scope of the liability of each party, our ability to enforce judgments against the parties, the ability and willingness of the parties to make any payments owed or agreed upon and the dismissal of the legal action by the relevant court, none of which are completely within our control. Parties that may be obligated to pay us royalties could be insolvent or decide to alter their business activities or corporate structure, which could affect our ability to collect royalties from such parties.

Our technologies may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, which could lead to costly disputes or disruptions. The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent allegations of intellectual property infringement. Any allegation of infringement could be time consuming and expensive to defend or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, cause suspension of operations or force us to enter into royalty, license, or other agreements rather than dispute the merits of such allegation. Furthermore, third parties making such claims may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief that could block our ability to further develop or commercialize some or all of our technologies, and the ability of our customers to develop or commercialize their products incorporating our technologies, in the U.S. and abroad. If patent holders or other holders of intellectual property initiate legal proceedings, we may be forced into protracted and costly litigation. We may not be successful in defending such litigation and may not be able to procure any required royalty or license agreements on acceptable terms or at all.

Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock

The market price of our shares may be subject to fluctuation and volatility. You could lose all or part of your investment. The market price of our common stock is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. Between January 1, 2024 and February 1, 2025, the reported high and low sales prices of our common stock have ranged from $2.31 to $17.55. The market price of our shares on the NASDAQ Capital Market may fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

	·	actual or anticipated variations in our results of operations and financial condition;

	·	market acceptance of our MST technology;

	·	success or failure of our research and development projects;

	·	announcements of technological innovations by us;

	·	failure by us to achieve a publicly announced milestone;

	·	failure by us to meet expectations of investors, some of which may not be within our control or be related to our public announcements;

	·	delays between our expenditures to develop and market new or enhanced technological innovations and the generation of licensing revenue from those innovations;

	·	developments concerning intellectual property rights, including our involvement in litigation brought by or against us;

	·	changes in the amounts that we spend to develop, acquire or license new technologies or businesses;

	·	our sale or proposed sale, or the sale by our significant stockholders, of our shares or other securities in the future;

	·	changes in our key personnel;

	·	changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts, if we continue to be covered by analysts;

	·	the trading volume of our shares; and

	·	general economic and financial market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance.

These factors and any corresponding price fluctuations may materially and adversely affect the market price of our shares and result in substantial losses being incurred by our investors. In the past, following periods of market volatility, public company stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could impose a substantial cost upon us and divert the resources and attention of our management from our business.

We have not paid dividends in the past and have no immediate plans to pay dividends. We plan to reinvest all of our earnings, to the extent we have earnings, to cover operating costs and otherwise become and remain competitive. We do not plan to pay any cash dividends with respect to our securities in the foreseeable future. We cannot assure you that we would, at any time, generate sufficient surplus cash that would be available for distribution to the holders of our common stock as a dividend. Therefore, you should not expect to receive cash dividends on our common stock.

Our charter documents and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover that stockholders consider favorable. Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and applicable provisions of Delaware law may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. The provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws:

	·	limit who may call stockholder meetings;

	·	do not permit stockholders to act by written consent;

	·	allow us to issue blank check preferred stock without stockholder approval;

	·	do not provide for cumulative voting rights; and

	·	provide that all vacancies may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law may limit our ability to engage in any business combination with a person who beneficially owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock unless certain conditions are satisfied. This restriction lasts for a period of three years following the share acquisition. These provisions may have the effect of entrenching our management team and may deprive you of the opportunity to sell your shares to potential acquirers at a premium over prevailing prices. This potential inability to obtain a control premium could reduce the price of our common stock.

Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with the Company. Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us or any our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This forum selection provision in our bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers or other employees.

Our board of directors may issue blank check preferred stock, which may affect the voting rights of our holders and could deter or delay an attempt to obtain control of us. Our board of directors is authorized, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock in series and to fix and state the voting rights and powers, designation, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of the shares of each such series and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof. Preferred stock may rank prior to our common stock with respect to dividends rights, liquidation preferences, or both, and may have full or limited voting rights. If issued, such preferred stock would increase the number of outstanding shares of our capital stock, adversely affect the voting power of holders of our common stock and could have the effect of deterring or delaying an attempt to obtain control of us.

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C.

Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy. Our cybersecurity program is built upon the National Institute for Standards and Technology (“NIST”), International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) and other best practice frameworks. We employ processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including engagement of an independent cybersecurity consultant to audit our systems and procedures, make recommendations for improvement and monitor remediation of any identified risks. We also conduct random vulnerability testing including network penetration, phishing and social engineering tests. In addition, we also request Systems and Organization Control (“SOC”) type reports from several of our service providers including our payroll and human resources system provider and stock administration provider. In addition, we provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats and to remind them of the importance of handling and protecting our information. 

Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent cybersecurity breaches from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of a breach occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As we outsource more of our information systems to vendors, engage in more electronic transactions with service customers and vendors, and rely more on cloud-based information systems, the related security risks will increase and we will need to expend additional resources to protect our technology and information systems. In addition, there can be no assurance that our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party contractors, or our consultants’ efforts to implement adequate security and control measures, will be sufficient to protect us against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, security breach, industrial espionage attacks or insider threat attacks which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm.

As of the date of this report, we are not aware of cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance. Our senior management team conducts the regular assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats, including review with our IT team and third-party service providers. All employees and consultants are directed to report to our senior management any irregular or suspicious activity that could indicate a cybersecurity threat or incident. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers. Our Audit Committee meets at least quarterly with our independent registered accounting firm and communicates with them regarding any cybersecurity related risks. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.

Item 2.

Properties

Our executive offices are presently located in a 4,101 square foot facility in Los Gatos, California pursuant to a five-year lease, expiring on January 31, 2026. As part of the amended lease entered into in August 2020, our current lease payment is $18,232.

Beginning in March 2021, we began leasing 474 square feet of office space in Tempe, Arizona. The original lease had a two-year term, with an option to extend for an additional three years. The renewal option was exercised in January 2023. Effective May 1, 2023, we leased an additional 404 square feet at this location under an amendment to the current lease. Our current monthly lease payment is now $2,435 and will increase to $2,509 in March 2025. The lease ends in February 2026.

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings

To our knowledge, as of the date of this Annual Report, there are no pending legal proceedings to which we or our properties are subject.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Inapplicable.

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Market Information

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ATOM”.

Holders of Record

As of February 28, 2025, there were 120 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We presently intend to retain earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

Our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, or 2007 Plan, expired in March 2017, however all options and warrants outstanding at the time of the expiration remained outstanding and exercisable by their term.

In May 2017, we established our 2017 Stock Incentive Plan, or 2017 Plan. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of our common stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants. We have reserved a total of 3,750,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan. All employees, officers, directors, consultants, advisors and other persons who provide services to us or any of our subsidiaries are eligible to receive incentive awards under the 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, awards of 3,706,063 shares of common stock had been granted under the 2017 Plan, net of forfeited restricted stock and option awards and a total of 43,937 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance.

In May 2023, we established our 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, or 2023 Plan. The 2023 Plan provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of our common stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants. We have reserved a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2023 Plan. All employees, officers, directors, consultants, advisors and other persons who provide services to us or any of our subsidiaries are eligible to receive incentive awards under the 2023 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, awards of 854,346 shares of common stock had been granted under the 2023 Plan, net of forfeited restricted stock and option awards and a total of 1,145,654 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance.

As of December 31, 2024, options to purchase 3,792,615 shares of common stock were outstanding under the 2007 Plan, the 2017 Plan and the 2023 Plan. The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2024 about our stock plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance (in thousands, except exercise price).

Plan Category	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options (a)		Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected In Column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders		3,792,615	$	6.64		1,189,591
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		–		–		–
Total		3,792,615	$	6.64		1,189,591

Item 6.

Reserved

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Atomera Incorporated should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the accompanying notes that appear elsewhere in this Annual Report. Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions. We use words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “project,” “continuing,” “ongoing,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties, and changes in condition, significance, value and effect, including those risk factors set forth in this Annual Report. Such risks, uncertainties and changes in condition, significance, value and effect could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed herein and in ways not readily foreseeable. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are based on information currently and reasonably known to us. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Annual Report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Overview

	·	foundries, which manufacture integrated circuits on behalf of fabless manufacturers;

	·	integrated device manufacturers, or IDMs, which are the fully-integrated designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits;

	·	fabless semiconductor manufacturers, which are designers of integrated circuits that outsource the manufacturing of their chips to foundries;

	·	original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, that manufacture the epitaxial, or epi, machines used to deposit semiconductor layers, such as the MST film, onto silicon wafers; and

	·	electronic design automation companies, which make tools used throughout the industry to simulate performance of semiconductor products using different materials, design structures and process technologies.

Our commercialization strategy is to generate revenue through licensing arrangements whereby foundries, IDMs and fabless semiconductor manufacturers pay us a license fee for their right to use MST technology in the manufacture of silicon wafers as well as a royalty for each silicon wafer or device that incorporates our MST technology. We also license our MSTcad software to our customers for use in simulating the effects of using MST technology on their wafers and/or devices. To date, we have generated revenue from (i) licensing agreements with ST and AKM, both of which are IDMs, one fabless manufacturer and one foundry, (ii) a joint development agreement, or JDA, with a leading semiconductor provider, (iii) engineering services provided to foundries, IDMs and fabless companies and (iv) licensing MSTcad.

On May 31, 2022, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC, as agents, under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having aggregate offering proceeds of up to $50.0 million in an “at-the-market” or ATM offering, to or through the agents. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold approximately 1.8 million shares at an average price per share of approximately $7.97, resulting in approximately $13.5 million of net proceeds to us after deducting commissions and other offering expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold approximately 4.1 million shares at an average price per share of approximately $5.38, resulting in approximately $21.3 million of net proceeds to us after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Revenues. To date, we have only generated limited revenue from customer engagements for engineering services, integration license agreements, an R&D license granted under a JDA, our license agreement with ST and licensing of MSTcad. Our license agreement with ST, which was executed in April 2023, is our first commercial manufacturing and distribution agreement and, assuming successful completion of contractual milestones and payments of associated fees, will entitle us to royalties on all MST-enabled products manufactured for commercial purposes. Our MSTcad licenses grant customers the right to use MSTcad software to simulate the effects of incorporating MST technology into their semiconductor manufacturing process. MSTcad licenses are granted on a monthly or yearly basis and revenue is recognized over time.

Our integration services consist of depositing our MST film on semiconductor wafers, delivering such wafers to customers to finalize building devices, and performing tests for customers evaluating MST. The integration license agreements we have entered into to date grant the licensees the right to build products that integrate our MST technology deposited by us onto their semiconductor wafers, but these agreements do not grant the licensees the rights to manufacture on their site or to sell products incorporating MST. Our first JDA included the grant of an R&D license to our customer and we were paid for such license upon delivery of our IP transfer package which enabled our customer to install MST in a tool in their facility and to use it to manufacture wafers for internal use. This JDA also contained targeted technical specifications that, if met, would result in payment of a success fee to us. Those technical objectives were met and we have collected the success fee. Our license agreement with ST, which we executed in April 2023, was our first full commercial license agreement and provided for grants of a license enabling ST to install MST in a tool in their fab and to manufacture wafers for internal development use only as well as an HVM license granted upon completion of process qualification. The ST license agreement provides for payments of license fees, payable upon reaching milestones for MST installation and acceptance, in the case of the R&D license, and upon reaching process qualification milestones. After process qualification is complete and associated payments are made, ST will obtain an HVM license and will be required to pay royalties for all products they sell that utilize MST.

For recognizing integration service revenue from integration license agreements, we assess (i) whether the license grant is distinct from or combined with the transfer of goods or services and (ii) whether the license is a right to access intellectual property or a right to use the intellectual property. For licenses that are not distinct, but combined with other goods or services, the revenue is recognized at a point in time or over time as the obligations to perform the combined services and/or deliver the combined goods are satisfied. Integration license agreements contain a technology grant as well as a performance obligation to deliver wafers with our technology deposited on them. We have historically determined the grant of rights in these integration license agreements is not distinct from the integration service. Accordingly, revenue from integration license agreements is recognized as the service is provided to the customer. For manufacturing licenses, revenue is recognized at the point in time when we deliver our MST recipe as the license to manufacture using MST technology is a right to use the Company’s technology and not a right to access the technology over time. However, in cases where our manufacturing license grants include a customer acceptance requirement, revenue is recognized over time.

Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $135,000 and $550,000, respectively. Our revenue in 2024 consisted of MSTcad licensing and related consulting services revenue, and engineering services revenue from the delivery of MST wafers. Our revenue for 2023 consisted of revenue from a manufacturing license.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of costs of materials, as well as direct compensation and expenses incurred to provide integration engineering services, support for customer installation and qualification and MSTcad support. Cost of revenue was approximately $123,000 and $28,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We anticipate that our cost of revenue will vary substantially depending on the mix of license and engineering services revenues we receive and the nature of products and/or services delivered in each customer engagement.

Operating Expenses. Operating expenses consist of research and development, general and administrative, and selling and marketing expenses. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our operating expenses totaled approximately $19.3 million and $21.2 million, respectively.

Research and development expenses. To date, our operations have focused on the research, development, and commercialization of our MST technology and related technologies such as MSTcad. Our research and development costs primarily consist of payroll and benefit costs for our engineering staff and costs of outsourced fabrication (including epi tool leases) and metrology of semiconductor wafers incorporating our MST technology.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we incurred approximately $11.0 million and $12.5 million, respectively, of research and development expense, a decrease of approximately $1.5 million, or 12%. This decrease was primarily due to a decline of approximately $1.6 million in outsourced research and development as we discontinued working with TSI Semiconductor as of January 31, 2024.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of payroll and benefit costs for administrative personnel, office-related costs and professional fees. General and administrative costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $7.3 million and $7.1 million, respectively, representing an increase of approximately $191,000, or 3%. The increase in costs was primarily due to an increase in employee-related costs of approximately $136,000 and an increase of approximately $332,000 in patent fees and legal fees associated with our patents. These costs were partially offset by a decrease of approximately $144,000 in stock-based compensation and approximately $90,000 in corporate legal expenses.

Selling and marketing expenses. Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salary and benefits for our sales and marketing personnel and business development consulting services. Selling and marketing expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were approximately $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, representing a decrease of approximately $546,000, or 34%. The decrease in costs is primarily related to a reduction in headcount which decreased employee related costs, stock-based compensation and travel expenses.

Interest income. Interest income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $779,000 and $723,000, respectively. Interest income for each period related to interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and the increase was primarily due to progressively higher interest rates and cash balances during these periods.

Accretion income. Accretion income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $178,000 and $283,000, respectively. Accretion income relates to the increase in value of our available-for-sale securities from the purchase date through the maturity date.

Other income/expense, net. Other income for the years December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $73,000 and $75,000, respectively. Other income consisted primarily of a refundable state research and development tax credit, net of filing costs and tax consulting services for both years.

Interest expense. Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $129,000 and $194,000, respectively. Interest expense is related to the tool financing lease entered into in August 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $26.8 million and working capital of approximately $23.5 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we had a net loss of approximately $18.4 million and used approximately $13.2 million of cash and cash equivalents in operations. Since inception, we have incurred recurring operating losses.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold approximately 4.1 million shares pursuant to our ATM at an average price per share of approximately $5.38, resulting in approximately $21.3 million of net proceeds to us after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.

We believe that our available working capital is sufficient to fund our presently forecasted working capital requirements for, at least, the next 12 months following the date of the filing of this report. However, our future capital requirements and the adequacy of our available funds will depend on many factors, including our ability to successfully commercialize our MST technology, competing technological and market developments, and the need to enter into collaborations with other companies or acquire technologies to enhance or complement our current offerings. If we are not able to generate sufficient revenue from license fees and royalties in a time frame that satisfies our cash needs, we will need to raise more capital. In the event we require additional capital, we will endeavor to acquire additional funds through various financing sources, including our ATM Facility, follow-on equity offerings, debt financing and joint ventures with industry partners. In addition, we will consider alternatives to our current business plan that may enable us to achieve revenue-producing operations and meaningful commercial success with a smaller amount of capital. If we are unable to secure additional capital, we may be required to curtail our research and development initiatives and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve its cash.

Cash Flows from Operating, Investing and Financing Activities:

Net cash used in operating activities of approximately $13.2 million for year ended December 31, 2024 resulted primarily from our net loss of approximately $18.4 million, adjusted by approximately $3.9 million of stock-based compensation expense and amortization of right-of-use assets of approximately $1.3 million.

Net cash used in operating activities of approximately $14.6 million for year ended December 31, 2023 resulted primarily from our net loss of approximately $19.8 million, adjusted by approximately $4.0 million of stock-based compensation expense and amortization of right-of-use assets of approximately $1.4 million.

Net cash provided in investing activities of approximately $6.1 million and for year ended December 31, 2024 consisted primarily of the maturity of short-term available-for-sale investments, offset by the purchase of short-term available-for-sale investments.

Net cash used in investing activities of approximately $6.8 million and for year ended December 31, 2023 consisted primarily of the purchase of short-term available-for-sale investments, offset by the maturity of short-term available-for-sale investments.

Net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $20.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 related primarily to net proceeds from our ATM Facility, offset in part by approximately $1.1 million in principal payments on our financing lease.

Net cash provided by financing activities of approximately $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 related primarily to net proceeds from our ATM Facility, offset in part by approximately $918,000 in principal payments on our financing lease.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with those accounting principles requires us to use judgement in making estimates and assumptions based on the relevant information available at the end of each period. These estimates and assumptions have a significant effect on reported amounts of assets, liabilities, sales and expenses as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities because they result primarily from the need to make estimates and assumptions on matters that are inherently uncertain. Actual results could differ from our estimates.

Leases

We account for leases in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). We determine if a contract contains a lease in whole or in part at the inception of the contract. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term while lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. All leases greater than 12 months result in the recognition of a ROU asset and a liability at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Lease expenses for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line-basis over the lease term. Lease expenses for financing leases consists of amortization of the ROU assets over the life of the lease and interest expense is recognized on the liability.

Stock-based Compensation

We have stock-based compensation programs, which include restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and stock options and an employee stock purchase plan. We account for stock-based compensation expense, including the expense for grants of RSAs and stock options that may be settled in shares of our common stock, based on the fair values of the equity instruments issued. The fair value is determined on the measurement date, which is the date of grant. The fair value of our RSAs is measured at the market price of our common stock on the measurement date amortized over the vesting period of the award. The fair value for our stock option awards is determined at the grant date using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model and amortized over the vesting period of the option.

Assumptions for the Black-Scholes valuation model used for employee stock awards include:

	·	Expected term – We derived the expected term for employee stock awards using historical information to develop expectations about future exercise patterns and behavior after employment termination.

	·	Expected volatility – Volatility is estimated using Atomera’s historical volatility for similar terms.

	·	Expected dividend rate – We have not declared or paid dividends to our stockholders and have no plans to pay dividends; therefore, we have assumed an expected dividend yield of 0%.

	·	Risk-free interest rate – The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities similar to the expected terms of the associated awards.

	·	The fair value of our common stock is measured at the market price on the measurement date.

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Financial Statements

		Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 688)		27
Balance Sheets at December 31, 2024 and 2023		28
Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023		29
Statements of Comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023		30
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023		31
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023		32
Notes to the Financial Statements		33

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

Atomera Incorporated

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Atomera Incorporated (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related statements of operations, comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Melville, NY
March 4, 2025

Atomera Incorporated

Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except per share data)


	December 31,
	2024			2023
ASSETS

Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	25,778		$	12,591
Short-term investments		995			6,940
Accounts receivable		6			–
Unbilled contracts receivable		–			550
Interest receivable		73			79
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		240			244
Total current assets		27,092			20,404

Property and equipment, net		59			100
Long-term prepaid maintenance and supplies		91			91
Security deposit		14			14
Operating lease right-of-use-asset		280			517
Financing lease right-of-use-asset		1,588			2,903

Total assets	$	29,124		$	24,029

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	492		$	618
Accrued expenses		239			222
Accrued payroll related expenses		1,328			1,382
Current operating lease liability		260			264
Current financing lease liability		1,253			1,328
Deferred revenue		4			–
Total current liabilities		3,576			3,814

Long-term operating lease liability		22			295
Long-term financing lease liability		449			1,750

Total liabilities		4,047			5,859

Commitments and contingencies (see Note 9)		–			–

Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 2,500 shares: none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023		–			–
Common stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 47,500 shares; 30,540 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 26,107 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023		31			26
Additional paid-in capital		246,565			221,229
Other comprehensive income		1			–
Accumulated deficit		(221,520	)		(203,085	)

Total stockholders’ equity		25,077			18,170

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	29,124		$	24,029

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Atomera Incorporated

Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share data)


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue:	$	135		$	550
Cost of revenue		(123	)		(28	)
Gross margin		12			522

Operating Expenses:
Research and development		11,029			12,525
General and administrative		7,266			7,075
Selling and marketing		1,053			1,599
Total operating expenses		19,348			21,199

Loss from operations		(19,336	)		(20,677	)

Other income (expense):
Interest income		779			723
Accretion income		178			283
Other income (expense), net		73			75
Interest expense		(129	)		(194	)
Total other income (expense), net		901			887

Net loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
Net loss per common share, basic	$	(0.68	)	$	(0.80	)
Net loss per common share, diluted	$	(0.68	)	$	(0.80	)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic		27,217			24,755
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted		27,217			24,755

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Atomera Incorporated

Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands)


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Net loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities		1			–
Net loss	$	(18,434	)	$	(19,790	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Atomera Incorporated

Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(in thousands)


	Common Stock					Additional Paid-in		Other Comprehensive		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount		Capital		Loss		Deficit			Equity
Balance January 1, 2023		23,973		$	24	$	203,585	$	–	$	(183,295	)	$	20,314
Stock-based compensation		357			–		4,013		–		–			4,013
Stock option exercise		33			–		128		–		–			128
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance		(20	)		–		–		–		–			–
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses		1,764			2		13,503		–		–			13,505
Net loss		–			–		–		–		(19,790	)		(19,790	)
Balance December 31, 2023		26,107		$	26	$	221,229	$	–	$	(203,085	)	$	18,170
Stock-based compensation		340			–		3,867		–		–			3,867
Stock option exercises		31			–		197		–		–			197
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance		(43	)		–		–		–		–			–
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses		4,103			5		21,262		–		–			21,267
Other sale		2			–		10		–		–			10
Net loss		–			–		–		–		(18,435	)		(18,435	)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities		–			–		–		1		–			1
Balance December 31, 2024		30,540		$	31	$	246,565	$	1	$	(221,520	)	$	25,077

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Atomera Incorporated

Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)


	Years Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		54			77
Operating lease right of use asset amortization		237			216
Financing lease right of use asset amortization		1,074			1,146
Stock-based compensation		3,867			4,013
Accretion of discounts on available-for-sales securities		(161	)		(254	)
Gain on sale of assets		–			(3	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(6	)		–
Unbilled contracts receivable		550			(550	)
Interest receivable		16			(31	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4			174
Accounts payable		(126	)		221
Accrued expenses		17			49
Accrued payroll expenses		(54	)		415
Operating lease liability		(277	)		(240	)
Deferred revenue		4			–
Net cash used in operating activities		(13,236	)		(14,557	)

CASH FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Acquisition of property and equipment		(14	)		(31	)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		–			15
Purchase of available-for-sale securities		(5,268	)		(19,539	)
Maturity of available-for-sale securities		11,366			12,804
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		6,084			(6,751	)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from at-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses		21,267			13,505
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		197			128
Proceeds from stock sales		10			–
Payments of principal for financing lease		(1,135	)		(918	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		20,339			12,715

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		13,187			(8,593	)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		12,591			21,184

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	25,778		$	12,591

Supplemental information:
Cash paid for interest	$	129		$	194
Cash paid for taxes	$	–		$	–

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Atomera Incorporated

Notes to the Financial Statements

1.	NATURE OF OPERATIONS

Atomera Incorporated (“Atomera” or the “Company”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in March 2007 under the name MEARS Technologies, Inc. and is engaged in the development, commercialization and licensing of proprietary processes and technologies for the semiconductor industry. On January 12, 2016, the Company changed its name to Atomera Incorporated.

Atomera is an early-stage company, having only recently begun limited revenue-generating activities, and is devoting substantially all its efforts toward technology research and development and to commercially licensing its technology to designers and manufacturers of integrated circuits.

2.	LIQUIDITY AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

At December 31, 2024, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of approximately $26.8 million and working capital of approximately $23.5 million. The Company has generated only limited revenues since inception and has incurred recurring operating losses. Accordingly, it is subject to all the risks inherent in the initial organization, financing, expenditures, and scaling of a new business that is not generating positive cashflow.

On May 31, 2022, Atomera entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC, as agents, under which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its $0.001 par value common stock, in “at the market” offerings to or through the agent as its sales agent, having aggregate offering proceeds of up to $50.0 million (the “ATM Facility”). During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold approximately 4.1 million shares pursuant to the ATM at an average price per share of approximately $5.38, resulting in approximately $21.3 million of net proceeds to the Company after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.

Based on the funds it has available as of the date of the filing of this report, the Company believes that it has sufficient capital to fund its current business plans and obligations over, at least, 12 months from the date that these financial statements have been issued. The Company’s future capital requirements and the adequacy of its available funds will depend on many factors, including the Company’s ability to successfully commercialize its technology, competing technological and market developments, and the need to enter into collaborations with other companies or acquire technologies to enhance or complement its current offerings. The Company’s operating plans for the next 12 months include increased research and development expenses.

3.	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for all periods presented. The Company operates as one business segment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Authoritative guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, the carrying amounts of which approximate their estimated fair values primarily due to the short-term nature of the instruments or based on information obtained from market sources and management estimates. The Company measures the fair value of certain of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring basis. A fair value hierarchy is used to rank the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value which is not equivalent to cost will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices in the markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents may be invested in money market funds or U.S. agency bonds. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value.

The Company's portfolio of short-term investments is comprised solely of U.S. treasury bills and agency bonds with maturities of more than three months, but less than one year. The Company classifies these as available-for-sale at purchase date and will reevaluate such designation at each period end date. The Company may sell these marketable debt securities prior to their stated maturities depending upon changing liquidity requirements. These debt securities are classified as current assets in the condensed balance sheets and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Gains and losses are recognized when realized. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and are reported in other income, net in the condensed statements of operations when incurred. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income (loss) on the condensed balance sheets.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. One customer represented 63% of revenue and another customer represented 37% of the Company’s revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 100% of our revenue was from one customer.

At times, the amounts on deposit at the financial institution exceed the federally insured limits. Management believes that the financial institution which holds the Company’s cash is financially sound and, accordingly, that minimal credit risk exists. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s cash balances were in excess of insured limits maintained at the financial institution.

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Contracts Receivable

The Company grants credit to its business customers. Collateral is generally not required for trade receivables. The Company maintains allowances for potential credit losses when necessary. Trade accounts receivable and unbilled contracts receivable are recorded net of allowances for cash discounts for prompt payment, doubtful accounts, and sales returns.

The Company’s policy is to reserve for uncollectible accounts based on its best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable and unbilled contracts receivable accounts under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company periodically reviews these receivables to determine whether an allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary based on an analysis of past due accounts and other factors that may indicate that the realization of an account may be in doubt. Other factors that the Company considers include its existing contractual obligations, historical payment patterns of its customers and individual customer circumstances, and an analysis of days sales outstanding by customer. Due to the Company’s low volume of customers, management reviews the receivable balances on a customer by customer basis. Account balances deemed to be uncollectible are charged to the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. At December 31, 2024 there were no allowances for doubtful accounts as the Company deems the balance fully collectible. At December 31, 2023, there was no allowance against the unbilled contracts receivable account as the Company deems the balance fully collectible.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company conducts its long-lived asset impairment analyses in accordance with authoritative guidance which requires the Company to group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis or appraisals. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had noted no indicators of impairment.

Property and Equipment

Items capitalized as property and equipment are stated at cost. Maintenance and routine repairs are charged to operations when incurred, while betterments and renewals are capitalized. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets starting when the asset is placed in service.

Revenue

The Company generates revenue from integration engineering services, which it delivers either pursuant to integration license agreements or delivery of engineering services and from the grant of manufacturing licenses to customers to use its technology in the manufacture of semiconductor wafers and/or devices for the customer’s internal use. Revenue is recognized based on the following steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer, (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determination of the transaction price, (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations of the contract, and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s integration services generally consist of depositing its proprietary technology onto the customer’s semiconductor wafers and delivering such wafers back to the customer. Revenue from integration services is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied, which is upon transfer of control of the wafers to the customer (generally upon shipment). Revenue from manufacturing licenses is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied, which is generally upon delivery of the Company’s MST recipe to the customer but is recognized over time if the performance obligation related to the grant of the license includes customer acceptance.

For recognizing integration service revenue from integration license agreements, the Company assesses (i) whether the license grant is distinct from or combined with the transfer of goods or services and (ii) whether the license is a right to access intellectual property or a right to use the intellectual property. For licenses that are not distinct, but combined with other goods or services, the revenue is recognized at a point in time or over time as the obligations to perform the combined services and/or deliver the combined goods are satisfied. The Company’s integration license agreements contain a technology grant as well as a performance obligation to deliver wafers with its technology deposited on them. The Company has determined the grant of rights in these integration license agreements is not distinct from the integration service. Accordingly, revenue from integration license agreements is recognized as the service is provided to the customer. For manufacturing licenses, revenue is recognized at the point in time when the Company delivers its MST recipe because this license confers a right to use the Company’s technology and not a right to access the technology over time. However, in cases where the Company’s grant of a manufacturing license includes a customer acceptance requirement, revenue is recognized over time. The Company’s MSTcad licenses grant customers the right to use MSTcad software to simulate the effects of incorporating MST technology into their semiconductor manufacturing process. Such MSTcad licenses are granted on a monthly basis and revenue is recognized over time.

Deferred revenues consist of unearned amounts that have been billed to the customer in advance of the Company’s performance obligations. These amounts have not yet been recognized as revenue. Revenue for these items will be recognized in accordance with the Company’s revenue policy.

Research and Development Expenses

In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company charges research and development costs to operations as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of personnel costs for the design, development, testing and enhancement of the Company’s technology, and certain other allocated costs, such as depreciation and other facilities related expenditures.

Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASU No 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The Company determines if a contract contains a lease in whole or in part at the inception of the contract. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent its right to use an underlying asset for the lease term while lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. All leases greater than 12 months result in the recognition of a ROU asset and a liability at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Leases are accounted for as operating leases unless it meets one of the following criteria: (a) the lease term accounts for most of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; (b) the present value of the lease payments is over 90% of the fair value of the underlying asset; (c) the underlying asset would have no alternative use for the lessor at the end of the lease; or (d) ownership of the underlying assets transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term. If the lease meets one of these criteria, then it would be accounted for as financing lease and the ROU assets would be amortized over the life of the lease and interest expense is recognized on the liability.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company computes stock-based compensation in accordance with authoritative guidance. The Company uses the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its stock options. The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model includes various assumptions, including the fair market value of the common stock of the Company, expected life of stock options, the expected volatility and the expected risk-free interest rate, among others. These assumptions reflect the Company’s best estimates, but they involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside the control of the Company. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur.

As a result, if other assumptions had been used, stock-based compensation cost, as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, could have been materially impacted. Furthermore, if the Company uses different assumptions on future grants, stock-based compensation cost could be materially affected in future periods.

Income Taxes

In accordance with authoritative guidance, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the current enacted tax rate expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded on deferred tax assets unless realization is considered more likely than not.

The Company evaluates its tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are not recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in interest expense. No interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions were accrued at either December 31, 2024 or 2023.

The Company follows authoritative guidance which requires the evaluation of existing tax positions. Management has analyzed all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which includes both federal and states where the Company has operations. Open tax years are those that are open for examination by taxing authorities.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates are used when accounting for the fair value of stock-based compensation, borrowing rates used for lease accounting and valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Subsequent Events

Management has evaluated subsequent events and transactions occurring through the date these financial statements were issued. See Note 15.

Adoption of Recent Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expense categories included in each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss on an interim and annual basis. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted this standard during the year ended December 31, 2024. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company’s reportable segments in its reporting, the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures. (See Note 11.)

Recent Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not believe ASU 2024-03 will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosure.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-08”). This new guidance requires entities on an annual basis disclose specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance applies to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, (early adoption is permitted). The Company does not believe ASU 2023-09 will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosure.

4.	CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS

The Company’s cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as Level 1 assets, classified by security type as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2024
	Cost		Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	1	$	–	$	–	$	1
Money market funds		25,777		–		–		25,777
US agency bonds		976		1		18		995
Total	$	26,754	$	1	$	18	$	26,773

	December 31, 2023
	Cost		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	157	$	–	$	157
Money market funds		12,434		–		12,434
US treasury bills		2,931		50		2,981
US agency bonds		3,938		21		3,959
Total	$	19,460	$	71	$	19,531

5.	REVENUE

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606. The amount of revenue that the Company recognizes reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for goods or services and such revenue is recognized at the time when goods or services are transferred and/or delivered to its customers. Revenue is recognized when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring the product or service to the customer, either at a point in time or over time. The Company usually recognizes revenue from integration service agreements and from manufacturing licenses at a point in time unless the agreements provide for customer acceptance in which case revenue is recognized over time. Revenue from integration license agreements and from MSTcad licenses are recognized over a period of time.

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical markets and timing of revenue recognition for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Primary geographic markets
North America	$	135	$	–
Europe		–		550
Total	$	135	$	550

Timing of revenue recognition
Products and services transferred at a point in time	$	50	$	–
Products and services transferred over time		85		550
Total	$	135	$	550

Unbilled contracts receivable and deferred revenue:

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing customers. Accounts receivable includes amounts billed and currently due from customers. Unbilled contracts receivable represents unbilled amounts expected to be received from customers in future periods, where the revenue recognized to date exceeds the amount billed, and the right to receive payment is subject to the underlying contractual terms. Unbilled contracts receivable amounts may not exceed their net realizable value and are classified as long-term assets if the payments are expected to be received more than one year from the reporting date. The Company records deferred revenue for customers that were issued invoices, but the Company has not yet recognized the revenue based on its revenue recognition policy. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has approximately $4,000 of deferred revenue that it expects to recognize over the next month.

6.	BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and the dilutive common stock equivalent shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s potentially dilutive common stock equivalent shares, which include incremental common shares issuable upon (i) the exercise of outstanding stock options and warrants and (ii) vesting of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards, are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive. Since the Company has had net losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive. Accordingly, basic and diluted net loss per share are equal.

The following potential common stock equivalents were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because the inclusion thereof would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Stock Options		3,793		3,369
Unvested restricted stock		469		419
Total		4,262		3,788

7.	PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

Schedule of property and equipment
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Computer equipment	$	169		$	165
Laboratory equipment		163			173
Furniture and fixtures		92			92
Leasehold improvements		24			24
Software		4			4
Office equipment		4			4
		456			462
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(397	)		(362	)
Total net assets	$	59		$	100

Depreciation and amortization expense relating to property and equipment was approximately $54,000 and $77,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company depreciates computer equipment, laboratory equipment and office equipment on straight-line basis over three years. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company amortizes software on straight-line basis over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the remaining life of the lease.

8.	LEASES

The Company accounts for leases over one year under ASC 842. Lease expense for the Company’s operating leases consists of the lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Expenses for the Company’s financing leases consists of the amortization expenses recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and interest expense. The Company’s lease agreement for a tool used in the development and marketing of the Company’s technology established a monthly lease payment of $150,000 per month. The lease contains a provision for an annual adjustment of lease payments based on tool availability and usage during the preceding 12 months and the adjusted payment is calculated on August 1 of each year of the lease. Effective August 1, 2023, the lease payments for this tool were adjusted to $137,650 per month for the period August 1, 2023 through July 31, 2024. This adjustment to the lease payments also resulted in a reduction in the ROU and corresponding lease liability. Effective August 1, 2024, the lease payments for this tool were adjusted to $124,071 per month for the period August 1, 2024 through July 31, 2025. This adjustment to the lease payments also resulted in a reduction in the ROU and corresponding lease liability.

Effective May 1, 2023, the Company leased an additional 404 square feet at its Tempe office location under an amendment to its current lease. The monthly rent payment increased from $1,277 per month to $2,365 per month and the increased rent under the amended lease is accounted for as a modification to the lease under ASC 842 at the time of commencement. At the effective date of the lease amendment, a right-of-use asset of approximately $33,000 was recorded along with a short-term operating lease liability of approximately $12,000 and long-term operating lease liability of approximately $21,000. The amended lease ends in February 2026.

In December 2024, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a tool in Tempe, Arizona. The term of this lease is for 12 months beginning on January 1, 2025 for $95,000 per month. Since the lease term is not for more than one year and there are no extension provisions in the lease, the future lease payments are not included in the lease obligations on the Company’s balance sheets.

Lease expense for operating leases consists of the lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Expenses for financing leases consists of the amortization expenses recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and interest expense. The components of lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of lease costs
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Financing lease costs:
Amortization of ROU assets	$	1,074	$	1,146
Interest on lease liabilities		129		194
Total financing lease costs	$	1,203	$	1,340

Operating lease costs
Fixed lease costs	$	262	$	257
Variable lease costs		3		2
Short-term lease costs		1,044		1,045
Total operating lease costs	$	1,309	$	1,304

Future minimum payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of future minimum payments
For the Year Ended December 31,	Financing leases			Operating leases
2025	$	1,291		$	268
2026		478			24
Total future minimum lease payments		1,769			292
Less imputed interest		(67	)		(10	)
Total lease liability	$	1,702		$	282

The below table provides supplemental information and non-cash activity related to the Company’s operating and financing leases (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Operating cash flow information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	302		$	272
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of financing lease liabilities	$	1,263		$	1,112
Non-cash activity:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	–		$	33
Remeasurement of right-of use asset and liability in financing lease obligations	$	(241	)	$	(115	)

The table above does not include short-term leases that are one-year or less. The weighted average remaining discount rate is 5.25% for the Company’s financing leases and 5.49% for the Company’s operating leases. The weighted average remaining lease term is 1.6 years for the financing lease and 1.1 years for operating leases.

9.	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal

The Company may be involved, from time to time, in legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of its business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes and are not predictable with assurance. While management believes that such matters are currently insignificant, matters arising in the ordinary course of business for which the Company is or could become involved in litigation may have a material adverse effect on its business and financial condition. The Company is not party to any material litigation as of December 31, 2024 or through the date these financial statements have been issued.

10.

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company is authorized to issue up to 2,500,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value. As of December 31, 2024, and 2023, no shares have been designated and no shares are issued and outstanding. Preferred stock may rank prior to common stock with respect to dividends rights, liquidation preferences, or both, and may have full or limited voting rights.

On May 31, 2022, Atomera entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC, as agents, under which we may offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having aggregate offering proceeds of up to $50.0 million in an “at-the-market” or ATM offering, to or through the agents. During the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 4.1 million shares were sold at an average price per share of approximately $5.38, resulting in approximately $21.3 million of net proceeds to us after deducting commissions and other offering expenses, which totaled approximately $663,000. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has remaining gross capacity on the ATM of approximately $7.7 million and proceeds to the Company would be reduced by commissions and other offering costs.

On April 28, 2024, the Company sold 2,247 shares of its common stock to the Chief Executive Officer, Scott Bibaud, at a price of $4.45 per share, which was determined to be the fair market value on the date of the transaction. The total proceeds from the sale amounted to approximately $10,000.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has reserved approximately 3.9 million shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options.

11.

SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company operates as a single operating segment. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is its chief executive officer and chief financial officer who review financial information. The CODM uses total operating expense, operating margin and related impact on cash consumption to assess financial performance and allocate resources. These financial metrics are used by the CODM to make key operating decisions, such as the determination of the overall headcount, allocation of headcount, research and development expenditures, licensing and royalty rates offered to customers and capital expenditure commitments. The measure of assets are reported on the accompanying balance sheets as total assets.

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue:	$	135		$	550
Less expenses⁽¹⁾:
Employee related expenses		6,407			6,671
Stock-based compensation		3,867			4,013
Tool related expenses		2,433			2,464
Consulting expenses		725			715
Metrology and other outsourced research expenses		1,077			2,534
Intellectual property related expenses		1,312			979
Other operating items⁽²⁾		3,650			3,851
Operating margin		(19,336	)		(20,677	)
Other income (expense), net		901			887
Net loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

⁽¹⁾	Expenses classified as cost of revenue are included in the line items presented and not as a separate category.
⁽²⁾	Other operating expenses include items not listed above separately. These include travel and entertainment, professional development, information technology costs, office related costs, depreciation, other research and development costs, other sales and marketing costs and other general and administrative costs.

12.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company’s 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan) expired in March 2017, however all options and warrants outstanding at the time of the expiration remained outstanding and exercisable by their term. As of December 31, 2024, options to purchase approximately 1.5 million shares of common stock remain outstanding under the 2007 Plan.

In May 2017, the Company’s shareholders approved its 2017 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants. The Company reserved a total of 3,750,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan. All employees, officers, directors, consultants, advisors and other persons who provide services to the Company or any subsidiaries of the Company are eligible to receive incentive awards under the 2017 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, awards of approximately 3.7 million shares of common stock had been granted under the 2017 Plan, net of forfeited restricted stock and option awards and approximately 44,000 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance.

In May 2023, the Company’s shareholders approved its 2023 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2023 Plan”). The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options and incentive stock options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and for the grant of restricted and unrestricted share grants. The Company reserved a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock for issuance under the 2023 Plan. All employees, officers, directors, consultants, advisors and other persons who provide services to the Company or any subsidiaries of the Company are eligible to receive incentive awards under the 2023 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, awards of approximately 854,000 shares of common stock had been granted under the 2023 Plan, net of forfeited restricted stock and option awards and approximately 1.1 million shares of common stock are reserved for issuance.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense recorded in the Company’s results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 for stock options and restricted stock (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,566	$	1,408
General and administrative		2,120		2,265
Selling and Marketing		181		340
Total	$	3,867	$	4,013

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $6.3 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements that are expected to vest. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.

The Company records compensation expense for employee awards with graded vesting using the straight-line method. The Company records compensation expense for non-employee awards with graded vesting using the accelerated expense attribution method. The Company recognizes compensation expense over the requisite service period applicable to each individual award, which generally equals the vesting term. The Company estimates the fair value of each option award using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Forfeitures are recognized when realized.

The fair value of employee stock options issued was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Exercise price:	$	5.39	$	6.54
Grant date fair value per share:	$	4.16	$	4.94
Assumptions:
Expected volatility		84.42%		82.59%
Weighted average expected term (in years)		7.00		6.82
Risk-free interest rate		4.29		4.03%
Expected dividend yield		0.0%		0.0%

The risk-free interest rate was obtained from U.S. Treasury rates for the applicable periods. The Company’s expected volatility was based upon the historical volatility of the Company. The expected life of the Company’s options was determined using the simplified method as a result of limited historical data regarding the Company’s activity. The dividend yield considers that the Company has not historically paid dividends and does not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

The following table summarizes stock option activity (in thousands except exercise prices and contractual terms):

Schedule of stock option activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Prices		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years)		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		3,369		$	7.04
Granted		570		$	5.39
Exercised		(31	)	$	6.34
Forfeited		(69	)	$	10.02
Expired		(46	)	$	15.18
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		3,793		$	6.64		4.34	$	20,129
Exercisable at December 31, 2024		3,056		$	6.69		3.26	$	16,097

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company granted options under its 2017 Plan and 2023 Plan to purchase approximately 570,000 shares of its common stock to its employees. The fair value of these options was approximately $2.4 million.

The Company issues restricted stock to employees, directors and consultants and estimates the fair value based on the closing price on the day of grant. The following table summarizes restricted stock activity (in thousands except per share data):

Schedule of restricted stock activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		419		$	9.21
Granted		342		$	6.06
Vested		(247	)	$	8.98
Forfeited		(45	)	$	7.80
Outstanding non-vested shares at December 31, 2024		469		$	7.17

13.

401(k) PLAN

During 2002, the Company established a plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the 401(k) Plan). The 401(k) Plan covers substantially all of its employees who have attained 18 years of age. Employees may elect to contribute part of their annual compensation to the 401(k) Plan, up to the maximum deferral allowance for individuals by the Internal Revenue Service under Code Section 401(k), and the Company may make a matching contribution. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made matching contributions of approximately $83,000 and $82,000, respectively.

14.

INCOME TAXES

Schedule of provision for income taxes
The loss before provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Domestic	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
International		–			–
Total	$	18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

The Company had $0 current income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, which requires that the tax benefit of net operating losses, temporary differences and credit carryforwards be recorded as an asset to the extent that management assesses that realization is “more likely than not.” Realization of the future tax benefits is dependent on the Company's ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Because of the Company's recent history of operating losses, management believes that recognition of the deferred tax assets arising from the above-mentioned future tax benefits is currently not likely to be realized and, accordingly, has provided a full valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by approximately $3.6 million and $4.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of deferred tax assets
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	29,678		$	27,077
Tax credit		2,742			2,559
Fixed assets and intangibles		427			603
Stock compensation		1,471			1,327
Accruals and other		284			303
Lease liability		428			802
Capitalized research and development		4,714			3,822
Total deferred tax assets		39,744			36,493
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset		(403	)		(755	)
Total deferred tax assets		(403	)		(755	)
Valuation allowance		(39,341	)		(35,738	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	–		$	–

Net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2024, are as follows (in thousands):


	Amount		Expiration in years
Net operating losses, federal	$	96,243	No expiration
Net operating losses, federal	$	34,791	2027-2037
Net operating losses, state	$	39,112	2030-2044
Tax credits, federal	$	2,374	2036-2044
Tax credits, state	$	1,035	No expiration
Tax credits, state	$	917	2031-2039

The effective tax rate of the Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:

Schedule of effective tax rate
	Year ending December 31,
	2024		2023
Statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
State rate		(0.37)%		1.29%
Change in valuation allowance		(19.55)%		(22.08)%
Other non-deductible items		0.04%		(0.02)%
Change in tax credits		0.95%		0.66%
Section 162(m) limitation		–%		(0.11)%
Stock based compensation excess windfall		(2.07)%		(0.74)%
Total		–%		–%

Utilization of U.S. net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards may be limited by “ownership change” rules, as defined in Section 382 and Section 383 of the Internal Revenue Code. Similar rules may apply under state tax laws. Under those sections of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income or tax may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” will occur if there is a cumulative change in ownership by “5% stockholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. The Company is in the process of rolling forward its Section 382 study through the period ending December 31, 2024. The Company does not expect an ownership change to have occurred during this period as there have been limited amounts of equity activity.

The Company establishes reserves for uncertain tax positions based on the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained. It is the Company’s policy to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the Company has no accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by their respective taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under audit by the Internal Revenue Service or other similar state or local authority. The statute of limitations remains effectively open for all tax years since inception (2007). Tax years outside the normal statute of limitations remain open to examination by tax authorities due to tax attributes generated in earlier years which have been carried forward and may be examined and adjusted in subsequent years when utilized.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits
	2024			2023
January 1 – unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,219		$	1,046
Increases (decreases) – prior year tax positions		(72	)		10
Increases – current year tax positions		151			163
December 31 - unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,298		$	1,219

The following table summarizes the activity in the Company’s Valuation Allowance and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Schedule of valuation allowance
	2024			2023
Balance at beginning of year	$	35,738		$	31,368
Additions		3,816			4,536
Deductions		(213	)		(166	)
Balance at end of year	$	39,341		$	35,738

15.

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events and transactions through the date these financial statements were issued.

Since December 31, 2024, the Company has issued approximately 163,000 additional shares through its ATM offering at an average price per share of $15.19 resulting in additional net proceeds of approximately $2.4 million, after deduction of commissions and expenses.

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures

(a)

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Our management maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic and current reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer) principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2024 because of the material weakness described below.

Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has concluded that our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles.

(b)

Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

(c)

Management’s report on internal controls over financial reporting.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting, as defined under Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting (“ICFR”) as of December 31, 2024 based on the framework established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (“COSO”). Based on this assessment, management has identified a material weakness in our internal controls because we did not design and implement effective controls over the review and approval of journal entries into our general ledger. As a result of our identification of this material weakness, we have concluded that our ICFR was not effective as of December 31, 2024. We attribute this material weakness primarily due to an insufficient number of resources that would allow us to segregate duties in our accounting department. We intend to remediate the material weakness by designing and implementing controls related to the review and approval of journal entries.

Our Audit Committee has reviewed our findings and proposed remediation. With the oversight of senior management and our Audit Committee, we will continue to assess, implement and redesign our ICFR. We will determine that our material weakness has been fully remediated only after we have (i) implemented and tested the necessary changes and (ii) observed the remediated controls operate for a sufficient period of time for us to determine that such controls are operating effectively.

This report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

Item 9B.

Other Information

(a)

Entry into Material Definitive Agreements

On March 3, 2025, we entered into employment agreements with Scott Bibaud for the position of President and Chief Executive Officer, Francis B. Laurencio for the position of Chief Financial Officer and Robert Mears for the position of Chief Technology Officer. We previously entered into employment agreements with Mr. Bibaud, Mr. Laurencio and Dr. Mears, however, all of those agreements expired on December 30, 2024.

Bibaud Employment Agreement.

Pursuant to our employment agreement with Mr. Bibaud, we will compensate Mr. Bibaud at the annual rate of $462,800. Mr. Bibaud is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 100% of his base salary based on performance criteria set by the compensation committee of our board of directors (the “Committee”). Mr. Bibaud is eligible for participation in all other plans that we may establish from time to time. The employment agreement entitles Mr. Bibaud to reasonable and customary health insurance and other benefits, at our expense. In the event of Mr. Bibaud’s termination without cause or resignation for good reason, as such terms are defined in the employment agreement (each, an “involuntary termination”), Mr. Bibaud will be entitled to: (i) a lump sum severance payment in the amount of eighteen (18) months of his base salary, (ii) , reimbursement of his costs for health insurance for up to twelve (12) months and (iii) have all outstanding and unvested equity awards will undergo 18 months of accelerated vesting. The employment agreement further provides that in the event of a change of control of the Company, all of Mr. Bibaud’s outstanding and unvested equity awards will become fully vested.

Laurencio Employment Agreement

Pursuant to our employment agreement with Mr. Laurencio, we will compensate Mr. Laurencio with an annual salary of $355,000. Mr. Laurencio is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 55% of his salary. Mr. Laurencio is also eligible to participate in all other plans that we may establish from time to time. The employment agreement entitles Mr. Laurencio to reasonable and customary health insurance and other benefits, at our expense, and a lump sum severance payment in the amount of twelve (12) months of his base salary and reimbursement for up to twelve (12) months of health insurance in the event of his involuntary termination. The employment agreement further provides that in the event of a change of control of the Company, all of Mr. Laurencio’s outstanding and unvested equity awards will become fully vested.

Mears Employment Agreement

Pursuant to our employment agreement with Dr. Mears, we will compensate Dr. Mears with an annual salary of $360,000. Dr. Mears is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 50% of his salary. Dr. Mears is entitled to reasonable and customary health insurance and other benefits, at our expense, and a lump sum severance payment in the amount of twelve (12) months of his base salary and reimbursement for up to twelve (12) months of health insurance in the event of his involuntary termination. The employment agreement further provides that in the event of a change of control of the Company, all of Dr. Mears’ outstanding and unvested equity awards will become fully vested.

(b)

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the quarter ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer adopted or terminated (i) any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of securities of the Company intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or (ii) any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” as defined in paragraph (c) of item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C.

Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

The information required by Part III is omitted from this report because we will file a definitive proxy statement within 120 days after the end of our 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, or the 2025 Proxy Statement, and the information to be included in the 2025 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required under this item will be contained in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.

Item 11.

Executive Compensation

The information required under this item will be contained in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters

The information required under this item will be contained in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required under this item will be contained in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.

Item 14.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required under this item will be contained in the 2025 Proxy Statement and is hereby incorporated by reference.

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)

Financial Statements

(1)

Financial statements for our company are listed in the index under Item 8 of this document

(2)

All financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, not material or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

Exhibit
No.	Description	Method of Filing

3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Form 8-K filed on October 27, 2021.

3.3	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

3.4	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

4.1	Description of Capital Stock	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 19, 2021.

10.1	Assignment of Patent Rights dated April 3, 2009 between Dr. Robert Mears and the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

10.2+	2007 Stock Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

10.3	Lease Agreement dated January 19, 2016 between 750 University, LLC and the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

10.4+	Form of Restricted Stock Agreement	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on July 29, 2016.

10.5+	2017 Stock Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement filed on April 10, 2017.

10.6	First Amendment to Lease Agreement dated January 19, 2016 between 750 University, LLC and the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on March 6, 2018.

10.7	Second Amendment to Lease Agreement dated January 19, 2016 between 750 University, LLC and the Registrant	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 19, 2021.

10.8	Equity Distribution Agreement dated May 31, 2022 between the Company and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. and Craig-Hallum Capital Group LLC	Incorporated by reference from the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2022.

10.9+	2023 Stock Incentive Plan	Incorporated by reference from Registrant’s Definitive Additional Materials on Schedule 14A filed on April 18, 2023.

10.10+	Employment Agreement dated March 3, 2025 between Scott Bibaud and the Registrant	Filed electronically herewith

10.11+	Employment Agreement dated March 3, 2025 between Francis Laurencio and the Registrant	Filed electronically herewith

10.12+	Employment Agreement dated March 3, 2025 between Dr. Robert Mears and the Registrant	Filed electronically herewith

19.1	Insider Trading Policy	Filed electronically herewith

21.1	List of Subsidiaries	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed on June 30, 2016.

23.1	Consent of Marcum LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	Filed electronically herewith

31.1	Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Filed electronically herewith

31.2	Certifications Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	Filed electronically herewith

32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. Section 1350)	Filed electronically herewith

97.1	Atomera, Incorporated Executive Officer Clawback Policy	Incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 10-K filed on February 15, 2024.

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed electronically herewith

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed electronically herewith

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed electronically herewith

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document	Filed electronically herewith

101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed electronically herewith

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed electronically herewith

104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in IXBRL, and included in exhibit 11	Files electronically herewith

+ Indicated management compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary

	None provided.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	ATOMERA INCORPORATED.

Date: March 4, 2025	By:	/s/ Scott A. Bibaud
		Scott A. Bibaud Chief Executive Officer,
		(Principal Executive Officer)
		and Director


Date: March 4, 2025		By: /s/ Francis B. Laurencio
		Francis B. Laurencio
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and
		Accounting Officer)

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Scott A. Bibaud	Chief Executive Officer and Director	March 4, 2025
Scott A. Bibaud	(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ John D. Gerber	Director and Chairman	March 4, 2025
John Gerber

/s/ Steven K. Shevick	Director	March 4, 2025
Steven K. Shevick

/s/ Duy-Loan Le	Director	March 4, 2025
Duy-Loan Le

/s/ Suja Ramnath	Director	March 4, 2025
Suja Ramnath

Exhibit 10.10

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

THIS EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (“Agreement”) is entered into on March 3, 2025 (“Effective Date”) by and between Atomera Incorporated, a Delaware corporation (“Company”), and Scott A. Bibaud (“Executive”).

RECITAL

Company is desirous of continuing to employ Executive in an executive capacity on the terms and conditions and for the consideration, hereinafter set forth, and Executive is desirous of continuing to be employed by Company on such terms and conditions and for such consideration.

AGREEMENT

It is agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS

1.1 Definitions.

(a) “Base Salary” shall mean Executive's annualized base salary as set forth in Section 4.1.

(b) “Board” shall mean the board of directors of Company.

(c) “Cause” shall mean a finding by the Company that Executive (i) has engaged in gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of his duties at the Company, (ii) has materially breached this Agreement or the Confidentiality Agreement, (iii) has willfully and materially breached a significant corporate policy or code of conduct established by Company, (iv) has engaged in willful misconduct that is materially injurious to Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole (monetarily or otherwise), (v) has committed an act of fraud or embezzlement,(vi) has been convicted of (or pleaded no contest to) a criminal act involving fraud, dishonesty, or moral turpitude, or (vii) has been convicted for any violation of U.S. or foreign securities laws or has entered into a cease and desist order with the Securities and Exchange Commission alleging violation of U.S. or foreign securities laws.

(d) “Change of Control” shall have the meaning given to it in the Incentive Plan.

(e) “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(f) “Compensation Committee” shall mean the Compensation Committee of the Board.

(g) “Confidentiality Agreement” shall mean that certain Employee Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement between Executive and the Company dated as of October 3, 2015.

(h) “Disability” shall mean that, as a result of Executive’s documented incapacity due to physical or mental illness, Executive shall have been absent from the full-time performance of his duties for six consecutive months and shall not have returned to full-time performance of his duties within 30 days after written notice of termination is given to Executive by Company (provided, however, that such notice may not be given prior to 30 days before the expiration of such six month period). Any determination of Disability shall be determined by an independent physician mutually acceptable to the Company and the Executive. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to or shall be construed to waive Executive’s rights, if any, under existing law, including without limitation, the Family and Medical Leave Act, the California Fair Employment and Housing Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act.

(i) “Good Reason” shall mean the occurrence of any one or more of the following:

A diminution in Executive’s Annual Base Salary not in accordance with Section 4.1;

ii.

A material diminution in Executive’s title, authority, duties, or responsibilities from those applicable to him as of the Effective Date, including any change in title or a material change in the reporting structure so that Executive reports to someone other than the Board (or, in the event of a Change of Control, the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the ultimate parent company);

iii.

A material change in the geographic location at which Executive must perform services, which for purposes of this Agreement includes only Company requiring Executive to involuntarily relocate to a geographic location other than the Place of Employment in Section 2.6; or

iv.

A material breach by Company of any provision of this Agreement (including, without limitation, the requirements of Section 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, or 4.4 of this Agreement); or

A Change of Control.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.1(i) or any other provision in this Agreement to the contrary, any assertion by Executive of a termination of employment for “Good Reason” shall not be effective unless all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) any condition described in clauses (i) through (v) of this Section 1.1(i) giving rise to the Executive’s termination of employment must have arisen without Executive’s consent; (2) Executive must provide written notice to the Company of such condition in accordance with Section 7.1 within 30 days of the initial existence of the condition; (3) the condition specified in such notice must remain uncorrected for a period of 30 days following receipt of such notice by the Company; and (4) the date of Executive’s termination of employment must occur within ninety days following the initial existence of the condition specified in such notice.

(j) “Incentive Plan” shall mean the Atomera Incorporated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and any other incentive compensation plans duly adopted by the Board.

(k) “Involuntary Termination” shall mean any termination of Executive’s employment with Company which results from either:

termination by the Company without Cause; or

ii.

A resignation by Executive for Good Reason;

Provided however, and for the avoidance of doubt, the term “Involuntary Termination” shall not include a termination for Cause or any termination as a result of death or Disability.

(l) “Payment Date” shall mean the later of (i) the date that is 30 days after Executive’s termination of employment with Company or (ii) the date upon which the Release described in Section 5.5 becomes irrevocable by Company.

1.2 Interpretations. In this Agreement, unless a clear contrary intention appears, (a) the words “herein,” “hereof,” hereunder,” and other words of similar import refer to this Agreement as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section, or other subdivision (b) reference to any Article or Section means such Article or Section hereof, (c) the word “including” (and with correlative mean, “include”) means including, without limiting the generality of any description preceding such term, and (d) where any provision of this Agreement refers to action to be taken by either party, or which such party is prohibited from taking, such provision shall be applicable whether such action is taken directly or indirectly by such party.

ARTICLE II

EMPLOYMENT AND DUTIES

2.1 Employment. Effective as of the Effective Date and continuing for the period of time set forth in Section 3.1 of this Agreement, Executive’s employment by Company shall be subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement. As a condition of his continued employment, Executive confirms that he will continue to be bound by his obligations under the Confidentiality Agreement.

2.2 Positions. From and after the Effective Date, Company shall employ Executive in the position of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company or in such other position or positions as the parties mutually may agree.

2.3 Duties and Services. Executive agrees to serve in the position referred to in Section 2.2 and to perform diligently and to the best of his abilities the duties and services appertaining to such office, as well as such additional duties and services appropriate to such offices which the parties mutually may agree upon from time to time. Executive in his capacity as CEO shall have all of the authorities, duties, and obligations of the CEO as provided under Section 3.8 of the Bylaws of the Company, as amended. Executive also agrees to serve, if elected, as an officer or director of any wholly-owned subsidiary or affiliate of Company so long as such service is commensurate with Executive’s duties and responsibilities to Company. Executive’s employment shall also be subject to the policies maintained and established by Company that are of general applicability to Company’s executive employees, as such policies may be amended from time to time.

2.4 Other Interests. Executive agrees, during the period of his employment by Company, to devote substantially all of his business time, energy, and best efforts to the business and affairs of Company and its affiliates and not to engage, directly or indirectly, in any other business or businesses, whether or not similar to that of Company, except as herein permitted or with the prior written consent of the Board. The foregoing notwithstanding, the parties recognize and agree that Executive may engage in passive personal investment and charitable activities and serve on corporate boards of directors that, in any case, do not conflict with the business and affairs of Company or interfere with Executive’s performance of his duties hereunder, which shall be at the sole determination of the Board.

2.5 Duty of Loyalty. Executive acknowledges and agrees that Executive owes a fiduciary duty of loyalty to act at all times in the best interests of Company. In keeping with such duty, Executive shall make full disclosure to Company of all business opportunities pertaining to Company’s business and shall not appropriate for Executive’s own benefit, or appropriate for the benefit of any third party, business opportunities concerning Company’s business.

2.6 Place of Employment. Executive’s primary place of employment hereunder shall be at Company’s executive offices in or within greater San Jose, California metropolitan area or such other place in the San Francisco Bay area as the Company may determine from time-to-time.

ARTICLE III

TERM AND TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

3.1 Term. This Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue in full force and effect for an initial term of three (3) years (the “Initial Term”). Upon the expiration of the Initial Term, this Agreement shall automatically renew for successive one (1) year terms (each a “Renewal Term”), unless sooner terminated pursuant to other provisions hereof.

3.2 Company’s Right to Terminate. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 3.1, Company shall have the right to terminate Executive’s employment under this Agreement at any time for any of the following reasons:

(a) upon Executive’s death;

(b) upon Executive’s Disability;

(d) at any time, for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of the Board.

Prior to terminating Executive for Cause, (i) Executive shall have been provided with fifteen (15) days prior written notice of the circumstances giving rise to Cause, (ii) Executive shall have fifteen (15) days to remedy the circumstances constituting Cause, if curable, (iii) Executive shall have had the opportunity to appear before the Board (without counsel) to discuss the circumstances constituting Cause, and (iv) at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members of the Board (excluding Executive) shall have affirmatively voted to terminate Executive for Cause.

3.3 Executive’s Right to Terminate. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 3.1, Executive shall have the right to terminate his employment under this Agreement for any of the following reasons:

(a) for Good Reason; or

(b) at any time for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of Executive.

3.4 Notice of Termination. If Company desires to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder at any time prior to expiration of the term of employment as provided in Section 3.1, it shall do so by giving a 30-day written notice to Executive that it has elected to terminate Executive’s employment hereunder and stating the effective date and reason for such termination, provided that no such action shall alter or amend any other provisions hereof or rights arising hereunder. If Executive desires to terminate his employment hereunder at any time prior to expiration of the term of employment as provided in Section 3.1, he shall do so by giving a 30-day written notice to Company that he has elected to terminate his employment hereunder and stating the effective date and reason for such termination, provided that no such action shall alter or amend any other provisions hereof or rights arising hereunder.

3.5 Deemed Resignations. Unless otherwise agreed to in writing by Company and Executive prior to the termination of Executive’s employment, any termination of Executive’s employment shall constitute an automatic resignation of Executive as an officer of Company and each affiliate of Company and an automatic resignation of Executive from the Board (if applicable) and from the board of directors or similar governing body of any affiliate of Company and from the board of directors or similar governing body of any corporation, limited liability entity, or other entity in which Company or any affiliate holds an equity interest and with respect to which board or similar governing body Executive serves as Company’s or such affiliate’s designee or other representative. Executive agrees to execute such documents and take such other actions as the Company may request to reflect such resignation.

ARTICLE IV

COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS

4.1 Base Salary. Executive shall receive a base salary at the annualized rate of $462,800 (the “Base Salary”). Executive’s Base Salary shall be reviewed by the Compensation Committee on an annual basis, and, in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, such Base Salary may be increased, but not decreased (except (a) with the prior written consent of Executive, or (b) in connection with, and in an amount substantially proportionate to, reductions made by Company to the annualized base salaries of all other senior executives), effective as of any date determined by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s Base Salary shall be paid in equal installments in accordance with Company’s standard policy regarding payment of compensation to executives but no less frequently than monthly.

4.2 Annual Bonus. Executive shall be eligible for an annual bonus of up to 100% of Executive’s Base Salary based on performance criteria set by the Compensation Committee and to otherwise participate in Company’s annual bonus plan or plans applicable to Executive, all as approved from time to time by the Compensation Committee in amounts to be determined by the Compensation Committee based upon criteria established by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s right to the annual bonus shall be conditioned on his continued active employment through the payment date of the bonus, provided that for purposes of Section 5.3(b) below Executive shall be deemed to have remained in the continued active employment of the Company through the later of his Involuntary Termination or the Change of Control.

4.3 Long-Term Incentive. Subject to the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, Executive shall also be eligible for participation in the Incentive Plan or such other long-term incentive arrangement of Company as may from time to time be made available to other executive officers of Company. Any awards made under the Incentive Plan or such other arrangements shall be governed by Section 5.5 herein. However, shall there be any conflict between this Agreement and the Incentive Plan, this Agreement shall govern.

4.4 Other Perquisites. During his employment hereunder, Executive shall be afforded the following benefits as incidences of his employment:

(a) Business and Entertainment Expenses. Subject to Company’s standard policies and procedures with respect to expense reimbursement as applied to its executive employees generally, Company shall reimburse Executive for, or pay on behalf of Executive, reasonable and appropriate expenses incurred by Executive for business-related purposes, including dues and fees to industry and professional organizations and costs of entertainment and business development. Company reserves the right to request valid documentation and receipts relating to such expenses.

(b) Company Benefits. Executive and, to the extent applicable, Executive’s spouse or registered domestic partner, dependents, and beneficiaries, shall be allowed to participate in all benefits, plans, and programs, including improvements or modifications of the same, which are now, or may hereafter be, available to other executive employees of Company, subject to the eligibility requirements and other terms of such plans and programs. Such benefits, plans, and programs shall include, without limitation, any profit-sharing plan, thrift plan, health insurance or health care plan, life insurance, disability insurance, pension plan, supplemental retirement plan, vacation and sick leave plan, and the like which may be maintained by Company. Company shall not, however, by reason of this paragraph be obligated to institute, maintain, or refrain from changing, amending, or discontinuing, any such benefit plan or program, so long as such changes are similarly applicable to executive employees generally.

ARTICLE V

EFFECT OF TERMINATION ON COMPENSATION; ADDITIONAL PAYMENTS

5.1 Termination Other Than an Involuntary Termination. If Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate upon expiration of the term provided in Section 3.1 hereof or if Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate in any circumstances other than an Involuntary Termination, then Company shall continue to provide all compensation and benefits to Executive hereunder until the date of such termination of employment, and such compensation and benefits shall terminate contemporaneously with such termination of employment.

5.2 Involuntary Termination. Subject to the provisions of Sections 5.3 and 5.4 hereof, if Executive’s termination of employment hereunder shall be an Involuntary Termination, then Company shall provide to Executive the following severance benefits (the “Severance Benefits”):

(a) Company shall pay Executive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to eighteen (18) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings.

(b) Accelerate eighteen (18) months vesting of options or other types of equity granted to Executive;

(c) During the portion, if any, of the twelve (12)-month period commencing on the date of such Involuntary Termination that Executive is eligible to elect and elects to continue coverage for himself and his eligible dependents under Company’s or a subsidiary’s group health plans, as applicable, under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended and/or sections 601 through 608 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, Company shall promptly reimburse Executive on a monthly basis for the difference between the amount Executive pays to effect and continue such coverage and the employee contribution amount that active senior executive employees of Company pay for the same or similar coverage under such group health plans; provided, however, that such reimbursement shall cease to be effective if and to the extent Executive becomes eligible to receive medical and/or dental coverage from a subsequent employer (and any such eligibility shall be promptly reported to Company in writing by Executive).

5.3 Change of Control. Notwithstanding Section 5.2 above, and subject to Section 5.4 hereof, in the event of Executive’s Involuntary Termination during the period (“Relevant Period”) beginning three months prior to the effective time of a Change of Control and ending on the 12-month anniversary of the effective time of a Change of Control, the Company shall provide to Executive Severance Benefits consisting of:

(a) A lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to eighteen (18) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings and any amounts previously paid pursuant to Section 5.2(a);

(b) A lump sum cash payment in the amount of a pro rata portion of the maximum annual bonus Executive was eligible to earn, but which has not been paid, pursuant to Section 4.2 for the periods prior to the Involuntary Termination calculated as if such bonus was earned and payable as of the later of the Involuntary Termination or the Change of Control;

(c) The benefits set forth in Section 5.2(b) for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of Involuntary Termination; and

(d) The immediate acceleration of vesting, or lapse of all risk of forfeiture, of all outstanding equity awards, including the reinstitution of any equity awards that expired unvested due to an Involuntary Termination occurring during the Relevant Period and prior to the Change of Control. For the sake of clarity, this will confirm the Agreement of the parties that this Section 5.3(d) shall effectively amend and control all awards granted to the Executive under the Incentive Plans outstanding as of the Effective Date or which may be granted subsequent to the Effective Date. In addition, the Company undertakes to include in all awards granted after the Effective Date a provision acknowledging the acceleration of vesting upon a Change of Control as set forth herein.

5.4 Release and Full Settlement. As a condition to the receipt of any severance compensation and benefits under this Agreement, Executive must first execute a release and agreement, which, at a minimum, (a) shall release and discharge Company and its affiliates, and their officers, directors, employees, and agents, from any and all claims or causes of action of any kind or character, including all claims or causes of action arising out of Executive’s employment with Company or its affiliates or the termination of such employment, and (b) must be effective and irrevocable within 55 days after the termination of Executive’s employment. If Executive is entitled to and receives the benefits provided hereunder, performance of the obligations of Company hereunder will constitute full settlement of all claims that Executive might otherwise assert against Company on account of Executive’s termination of employment.

5.5 Payments Subject to Section 409A of the Code.

(a) Subject to this Section 5.5, any severance payments that may be due under the Agreement shall begin only upon the date of the Executive’s “separation from service” (determined as set forth below) which occurs on or after the termination of Executive’s employment.

(b) The determination of whether and when Executive’s separation from service from the Company has occurred shall be made in a manner consistent with and based on the presumptions set forth in Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(h). Solely for purposes of this Section 5.5(b), “Company” shall include all persons with whom the Company would be considered a single employer under Section 414(b) and 414(c) of the Code.

(c) It is intended that each installment of the severance payments under the Agreement provided under shall be treated as a separate “payment” for purposes of Section 409A of the Code. Neither the Company nor Executive shall have the right to accelerate or defer the delivery of any such payments except to the extent specifically permitted or required by Section 409A of the Code.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article 5, if the payment of any severance compensation or severance benefits under this Agreement would be subject to additional taxes and interest under Section 409A of the Code because the timing of such payment is not delayed as provided in Section 409A(a)(2)(B) of the Code, then any such payments that Executive (or Executive’s estate) would otherwise be entitled to during the first eighteen (18) months following the date of Executive’s termination of employment shall be accumulated and paid on the date that is eighteen (18) months after the date of Executive’s termination of employment (or if such payment date does not fall on a business day of Company, the next following business day of Company), or such earlier date upon which such amount can be paid under Section 409A of the Code without being subject to such additional taxes and interest. Executive hereby agrees to be bound by Company’s determination of its “specified employees” (as such term is defined in Section 409A of the Code) in accordance with any of the methods permitted under the regulations issued under Section 409A of the Code.

5.6 280G Best Results. In the event that any payments or benefits provided to the Executive under this Agreement or otherwise (i) constitute "parachute payments" within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code, and (ii) would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then such payments or benefits shall be either (a) reduced (but not below zero) so that the aggregate present value of such payments and benefits received by the Executive is $1.00 less than the amount which would otherwise cause the Executive to incur an excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code, or (b) paid in full, whichever results in the Executive's receipt, on an after-tax basis, of the greater amount of such payments and benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such payments and benefits may be subject to the excise tax. The determination of which alternative results in the better after-tax position for the Executive shall be made by a nationally recognized accounting firm selected by the Company.

5.7 Other Benefits. This Agreement governs the rights and obligations of Executive and Company with respect to the matters set forth herein, including, without limitation, Executive’s Base Salary, certain perquisites of employment, and payments upon termination of employment. Except as expressly provided herein, Executive’s rights and obligations both during the term of his employment and thereafter, with respect to stock options, restricted stock, incentive and deferred compensation, life insurance policies insuring the life of Executive, and other benefits under the plans and programs maintained by Company shall be governed by the separate agreements, plans and other documents and instruments governing such matters.

ARTICLE VI

DISPUTE RESOLUTION

6.1 General. Executive and Company explicitly recognize that no provision of this Article VI shall prevent either party from seeking to resolve any dispute arising under the Confidentiality Agreement.

6.2 Negotiation. The parties shall attempt in good faith to resolve any dispute arising out of or relating to this Agreement and/or the Employee's employment with the Company and/or the termination of such employment promptly by negotiations between Executive and an executive officer of Company who has authority to settle the controversy. Any party may give the other party written notice of any dispute not resolved in the normal course of business. Within ten days after the effective date of such notice, Executive and an executive officer of Company shall meet at a mutually acceptable time and place within the San Jose, California metropolitan area, and thereafter as often as they reasonably deem necessary, to exchange relevant information and to attempt to resolve the dispute. If the matter has not been resolved within 30 days of the disputing party's notice, or if the parties fail to meet within ten days, either party may initiate arbitration of the controversy or claim as provided in Section 6.3 below. If a negotiator intends to be accompanied at a meeting by an attorney, the other negotiator shall be given at least three business days' notice of such intention and may also be accompanied by an attorney. All negotiations pursuant to this Section 6.2 shall be treated as compromise and settlement negotiations for the purposes of the federal and state rules of evidence and procedure.

6.3 Arbitration. Company and Executive agree that after efforts to negotiate any dispute in accordance with Section 6.2 have failed, then either party may by written notice (the “Notice”) demand arbitration of the dispute as set out below, and each party hereto expressly agrees to submit to, and be bound by, such arbitration. Any such arbitration shall be governed by and enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”).

(a) Each party will, within ten business days of the Notice, nominate an arbitrator, who shall be a non-neutral arbitrator. Each nominated arbitrator must be someone experienced in dispute resolution and of good character without moral turpitude and not within the employ or direct or indirect influence of the nominating party. The two nominated arbitrators will, within ten business days of nomination, agree upon a third arbitrator, who shall be neutral. If the two appointed arbitrators cannot agree on a third arbitrator within such period, the parties may seek such an appointment through any permitted court proceeding or by the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”). The three arbitrators will set the rules and timing of the arbitration, but will generally follow the rules of the AAA and this Agreement where same are applicable and shall provide for a reasoned opinion.

(b) The arbitration hearing will in no event take place more than 180 days after the appointment of the third arbitrator.

(c) The arbitration will take place in the San Francisco, California metropolitan area unless otherwise unanimously agreed to by the parties.

(d) The results of the arbitration and the decision of the arbitrators will be final and binding on the parties, and each party agrees and acknowledges that these results shall be enforceable in a court of law.

(e) All administrative costs and expenses of the mediation and arbitration shall be borne by the Company. Such costs and expenses do not include attorney’s fees, expert witness fees or other party generated expenses, provided that, nothing in this Section shall be interpreted to (i) affect Executive’s statutory rights to exclusively recover attorneys’ fees under applicable laws when Executive is the prevailing party of a claim providing statutory attorneys’ fees, or (ii) shift Executive’s exclusive statutory right to recover attorneys’ fees under applicable laws to the Company.

(f) This agreement to arbitrate applies, but shall not be limited, to the following:

i. Any claim alleging unlawful discrimination, harassment, or retaliation on any basis protected by any applicable federal, state, or local law (for the avoidance of doubt, nothing herein prevents Employee from filing, cooperating with, or participating in any proceeding before the EEOC or other federal or state fair employment practices agency (except that Employee acknowledges that he/she may not be able to recover any monetary benefits in connection with any such claim, charge or proceeding));

ii. Any claim for wages, bonuses, severance, incentive compensation or other equity, employee benefits or other compensation, whether pursuant to contract, state wage and hour laws (including without limitation M.G.L. c. 149, § 148 et. seq.), the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, California Labor Code (including, without limitation, Executive’s individual claims for relief under the California Private Attorneys’ General Act (“PAGA”) including with respect to whether Executive is an aggrieved employee as used in PAGA), and the IWC Wage Orders or any other law concerning wages, compensation or employee benefits.

iii. Any claim under any statute, law, or ordinance not expressly set forth above.

iv. Any claim arising out of any and all common law claims, including, but not limited to, tort claims, wrongful discharge claims, contract claims, defamation claims and unfair business practices claims; and

v. Any claim relating to the interpretation, existence, validity, scope, or enforceability of this Section, including, but not limited to, any claim that all or any part of this Section is void or voidable and any other challenge by Employee to the arbitrability of any dispute under this Agreement (but not including a dispute about the class action waiver set forth below).

(g) Notwithstanding anything set forth in Section 6.3(f) above, this agreement to arbitrate does not apply to (i) claims or issues arising from performance of services on any federal government contract, any claim for workers’ compensation or employment benefits; (ii) claims for vested benefits under a plan fund or program covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, (iii) claims by whistleblowers arising pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and alleging unlawful retaliation or seeking relief pursuant to that Act; (iv) sexual assault or sexual harassment disputes, unless the Executive explicitly and in writing agrees, post-dispute, to arbitrate such dispute, and waives the right to file that same claim(s) in court; (v) non-individualized (i.e., representative) PAGA claims (to the extent the Executive can bring them); (vi) any non-individualized PAGA claims brought on a representative basis by Executive concerning alleged California Labor Code violations toward alleged “aggrieved employees” other than Executive that may be pursued only in court, and not in arbitration); (vii) claims that are expressly prohibited by applicable law from being subject to arbitration, provided such law is not preempted by the FAA; and (viii) petitions to a court of competent jurisdiction for provisional remedies (as described in California Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.8) related to a dispute subject to arbitration where such provisional relief would be otherwise authorized by law (including where an award to which a party may be entitled to in arbitration may be rendered ineffectual without such provisional relief). In addition, nothing in this Agreement prohibits (x) Executive from engaging in concerted activities under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act filing an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board, (y) Executive from making a report to or filing a claim or charge with a government agency, including, but not limited to, the California Civil Rights Department or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or a charge or complaint of retaliation under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or Dodd-Frank Act with the Department of Labor or U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, respectively, or a similar administrative charge, claim, or complaint with any federal, state or local government agency, office or official (“Government Complaint”), or (z) any such agency from investigating a Government Complaint or from pursuing legal action on Executive’s behalf (to the extent permitted by applicable law). Executive may pursue legal action against the Company before an administrative adjudicative body only to the extent that applicable law requires such an action to proceed despite the existence of an enforceable agreement to arbitrate under the FAA. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for clarity, nothing in this Agreement prevents Executive from receiving a bounty or similar award for providing information to a government agency (such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Additionally, nothing in this Agreement precludes or excuses a Party from exhausting administrative remedies where required by law before making a Claim in arbitration.

(h) To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Parties agree that any dispute shall be brought on an individual basis only, and not on a class, collective or representative basis (with an exception being a PAGA representative action – meaning seeking recovery for alleged violations to persons other than the named plaintiff), and Executive shall not assert or participate in such class, representative or collective action against the Company in any forum (with an exception being a PAGA representative action seeking relief for alleged violations to persons other than the named plaintiff, which may be brought in court as permitted by applicable law). In addition, the arbitrator shall not have the authority or jurisdiction to hear any claim in arbitration as a class, collective or representative action or to join or consolidate claims of different parties, or concerning claimed wrongdoing toward different parties, into one proceeding, nor to award relief to, on behalf of, concerning, or affecting any person who is not a party to the proceeding. For the avoidance of doubt, PAGA claims concerning alleged individualized California Labor Code violations towards Executive are subject to individual arbitration. If either Party pursues or asserts a civil action in court involving claims which are not arbitrable and also pursues arbitrable claims hereunder, litigation of the non-arbitrable claims shall be stayed pending the outcome of the arbitration of the arbitrable claims.

(i) Executive understands that this Agreement requires disputes that involve the matters subject to the Agreement and/or Executive’s employment or termination, except those set forth in Section 6.3(g) above, be submitted to arbitration pursuant to this Section 6.3 rather than to a judge or jury in court.

ARTICLE VII

MISCELLANEOUS

7.1 Notices. Any and all notices and other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number set forth on the signature pages attached hereto prior to 6:30 p.m. (Eastern time) on any day except Saturday, Sunday and any day which shall be a federal legal holiday in the United States (“Business Day”), (b) the next Business Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number set forth on the signature pages attached hereto on a day that is not a Business Day or later than 6:30 p.m. (Eastern time) on any Business Day, (c) the 2^nd Business Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. national recognized overnight courier service, or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be set forth on the signature pages attached hereto. All notices and demands to Executive or the Company may be given to them at the following address:

If to Executive:

101 Kennedy Court

Los Gatos, CA 95032

If to Company

Atomera Incorporated

750 University Avenue

Suite 280

Los Gatos, CA 95032

Such parties may designate in writing from time to time such other place or places that such notices and demands may be given.

7.2 Applicable Law; Submission to Jurisdiction.

(a) This Agreement is entered into under, and shall be governed for all purposes by, the laws of the State of California, without regard to conflict of law principals thereof.

(b) With respect to any claim or dispute related to or arising under this Agreement that is not subject to arbitration, the parties hereto hereby consent to the exclusive jurisdiction, forum, and venue of the state or federal (to the extent federal jurisdiction exists) courts located in the State of California.

7.3 No Waiver. No failure by either party hereto at any time to give notice of any breach by the other party of or to require compliance with, any condition or provision of this Agreement shall be deemed a waiver of similar or dissimilar provisions or conditions at the same or at any prior or subsequent time.

7.4 Severability. Any provision in this Agreement which is prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction by reason of applicable law shall, as to such jurisdiction, be ineffective only to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without invalidating or affecting the remaining provisions hereof, and any such prohibition or enforceability in any jurisdiction shall not invalidate or render unenforceable such provision in any other jurisdiction.

7.5 Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same Agreement.

7.6 Withholding of Taxes and Other Employee Deductions. Company may withhold from any benefits and payments made pursuant to this Agreement all federal, state, city, and other taxes as may be required pursuant to any law or governmental regulation or ruling and all other customary employee deductions made with respect to Company’s employees generally.

7.7 Headings. The Section headings have been inserted for purposes of convenience and shall not be used for interpretive purposes.

7.8 Gender and Plurals. Wherever the context so requires, the masculine gender includes the feminine or neuter, and the singular number includes the plural and conversely.

7.9 Assignment. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of Company and any successor of Company, by merger or otherwise. This Agreement shall also be binding upon and inure to the benefit of Executive and his heirs, representative and assigns. If Executive shall die prior to full payment of amounts due pursuant to this Agreement, such amounts shall continue to be payable pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. Executive shall not have any right to pledge, hypothecate, anticipate, or assign any portion of this Agreement or any of the rights hereunder, except by will or the laws of descent and distribution.

7.10 Survival of Terms. Termination of this Agreement shall not affect any right or obligation of any party which is accrued or vested prior to such termination. The provisions of Article I, Section 3.5 and Articles IV through VII shall survive the termination of this Agreement and shall be binding upon Executive and his or her legal representatives, successors, and assigns following such termination.

7.11 Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement of the parties with regard to the subject matter hereof and contains all of the covenants, promises, representations, warranties, and agreements between the parties with respect to such subject matter. Without limiting the scope of the preceding sentence, all understandings and agreements preceding the date of execution of this Agreement and relating to the subject matter hereof are hereby null and void and of no further force and effect, including, without limitation, all prior employment and severance agreements, if any, by and between Company and Executive. Any modification of this Agreement will be effective only if it is in writing and signed by the party to be charged.

7.12 Expenses. Company shall reimburse Executive for his reasonable fees and expenses incurred by him incident to the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

7.13 Clawback Provision. Notwithstanding any other provisions in this Agreement to the contrary, any incentive-based or other compensation paid to Executive under this Agreement or any other agreement or arrangement with the Company which is subject to recovery under any law, government regulation, or stock exchange listing requirement will be subject to such deductions and clawback as may be required to be made pursuant to such law, government regulation, or stock exchange listing requirement (or any policy adopted by the Company pursuant to any such law, government regulation or stock exchange listing requirement). The Company will make any determination for clawback or recovery in its sole discretion and in accordance with any applicable law or regulation.

[signature page to follow]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have entered into this Agreement as of the date first written above.

“COMPANY”

Atomera Incorporated

A Delaware corporation

By: /s/ John D. Gerber                           

Name: John D. Gerber

Title: Chairman of the Board of Directors

Date: March 3, 2025

“EXECUTIVE”

Scott A. Bibaud

/s/ Scott A. Bibaud                                   

Date: March 3, 2025

Exhibit 10.11

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

RECITAL

AGREEMENT

It is agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS

1.1 Definitions.

(a) “Base Salary” shall mean Executive's annualized base salary as set forth in Section 4.1.

(b) “Board” shall mean the board of directors of Company.

(c) “Cause” shall mean a finding by the Company that Executive (i) has engaged in gross negligence, gross incompetence, or willful misconduct in the performance of his duties at the Company, (ii) has refused, without proper reason, to perform his duties, (iii) has materially breached any provision of this Agreement or of the Confidentiality Agreement, (iv) has willfully and materially breached a significant corporate policy or code of conduct established by Company, (v) has willfully engaged in conduct that is materially injurious to Company or its subsidiaries (monetarily or otherwise), (vi) has committed an act of fraud, embezzlement, or breach of a fiduciary duty to Company or an affiliate of Company (including the unauthorized disclosure of material confidential or proprietary information of the Company or an affiliate or intentional misrepresentation in any employment application, background check, or willfully making false representations in any capacity), (vii) has been convicted of (or pleaded no contest to) a criminal act involving fraud, dishonesty, or moral turpitude or any felony, or (viii) has been convicted for any violation of U.S. or foreign securities laws or has entered into a cease and desist order with the Securities and Exchange Commission alleging violation of U.S. or foreign securities laws.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.1(c) or any other provision in this Agreement to the contrary, any assertion by the Company of a termination of employment for “Cause” pursuant to clauses (i) through (v) of this Section 1.1(c) shall not be effective unless all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) the Company must provide written notice to the Executive of such condition in accordance with Section 7.1 with 30 days of the initial existence of the condition; (2) the condition specified in such notice must remain uncorrected for a period of 30 days following receipt of such notice by Company; and (3) the date of the Company’s termination of the Executive’s employment must occur within ninety days following the initial existence of the condition specified in such notice.

(d) “Change of Control” shall have the meaning given to it in the Incentive Plan.

(e) “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(f) “Compensation Committee” shall mean the Compensation Committee of the Board.

(g) “Confidentiality Agreement” shall mean that certain Employee Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement between Executive and the Company dated as of February 10, 2016.

(i) “Good Reason” shall mean the occurrence of any one or more of the following:

i. A material diminution in Executive’s Base Salary, which is defined as a diminution of ten percent (10%) or more, not in accordance with Section 4.1;

ii. A material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities from those applicable to him as of the Effective Date;

iii. A material change in the principal geographic location at which Executive must perform services, which for purposes of this Agreement includes only Company requiring Executive to involuntarily relocate to a geographic location other than the greater San Jose, California area; or

iv. A material breach by Company of any provision of this Agreement.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.1(i) or any other provision in this Agreement to the contrary, any assertion by Executive of a termination of employment for “Good Reason” shall not be effective unless all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) any condition described in clauses (i) through (iv) of this Section 1.1(i) giving rise to the Executive’s termination of employment must have arisen without Executive’s consent; (2) Executive must provide written notice to the Company of such condition in accordance with Section 7.1 within 30 days of the initial existence of the condition; (3) the condition specified in such notice must remain uncorrected for a period of 30 days following receipt of such notice by the Company; and (4) the date of Executive’s termination of employment must occur within ninety days following the initial existence of the condition specified in such notice.

(j) “Incentive Plan” shall mean the Atomera Incorporated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and any other incentive compensation plans duly adopted by the Board.

(k) “Involuntary Termination” shall mean any termination of Executive’s employment with Company which results from either:

i. termination by the Company without Cause; or

ii. A resignation by Executive for Good Reason;

Provided however, and for the avoidance of doubt, the term “Involuntary Termination” shall not include (x) a termination by Company for Cause or by Executive without Good Reason, (y) any termination by either party upon or following expiration of the term set forth in Section 3.1, or (z) any termination as a result of death or Disability.

ARTICLE II

EMPLOYMENT AND DUTIES

2.2 Positions. From and after the Effective Date, Company shall employ Executive in the position of Chief Financial Officer of the Company or in such other position or positions as the parties mutually may agree.

2.3 Duties and Services. Executive agrees to serve in the position referred to in Section 2.2 and to perform diligently and to the best of his abilities the duties and services appertaining to such office, as well as such additional duties and services appropriate to such offices which the parties mutually may agree upon from time to time. Executive in his capacity as Chief Financial Officer of the Company shall have such authorities, duties and obligations as are assigned to him from time to time by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and otherwise customarily assigned to a Chief Financial Officer. Executive shall report to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Executive also agrees to serve, if elected, as an officer or director of any wholly-owned subsidiary or affiliate of Company so long as such service is commensurate with Executive’s duties and responsibilities to Company. Executive’s employment shall also be subject to the policies maintained and established by Company that are of general applicability to Company’s executive employees, as such policies may be amended from time to time.

2.6 Place of Employment. Executive’s primary place of employment hereunder shall be at Company’s executive offices in or within 50 miles of San Jose, California. Executive understands and agrees that he may be required to travel to other locations depending on the Company’s business needs.

ARTICLE III

TERM AND TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

3.1 Term. This Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue in full force and effect for an initial term of three (3) years (the "Initial Term"). Upon the expiration of the Initial Term, this Agreement shall automatically renew for successive one (1) year terms (each a "Renewal Term"), unless sooner terminated pursuant to other provisions hereof.

(a) upon Executive’s death;

(b) upon Executive’s Disability;

(d) at any time, for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of the Company.

(a) for Good Reason; or

(b) at any time for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of Executive.

ARTICLE IV

COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS

4.1 Base Salary. Executive shall receive a base salary at the annualized rate of $355,000 (the “Base Salary”). Executive’s Base Salary shall be reviewed by the Chief Executive Officer and the Compensation Committee on an annual basis, and, in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, such Base Salary may be increased, but not decreased (except (a) with the prior written consent of Executive, or (b) in connection with, and in an amount substantially proportionate to, reductions made by Company to the annualized base salaries of all other senior executives), effective as of any date determined by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s Base Salary shall be paid in equal installments in accordance with Company’s standard policy regarding payment of compensation to executives but no less frequently than monthly.

4.2 Annual Bonus. Executive shall be eligible for an annual bonus of up to 55% of Executive’s Base Salary based on performance criteria set by the Chief Executive Officer of Company and Compensation Committee and to otherwise participate in Company’s annual bonus plan or plans applicable to Executive, all as approved from time to time by the Compensation Committee in amounts to be determined by the Compensation Committee based upon criteria established by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s right to the annual bonus shall conditioned on his continued active employment through the payment date of the bonus, provided that for purposes of Section 5.3(b) below Executive shall be deemed to have remained in the continued active employment of the Company through the later of his Involuntary Termination or the Change of Control.

4.4 Other Perquisites. During his employment hereunder, Executive shall be afforded the following benefits as incidences of his employment:

ARTICLE V

EFFECT OF TERMINATION ON COMPENSATION; ADDITIONAL PAYMENTS

5.1 Termination Other Than an Involuntary Termination. If Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate upon expiration of the term provided in Section 3.1 hereof or if Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate in any circumstances other than an Involuntary Termination, then Company shall continue to provide all compensation and benefits to Executive hereunder until the date of such termination of employment, and the Executive will not be entitled to any Severance Benefits (as defined below).

(a) Company shall pay Executive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings.

(b) During the portion, if any, of the twelve (12)-month period commencing on the date of such Involuntary Termination that Executive is eligible to elect and elects to continue coverage for himself and his eligible dependents under Company’s or a subsidiary’s group health plans, as applicable, under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended and/or sections 601 through 608 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, Company shall promptly reimburse Executive on a monthly basis for the difference between the amount Executive pays to effect and continue such coverage and the employee contribution amount that active senior executive employees of Company pay for the same or similar coverage under such group health plans; provided, however, that such reimbursement shall cease to be effective if and to the extent Executive becomes eligible to receive medical and/or dental coverage from a subsequent employer (and any such eligibility shall be promptly reported to Company in writing by Executive).

5.3 Change of Control. Notwithstanding Section 5.2 above, and subject to Section 5.4 hereof, in the event of Executive’s Involuntary Termination during the period beginning three months prior to the effective time of a Change of Control and ending on the 12-month anniversary of the effective time of a Change of Control (“Relevant Period”), the Company shall provide to Executive Severance Benefits consisting of:

(a) A lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings and any amounts previously paid pursuant to Section 5.2(a);

(c) The benefits set forth in Section 5.2(b) for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of Involuntary Termination; and

5.4 Release and Full Settlement. As a condition to the receipt of any Severance Benefits under this Agreement, Executive must first execute and deliver to Company a severance and release of claims agreement in a form to be provided by Company (the “Severance Agreement”), which will include, at a minimum, Executive’s release of the Company and its affiliates, and their officers, directors, employees, and agents, from any and all claims or causes of action of any kind or character, including all claims or causes of action arising out of Executive’s employment with Company or its affiliates or the termination of such employment, as well as obligations for Executive with respect to non-disparagement and cooperation. The Severance Agreement must become effective and irrevocable with 55 days after the termination of Executive’s employment (or such shorter period as may be directed by the Company). Executive’s receipt of any Severance Benefits to which he is entitled hereunder will constitute full settlement of all claims that Executive might otherwise assert against Company for any reason, including without limitation on account of Executive’s termination of employment. The Severance Benefits will be paid or commence, as may be applicable, in the first regular payroll period after the Severance Agreement becomes effective and enforceable, provided that if the foregoing 55 day period would end in a calendar year subsequent to the year in which Executive’s employment ends, the Severance Benefits will not be paid or begin, as may be applicable, before the first payroll period of the subsequent calendar year.

5.5 Payments Subject to Section 409A of the Code.

(a) Subject to this Section 5.4, any severance payments that may be due under the Agreement shall begin only upon the date of the Executive’s “separation from service” (determined as set forth below) which occurs on or after the termination of Executive’s employment.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article 5, if the payment of any severance compensation or severance benefits under this Agreement would be subject to additional taxes and interest under Section 409A of the Code because the timing of such payment is not delayed as provided in Section 409A(a)(2)(B) of the Code, then any such payments that Executive (or Executive’s estate) would otherwise be entitled to during the first six (6) months following the date of Executive’s termination of employment shall be accumulated and paid on the date that is six (6) months after the date of Executive’s termination of employment (or if such payment date does not fall on a business day of Company, the next following business day of Company), or such earlier date upon which such amount can be paid under Section 409A of the Code without being subject to such additional taxes and interest. Executive hereby agrees to be bound by Company’s determination of its “specified employees” (as such term is defined in Section 409A of the Code) in accordance with any of the methods permitted under the regulations issued under Section 409A of the Code.

5.6 280G Best Result. In the event that any payments or benefits provided to the Executive under this Agreement or otherwise (i) constitute "parachute payments" within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code, and (ii) would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then such payments or benefits shall be either (a) reduced (but not below zero) so that the aggregate present value of such payments and benefits received by the Executive is $1.00 less than the amount which would otherwise cause the Executive to incur an excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code, or (b) paid in full, whichever results in the Executive's receipt, on an after-tax basis, of the greater amount of such payments and benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such payments and benefits may be subject to the excise tax. The determination of which alternative results in the better after-tax position for the Executive shall be made by a nationally recognized accounting firm selected by the Company.

ARTICLE VI

DISPUTE RESOLUTION

(b) The arbitration hearing will in no event take place more than 180 days after the appointment of the third arbitrator.

(c) The arbitration will take place in the San Francisco, California metropolitan area unless otherwise unanimously agreed to by the parties.

(f) This agreement to arbitrate applies, but shall not be limited, to the following:

ii. Any claim for wages, bonuses, severance, incentive compensation or other equity, employee benefits or other compensation, whether pursuant to contract, state wage and hour laws (including without limitation M.G.L. c. 149, § 148 et. seq.), the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, California Labor Code (including, without limitation, Executive’s individual claims for relief under the California Private Attorneys’ General Act (“PAGA”) including with respect to whether Executive is an aggrieved employee as used in PAGA), and the IWC Wage Orders or any other law concerning wages, compensation or employee benefits.

iii. Any claim under any statute, law, or ordinance not expressly set forth above.

(g) Notwithstanding anything set forth in Section 6.3(f) above, this agreement to arbitrate does not apply to (i) claims or issues arising from performance of services on any federal government contract, any claim for workers’ compensation or employment benefits; (ii) claims for vested benefits under a plan fund or program covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended; (iii) claims by whistleblowers arising pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and alleging unlawful retaliation or seeking relief pursuant to that Act; (iv) sexual assault or sexual harassment disputes, unless the Executive explicitly and in writing agrees, post-dispute, to arbitrate such dispute, and waives the right to file that same claim(s) in court; (v) non-individualized (i.e., representative) PAGA claims (to the extent the Executive can bring them); (vi) any non-individualized PAGA claims brought on a representative basis by Executive concerning alleged California Labor Code violations toward alleged “aggrieved employees” other than Executive that may be pursued only in court, and not in arbitration); (vii) claims that are expressly prohibited by applicable law from being subject to arbitration, provided such law is not preempted by the FAA; and (viii) petitions to a court of competent jurisdiction for provisional remedies (as described in California Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.8) related to a dispute subject to arbitration where such provisional relief would be otherwise authorized by law (including where an award to which a party may be entitled to in arbitration may be rendered ineffectual without such provisional relief). In addition, nothing in this Agreement prohibits (x) Executive from engaging in concerted activities under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act filing an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board, (y) Executive from making a report to or filing a claim or charge with a government agency, including, but not limited to, the California Civil Rights Department or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or a charge or complaint of retaliation under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or Dodd-Frank Act with the Department of Labor or U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, respectively, or a similar administrative charge, claim, or complaint with any federal, state or local government agency, office or official (“Government Complaint”), or (z) any such agency from investigating a Government Complaint or from pursuing legal action on Executive’s behalf (to the extent permitted by applicable law). Executive may pursue legal action against the Company before an administrative adjudicative body only to the extent that applicable law requires such an action to proceed despite the existence of an enforceable agreement to arbitrate under the FAA. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for clarity, nothing in this Agreement prevents Executive from receiving a bounty or similar award for providing information to a government agency (such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Additionally, nothing in this Agreement precludes or excuses a Party from exhausting administrative remedies where required by law before making a Claim in arbitration.

ARTICLE VII

MISCELLANEOUS

If to Executive:

1281 Randol Ave.

San Jose, CA 95126

If to Company:

Atomera Incorporated

750 University Avenue

Suite 280

Los Gatos, CA 95032

Such parties may designate in writing from time to time such other place or places that such notices and demands may be given.

7.2 Applicable Law; Submission to Jurisdiction.

(a) This Agreement is entered into under, and shall be governed for all purposes by, the laws of the State of California, without regard to conflict of law principals thereof.

7.7 Headings. The Section headings have been inserted for purposes of convenience and shall not be used for interpretive purposes.

7.8 Gender and Plurals. Wherever the context so requires, the masculine gender includes the feminine or neuter, and the singular number includes the plural and conversely.

7.12 Expenses. Company shall reimburse Executive for his reasonable fees and expenses incurred by him incident to the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

[signature page to follow]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have entered into this Agreement as of the date first written above.

“COMPANY”

Atomera Incorporated

a Delaware corporation

By: /s/ Scott Bibaud                               

Name: Scott Bibaud

Title: Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 3, 2025

“EXECUTIVE”

Francis B. Laurencio

/s/ Francis Laurencio                            

Date: March 3, 2025

Exhibit 10.12

EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

RECITAL

AGREEMENT

It is agreed as follows:

ARTICLE I

DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS

1.1 Definitions.

(a) “Base Salary” shall mean Executive's annualized base salary as set forth in Section 4.1.

(b) “Board” shall mean the board of directors of Company.

(d) “Change of Control” shall have the meaning given to it in the Incentive Plan.

(e) “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(f) “Compensation Committee” shall mean the Compensation Committee of the Board.

(g) “Confidentiality Agreement” shall mean that certain Employee Confidentiality and Assignment Agreement between Executive and the Company dated as of November 16, 2007.

(i) “Good Reason” shall mean the occurrence of any one or more of the following:

i. A material diminution in Executive’s Base Salary, which is defined as a diminution of ten percent (10%) or more, not in accordance with Section 4.1;

ii. A material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties, or responsibilities from those applicable to him as of the Effective Date;

iv. A material breach by Company of any provision of this Agreement.

Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.1(i) or any other provision in this Agreement to the contrary, any assertion by Executive of a termination of employment for “Good Reason” shall not be effective unless all of the following conditions are satisfied: (1) any condition described in clauses (i) through (iv) of this Section 1.1(i) giving rise to the Executive’s termination of employment must have arisen without Executive’s consent; (2) Executive must provide written notice to the Company of such condition in accordance with Section 7.1 within 30 days of the initial existence of the condition; (3) the condition specified in such notice must remain uncorrected for a period of 30 days following receipt of such notice by the Company; and (4) the date of Executive’s termination of employment must occur within ninety days following the initial existence of the condition specified in such notice.

(j) “Incentive Plan” shall mean the Atomera Incorporated 2023 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, and any other incentive compensation plans duly adopted by the Board.

(k) “Involuntary Termination” shall mean any termination of Executive’s employment with Company which results from either:

i. termination by the Company without Cause; or

ii. A resignation by Executive for Good Reason;

ARTICLE II

EMPLOYMENT AND DUTIES

2.2 Positions. From and after the Effective Date, Company shall employ Executive in the position of Chief Technology Officer of the Company or in such other position or positions as the parties mutually may agree.

2.3 Duties and Services. Executive agrees to serve in the position referred to in Section 2.2 and to perform diligently and to the best of his abilities the duties and services appertaining to such office, as well as such additional duties and services appropriate to such offices which the parties mutually may agree upon from time to time. Executive in his capacity as Chief Technology Officer of the Company shall have such authorities, duties and obligations as are assigned to him from time to time by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and otherwise customarily assigned to a Chief Technology Officer. Executive shall report to the Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Executive also agrees to serve, if elected, as an officer or director of any wholly-owned subsidiary or affiliate of Company so long as such service is commensurate with Executive’s duties and responsibilities to Company. Executive’s employment shall also be subject to the policies maintained and established by Company that are of general applicability to Company’s executive employees, as such policies may be amended from time to time.

2.6 Place of Employment. Executive’s primary place of employment hereunder shall be at Company’s executive offices in or within 50 miles of Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts. Executive understands and agrees that he may be required to travel to other locations depending on the Company’s business needs.

ARTICLE III

TERM AND TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

(a) upon Executive’s death;

(b) upon Executive’s Disability;

(d) at any time, for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of the Company.

(a) for Good Reason; or

(b) at any time for any other reason whatsoever, in the sole discretion of Executive.

ARTICLE IV

COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS

4.1 Base Salary. Executive shall receive a base salary at the annualized rate of $360,000 (the “Base Salary”). Executive’s Base Salary shall be reviewed by the Chief Executive Officer and the Compensation Committee on an annual basis, and, in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, such Base Salary may be increased, but not decreased (except (a) with the prior written consent of Executive, or (b) in connection with, and in an amount substantially proportionate to, reductions made by Company to the annualized base salaries of all other senior executives), effective as of any date determined by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s Base Salary shall be paid in equal installments in accordance with Company’s standard policy regarding payment of compensation to executives but no less frequently than monthly.

4.2 Annual Bonus. Executive shall be eligible for an annual bonus of up to 50% of Executive’s Base Salary based on performance criteria set by the Chief Executive Officer of Company and Compensation Committee and to otherwise participate in Company’s annual bonus plan or plans applicable to Executive, all as approved from time to time by the Compensation Committee in amounts to be determined by the Compensation Committee based upon criteria established by the Compensation Committee. Executive’s right to the annual bonus shall conditioned on his continued active employment through the payment date of the bonus, provided that for purposes of Section 5.3(b) below Executive shall be deemed to have remained in the continued active employment of the Company through the later of his Involuntary Termination or the Change of Control.

4.4 Other Perquisites. During his employment hereunder, Executive shall be afforded the following benefits as incidences of his employment:

ARTICLE V

EFFECT OF TERMINATION ON COMPENSATION; ADDITIONAL PAYMENTS

5.1 Termination Other Than an Involuntary Termination. If Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate upon expiration of the term provided in Section 3.1 hereof or if Executive’s employment hereunder shall terminate in any circumstances other than an Involuntary Termination, then Company shall continue to provide all compensation and benefits to Executive hereunder until the date of such termination of employment, and the Executive will not be entitled to any Severance Benefits (as defined below).

(a) Company shall pay Executive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings.

(a) A lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s Base Salary, less applicable taxes and withholdings and any amounts previously paid pursuant to Section 5.2(a);

(c) The benefits set forth in Section 5.2(b) for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of Involuntary Termination; and

5.5 Payments Subject to Section 409A of the Code.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article 5, if the payment of any severance compensation or severance benefits under this Agreement would be subject to additional taxes and interest under Section 409A of the Code because the timing of such payment is not delayed as provided in Section 409A(a)(2)(B) of the Code, then any such payments that Executive (or Executive’s estate) would otherwise be entitled to during the first six (6) months following the date of Executive’s termination of employment shall be accumulated and paid on the date that is six (6) months after the date of Executive’s termination of employment (or if such payment date does not fall on a business day of Company, the next following business day of Company), or such earlier date upon which such amount can be paid under Section 409A of the Code without being subject to such additional taxes and interest. Executive hereby agrees to be bound by Company’s determination of its “specified employees” (as such term is defined in Section 409A of the Code) in accordance with any of the methods permitted under the regulations issued under Section 409A of the Code.

ARTICLE VI

DISPUTE RESOLUTION

(b) The arbitration hearing will in no event take place more than 180 days after the appointment of the third arbitrator.

(c) The arbitration will take place in the San Francisco, California metropolitan area unless otherwise unanimously agreed to by the parties.

(f) This agreement to arbitrate applies, but shall not be limited, to the following:

ii. Any claim for wages, bonuses, severance, incentive compensation or other equity, employee benefits or other compensation, whether pursuant to contract, state wage and hour laws (including without limitation M.G.L. c. 149, § 148 et. seq.), the Fair Labor Standards Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, California Labor Code (including, without limitation, Executive’s individual claims for relief under the California Private Attorneys’ General Act (“PAGA”) including with respect to whether Executive is an aggrieved employee as used in PAGA), and the IWC Wage Orders or any other law concerning wages, compensation or employee benefits.

iii. Any claim under any statute, law, or ordinance not expressly set forth above.

(g) Notwithstanding anything set forth in Section 6.3(f) above, this agreement to arbitrate does not apply to (i) claims or issues arising from performance of services on any federal government contract, any claim for workers’ compensation or employment benefits; (ii) claims for vested benefits under a plan fund or program covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended; (iii) claims by whistleblowers arising pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and alleging unlawful retaliation or seeking relief pursuant to that Act; (iv) sexual assault or sexual harassment disputes, unless the Executive explicitly and in writing agrees, post-dispute, to arbitrate such dispute, and waives the right to file that same claim(s) in court; (v) non-individualized (i.e., representative) PAGA claims (to the extent the Executive can bring them); (vi) any non-individualized PAGA claims brought on a representative basis by Executive concerning alleged California Labor Code violations toward alleged “aggrieved employees” other than Executive that may be pursued only in court, and not in arbitration); (vii) claims that are expressly prohibited by applicable law from being subject to arbitration, provided such law is not preempted by the FAA; and (viii) petitions to a court of competent jurisdiction for provisional remedies (as described in California Code of Civil Procedure section 1281.8) related to a dispute subject to arbitration where such provisional relief would be otherwise authorized by law (including where an award to which a party may be entitled to in arbitration may be rendered ineffectual without such provisional relief). In addition, nothing in this Agreement prohibits (x) Executive from engaging in concerted activities under Section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act filing an unfair labor practice charge with the National Labor Relations Board, (y) Executive from making a report to or filing a claim or charge with a government agency, including, but not limited to, the California Civil Rights Department or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or a charge or complaint of retaliation under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or Dodd-Frank Act with the Department of Labor or U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, respectively, or a similar administrative charge, claim, or complaint with any federal, state or local government agency, office or official (“Government Complaint”), or (z) any such agency from investigating a Government Complaint or from pursuing legal action on Executive’s behalf (to the extent permitted by applicable law). Executive may pursue legal action against the Company before an administrative adjudicative body only to the extent that applicable law requires such an action to proceed despite the existence of an enforceable agreement to arbitrate under the FAA. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for clarity, nothing in this Agreement prevents Executive from receiving a bounty or similar award for providing information to a government agency (such as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Additionally, nothing in this Agreement precludes or excuses a Party from exhausting administrative remedies where required by law before making a Claim in arbitration.

ARTICLE VII

MISCELLANEOUS

If to Executive:

12 High Meadow Circle

Wellesley, MA 02482

If to Company

Atomera Incorporated

750 University Avenue

Suite 280

Los Gatos, CA 95032

Such parties may designate in writing from time to time such other place or places that such notices and demands may be given.

7.2 Applicable Law; Submission to Jurisdiction.

(a) This Agreement is entered into under, and shall be governed for all purposes by, the laws of the State of California, without regard to conflict of law principals thereof.

7.7 Headings. The Section headings have been inserted for purposes of convenience and shall not be used for interpretive purposes.

7.8 Gender and Plurals. Wherever the context so requires, the masculine gender includes the feminine or neuter, and the singular number includes the plural and conversely.

7.12 Expenses. Company shall reimburse Executive for his reasonable fees and expenses incurred by him incident to the negotiation, preparation and execution of this Agreement.

[signature page to follow]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have entered into this Agreement as of the date first written above.

“COMPANY”

Atomera Incorporated

a Delaware corporation

By: /s/ Scott Bibaud                                   

Name: Scott Bibaud

Title: Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 3, 2025

“EXECUTIVE”

Robert Mears

/s/ Robert Mears                                         

Date: March 3, 2025

Exhibit 19.1

Statement of Policies on Trading In Securities

Atomera Incorporated has adopted several policies on trading in securities both of Atomera Incorporated and of other corporations. These policies apply equally to employees, officers, directors and consultants of Atomera Incorporated and of companies owned by Atomera Incorporated (all of which are referred to collectively for convenience as “Atomera” or the “Company”). “Securities” includes stock, preferred stock, warrants, convertible debentures and exchange-traded derivative securities. Please read this document carefully.

Policy Statement No. 1: (“Insider Trading”)	No director, officer, employee or consultant of Atomera who has any material nonpublic information (also referred to as “inside information”) relating to the Company or to any publicly-traded companies with which the Company does business, such as customers, partners, or suppliers, may buy or sell securities of the Company or such other companies, pass the information to others or otherwise attempt to take advantage of the information. All memoranda, correspondence and other documents that contain nonpublic information must be kept in a secure physical location, such as a locked office or locked file cabinet, where others do not have access to such materials and information in electronic form containing nonpublic information must be stored securely in accordance with the Company’s access- control policies. Even if you are not in possession of inside information, you must not recommend to any other person to buy or sell securities of the Company or any other publicly-traded companies with which the Company does business.

Policy Statement No. 2: (“Window Period”)	Directors, officers, employees and consultants of Atomera may engage in transactions in Atomera securities only during “window” periods commencing on the third business day following the publication of the Company’s financial results with respect to quarterly or annual period and ending on the 15^th of the third month of the fiscal quarter, unless pursuant to an approved 10b5-1 trading plan.

Policy Statement No. 3: (“Speculative Trades”)	No director, officer, employee or consultant of Atomera may engage in any short term or speculative transactions involving securities of the Company. These prohibited speculative transactions include: short sales, publicly traded options, hedging transactions, margin accounts and pledged securities, and standing and limit orders.

Questions and Answers About Insider Trading

What is “insider trading”.

“Insider trading” is the practice of trading the securities of a company while in possession of material nonpublic information. These terms have been interpreted broadly by securities enforcement agencies and are explained in more detail below.

Why do we need a written policy?

Both the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and Congress are very concerned about maintaining the fairness of the U.S. securities markets. The securities laws are continually reviewed and amended to prevent people from taking unfair advantage of their position and to increase the punishment for those individuals who do. These laws require publicly-traded companies to have clear policies on insider trading. In addition, Atomera takes seriously its goal of upholding very high standards of ethics and conduct. We wish to avoid even the appearance of improper conduct on the part of anyone employed by or associated with the Company. We have worked hard to establish a reputation for integrity and ethical conduct and cannot afford to have it damaged.

What are the penalties for violating the policy?

For individuals who trade on inside information or tip information to others:

A jail term of up to 20 years;

A civil penalty of up to the greater of $1,000,000 and three times the profit gained or loss avoided; and

A criminal fine of up to $5 million (no matter how small the profit).

For a company (as well as certain supervisors) that fails to take appropriate steps to prevent illegal trading:

A civil penalty of the greater of $25 million or three times the profit gained or loss avoided as a result of the employee’s violation.

The Company may also impose discipline, up to and including termination, for failing to comply with the Company’s policies.

What is material information?

Material information is any information that a reasonable investor would consider important in deciding to buy, hold or sell stock or that could reasonably be expected to affect the price of the stock. It can be positive or negative information. Again, it can be information about the Company and its subsidiaries or about a company with which we do business.

Examples:

Results of product or process trials;

Significant product defects or modifications;

The entry into of a significant license agreement;

The gain or loss of a significant sale, customer or collaborator;

Projections of future earnings or losses;

Significant litigation exposure due to actual or threatened litigation;

The proposed acquisition of a company or business, or sale of a company or any assets;

New equity or debt offerings;

Significant new discoveries, or applications, allowances, or grants of patents;

A stock split or change in dividend policy;

Significant price changes;

Significant regulatory actions;

Financial problems or plans to file bankruptcy;

Changes in senior management; and

Plans to raise additional capital through stock sales or otherwise.

When is information nonpublic?

Information is considered to be nonpublic until the third business day after the Company has disclosed the information by issuance of a press release to the news services or by an appropriate disclosure filing with the SEC.

How can I tell if something I know is material?

Employees are not expected to make the determination of whether information that they have and that they know is not public is “material,” nor should they take the risk of doing so. If you are aware of some information that might be material and are contemplating a stock trade, you should contact the Chief Financial Officer of Atomera. You are encouraged to err on the side of caution.

How do I know if information is now public and it is OK to start trading?

Once you know that there is material information that needs to be publicly released before anyone can trade, you must wait until two full business days after the public release is made. If it is information relating to the Company, you can ask the Chief Financial Officer if the news release has been made. If it is information relating to a customer, supplier, etc., you might need to investigate other news sources or ask the member of management who is responsible for the relationship with that company. Please remember that the decision of when any information about a company will be publicly released belongs solely to senior management of that company. The timing of news releases can involve many complicated legal and business factors and delays of several days or longer are not uncommon. No employee should ever disclose material information to the public unless specifically authorized to do so by a senior executive officer of Atomera, no matter the amount of inconvenience to the employee.

Once information is released publicly, can I go ahead and trade?

The markets require some time to process new information. Generally, you must wait two full business days after any release prior to trading. Most press releases are made after the market has closed. For instance, if the Company issues a press release after the close of business on Tuesday, the policy requires that you wait until Friday to trade.

If work for a subsidiary of Atomera, do these policies apply to me?

These policies apply to all employees, officers, directors and consultants of Atomera and its majority-owned subsidiaries, even such persons located outside the United States. Even though you might not have daily access to information about Atomera itself, information about your employer or about dealings between your employer and Atomera could have an effect on the price of Atomera stock. You also might have access to information about customers, suppliers and the like that also is covered by this policy.

10.

What can I tell my family members and friends? Prohibition on Tipping.

You are responsible for ensuring that every person who lives in your household, including any adult relatives or other unrelated persons, complies with this policy. The SEC and the courts often view people in the same household as a “unit” and impose penalties accordingly. In addition, any person who possesses material nonpublic information about the Company is an “insider” for as long as the information is not publicly known and must not pass that information on to others intentionally or unintentionally (“tipping”).

You also should be aware that trading in securities by anyone who receives any material nonpublic information (including information in the form of a recommendation to buy or sell stock, even if the material nonpublic information is not disclosed) from you, including your relatives, friends, doctor, lawyer or accountant, can result in liability for you, for them and for the Company. This is true whether you told them in the hopes that they could trade and make some money, whether you were telling stories over a cocktail, or whether you thought they were under an obligation of confidence to you. It does not matter if you benefit personally from their trading, The courts are continually broadening this type of liability, resulting in substantial penalties. The SEC, the stock exchanges and FINRA use sophisticated electronic surveillance techniques to

uncover insider trading and the SEC has imposed large penalties even when the disclosing person did not profit from the trading. You should exercise extreme discretion in making any disclosures. Of course, your confidentiality agreement also prohibits you from making unauthorized disclosures of the confidential information of the Company or of those with whom the Company does business.

11.

When do the window periods begin and end?

In addition to the general prohibition on trading in the Company’s securities while in the possession of material nonpublic information, directors, officers, employees and consultants of Atomera may engage in transactions in Atomera securities only during approved “window” periods. The window periods will begin on the third business day following the publication of the Company’s quarterly or annual financial results and end on the 15^th of the last month in the next fiscal quarter.

For example, assume that on August 3, 2016, Atomera issues an earnings release for the quarter ending June 30, 2016. The window period would open on August 8, 2016, which is the 3^rd business day following the first publication of results for the such fiscal quarter, and close on September 15, 2016, which is the 15^th of the third month of the next fiscal quarter. Any questions concerning the beginning and ending of the window period should be directed to the Chief Financial Officer.

12.

Are trades during the window periods presumptively OK?

No. Any employee, officer, director or consultant who is actually aware of material nonpublic information should never trade until the public disclosure is made, even during the window periods, unless the stock trades are made pursuant to an approved 10b5-1 trading plan. From time to time, we may declare a special “blackout period” and prohibit trading due to material nonpublic information developments. In addition, there may be times when the Company is aware of material nonpublic news that is not widely disseminated inside the Company. At such times, the Company may impose upon selected groups of employees an obligation to refrain from trading. Such “blackout periods,” however, would not apply to approved 10b5-1 trading plans.

13.

Are there any exceptions?

Unfortunately, the SEC and the courts do not recognize any exceptions, even the need to raise immediate cash for personal emergencies such as medical expenses. The policy does not, however, apply to exercises of outstanding options (but does apply to sales of any shares purchased by exercising options) because the other party to the transaction is the Company itself. The policy also does not apply to any transactions where there is no real transfer of ownership, such as the transfer of stock into trusts, or any gift transactions. Be aware that a sale or purchase of stock that you arrange privately, rather than through the open market, can still result in liability.

14.

Do I need permission to trade in stock?

Certain executives and the directors of the Company will be subject to additional policies regarding trading in Company securities, including pre-approval of trading. These executives have been separately notified of their obligations.

Please also see the below section on “Questions and Answers About Speculative Trades” as there are restrictions on “speculative trades” and a restriction on short term trading. Otherwise, there is no need to obtain prior permission.

Questions and Answers About Speculative Trades

What are speculative trades and why shouldn’t I do them?

Speculative trades are transactions such as purchasing on margin (i.e., borrowing from a brokerage or bank, but not including “cashless” option exercises), short sales (where you sell stock you do not currently own, in the hope that by the time you have to deliver the market price will have declined), puts and calls (including options on stock trading on any stock exchange or futures exchange), and hedging transactions (including forwards and equity swaps). The Company believes that speculative trading in Atomera stock reflects poorly on the Company. Employees, officers, directors and consultants should not be engaging in any types of transactions that are commonly viewed as a form of “betting” for or against the Company. These prohibited speculative transactions include: short sales, publicly-traded options, hedging transactions, and standing and limit orders.

Am I supposed to hold any stock that I purchase for a particular period of time?

As a general rule, the Company encourages all employees to hold any stock that they purchase in the open market (i.e., not including stock purchased upon exercise of an employee stock option) for at least six months. The top executives of the Company are already subject to the SEC’s “short-swing” profit rule, which prohibits sales and purchases inside of any six-month period.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

You may establish a trading plan that meets the requirements of SEC Rule 10b5-1(c), and which has been approved by the Company. Adoption of such a trading plan would relieve you of certain restrictions within the policies as to the shares covered by the plan. Typically, your broker would provide a form of plan which our counsel would review. If you are interested in adopting a trading plan, we recommend you contact Atomera’s Chief Financial Officer.

Where to go for additional information

Any person who has any questions about specific transactions or trading plans may obtain additional information from Atomera’s Chief Financial Officer. Note that the ultimate responsibility for adhering to these policies, however, rests with you. Use your best judgment and act with the Company’s interests, as well as your own, in mind.

Exhibit 23.1

Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm’s Consent

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement of Atomera Incorporated on Form S-8 (File No. 333-272591, File No. 333-213093, File No. 333-218666) and Form S-3 (File No. 333-262750) of our report dated March 4, 2025 with respect to our audits of the financial statements of Atomera Incorporated as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the two years in the period December 31, 2024, which report is included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Atomera Incorporated for the year ended December 31, 2024.

/s/ Marcum llp

Marcum llp

Melville, NY

March 4, 2025

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Scott A. Bibaud, certify that:

	(1)	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Atomera Incorporated;

	(2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

	(3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

	(4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the company and have:

	(a)	designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	(b)	designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	(c)	evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	(d)	disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent quarter (the registrant’s fourth quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; And

(5)

The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

	(a)	all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	(b)	any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	ATOMERA INCORPORATED

Date: March 4, 2025	By:	/s/ Scott A. Bibaud
		Scott A. Bibaud, Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Francis B. Laurencio, certify that:

	(1)	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Atomera Incorporated;

	(2)	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

	(3)	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

	(4)	The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the company and have:

	(a)	designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

	(b)	designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

	(c)	evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

	(d)	disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent quarter (the registrant’s fourth quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(5)

	(a)	all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

	(b)	any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	ATOMERA INCORPORATED

Date: March 4, 2025	By:	/s/ Francis B. Laurencio
		Francis B. Laurencio, Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Atomera Incorporated (the “Company”) on Form 10-K for the period ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Scott A. Bibaud, the Chief Executive Officer, and Francis B. Laurencio, the Chief Financial Officer, of the Company, respectively, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to my knowledge:

	1.	The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

	2.	The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

By:	/s/ Scott A. Bibaud	Dated March 4, 2025
	Scott A. Bibaud
Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer
By:	/s/ Francis B. Laurencio	Dated: March 4, 2025
	Francis B. Laurencio
Title:	Chief Financial Officer

This certification is made solely for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, subject to the knowledge standard contained therein, and not for any other purpose.

Cover - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
Cover - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Feb. 28, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Annual Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity File Number	001-37850
Entity Registrant Name	ATOMERA INCORPORATED
Entity Central Index Key	0001420520
Entity Tax Identification Number	30-0509586
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	750 University Avenue
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 280
Entity Address, City or Town	Los Gatos
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	95032
City Area Code	408
Local Phone Number	442-5248
Title of 12(b) Security	Common stock: Par value $0.001
Trading Symbol	ATOM
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 100,088,746
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		30,703,865
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false

Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 25,778	$ 12,591
Short-term investments	995	6,940
Accounts receivable	6	0
Unbilled contracts receivable	0	550
Interest receivable	73	79
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	240	244
Total current assets	27,092	20,404
Property and equipment, net	59	100
Long-term prepaid maintenance and supplies	91	91
Security deposit	14	14
Operating lease right-of-use-asset	280	517
Financing lease right-of-use-asset	1,588	2,903
Total assets	29,124	24,029
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	492	618
Accrued expenses	239	222
Accrued payroll related expenses	1,328	1,382
Current operating lease liability	260	264
Current financing lease liability	1,253	1,328
Deferred revenue	4	0
Total current liabilities	3,576	3,814
Long-term operating lease liability	22	295
Long-term financing lease liability	449	1,750
Total liabilities	4,047	5,859
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 9)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 2,500 shares: none issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023	0	0
Common stock, $0.001 par value, authorized 47,500 shares; 30,540 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 26,107 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023	31	26
Additional paid-in capital	246,565	221,229
Other comprehensive income	1	0
Accumulated deficit	(221,520)	(203,085)
Total stockholders’ equity	25,077	18,170
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 29,124	$ 24,029

Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares shares in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized	2,500	2,500
Preferred stock, shares issued	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding	0	0
Common stock, par value	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized	47,500	47,500
Common stock, shares issued	30,540	26,107
Common stock, shares outstanding	30,540	26,107

Statements of Operations - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Revenue:	$ 135	$ 550
Cost of revenue	(123)	(28)
Gross margin	12	522
Operating Expenses:
Research and development	11,029	12,525
General and administrative	7,266	7,075
Selling and marketing	1,053	1,599
Total operating expenses	19,348	21,199
Loss from operations	(19,336)	(20,677)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	779	723
Accretion income	178	283
Other income (expense), net	73	75
Interest expense	(129)	(194)
Total other income (expense), net	901	887
Net loss	$ (18,435)	$ (19,790)
Net loss per common share, basic	$ (0.68)	$ (0.80)
Net loss per common share, diluted	$ (0.68)	$ (0.80)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	27,217	24,755
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted	27,217	24,755

Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (18,435)	$ (19,790)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	1	0
Net loss	$ (18,434)	$ (19,790)

Statements of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	AOCI Attributable to Parent [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Beginning balance, value at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 24	$ 203,585		$ (183,295)	$ 20,314
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022	23,973
Stock-based compensation		4,013			4,013
Stock-based compensation, shares	357
Stock option exercises		128			128
Stock option exercise, shares	33
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance, shares	(20)
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses	$ 2	13,503			13,505
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses, shares	1,764
Net loss				(19,790)	(19,790)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities					0
Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 26	221,229		(203,085)	18,170
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2023	26,107
Stock-based compensation		3,867			3,867
Stock-based compensation, shares	340
Stock option exercises		197			197
Stock option exercise, shares	31
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance
Forfeiture of restricted stock issuance, shares	(43)
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses	$ 5	21,262			21,267
At-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses, shares	4,103
Other sale		10			10
Other sale, shares	2
Net loss				(18,435)	(18,435)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities			1		1
Ending balance, value at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 31	$ 246,565	$ 1	$ (221,520)	$ 25,077
Ending balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2024	30,540

Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Loss	$ (18,435)	$ (19,790)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	54	77
Operating lease right of use asset amortization	237	216
Financing lease right of use asset amortization	1,074	1,146
Stock-based compensation	3,867	4,013
Accretion of discounts on available-for-sales securities	(161)	(254)
Gain on sale of assets	0	(3)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(6)	0
Unbilled contracts receivable	550	(550)
Interest receivable	16	(31)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4	174
Accounts payable	(126)	221
Accrued expenses	17	49
Accrued payroll expenses	(54)	415
Operating lease liability	(277)	(240)
Deferred revenue	4	0
Net cash used in operating activities	(13,236)	(14,557)
CASH FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Acquisition of property and equipment	(14)	(31)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	0	15
Purchase of available-for-sale securities	(5,268)	(19,539)
Maturity of available-for-sale securities	11,366	12,804
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	6,084	(6,751)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from at-the-market sale of stock, net of commissions and expenses	21,267	13,505
Proceeds from exercise of stock options	197	128
Proceeds from stock sales	10	0
Payments of principal for financing lease	(1,135)	(918)
Net cash provided by financing activities	20,339	12,715
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	13,187	(8,593)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	12,591	21,184
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	25,778	12,591
Supplemental information:
Cash paid for interest	129	194
Cash paid for taxes	$ 0	$ 0

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure [Table]
Net Income (Loss)	$ (18,435)	$ (19,790)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Arrangements [Line Items]
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	12 Months Ended
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block]	Risk Management and Strategy. Our cybersecurity program is built upon the National Institute for Standards and Technology (“NIST”), International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) and other best practice frameworks. We employ processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats, including engagement of an independent cybersecurity consultant to audit our systems and procedures, make recommendations for improvement and monitor remediation of any identified risks. We also conduct random vulnerability testing including network penetration, phishing and social engineering tests. In addition, we also request Systems and Organization Control (“SOC”) type reports from several of our service providers including our payroll and human resources system provider and stock administration provider. In addition, we provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats and to remind them of the importance of handling and protecting our information.  Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent cybersecurity breaches from occurring, and we have a process to identify and mitigate threats, the development and maintenance of these systems, controls and processes is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly sophisticated. Moreover, despite our efforts, the possibility of a breach occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As we outsource more of our information systems to vendors, engage in more electronic transactions with service customers and vendors, and rely more on cloud-based information systems, the related security risks will increase and we will need to expend additional resources to protect our technology and information systems. In addition, there can be no assurance that our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party contractors, or our consultants’ efforts to implement adequate security and control measures, will be sufficient to protect us against breakdowns, service disruption, data deterioration or loss in the event of a system malfunction, or prevent data from being stolen or corrupted in the event of a cyberattack, security breach, industrial espionage attacks or insider threat attacks which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm. As of the date of this report, we are not aware of cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]	We also conduct random vulnerability testing including network penetration, phishing and social engineering tests. In addition, we also request Systems and Organization Control (“SOC”) type reports from several of our service providers including our payroll and human resources system provider and stock administration provider. In addition, we provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats and to remind them of the importance of handling and protecting our information.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]	false
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Text Block]	As of the date of this report, we are not aware of cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block]	Governance. Our senior management team conducts the regular assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats, including review with our IT team and third-party service providers. All employees and consultants are directed to report to our senior management any irregular or suspicious activity that could indicate a cybersecurity threat or incident. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers. Our Audit Committee meets at least quarterly with our independent registered accounting firm and communicates with them regarding any cybersecurity related risks. The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.
Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	Our Audit Committee meets at least quarterly with our independent registered accounting firm and communicates with them regarding any cybersecurity related risks.
Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]	Our senior management team conducts the regular assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats, including review with our IT team and third-party service providers.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	All employees and consultants are directed to report to our senior management any irregular or suspicious activity that could indicate a cybersecurity threat or incident.

Risk Management and Strategy

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]

Risk Management and Strategy

Governance

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]

Governance

Cover	12 Months Ended
Cover	Dec. 31, 2024
Auditor [Line Items]
Auditor Firm ID	688
Auditor Name	Marcum LLP
Auditor Location	Melville, NY

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

NATURE OF OPERATIONS

1.	NATURE OF OPERATIONS

LIQUIDITY AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

LIQUIDITY AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

2.	LIQUIDITY AND MANAGEMENT PLANS

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

3.	SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments

Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers

Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Contracts Receivable

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Property and Equipment

Revenue

Research and Development Expenses

Leases

Stock-based Compensation

Income Taxes

Use of Estimates

Subsequent Events

Management has evaluated subsequent events and transactions occurring through the date these financial statements were issued. See Note 15.

Adoption of Recent Accounting Standards

Recent Accounting Standards

CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS

4.	CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS


	December 31, 2024
	Cost		Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	1	$	–	$	–	$	1
Money market funds		25,777		–		–		25,777
US agency bonds		976		1		18		995
Total	$	26,754	$	1	$	18	$	26,773

	December 31, 2023
	Cost		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	157	$	–	$	157
Money market funds		12,434		–		12,434
US treasury bills		2,931		50		2,981
US agency bonds		3,938		21		3,959
Total	$	19,460	$	71	$	19,531

REVENUE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

REVENUE

5.	REVENUE

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue by primary geographical markets and timing of revenue recognition for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Primary geographic markets
North America	$	135	$	–
Europe		–		550
Total	$	135	$	550

Timing of revenue recognition
Products and services transferred at a point in time	$	50	$	–
Products and services transferred over time		85		550
Total	$	135	$	550

Unbilled contracts receivable and deferred revenue:

BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE

6.	BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE

The following potential common stock equivalents were not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per common share because the inclusion thereof would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Stock Options		3,793		3,369
Unvested restricted stock		469		419
Total		4,262		3,788

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

7.	PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

Schedule of property and equipment
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Computer equipment	$	169		$	165
Laboratory equipment		163			173
Furniture and fixtures		92			92
Leasehold improvements		24			24
Software		4			4
Office equipment		4			4
		456			462
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(397	)		(362	)
Total net assets	$	59		$	100

LEASES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases

LEASES

8.	LEASES

Schedule of lease costs
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Financing lease costs:
Amortization of ROU assets	$	1,074	$	1,146
Interest on lease liabilities		129		194
Total financing lease costs	$	1,203	$	1,340

Operating lease costs
Fixed lease costs	$	262	$	257
Variable lease costs		3		2
Short-term lease costs		1,044		1,045
Total operating lease costs	$	1,309	$	1,304

Future minimum payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of future minimum payments
For the Year Ended December 31,	Financing leases			Operating leases
2025	$	1,291		$	268
2026		478			24
Total future minimum lease payments		1,769			292
Less imputed interest		(67	)		(10	)
Total lease liability	$	1,702		$	282

The below table provides supplemental information and non-cash activity related to the Company’s operating and financing leases (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Operating cash flow information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	302		$	272
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of financing lease liabilities	$	1,263		$	1,112
Non-cash activity:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	–		$	33
Remeasurement of right-of use asset and liability in financing lease obligations	$	(241	)	$	(115	)

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

9.	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

10.

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has reserved approximately 3.9 million shares of common stock for issuance pursuant to outstanding stock options.

SEGMENT REPORTING

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

SEGMENT REPORTING

11.

SEGMENT REPORTING

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:


	December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue:	$	135		$	550
Less expenses⁽¹⁾:
Employee related expenses		6,407			6,671
Stock-based compensation		3,867			4,013
Tool related expenses		2,433			2,464
Consulting expenses		725			715
Metrology and other outsourced research expenses		1,077			2,534
Intellectual property related expenses		1,312			979
Other operating items⁽²⁾		3,650			3,851
Operating margin		(19,336	)		(20,677	)
Other income (expense), net		901			887
Net loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

⁽¹⁾	Expenses classified as cost of revenue are included in the line items presented and not as a separate category.
⁽²⁾	Other operating expenses include items not listed above separately. These include travel and entertainment, professional development, information technology costs, office related costs, depreciation, other research and development costs, other sales and marketing costs and other general and administrative costs.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

12.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,566	$	1,408
General and administrative		2,120		2,265
Selling and Marketing		181		340
Total	$	3,867	$	4,013

The fair value of employee stock options issued was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Exercise price:	$	5.39	$	6.54
Grant date fair value per share:	$	4.16	$	4.94
Assumptions:
Expected volatility		84.42%		82.59%
Weighted average expected term (in years)		7.00		6.82
Risk-free interest rate		4.29		4.03%
Expected dividend yield		0.0%		0.0%

The following table summarizes stock option activity (in thousands except exercise prices and contractual terms):

Schedule of stock option activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Prices		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years)		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		3,369		$	7.04
Granted		570		$	5.39
Exercised		(31	)	$	6.34
Forfeited		(69	)	$	10.02
Expired		(46	)	$	15.18
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		3,793		$	6.64		4.34	$	20,129
Exercisable at December 31, 2024		3,056		$	6.69		3.26	$	16,097

Schedule of restricted stock activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		419		$	9.21
Granted		342		$	6.06
Vested		(247	)	$	8.98
Forfeited		(45	)	$	7.80
Outstanding non-vested shares at December 31, 2024		469		$	7.17

401(k) PLAN

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

K Plan

401(k) PLAN

13.

401(k) PLAN

INCOME TAXES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

14.

INCOME TAXES

Schedule of provision for income taxes
The loss before provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Domestic	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
International		–			–
Total	$	18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

The Company’s deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of deferred tax assets
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	29,678		$	27,077
Tax credit		2,742			2,559
Fixed assets and intangibles		427			603
Stock compensation		1,471			1,327
Accruals and other		284			303
Lease liability		428			802
Capitalized research and development		4,714			3,822
Total deferred tax assets		39,744			36,493
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset		(403	)		(755	)
Total deferred tax assets		(403	)		(755	)
Valuation allowance		(39,341	)		(35,738	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	–		$	–

Net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2024, are as follows (in thousands):


	Amount		Expiration in years
Net operating losses, federal	$	96,243	No expiration
Net operating losses, federal	$	34,791	2027-2037
Net operating losses, state	$	39,112	2030-2044
Tax credits, federal	$	2,374	2036-2044
Tax credits, state	$	1,035	No expiration
Tax credits, state	$	917	2031-2039

The effective tax rate of the Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:

Schedule of effective tax rate
	Year ending December 31,
	2024		2023
Statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
State rate		(0.37)%		1.29%
Change in valuation allowance		(19.55)%		(22.08)%
Other non-deductible items		0.04%		(0.02)%
Change in tax credits		0.95%		0.66%
Section 162(m) limitation		–%		(0.11)%
Stock based compensation excess windfall		(2.07)%		(0.74)%
Total		–%		–%

The following table summarizes the activity related to the Company’s gross unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits
	2024			2023
January 1 – unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,219		$	1,046
Increases (decreases) – prior year tax positions		(72	)		10
Increases – current year tax positions		151			163
December 31 - unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,298		$	1,219

The following table summarizes the activity in the Company’s Valuation Allowance and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

Schedule of valuation allowance
	2024			2023
Balance at beginning of year	$	35,738		$	31,368
Additions		3,816			4,536
Deductions		(213	)		(166	)
Balance at end of year	$	39,341		$	35,738

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

15.

SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events and transactions through the date these financial statements were issued.

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)	12 Months Ended
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and reflect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for all periods presented. The Company operates as one business segment.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Fair Value of Financial Instruments Authoritative guidance requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, the carrying amounts of which approximate their estimated fair values primarily due to the short-term nature of the instruments or based on information obtained from market sources and management estimates. The Company measures the fair value of certain of its financial assets and liabilities on a recurring basis. A fair value hierarchy is used to rank the quality and reliability of the information used to determine fair values. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value which is not equivalent to cost will be classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories: Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices in the markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments	Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Short-Term Investments The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents may be invested in money market funds or U.S. agency bonds. Cash and cash equivalents are carried at cost, which approximates their fair value. The Company's portfolio of short-term investments is comprised solely of U.S. treasury bills and agency bonds with maturities of more than three months, but less than one year. The Company classifies these as available-for-sale at purchase date and will reevaluate such designation at each period end date. The Company may sell these marketable debt securities prior to their stated maturities depending upon changing liquidity requirements. These debt securities are classified as current assets in the condensed balance sheets and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses are recognized when realized. Gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method and are reported in other income, net in the condensed statements of operations when incurred. Unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income (loss) on the condensed balance sheets.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers	Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Customers Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and accounts receivable. One customer represented 63% of revenue and another customer represented 37% of the Company’s revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2023, 100% of our revenue was from one customer. At times, the amounts on deposit at the financial institution exceed the federally insured limits. Management believes that the financial institution which holds the Company’s cash is financially sound and, accordingly, that minimal credit risk exists. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s cash balances were in excess of insured limits maintained at the financial institution.
Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Contracts Receivable	Accounts Receivable and Unbilled Contracts Receivable The Company grants credit to its business customers. Collateral is generally not required for trade receivables. The Company maintains allowances for potential credit losses when necessary. Trade accounts receivable and unbilled contracts receivable are recorded net of allowances for cash discounts for prompt payment, doubtful accounts, and sales returns. The Company’s policy is to reserve for uncollectible accounts based on its best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in its existing accounts receivable and unbilled contracts receivable accounts under Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The Company periodically reviews these receivables to determine whether an allowance for doubtful accounts is necessary based on an analysis of past due accounts and other factors that may indicate that the realization of an account may be in doubt. Other factors that the Company considers include its existing contractual obligations, historical payment patterns of its customers and individual customer circumstances, and an analysis of days sales outstanding by customer. Due to the Company’s low volume of customers, management reviews the receivable balances on a customer by customer basis. Account balances deemed to be uncollectible are charged to the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. At December 31, 2024 there were no allowances for doubtful accounts as the Company deems the balance fully collectible. At December 31, 2023, there was no allowance against the unbilled contracts receivable account as the Company deems the balance fully collectible.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets	Impairment of Long-lived Assets The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company conducts its long-lived asset impairment analyses in accordance with authoritative guidance which requires the Company to group assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the sum of the undiscounted future cash flows. If the undiscounted cash flows do not indicate the carrying amount of the asset is recoverable, an impairment charge is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis or appraisals. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had noted no indicators of impairment.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment Items capitalized as property and equipment are stated at cost. Maintenance and routine repairs are charged to operations when incurred, while betterments and renewals are capitalized. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets starting when the asset is placed in service.
Revenue	Revenue The Company generates revenue from integration engineering services, which it delivers either pursuant to integration license agreements or delivery of engineering services and from the grant of manufacturing licenses to customers to use its technology in the manufacture of semiconductor wafers and/or devices for the customer’s internal use. Revenue is recognized based on the following steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer, (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determination of the transaction price, (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations of the contract, and (v) recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company’s integration services generally consist of depositing its proprietary technology onto the customer’s semiconductor wafers and delivering such wafers back to the customer. Revenue from integration services is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied, which is upon transfer of control of the wafers to the customer (generally upon shipment). Revenue from manufacturing licenses is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied, which is generally upon delivery of the Company’s MST recipe to the customer but is recognized over time if the performance obligation related to the grant of the license includes customer acceptance. For recognizing integration service revenue from integration license agreements, the Company assesses (i) whether the license grant is distinct from or combined with the transfer of goods or services and (ii) whether the license is a right to access intellectual property or a right to use the intellectual property. For licenses that are not distinct, but combined with other goods or services, the revenue is recognized at a point in time or over time as the obligations to perform the combined services and/or deliver the combined goods are satisfied. The Company’s integration license agreements contain a technology grant as well as a performance obligation to deliver wafers with its technology deposited on them. The Company has determined the grant of rights in these integration license agreements is not distinct from the integration service. Accordingly, revenue from integration license agreements is recognized as the service is provided to the customer. For manufacturing licenses, revenue is recognized at the point in time when the Company delivers its MST recipe because this license confers a right to use the Company’s technology and not a right to access the technology over time. However, in cases where the Company’s grant of a manufacturing license includes a customer acceptance requirement, revenue is recognized over time. The Company’s MSTcad licenses grant customers the right to use MSTcad software to simulate the effects of incorporating MST technology into their semiconductor manufacturing process. Such MSTcad licenses are granted on a monthly basis and revenue is recognized over time. Deferred revenues consist of unearned amounts that have been billed to the customer in advance of the Company’s performance obligations. These amounts have not yet been recognized as revenue. Revenue for these items will be recognized in accordance with the Company’s revenue policy.
Research and Development Expenses	Research and Development Expenses In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company charges research and development costs to operations as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of personnel costs for the design, development, testing and enhancement of the Company’s technology, and certain other allocated costs, such as depreciation and other facilities related expenditures.
Leases	Leases The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASU No 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). The Company determines if a contract contains a lease in whole or in part at the inception of the contract. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets represent its right to use an underlying asset for the lease term while lease liabilities represent its obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. All leases greater than 12 months result in the recognition of a ROU asset and a liability at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. Leases are accounted for as operating leases unless it meets one of the following criteria: (a) the lease term accounts for most of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; (b) the present value of the lease payments is over 90% of the fair value of the underlying asset; (c) the underlying asset would have no alternative use for the lessor at the end of the lease; or (d) ownership of the underlying assets transfers to the Company at the end of the lease term. If the lease meets one of these criteria, then it would be accounted for as financing lease and the ROU assets would be amortized over the life of the lease and interest expense is recognized on the liability.
Stock-based Compensation	Stock-based Compensation The Company computes stock-based compensation in accordance with authoritative guidance. The Company uses the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model to determine the fair value of its stock options. The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model includes various assumptions, including the fair market value of the common stock of the Company, expected life of stock options, the expected volatility and the expected risk-free interest rate, among others. These assumptions reflect the Company’s best estimates, but they involve inherent uncertainties based on market conditions generally outside the control of the Company. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur. As a result, if other assumptions had been used, stock-based compensation cost, as determined in accordance with authoritative guidance, could have been materially impacted. Furthermore, if the Company uses different assumptions on future grants, stock-based compensation cost could be materially affected in future periods.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes In accordance with authoritative guidance, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the current enacted tax rate expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded on deferred tax assets unless realization is considered more likely than not. The Company evaluates its tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are not recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in interest expense. No interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions were accrued at either December 31, 2024 or 2023. The Company follows authoritative guidance which requires the evaluation of existing tax positions. Management has analyzed all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which includes both federal and states where the Company has operations. Open tax years are those that are open for examination by taxing authorities.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates are used when accounting for the fair value of stock-based compensation, borrowing rates used for lease accounting and valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events Management has evaluated subsequent events and transactions occurring through the date these financial statements were issued. See Note 15.
Adoption of Recent Accounting Standards	Adoption of Recent Accounting Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this update improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expense categories included in each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss on an interim and annual basis. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company adopted this standard during the year ended December 31, 2024. While the standard requires additional disclosures related to the Company’s reportable segments in its reporting, the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosures. (See Note 11.)
Recent Accounting Standards	Recent Accounting Standards In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, requiring public entities to disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not believe ASU 2024-03 will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosure. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-08”). This new guidance requires entities on an annual basis disclose specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance applies to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 on a prospective basis, (early adoption is permitted). The Company does not believe ASU 2023-09 will have a material impact on its financial position, results of operations or financial statement disclosure.

CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Schedule of cash equivalents and short-term investments


	December 31, 2024
	Cost		Unrealized Gain/(Loss)		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	1	$	–	$	–	$	1
Money market funds		25,777		–		–		25,777
US agency bonds		976		1		18		995
Total	$	26,754	$	1	$	18	$	26,773

	December 31, 2023
	Cost		Accretion of Discount		Fair Value
Cash	$	157	$	–	$	157
Money market funds		12,434		–		12,434
US treasury bills		2,931		50		2,981
US agency bonds		3,938		21		3,959
Total	$	19,460	$	71	$	19,531

REVENUE (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of disaggregated revenue by primary geographical markets and timing of revenue recognition


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Primary geographic markets
North America	$	135	$	–
Europe		–		550
Total	$	135	$	550

Timing of revenue recognition
Products and services transferred at a point in time	$	50	$	–
Products and services transferred over time		85		550
Total	$	135	$	550

BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares

Schedule of anti-dilutive shares
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Stock Options		3,793		3,369
Unvested restricted stock		469		419
Total		4,262		3,788

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of property and equipment

Schedule of property and equipment
	December 31,
	2024			2023
Computer equipment	$	169		$	165
Laboratory equipment		163			173
Furniture and fixtures		92			92
Leasehold improvements		24			24
Software		4			4
Office equipment		4			4
		456			462
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(397	)		(362	)
Total net assets	$	59		$	100

LEASES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Leases

Schedule of lease costs

Schedule of lease costs
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Financing lease costs:
Amortization of ROU assets	$	1,074	$	1,146
Interest on lease liabilities		129		194
Total financing lease costs	$	1,203	$	1,340

Operating lease costs
Fixed lease costs	$	262	$	257
Variable lease costs		3		2
Short-term lease costs		1,044		1,045
Total operating lease costs	$	1,309	$	1,304

Schedule of future minimum payments

Schedule of future minimum payments
For the Year Ended December 31,	Financing leases			Operating leases
2025	$	1,291		$	268
2026		478			24
Total future minimum lease payments		1,769			292
Less imputed interest		(67	)		(10	)
Total lease liability	$	1,702		$	282

Schedule of supplemental information and non-cash activity


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Operating cash flow information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	302		$	272
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of financing lease liabilities	$	1,263		$	1,112
Non-cash activity:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	–		$	33
Remeasurement of right-of use asset and liability in financing lease obligations	$	(241	)	$	(115	)

SEGMENT REPORTING (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of selected financial information


	December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenue:	$	135		$	550
Less expenses⁽¹⁾:
Employee related expenses		6,407			6,671
Stock-based compensation		3,867			4,013
Tool related expenses		2,433			2,464
Consulting expenses		725			715
Metrology and other outsourced research expenses		1,077			2,534
Intellectual property related expenses		1,312			979
Other operating items⁽²⁾		3,650			3,851
Operating margin		(19,336	)		(20,677	)
Other income (expense), net		901			887
Net loss	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

⁽¹⁾	Expenses classified as cost of revenue are included in the line items presented and not as a separate category.
⁽²⁾	Other operating expenses include items not listed above separately. These include travel and entertainment, professional development, information technology costs, office related costs, depreciation, other research and development costs, other sales and marketing costs and other general and administrative costs.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of stock-based compensation expense


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Research and development	$	1,566	$	1,408
General and administrative		2,120		2,265
Selling and Marketing		181		340
Total	$	3,867	$	4,013

Schedule of weighted-average assumptions


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023
Exercise price:	$	5.39	$	6.54
Grant date fair value per share:	$	4.16	$	4.94
Assumptions:
Expected volatility		84.42%		82.59%
Weighted average expected term (in years)		7.00		6.82
Risk-free interest rate		4.29		4.03%
Expected dividend yield		0.0%		0.0%

Schedule of stock option activity

Schedule of stock option activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted- Average Exercise Prices		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (In Years)		Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		3,369		$	7.04
Granted		570		$	5.39
Exercised		(31	)	$	6.34
Forfeited		(69	)	$	10.02
Expired		(46	)	$	15.18
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		3,793		$	6.64		4.34	$	20,129
Exercisable at December 31, 2024		3,056		$	6.69		3.26	$	16,097

Schedule of restricted stock activity

Schedule of restricted stock activity
	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024		419		$	9.21
Granted		342		$	6.06
Vested		(247	)	$	8.98
Forfeited		(45	)	$	7.80
Outstanding non-vested shares at December 31, 2024		469		$	7.17

INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of provision for income taxes

Schedule of provision for income taxes
The loss before provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Domestic	$	(18,435	)	$	(19,790	)
International		–			–
Total	$	18,435	)	$	(19,790	)

Schedule of deferred tax assets

Schedule of deferred tax assets
	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	29,678		$	27,077
Tax credit		2,742			2,559
Fixed assets and intangibles		427			603
Stock compensation		1,471			1,327
Accruals and other		284			303
Lease liability		428			802
Capitalized research and development		4,714			3,822
Total deferred tax assets		39,744			36,493
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset		(403	)		(755	)
Total deferred tax assets		(403	)		(755	)
Valuation allowance		(39,341	)		(35,738	)
Net deferred tax asset	$	–		$	–

Schedule of net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards


	Amount		Expiration in years
Net operating losses, federal	$	96,243	No expiration
Net operating losses, federal	$	34,791	2027-2037
Net operating losses, state	$	39,112	2030-2044
Tax credits, federal	$	2,374	2036-2044
Tax credits, state	$	1,035	No expiration
Tax credits, state	$	917	2031-2039

Schedule of effective tax rate

Schedule of effective tax rate
	Year ending December 31,
	2024		2023
Statutory rate		21.00%		21.00%
State rate		(0.37)%		1.29%
Change in valuation allowance		(19.55)%		(22.08)%
Other non-deductible items		0.04%		(0.02)%
Change in tax credits		0.95%		0.66%
Section 162(m) limitation		–%		(0.11)%
Stock based compensation excess windfall		(2.07)%		(0.74)%
Total		–%		–%

Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits

Schedule of unrecognized tax benefits
	2024			2023
January 1 – unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,219		$	1,046
Increases (decreases) – prior year tax positions		(72	)		10
Increases – current year tax positions		151			163
December 31 - unrecognized tax benefits	$	1,298		$	1,219

Schedule of valuation allowance

Schedule of valuation allowance
	2024			2023
Balance at beginning of year	$	35,738		$	31,368
Additions		3,816			4,536
Deductions		(213	)		(166	)
Balance at end of year	$	39,341		$	35,738

Risk Management and Strategy (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Risk Management and Strategy (Details Narrative)	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]
Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]	We also conduct random vulnerability testing including network penetration, phishing and social engineering tests. In addition, we also request Systems and Organization Control (“SOC”) type reports from several of our service providers including our payroll and human resources system provider and stock administration provider. In addition, we provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats and to remind them of the importance of handling and protecting our information.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Expertise of Management Responsible [Text Block]	In addition, we provide awareness training to our employees to help identify, avoid and mitigate cybersecurity threats and to remind them of the importance of handling and protecting our information.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Text Block]	As of the date of this report, we are not aware of cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]	false

Governance (Details Narrative)	12 Months Ended
Governance (Details Narrative)	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Abstract]
Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]	Our senior management team conducts the regular assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats, including review with our IT team and third-party service providers.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	Our Audit Committee meets at least quarterly with our independent registered accounting firm and communicates with them regarding any cybersecurity related risks.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors created a cybersecurity subcommittee in February 2023 which evaluates our cybersecurity assessment and management policies, including quarterly interviews with our senior officers.

LIQUIDITY AND MANAGEMENT PLANS (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments	$ 26,800,000
Working capital	23,500,000
Proceeds from sale of stock, value	$ 21,267,000	$ 13,505,000
ATM [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issued new, shares	4,100,000
Average price per share	$ 5.38
Proceeds from sale of stock, value	$ 21,300,000

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Product Information [Line Items]
Allowances for doubtful accounts	$ 0	$ 0
Impairment of long lives assets	0	0
Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions	$ 0	$ 0
Revenue Benchmark [Member] \| One Customer [Member] \| Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage	63.00%
Revenue Benchmark [Member] \| Another Customer [Member] \| Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage	37.00%
Revenue Benchmark [Member] \| Customer [Member] \| Customer Concentration Risk [Member]
Product Information [Line Items]
Concentration of credit risk, percentage		100.00%

CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS (Details) - Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 [Member] - Fair Value, Recurring [Member] - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cost	$ 26,754	$ 19,460
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	1
Accretion of Discount	18	71
Fair Value	26,773	19,531
Cash [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cost	1	157
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	0
Accretion of Discount	0	0
Fair Value	1	157
Money Market Funds [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cost	25,777	12,434
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	0
Accretion of Discount	0	0
Fair Value	25,777	12,434
US Agency Bonds [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cost	976	3,938
Unrealized Gain (Loss)	1
Accretion of Discount	18	21
Fair Value	$ 995	3,959
US Treasury Bills [Member]
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Line Items]
Cost		2,931
Accretion of Discount		50
Fair Value		$ 2,981

REVENUE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
REVENUE (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 135	$ 550
Transferred at Point in Time [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	50	0
Transferred over Time [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	85	550
Timing Of Revenue Recognition [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	135	550
North America [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	135	0
Europe [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	0	550
Primary Geographic Market [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Revenue	$ 135	$ 550

REVENUE (Details Narrative) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Deferred revenue	$ 4	$ 0

BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti dilutive shares	4,262	3,788
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti dilutive shares	3,793	3,369
Unvested Restricted Stock [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti dilutive shares	469	419

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 456	$ 462
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(397)	(362)
Property and equipment, net	59	100
Computer Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	169	165
Laboratory Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	163	173
Furniture and Fixtures [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	92	92
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	24	24
Software Development [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	4	4
Office Equipment [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 4	$ 4

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 54,000	$ 77,000

LEASES (Details - Lease costs) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
LEASES (Details - Lease costs) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Financing lease costs:
Amortization of ROU assets	$ 1,074	$ 1,146
Interest on lease liabilities	129	194
Total financing lease costs	1,203	1,340
Operating lease costs
Fixed lease costs	262	257
Variable lease costs	3	2
Short-term lease costs	1,044	1,045
Total operating lease costs	$ 1,309	$ 1,304

LEASES (Details - Minimum lease payments) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Operating Leases [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2025	$ 268
2026	24
Total future minimum lease payments	292
Less imputed interest	(10)
Total lease liability	282
Financing Leases [Member]
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
2025	1,291
2026	478
Total future minimum lease payments	1,769
Less imputed interest	(67)
Total lease liability	$ 1,702

LEASES (Details - Cash flow effect) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating cash flow information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$ 302	$ 272
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of financing lease liabilities	1,263	1,112
Non-cash activity:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	0	33
Remeasurement of right-of use asset and liability in financing lease obligations	$ (241)	$ (115)

LEASES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
LEASES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	May 01, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Lessee operating lease description	Effective May 1, 2023, the Company leased an additional 404 square feet at its Tempe office location under an amendment to its current lease. The monthly rent payment increased from $1,277 per month to $2,365 per month and the increased rent under the amended lease is accounted for as a modification to the lease under ASC 842 at the time of commencement.	In December 2024, the Company entered into a lease agreement for a tool in Tempe, Arizona. The term of this lease is for 12 months beginning on January 1, 2025 for $95,000 per month. Since the lease term is not for more than one year and there are no extension provisions in the lease, the future lease payments are not included in the lease obligations on the Company’s balance sheets.
Right-of-use asset		$ 280,000	$ 517,000
Short-term operating lease liability		260,000	264,000
Long-term operating lease liability		$ 22,000	$ 295,000
Weighted average remaining discount rate for financing leases		5.25%
Weighted average remaining discount rate for operating leases		5.49%
Weighted average lease term for financing lease		1 year 7 months 6 days
Weighted average lease term for operating lease		1 year 1 month 6 days
Tempe AZ Office [Member]
Right-of-use asset	$ 33,000
Short-term operating lease liability	12,000
Long-term operating lease liability	$ 21,000

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Details Narrative) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Apr. 28, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized		2,500,000	2,500,000
Preferred stock, par value		$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares issued		0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding		0	0
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock		$ 21,267,000	$ 13,505,000
Stock Issued During Period, Value, New Issues		$ 21,267,000	$ 13,505,000
Common stock reserved for issuance		3,900,000
Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Bibaud [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues	2,247
Sale of Stock, Price Per Share	$ 4.45
Stock Issued During Period, Value, New Issues	$ 10,000
Equity Distribution Agreement [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues		4,100,000
Sale of Stock Average Price per Share		$ 5.38
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock		$ 21,300,000
Offering Costs		663,000
Remaining Offering Capacity		$ 7,700,000

SEGMENT REFPORTING (Details) - USD ($)
$ in Thousands

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Revenue:

$ 135

$ 550

Less expenses(1):

Employee related expenses

^[1]

6,407

6,671

Stock-based compensation

^[1]

3,867

4,013

Tool related expenses

^[1]

2,433

2,464

Consulting expenses

^[1]

725

715

Metrology and other outsourced research expenses

^[1]

1,077

2,534

Intellectual property related expenses

^[1]

1,312

979

Other operating items

^[2]

3,650

3,851

Operating margin

(19,336)

(20,677)

Other income (expense), net

901

887

Net loss

$ (18,435)

$ (19,790)

[1]	Expenses classified as cost of revenue are included in the line items presented and not as a separate category.
[2]	Other operating expenses include items not listed above separately. These include travel and entertainment, professional development, information technology costs, office related costs, depreciation, other research and development costs, other sales and marketing costs and other general and administrative costs.

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details - Compensation expense) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Allocated stock-based compensation	$ 3,867	$ 4,013
Research and Development Expense [Member]
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Allocated stock-based compensation	1,566	1,408
General and Administrative Expense [Member]
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Allocated stock-based compensation	2,120	2,265
Selling And Marketing [Member]
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Allocated stock-based compensation	$ 181	$ 340

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details - Employee stock) - Equity Option [Member] - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price	$ 5.39	$ 6.54
Grant date fair value per share	$ 4.16	$ 4.94
Expected volatility	84.42%	82.59%
Weighted average expected term (in years)	7 years	6 years 9 months 25 days
Risk-free interest rate	4.29%	4.03%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details - Stock option activity) - Equity Option [Member] $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of options outstanding, beginning balance \| shares	3,369
Options outstanding, weighted average exercise prices per share, beginning balance \| $ / shares	$ 7.04
Number of options granted \| shares	570
Options granted, weighted average exercise prices per share \| $ / shares	$ 5.39
Number of options exercised \| shares	(31)
Options exercised, weighted average exercise prices per share \| $ / shares	$ 6.34
Number of options forfeited \| shares	(69)
Options forfeited, weighted average exercise prices per share \| $ / shares	$ 10.02
Number of options expired \| shares	(46)
Options expired, weighted average exercise prices per share \| $ / shares	$ 15.18
Number of options outstanding, ending balance \| shares	3,793
Options outstanding, weighted average exercise prices per share, ending balance \| $ / shares	$ 6.64
Options outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term	4 years 4 months 2 days
Options outstanding, intrinsic value \| $	$ 20,129
Options exercisable \| shares	3,056
Options exercisable, weighted average exercise prices per share \| $ / shares	$ 6.69
Options exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term	3 years 3 months 3 days
Options exercisable, intrinsic value \| $	$ 16,097

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details - Restricted stock) - Restricted Stock [Member] shares in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 $ / shares shares
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of restricted stock, Beginning balance \| shares	419
Outstanding restricted stock, weighted average grant date fair value per share, Beginning balance \| $ / shares	$ 9.21
Number of restricted stock granted \| shares	342
Restricted stock granted, weighted average grant date fair value per share \| $ / shares	$ 6.06
Number of restricted stock, vested \| shares	(247)
Restricted stock vested, weighted average grant date fair value per share \| $ / shares	$ 8.98
Number of restricted stock, forfeited \| shares	(45)
Restricted stock forfeited, weighted average grant date fair value per share \| $ / shares	$ 7.80
Number of restricted stock, Ending balance \| shares	469
Outstanding restricted stock, weighted average grant date fair value per share, Ending balance \| $ / shares	$ 7.17

STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	May 31, 2017
Equity Option [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Unrecognized compensation expense	$ 6,300,000
Unrecognized compensation weighted average period	2 years 6 months
Options granted	570,000
Fair value of options granted	$ 2,400,000
Plan 2007 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options available for grant	1,500,000
Plan 2017 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares authorized for issuance		3,750,000
Options granted	3,700,000
Shares reserved for issuance	44,000
Plan 2023 [Member]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares authorized for issuance	2,000,000
Options granted	854,000
Shares reserved for issuance	1,100,000

401(k) PLAN (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
401(k) PLAN (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
K Plan
Company contributions to pension plan	$ 83,000	$ 82,000

INCOME TAXES (Details - Provision for Income Taxes) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Net loss before provision for income taxes	$ 18,435	$ (19,790)
Domestic [Member]
Net loss before provision for income taxes	(18,435)	(19,790)
International [Member]
Net loss before provision for income taxes	$ 0	$ 0

INCOME TAXES (Details - Schedule of Deferred Tax) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 29,678	$ 27,077
Tax credit	2,742	2,559
Fixed assets and intangibles	427	603
Stock compensation	1,471	1,327
Accruals and other	284	303
Lease liability	428	802
Capitalized research and development	4,714	3,822
Total deferred tax assets	39,744	36,493
Deferred tax liabilities:
Right of use asset	(403)	(755)
Total deferred tax assets	(403)	(755)
Valuation allowance	(39,341)	(35,738)
Net deferred tax asset	$ 0	$ 0

INCOME TAXES (Details - Schedule of Operating Losses) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Domestic Tax Jurisdiction [Member]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Line Items]
Net operating loss amount	$ 96,243
Net operating loss expiration in years	No expiration
Tax credits amount	$ 2,374
Tax credits expiration in years	2036-2044
Domestic Country One [Member]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Line Items]
Net operating loss amount	$ 34,791
Net operating loss expiration in years	2027-2037
State and Local Jurisdiction [Member]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Line Items]
Net operating loss amount	$ 39,112
Net operating loss expiration in years	2030-2044
Tax credits amount	$ 1,035
Tax credits expiration in years	No expiration
State And Local Jurisdiction One [Member]
Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Line Items]
Tax credits amount	$ 917
Tax credits expiration in years	2031-2039

INCOME TAXES (Details - Effective Tax Rate)	12 Months Ended
INCOME TAXES (Details - Effective Tax Rate)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Statutory rate	21.00%	21.00%
State rate	(0.37%)	1.29%
Change in valuation allowance	(19.55%)	(22.08%)
Other non-deductible items	0.04%	(0.02%)
Change in tax credits	0.95%	0.66%
Section 162(m) limitation	0.00%	(0.11%)
Stock based compensation excess windfall	(2.07%)	(0.74%)
Total	0.00%	0.00%

INCOME TAXES (Details - Unrecognized Tax Benefits) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Unrecognized tax benefit, beginning balance	$ 1,219	$ 1,046
Increases (decreases) - prior year tax positions	(72)	10
Increase - current year tax position	151	163
Unrecognized tax benefit, ending balance	$ 1,298	$ 1,219

INCOME TAXES (Details - Valuation Allowance) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance, beginning balance	$ 35,738	$ 31,368
Additions	3,816	4,536
Deductions	(213)	(166)
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance, ending balance	$ 39,341	$ 35,738

INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
INCOME TAXES (Details Narrative) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income tax expenses current	$ 0	$ 0
Increase in income tax valuation allowance	3,600,000	4,400,000
Accrued interest and penalities	0	0
Penalties related to uncertain tax positions	$ 0	$ 0

Atomera (NASDAQ:ATOM)
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