Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-34705

___________________________

Codexis, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

_____________________________________________


Delaware						71-0872999
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, California

94063

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (650) 421-8100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class	Trading	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
	Symbol(s)
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	CDXS	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☒

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 28, 2024, there were 81,377,855 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share, outstanding.

Codexis, Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended September 30, 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		PAGE NUMBER

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements Comprehensive Loss	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
ITEM 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	32
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	33

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	34
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	62
ITEM 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	62
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	62
ITEM 5.	Other Information	62
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	63
	Signatures	65

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,452	$	65,116
Restricted cash, current	514		519
Short-term investments	52,803		—
Financial assets:
Accounts receivable	9,721		10,036
Contract assets	3,424		815
Unbilled receivables	3,460		9,142
Total financial assets	16,605		19,993
Less: allowances	(65)		(65)
Total financial assets, net	16,540		19,928
Inventories	2,103		2,685
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3,490		5,218
Total current assets	112,902		93,466
Restricted cash	1,062		1,062
Investment in non-marketable equity securities	5,790		9,700
Right-of-use assets - Operating leases, net	10,772		13,137
Property and equipment, net	13,266		15,487
Goodwill	2,463		2,463
Other non-current assets	1,928		1,246
Total assets	$	148,183	$	136,561
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	4,212	$	5,947
Accrued compensation	10,320		11,246
Other accrued liabilities	6,505		4,735
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	4,081		3,781
Deferred revenue	10,011		10,121
Total current liabilities	35,129		35,830
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	610		640
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	9,134		12,243
Long-term debt	28,631		—
Other long-term liabilities	1,279		1,233
Total liabilities	74,783		49,946
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 5,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding	—		—
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 200,000 shares authorized; 81,376 shares and 69,905 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	8		7
Additional paid-in capital	625,696		584,138
Accumulated other comprehensive income	126		—
Accumulated deficit	(552,430)		(497,530)
Total stockholders' equity	73,400		86,615
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	148,183	$	136,561

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Revenues:
Product revenue	$	11,158	$	5,395	$	26,968	$	24,807
Research and development revenue	1,675		3,882		10,917		18,775
Total revenues	12,833		9,277		37,885		43,582
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of product revenue	4,317		2,249		12,634		9,947
Research and development	11,505		13,662		34,164		47,651
Selling, general and administrative	13,568		12,302		42,100		41,066
Restructuring charges	—		3,140		—		3,284
Asset impairment and other charges	—		9,984		165		9,984
Total costs and operating expenses	29,390		41,337		89,063		111,932
Loss from operations	(16,557)		(32,060)		(51,178)		(68,350)
Interest income	849		1,056		2,730		3,266
Interest and other expense, net	(4,922)		(3,895)		(6,421)		(3,930)
Loss before income taxes	(20,630)		(34,899)		(54,869)		(69,014)
Provision for income taxes	10		9		31		34
Net loss	$	(20,640)	$	(34,908)	$	(54,900)	$	(69,048)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.29)	$	(0.50)	$	(0.78)	$	(1.02)


Weighted average common stock shares used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted	72,032		69,466		70,759		67,670

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net loss	$	(20,640)	$	(34,908)	$	(54,900)	$	(69,048)
Other comprehensive gain:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale short-term investments, net of tax	149		—		126		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(20,491)	$	(34,908)	$	(54,774)	$	(69,048)

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
Three Months Ended September 30, 2024	Shares	Amount
Balance as of July 1, 2024	70,914	$	7	$	593,253	$	(23)	$	(531,790)	$	61,447

Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards	22	—		—		—		—		—


Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs of $1,584	10,440	1		29,735		—		—		29,736
Stock-based compensation	—	—		2,708		—		—		2,708

Net Loss	—	—		—		—		(20,640)		(20,640)
Other comprehensive gain	—	—		—		149		—		149
Balance as of September 30, 2024	81,376	$	8	$	625,696	$	126	$	(552,430)	$	73,400


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023	Shares	Amount
Balance as of July 1, 2023	69,804	$	6	$	579,555	$	—	$	(455,430)	$	124,131

Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards	23	—		—		—		—		—



Stock-based compensation	—	—		2,283		—		—		2,283

Net Loss	—	—		—		—		(34,908)		(34,908)

Balance as of September 30, 2023	69,827	$	6	$	581,838	$	—	$	(490,338)	$	91,506

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024	Shares	Amount
Balance as of January 1, 2024	69,905	$	7	$	584,138	$	—	$	(497,530)	$	86,615
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	73	—		143		—		—		143
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards	834	—		—		—		—		—
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with debt issuance	—	—		859		—		—		859
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	124	—		260		—		—		260
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs of $1,584	10,440	1		29,735		—		—		29,736
Stock-based compensation	—	—		10,561		—		—		10,561

Net Loss	—			—		—		(54,900)		(54,900)
Other comprehensive gain	—	—		—		126		—		126
Balance as of September 30, 2024	81,376	$	8	$	625,696	$	126	$	(552,430)	$	73,400


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Accumulated Deficit		Total Stockholders' Equity
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	Shares	Amount
Balance as of January 1, 2023	65,811	$	6	$	566,081	$	—	$	(421,290)	$	144,797
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	214	—		422		—		—		422
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards	787	—		—		—		—		—


Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs of $721	3,080	—		7,931		—		—		7,931
Stock-based compensation	—	—		7,808		—		—		7,808
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(65)	—		(404)		—		—		(404)
Net Loss	—	—		—		—		(69,048)		(69,048)

Balance as of September 30, 2023	69,827	$	6	$	581,838	$	—	$	(490,338)	$	91,506

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(In Thousands)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(54,900)	$	(69,048)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	3,737		4,302
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets	2,364		3,647
Stock-based compensation	10,561		7,808
Asset impairment and other charges	165		9,984
Impairment of investment in non-marketable equity securities	3,910		3,875
Equity securities earned from research and development activities	—		(187)
Non-cash interest expense	611		—
Amortization of discount on short-term investments	(1,009)		—
Other non-cash items	11		(3)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Financial assets	2,818		21,580
Inventories	582		(276)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	1,417		(252)
Accounts payable	(1,339)		(105)
Accrued compensation and other accrued liabilities	1,334		(7,269)
Other long-term liabilities	(3,064)		(4,384)
Deferred revenue	(140)		(11,273)
Net cash used in operating activities	(32,942)		(41,601)
Investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	(2,531)		(4,798)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment	84		27
Purchases of short-term investments	(72,643)		—
Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments	19,000		—
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments	1,973		—
Investment in non-marketable securities	—		(1,191)
Net cash used in investing activities	(54,117)		(5,962)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from exercises of stock options	281		422
Proceeds from issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan	525		—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with equity sales agreements	31,320		8,652
Costs incurred in connection with equity sales agreements	(1,615)		(503)
Proceeds from long-term debt	29,521		—
Payment of debt issuance costs	(642)		—
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	—		(404)
Net cash provided by financing activities	59,390		8,167
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(27,669)		(39,396)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period	66,697		116,026
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	$	39,028	$	76,630


Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	1,633	$	28
Income taxes paid	$	17	$	193
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capital expenditures incurred but not yet paid	$	249	$	159

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2024 and 2023 to the total of the same such amounts shown above in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:


	September 30,
	2024		2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,452	$	74,577
Restricted cash, current and non-current	1,576		2,053
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	39,028	$	76,630

This table excludes short-term investments of $52.8 million as of September 30, 2024. Total cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments as of September 30, 2024 were $90.3 million.

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Codexis Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

Note 1. Description of Business

In these notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the “Company,” “Codexis,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refers to Codexis, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

We discover, develop, enhance, and commercialize novel, high performance enzymes and other classes of proteins leveraging our proprietary CodeEvolver® directed evolution technology platform.

We previously managed our business as two business segments, Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics. During the third and fourth quarters of 2023, we made changes to the structure of our organization in connection with the restructuring of our business that we announced in July 2023, including the discontinuation of investment in certain development programs, primarily in our biotherapeutics business, consolidation of operations to our Redwood City, California headquarters, and headcount reduction. In connection with these organizational structure changes, corresponding changes were made to how our business is managed, how results are reported internally and how our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), our chief operating decision maker, assesses performance and allocates resources. As a result of these changes, our previous Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics operating segments were combined into a single reportable segment. Effective October 1, 2023, the Company's operations are managed and reported to the CEO on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results of operations. We believe that these changes better align internal resources to create a more efficient and effective organizational structure. Under this new organizational and reporting structure, we managed our business as one reportable segment as of December 31, 2023. Comparative prior period disclosures that reflected the previous two segments' information have been revised to conform to this change in our reportable segment.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information but does not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures, including notes, required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, are consistent with those discussed in Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and are updated below as necessary. There have been no significant changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2023.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2024 and results of operations for the interim periods presented. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future interim period or for the entire year.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Codexis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We regularly assess these estimates which primarily affect revenue recognition, deferred revenue, inventories, valuation of equity investments, goodwill arising out of business acquisitions, accrued liabilities, stock awards, and the valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Short-term Investments

We classify all marketable debt securities that have effective maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase as cash equivalents and those with effective maturities of greater than three months as short-term investment securities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We determine the appropriate classification of our short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We have classified and accounted for our short-term investments as available-for-sale. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell these debt securities prior to their effective maturities.

We carry these short-term investments at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for the changes in allowance for expected credit losses, which are included in “Interest and other expense, net” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of short-term investments on a specific identification method, and we record such gains and losses as a component of interest income.

Short-term investments are reviewed periodically for allowances for credit losses and impairment. When evaluating the investments, the Company reviews factors such as the extent to which the fair value of the security is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, the financial condition of the issuer, the Company’s intent to sell, and whether it would be more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the investments before the recovery of the amortized cost basis.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate the carrying values of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and right-of-use assets, whenever events, changes in business circumstances or our planned use of long-lived assets indicate that their carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable or that their useful lives are no longer appropriate. If these facts and circumstances exist, we assess for recovery by comparing the carrying values of long-lived assets with the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset.

Assets Held For Sale

The Company classifies assets as held for sale when the following conditions are met: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell, (ii) the assets are available for immediate sale in their present condition, (iii) the Company has initiated an active program to identify a buyer, (iv) it is probable that a sale will occur within one year, (v) the assets are actively marketed for sale at a reasonable price in relation to their current fair value, and (vi) there is a low likelihood of significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn. If all of the criteria are met as of the balance sheet date, the assets are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheet as held for sale at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The assets are then no longer depreciated or amortized while classified as held for sale. There were no assets classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Accounting Pronouncements

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

There were no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, that are of significance or potential significance to us.

Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In March 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standard Codification (the “ASC”) to remove references to various concepts statements and impacts a variety of topics in the ASC. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU require public companies, on an annual basis, to provide disclosures of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The standard should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. The amendments in the ASU are intended to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the ASC. These amendments align the requirements in the ASC to the removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K, as announced by the SEC. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, or on June 30, 2027, if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 3. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table provides information about disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers by geographic regions. The geographic regions that are tracked are the Americas (United States, Canada, and Latin America), EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa), and APAC (Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, and China).

Disaggregated information is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Primary geographical markets:
Americas	$	1,534	$	4,278	$	9,823	$	10,798
EMEA	2,229		3,191		6,768		14,630
APAC	9,070		1,808		21,294		18,154
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Contract Balances

The following table presents balances of contract assets, unbilled receivables, contract costs, and contract liabilities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Contract assets	$	3,424	$	815
Unbilled receivables	$	4,793	$	9,904

Contract liabilities: deferred revenue	$	10,621	$	10,761

We had no asset impairment charges related to financial assets in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The increase in contract assets was primarily due to increases in product revenue from contracts subject to over time revenue recognition. The decrease in unbilled receivables was primarily due to the timing of billings. The decrease in deferred revenue was primarily due to the timing of recognition of revenue.

As of September 30, 2024, we have $3.5 million of short-term unbilled receivables presented as unbilled receivables within current assets and $1.3 million of long-term unbilled receivables that is included within the other non-current assets line item in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, we had $9.1 million of short-term unbilled receivables presented as unbilled receivables within current assets and $0.8 million of long-term unbilled receivables that is included within the other non-current assets line item in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

We recognized the following revenues (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Revenue recognized in the period for:	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period:
Performance obligations satisfied	$	—	$	1,303	$	475	$	9,111
Changes in the period:
Changes in the estimated transaction price allocated to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods	146		1,018		(446)		4,238
Performance obligations satisfied from new activities in the period - contract revenue	12,687		6,956		37,856		30,233
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Performance Obligations

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting periods. The estimated revenue does not include contracts with original durations of one year or less, amounts of variable consideration attributable to royalties, or contract renewals that are unexercised as of September 30, 2024.

The balances in the table below are partially based on judgments involved in estimating future orders from customers subject to the exercise of material rights pursuant to respective contracts as of September 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027 and Thereafter		Total
Product revenue	$	9,981	$	140	$	140	$	360	$	10,621

Note 4. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding, less restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) subject to forfeiture. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock shares outstanding, less RSAs subject to forfeiture, plus all additional common shares that would have been outstanding, assuming dilutive potential common stock shares had been issued for other dilutive securities. For all periods presented, diluted and basic net loss per share are identical since potential common stock shares are excluded from the calculation, as their effect was anti-dilutive.

Anti-Dilutive Securities

In periods of net loss, the weighted average number of shares outstanding, prior to the application of the treasury stock method, excludes potentially dilutive securities from the computation of diluted net loss per common share because including such shares would have an anti-dilutive effect.

The following shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Shares issuable under the Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP	12,931	8,873	12,931	8,873
Warrants(1)	424	—	424	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	13,355	8,873	13,355	8,873

(1) Pertains to the warrants issued in connection with the Innovatus Loan. For additional information, see Note 11, “Debt.”

Note 5. Investments in Non-Marketable Securities

Non-Marketable Equity Securities

Our non-marketable equity securities are investments in privately held companies without readily determinable market value and primarily relate to our investments in Molecular Assemblies, Inc. (“MAI”) and seqWell, Inc. (“seqWell”). These investments are accounted for under the measurement alternative and are measured at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar securities of the same issuer. Non-marketable equity securities are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and classified within Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy when we estimate the fair value of these investments using the observable transaction price paid by third party investors for the same or similar security of the same issuers. The fair value of non-marketable equity securities are classified within Level 3 when we estimate fair value using unobservable inputs such as when we remeasure due to impairment and we use discount rates, market data of comparable companies, and rights and obligations of the securities the Company holds, among others. We adjust the carrying value of non-marketable equity securities which have been remeasured during the period and recognize resulting gains or losses as a component of interest and other expense, net in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recognized an impairment charge of $3.9 million which is presented within interest and other expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. This adjustment is related to the write-down of our investment in MAI to its related fair value as determined based on valuation methods using the latest observed transaction price of MAI’s preferred stock securities to be issued during the fourth quarter of 2024 and adjusted for the rights and obligations of the preferred stock securities the Company holds. There was no remeasurement event for our investments in seqWell and other non-marketable equity securities that occurred during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized an impairment charge of $3.9 million and included this as an adjustment to the carrying value of our investments in seqWell and Arzeda Corp. (“Arzeda”). This adjustment, which is presented within interest and other expense, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, is related to the write-down of the carrying value of our investments in seqWell by $3.0 million and in Arzeda by $0.9 million to their estimated fair values as determined based on valuation methods using the recent transaction price of similar preferred stock securities issued by the investees and adjusted for the rights and obligations of the preferred stock securities the Company holds. We recognized no realized gains or losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

The following table presents the carrying value of our non-marketable equity securities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
MAI	$	2,783	$	6,693
seqWell	2,625		2,625
Other investments in non-marketable equity securities	382		382
Total non-marketable equity securities	$	5,790	$	9,700

Note 6. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables show the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments by significant investment category as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	7,359	$	—	$	—	$	7,359	$	7,359	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	30,093		—		—		30,093		30,093		—

Level 2(1):
Commercial paper	8,416		7		—		8,423		—		8,423
Corporate debt	8,723		14		(2)		8,735		—		8,735
U.S. agency securities	1,983		9		—		1,992		—		1,992
U.S. treasury securities	33,555		98		—		33,653		—		33,653
Subtotal	52,677		128		(2)		52,803		—		52,803
Total	$	90,129	$	128	$	(2)	$	90,255	$	37,452	$	52,803

(1) The valuation techniques used to measure the fair values of the Company’s Level 2 financial instruments uses inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.


	December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	8,742	$	—	$	—	$	8,742	$	8,742	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	56,374		—		—		56,374		56,374		—






Total	$	65,116	$	—	$	—	$	65,116	$	65,116	$	—

We limit the credit risk associated with our cash equivalents and short-term investments by placing them with banks and institutions we believe are highly credit-worthy and investing in highly-rated investments. As of September 30, 2024, and December 31, 2023, the contractual maturity of all investments held was less than one year.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we did not recognize any significant credit losses nor other-than-temporary impairment losses on our short-term investments.

Note 7. Balance Sheets Details

Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	—	$	108
Work-in-process	36		7
Finished goods	2,067		2,570
Total Inventories	$	2,103	$	2,685

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

As of September 30, 2024, prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of prepaid expenses of $3.2 million and other current assets of $0.3 million. As of December 31, 2023, prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of prepaid expenses of $4.6 million and other current assets of $0.6 million.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Laboratory equipment	$	36,468	$	37,216
Leasehold improvements	12,086		11,912
Computer equipment and software	2,675		2,565
Office equipment and furniture	1,131		1,469
Construction in progress	1,629		1,636
Property and equipment	53,989		54,798
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(40,723)		(39,311)
Property and equipment, net	$	13,266	$	15,487

Depreciation expense included in both research and development expenses and selling, general and administrative expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	965	$	1,121	$	3,017	$	3,606
Selling, general and administrative	219		236		658		696
Total depreciation expense	$	1,184	$	1,357	$	3,675	$	4,302

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued purchases	$	3,291	$	1,402
Accrued professional and outside service fees	2,810		2,330
Other	404		1,003
Total other accrued liabilities	$	6,505	$	4,735

Note 8. Stock-based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In August 2024, our board of directors (the “Board”) approved the 2024 Employment Inducement Award Plan (the “2024 Inducement Plan”) which provides for the grant of non-qualified stock options, RSAs, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and performance awards to eligible employees with respect to an aggregate of up to 1,000,000 shares of our common stock.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2023, the Board approved an employee stock purchase plan (as may be amended from time to time, the “ESPP”) which became effective upon approval at the Annual Meeting in June 2023. The ESPP allows eligible employees of the Company to purchase shares of our common stock through payroll deductions. Offering periods are generally over a 24-month period and begin in May and November of each year. The per share purchase price will be the lower of 85% of the closing trading price per share of our common stock on the first trading date of an offering period in which a participant is enrolled or 85% of the closing trading price per share on the purchase date. Participant purchases are limited to a maximum of $25,000 of fair value of our stock per calendar year. The Company is authorized to grant up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock under the ESPP. The first offering period of the ESPP commenced in December 2023.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, nil and 123,889 shares of our common stock were purchased under the ESPP, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, 1,876,111 shares of common stock were available for future issuance under the ESPP. We recognized $0.1 million and $0.2 million of stock-based compensation expenses related to the ESPP for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, related to the ESPP was $0.6 million and is expected to be recognized over the remaining offering period.

Stock Options

Stock options granted to employees generally have a maximum term of ten years and vest over four years from the date of grant, of which 25% vest at the end of one year, and 75% vest monthly over the remaining three years. In January 2024, the Board approved the grants of stock options with a vesting term over three years from the date of grant, of which 33% vest at the end of one year, and 67% vest monthly over the remaining two years.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

We also grant employees RSUs, which generally vest over either a period with 33% of the shares subject to the RSUs vesting on each yearly anniversary of the vesting commencement date, in each case contingent upon such employee’s continued service on such vesting date. We may grant RSUs with different vesting terms from time to time.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of product revenue	$	93	$	60	$	309	$	272
Research and development	690		450		2,151		1,978
Selling, general and administrative	1,925		1,773		8,101		5,558
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense by security type included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Stock options	$	1,506	$	1,017	$	5,137	$	3,035
RSUs and RSAs	1,109		942		3,578		3,441
Performance-contingent restricted stock units (“PSUs”)	—		292		247		1,408
Performance based options (“PBOs”)	—		32		1,357		(76)
ESPP	93		—		242		—
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

On June 29, 2024, we entered into an Advisory Services Agreement with a former executive of the Company. Pursuant to the advisory agreement, the exercise period for the former executive’s vested stock options and performance-based options was also extended. The modification resulted in a stock-based compensation expense of $2.0 million recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

As of September 30, 2024, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, net of expected forfeitures, was $12.0 million related to unvested stock options, and $5.0 million related to unvested RSUs and RSAs. Stock-based compensation expense for these awards will be recognized through 2028.

Note 9. Capital Stock

Exercise of Options

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we issued 72,856 and 214,284 shares, respectively, upon option exercises at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.97 per share, with net cash proceeds of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Sales Agreements

In May 2021, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the SEC (the “2021 Registration Statement”), that automatically became effective upon its filing, under which we were permitted to sell common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts, and units from time to time in one or more offerings. On February 27, 2023, we filed a post-effective amendment to the 2021 Registration Statement. Pursuant to that post-effective amendment, we registered an aggregate $200.0 million of securities. In May 2021, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (“EDA”) with Piper Sandler & Co (“PSC”), under which PSC, as our exclusive agent, at our discretion and at such times that we determined from time to time, may have sold over a three-year period from the execution of the EDA up to a maximum of $50.0 million of shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the EDA, PSC was permitted to sell the shares at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

We were not required to sell any shares at any time during the term of the EDA. On April 24, 2024, we terminated the EDA.

No shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the EDA during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, nil and 3,079,421 shares of our common stock, respectively, were issued and sold pursuant to the EDA and we received gross proceeds of nil and $8.7 million, or nil and $7.9 million in net proceeds after PSC's commissions and direct offering expenses of nil and $0.7 million, respectively.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 10,440,000 shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement and we received gross proceeds of $31.3 million, or $29.7 million in net proceeds after Cantor’s commissions and direct offering expenses of $1.6 million. As of September 30, 2024, $43.7 million remained available for sale under the Cantor Sales Agreement.

Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease and other information

The Company has entered into operating leases primarily for office and laboratory space. Lease cost amounts included in the measurement of lease obligations and other information related to non-cancellable operating leases were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs(1)	$	1,032	$	1,618	$	3,097	$	5,278

(1) The Company had no variable lease costs.


Other information:	Operating Leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate	6.6	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Cash paid (in thousands):	2024		2023
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	3,542	$	5,668

As of September 30, 2024, our maturity analysis of annual undiscounted cash flows of the non-cancellable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2024 (remaining 3 months)	$	1,184
2025	4,868
2026	5,014
2027	2,533
2028	760
Thereafter	318
Total minimum lease payments	14,677
Less: imputed interest	1,462
Lease obligations	$	13,215

Reconciliation of operating lease liabilities as shown within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	$	4,081
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	9,134
Total operating lease liabilities	$	13,215

In July 2023, we announced our plan to consolidate operations from our previous San Carlos facility to our headquarters in Redwood City. On September 1, 2023, the Company entered into an Assignment and Assumption of Lease (the “Assignment Agreement”) with Vaxcyte, Inc. (“Vaxcyte”) to assign to Vaxcyte all of the Company’s right, title and interest in, under and to the San Carlos facility and the Lease Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2021. On September 6, 2023, the Company, Vaxcyte and ARE-San Francisco No. 63, LLC (“ARE”) entered into a Consent to Assignment and First Amendment pursuant to which ARE consented to the Assignment Agreement and the assignment by the Company and the assumption by Vaxcyte of the Company’s interest as tenant in the lease. The effective date of the assignment was October 1, 2023.

As a result of the Assignment Agreement, the Company remeasured the lease obligation for the San Carlos facility to its present value of $3.1 million and wrote off the remaining lease liability of $19.6 million and the corresponding right of use asset balance. Simultaneously, the Company determined that indicators of impairment existed because the lease assignment impacts the utilization of the related right of use assets and leasehold improvements in the San Carlos facility, and therefore performed a recoverability test by estimating future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated from the use of these assets. As there were no substantial future cash inflows associated with these assets, the carrying values of these assets were deemed unrecoverable. As a result, during the third quarter of 2023, the Company recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $7.7 million, of which $4.7 million was related to leasehold improvements and $3.0 million for the right of use assets, presented within the asset impairment and other charges line item in the condensed consolidated statements of operations, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

As part of the plan, the Company entered into agreements to sell certain laboratory equipment previously located in the San Carlos facility through an asset auction and as part of the lease assignment of the San Carlos facility to Vaxcyte. These certain items of laboratory equipment met the assets held for sale criteria and were sold during the fourth quarter of 2023. Using a fair value estimate based of Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy, the Company determined that the carrying value of these assets exceeds fair value less costs to sell, which resulted in a write-down of $1.5 million, presented within the asset impairment and other charges line item in the consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Other Commitments

We enter into supply and service arrangements in the normal course of business. Supply arrangements are primarily for fixed-price manufacture and supply. Service agreements are primarily for the development of manufacturing processes. Commitments under service agreements are typically subject to cancellation at our discretion which may require payment of certain cancellation fees. The timing of completion of service arrangements is subject to variability in estimates of the time required to complete the work.

The following table provides quantitative data regarding our other commitments. Future minimum payments reflect amounts that we expect to pay including potential obligations under services agreements subject to risk of cancellation by us (in thousands):


	Payments Due by Period
	Total		2024 (Remaining 3 Months)		2025 and Thereafter
Facility maintenance agreement	$	281	$	281	$	—

Legal Proceedings

We may be involved in legal actions in the ordinary course of business, including inquiries and proceedings concerning business practices and intellectual property infringement, employee relations and other claims. We will recognize a loss contingency in the condensed consolidated financial statements when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We will disclose any loss contingencies that do not meet both conditions if there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss may have been incurred. Gain contingencies are not recorded until they are realized. We are not currently a party to any material pending litigation or other material legal proceedings that management believes could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements.

Indemnifications

We are required to recognize a liability for the fair value of any obligations we assume upon the issuance of a guarantee. We have certain agreements with licensors, licensees and collaborators that contain indemnification provisions. In such provisions, we typically agree to indemnify the licensor, licensee and collaborator against certain types of third party claims. The maximum amount of the indemnifications is not limited. We accrue for known indemnification issues when a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated. There were no accruals for expenses related to indemnification issues for any periods presented.

Note 11. Debt

Innovatus Loan Agreement

On February 13, 2024 (the “Closing Date”), we entered into a five-year term loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP (“Innovatus”), an affiliate of Innovatus Capital Partners, LLC, for an aggregate principal amount of up to $40.0 million and with a maturity date of February 13, 2029 (the “Innovatus Loan”). The Innovatus Loan consists of two tranches, of which the first tranche of $30.0 million was funded on February 13, 2024. We will be eligible to draw down the second tranche of $10.0 million upon achievement of certain milestones including pre-specified revenue thresholds.

The floating per annum interest rate of the Innovatus Loan is equal to the sum of (a) the greater of (i) prime rate published in the Money Rates section of the Wall Street Journal and (ii) 7.50%, plus (b) 3.25%; provided that, at the election of the Company, up to 2.0% of such rate shall be payable in-kind until the third anniversary of the closing date. The Company is required to make monthly interest-only payments through February 1, 2027, after which the Company is required to make monthly amortizing payments, with the remaining balance of the principal plus accrued and unpaid interest due at maturity. 2.0% of the interest is payable in-kind for the first three years of the term by increasing the principal balance. Prepayments of the loan, in whole or in part, will be subject to an early prepayment fee which ranges between 3.0% and 1.0% and declines each year until the third anniversary date of the Closing Date, after which no prepayment fee is required. The Company is also required to pay an exit fee upon any payment or prepayment equal to 3.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the tranches funded under the Innovatus Loan.

The Innovatus Loan contains customary representations and warranties and covenants, subject to customary carve outs, and includes financial covenants related to liquidity and net product revenue, with the latter beginning with the period ended September 30, 2024. The Innovatus Loan is secured by perfected first priority liens on the Company's assets, including a commitment by the Company to not allow any liens to be placed upon the Company's intellectual property.

In connection with the issuance of the Innovatus Loan, we recorded a debt discount of $1.3 million and capitalized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million. The discount and issuance costs will be amortized over the life of the Innovatus Loan. Interest expense for the Innovatus Loan for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $1.0 million and $2.5 million respectively, and is inclusive of non-cash amortization of the debt discount, debt issuance costs, payable in-kind interest, and accretion of final payment. The carrying amount of the Innovatus Loan approximates fair value given its recent issuance and the interest rate is based on the current prime rate. The effective interest rate for the Innovatus Loan was 13.5% as of September 30, 2024.

Additionally, in connection with entering into the Innovatus Loan, we entered into a Warrant Agreement with Innovatus on February 13, 2024 and issued to Innovatus a warrant to purchase an aggregate of 424,028 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.83 per share. The warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis, and are immediately exercisable through the 10th anniversary of the issuance date. At the time of issuance, the Company determined the estimated fair value of the warrants of $0.9 million using the Black-Scholes model. As the warrants represent a freestanding equity instrument, the Company recorded the fair value of the warrants in additional paid-in capital during the first quarter of 2024.

The Company accounts for the amortization of the debt discount and issuance costs utilizing the effective interest method. Long-term debt consisted of the following at September 30, 2024 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
Face value of debt	$	30,000
Add: payment in-kind interest	332
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: unamortized debt discount	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

The future principal payments under the Innovatus Loan are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,
2024	$	—
2025	—
2026	—
2027	13,264
2028	15,917
2029	2,653
Total principal payments	31,834
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: uncapitalized payment in-kind interest	(1,502)
Less: unamortized debt issuance fee	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

Note 12. Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information

Segment Information

Effective October 1, 2023, the Company's operations are managed and reported to the CEO on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses performance and allocated resources based on the consolidated results of operations. We believe that these changes better align internal resources and external go to market activities in order to create a more efficient and effective organizational structure. Under this new organizational and reporting structure, we managed our business as one reportable segment as of December 31, 2023. Comparative prior period disclosures that reflected the previous two segments' information have been revised to conform to this change in our reportable segment.

As a result of the restructuring of our business, the Company determined that a triggering event had occurred that required an interim goodwill impairment test during the third quarter of 2023. The fair value estimate used in the interim goodwill impairment test was primarily based on Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. Based on the results of the impairment evaluation, the Company determined that the goodwill within the Novel Biotherapeutics reporting unit was impaired, which resulted in a non-cash impairment charge of $0.8 million to write off all of the associated goodwill. The impairment charge is recorded within asset impairment and other charges in the condensed consolidated statements of operation for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Significant Customers

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues were as follows:


	Percentage of Total Revenues for the
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Customer A	18	%	*		17	%	10	%
Customer B	17	%	*		10	%	*
Customer C	11	%	*		*		*
Customer D	11	%	*		*		*
Customer E	*		*		*		15	%
Customer F	*		20	%	*		*
Customer G	*		*		16	%	*
Customer H	*		*		*		10	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable balances as of the periods presented as follows:


	Percentage of Accounts Receivables as of
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Customer A	*		12	%
Customer B	21	%	12	%
Customer D	15	%	13	%
Customer I	15	%	*
Customer J	12	%	*
Customer K	*		21	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Identifiable long-lived assets by location was as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
United States	$	24,277	$	28,624


ITEM 2.			MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024 (the “Annual Report”). This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). These statements include, but are not limited to, expectations regarding our strategy, business plans, financial performance and developments relating to our industry. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part II, Item 1A: “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A: “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report, as incorporated herein and referenced in Part II, Item 1A: “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and elsewhere in this report. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments may cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Business Overview

We are a leading enzyme engineering company leveraging our proprietary CodeEvolver® directed evolution technology platform to discover, develop, enhance, and commercialize novel, high-performance enzymes and other classes of proteins. Enzymes are naturally occurring biological molecules critical to almost all biochemical reactions that sustain life. They can be precisely engineered and optimized for specific functions, and to have particular characteristics, such as an ability to survive environments in which natural enzymes cannot, or to perform (bio)chemical transformations different than those for which they naturally evolved. We focus on leveraging our capacity to enhance the properties and performance of enzymes to drive pivotal improvements across two key focus areas: our foundational, revenue-generating pharmaceutical manufacturing business and our Enzyme-Catalyzed Oligonucleotide (ECO) Synthesis™ (“ECO Synthesis™”) manufacturing platform, which is currently in development to enable the commercial scale manufacture of RNA interference (“RNAi”) and other RNA-based therapeutics. Our unique enzymes drive improvements such as higher yields, increased purity, reduced energy usage and waste generation, and improved efficiency in manufacturing. In July 2023, we announced that we discontinued investment in certain development programs, primarily in our novel biotherapeutics business segment and that we are actively exploring options to drive value by potentially monetizing non-core assets within our Biotherapeutics and Life Science portfolios.

Within the pharmaceutical manufacturing business, we utilize our CodeEvolver® technology platform to develop optimized enzymes that are used by some of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies to reduce their costs and improve the efficiency and productivity of their manufacturing processes for small molecule therapeutics. We also use the CodeEvolver® technology platform to develop enzymes for the synthesis of nucleic acids such as DNA/RNA, including enzymes utilized in our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform. We demonstrated gram-scale synthesis with the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform in December 2023 and expect to begin pre-commercial customer testing in 2024. We anticipate that this will be followed by early commercial licenses to the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform in 2025 and a full commercial launch in 2026.

As of September 30, 2024, we manage our business as one business segment. For additional information, see Note 12, “Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information” in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report.

Recent Developments

Entered into licensing agreement for genomics life science enzyme portfolio with Alphazyme LLC

On October 1, 2024, we announced that we entered into a non-exclusive commercial and manufacturing license agreement with Alphazyme LLC, part of Maravai LifeSciences, for multiple enzymes in Codexis’ life science enzyme portfolio. The agreement includes licenses for certain commercially available enzymes and certain enzymes that were in development directed towards genomics and diagnostics applications prior to the Company’s strategic shift announced in July 2023. Under the terms of the agreement, Codexis is eligible to receive sales-based royalties.

Strengthened management team with new appointments

On October 2, 2024, we announced the appointment of Georgia Erbez as our new Chief Financial Officer, replacing Sriram Ryali in such role, effective September 30, 2024. We also announced the appointment of Alison Moore, Ph.D., to the newly created role of Chief Technical Officer effective September 30, 2024. In connection with her appointment as Chief Technical Officer, Dr. Moore resigned from the Board and its committees, effective September 30, 2024. On October 22, 2024, we announced that we entered into a separation and consulting agreement with Mr. Ryali, pursuant to which Mr. Ryali will provide transitional consulting services on an as-needed basis until February 28, 2025.

Significant Collaborative Arrangements Update

Acquisition Agreement

In December 2023, we entered into an acquisition agreement (the “Acquisition Agreement”) with Nestlé Health Science, pursuant to which we agreed to assign our interests in CDX-7108 (including associated agreements and intellectual property rights) to Nestlé Health Science. Under the terms of the Acquisition Agreement, Nestlé Health Science will be solely responsible for the continued development and commercialization of CDX-7108, including all associated costs, and Codexis received an upfront payment, and will receive future potential milestone payments and net-sales based royalties. We recognized $5.0 million in research and development revenue during the fourth quarter of 2023 related to the Acquisition Agreement, with the $5.0 million upfront fee received in January 2024.

Pfizer Enzyme Supply Agreement

We are a party to an Enzyme Supply Agreement (the “Pfizer Supply Agreement”), with Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Pfizer, Inc. (“Pfizer”), covering the manufacture, sale and purchase of CDX-616 for use by Pfizer in the manufacture of nirmatrelvir. Under the terms of the Pfizer Supply Agreement, Pfizer paid us a fee of $25.9 million in August 2022 which was recorded as deferred revenue. Pursuant to the agreement, 90% of the fee ($23.3 million) is creditable against (i) future orders of CDX-616 used to manufacture its PAXLOVID™ with shipment dates prior to December 31, 2023, and (ii) fees associated with any new development and licensing agreements with Pfizer entered into prior to April 4, 2023. On March 31, 2023, we entered into a license agreement whereby Pfizer utilized a portion of the $23.3 million credit towards a license to develop future product candidates, for which we recognized $5.0 million as non-cash research and development revenue in the second quarter of 2023. Pfizer's ability to utilize the credit under item (i) above expired on December 31, 2023, and under item (ii) above expired on April 4, 2023. Up to 50% of any portion of the $25.9 million which has not been credited under items (i) and (ii) is creditable against future orders of CDX-616 used to manufacture PAXLOVID™ with shipment dates in 2024.

No product revenue was recognized from the Pfizer Supply Agreement during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had $9.5 million in deferred revenue related to the $25.9 million fee received from Pfizer.

Strategic Collaboration Agreement

In October 2017, we entered into the Nestlé Strategic Collaboration Agreement (the “Nestlé SCA”) pursuant to which we and Nestlé Health Science have collaborated to leverage the CodeEvolver® protein engineering technology platform to develop novel enzymes for Nestlé Health Science’s established Consumer Care and Medical Nutrition business areas.

In January 2020, we entered into a development agreement with Nestlé Health Science pursuant to which we and Nestlé Health Science have collaborated to advance a lead candidate discovered through our Nestlé SCA, CDX-7108, targeting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, into preclinical and early clinical studies. We, together with Nestlé Health Science, initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial of CDX-7108 in the fourth quarter of 2021, and on February 23, 2023, we and Nestlé Health Science announced interim results. In July 2023, we announced plans to discontinue our development support of CDX-7108. Both the Nestlé SCA and development agreement were terminated under the terms of the CDX-7108 Acquisition Agreement with Nestlé Health Science.

Both the Nestlé SCA and the development agreement were terminated under the Nestlé Acquisition Agreement. Under the Nestlé SCA and the development agreement, we recognized nil in research and development fees for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to $0.6 million and $4.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

License Agreement

In February 2024, we entered into an agreement with Roche Sequencing Solutions, Inc. (“Roche”) for an exclusive, global license for the Company’s newly engineered double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) ligase for next-generation sequencing (NGS) library preparation and the Company’s EvoT4™ DNA ligase. Under the terms of the deal, Codexis received upfront and technical milestone payments. This deal superseded the prior exclusive license on the EvoT4™ DNA ligase. We recognized research and development revenue of $6.0 million during the first quarter of 2024 related to the license agreement.

Results of Operations

The following table shows the amounts from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%
Revenues:
Product revenue	$	11,158	$	5,395	$	5,763	107	%	$	26,968	$	24,807	$	2,161	9	%
Research and development revenue	1,675		3,882		(2,207)		(57)	%	10,917		18,775		(7,858)		(42)	%
Total revenues	12,833		9,277		3,556		38	%	37,885		43,582		(5,697)		(13)	%
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of product revenue	4,317		2,249		2,068		92	%	12,634		9,947		2,687		27	%
Research and development	11,505		13,662		(2,157)		(16)	%	34,164		47,651		(13,487)		(28)	%
Selling, general and administrative	13,568		12,302		1,266		10	%	42,100		41,066		1,034		3	%
Restructuring charges	—		3,140		(3,140)		(100)	%	—		3,284		(3,284)		(100)	%
Asset impairment and other charges	—		9,984		(9,984)		(100)	%	165		9,984		(9,819)		(98)	%
Total costs and operating expenses	29,390		41,337		(11,947)		(29)	%	89,063		111,932		(22,869)		(20)	%
Loss from operations	(16,557)		(32,060)		15,503		(48)	%	(51,178)		(68,350)		17,172		(25)	%
Interest income	849		1,056		(207)		(20)	%	2,730		3,266		(536)		(16)	%
Interest and other expense, net	(4,922)		(3,895)		(1,027)		26	%	(6,421)		(3,930)		(2,491)		63	%
Loss before income taxes	(20,630)		(34,899)		14,269		(41)	%	(54,869)		(69,014)		14,145		(20)	%
Provision for income taxes	10		9		1		11	%	31		34		(3)		(9)	%
Net loss	$	(20,640)	$	(34,908)	$	14,268	(41)	%	$	(54,900)	$	(69,048)	$	14,148	(20)	%

Revenues

Our revenues consisted of product revenue, research and development revenue, and royalties and license revenue as follows:

•Product revenue consist of sales of biocatalysts, pharmaceutical intermediates, and Codex® biocatalyst panels and kits.

•Research and development revenue include license, technology access and exclusivity fees, research services fees, milestone payments, royalties, optimization and screening fees.

Revenues are as follows (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%
Product revenue	$	11,158	$	5,395	$	5,763	107	%	$	26,968	$	24,807	$	2,161	9	%
Research and development revenue	1,675		3,882		(2,207)		(57)	%	10,917		18,775		(7,858)		(42)	%
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	3,556	38	%	$	37,885	$	43,582	$	(5,697)	(13)	%

Revenues typically fluctuate on a quarterly basis due to the variability in our customers' manufacturing schedules and the timing of our customers' clinical trials. In addition, we have limited internal capacity to manufacture enzymes. As a result, we are dependent upon the performance and capacity of third-party manufacturers for the commercial scale manufacturing of the enzymes used in our pharmaceutical and fine chemicals business.

We accept purchase orders for deliveries covering periods from one day up to 14 months from the date on which the order is placed. However, some of our purchase orders can be revised or cancelled by the customer without penalty. Considering these industry practices and our experience, we do not believe the total of customer purchase orders outstanding (backlog) provides meaningful information that can be relied on to predict actual sales for future periods.

Total revenues increased by $3.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to higher product revenue, which was partially offset by lower research and development revenue. Total revenues decreased by $5.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to lower research and development revenue.

Product revenue increased by $5.8 million and $2.2 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to higher sales of branded pharmaceutical products. This increase was partially offset with the prior year benefiting from the $2.9 million release of prior periods' product revenue deferrals during the second quarter of 2023 due to early termination of the enzyme supply obligations to a customer for a deprioritized asset related to a prior restructuring of our business, and $1.3 million of product revenue recognized during the third quarter of 2023 as a settlement fee pursuant to the enzyme supply agreement with the same customer.

Research and development revenue decreased by $2.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to the recognition of $0.7 million in non-cash revenue related to our master service agreement with Pfizer in the third quarter of 2023, $0.6 million lower research and development fees from Nestlé Health Science under the Nestlé SCA and development agreement and $0.9 million lower revenue from both legacy and existing collaboration agreements being recognized in 2024 as compared to the same period in the prior year.

Research and development revenue decreased by $7.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to the recognition of $6.3 million in non-cash revenue related to our license and our master service agreements with Pfizer in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, $4.1 million lower research and development fees from Nestlé Health Science, $1.6 million lower revenue from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. under a Strategic Collaboration and License Agreement and $2.8 million lower revenue from other legacy collaboration agreements being recognized in 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023. This was offset by $6.0 million higher revenue from our licensing agreement with Roche entered into in February 2024 and $0.9 million higher revenue from existing collaboration agreements recognized in the current year.

Cost and Operating Expenses

The following table shows the amounts of our cost of product revenue, research and development expense, selling, general and administrative expense, and restructuring charges from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%
Cost of product revenue	$	4,317	$	2,249	$	2,068	92	%	$	12,634	$	9,947	$	2,687	27	%
Research and development	11,505		13,662		(2,157)		(16)	%	34,164		47,651		(13,487)		(28)	%
Selling, general and administrative	13,568		12,302		1,266		10	%	42,100		41,066		1,034		3	%
Restructuring charges	—		3,140		(3,140)		(100)	%	—		3,284		(3,284)		(100)	%
Asset impairment and other charges	—		9,984		(9,984)		(100)	%	165		9,984		(9,819)		(98)	%
Total costs and operating expenses	$	29,390	$	41,337	$	(11,947)	(29)	%	$	89,063	$	111,932	$	(22,869)	(20)	%

Cost of Product Revenue and Product Gross Margin

The following table shows the amounts of our product revenue, cost of product revenue, product gross profit and product gross margin from our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2024			2023			$		%		2024			2023			$		%
Product revenue	$	11,158		$	5,395		$	5,763	107	%	$	26,968		$	24,807		$	2,161	9	%
Cost of product revenue(1)	4,317			2,249			2,068		92	%	12,634			9,947			2,687		27	%
Product gross profit	$	6,841		$	3,146		$	3,695	117	%	$	14,334		$	14,860		$	(526)	(4)	%
Product gross margin (%)(2)	61		%	58		%					53		%	60		%

(1) Cost of product revenue consists of both internal and third-party fixed and variable costs, including materials and supplies, labor, facilities and other overhead costs associated with our product revenue.

(2) Product gross margin is used as a performance measure to provide additional information regarding our results of operations on a consolidated basis.

Cost of product revenue increased by $2.1 million and $2.7 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to a higher volume of product sales.

Product gross margins were 61% and 53% in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to 58% and 60% in the corresponding periods in 2023 due to variability in the product mix and with 2023 benefiting from revenue recognized with no related cost in the second and third quarters of 2023 related to the early termination of an enzyme supply agreement with a customer for a deprioritized asset related to a prior restructuring of our business.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for internal projects as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs primarily consist of (i) employee-related costs, which include salaries and other personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation), (ii) various allocable expenses, which include occupancy-related costs, supplies, depreciation of facilities and laboratory equipment, and (iii) external costs. Research and development expenses are expensed when incurred.

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.2 million, or 16%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to a $1.3 million decrease from lower use of outside services related to Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls (“CMC”) and lower regulatory expenses and $0.9 million decrease in lease and facilities costs due to the assignment of our San Carlos facility lease during the fourth quarter of 2023, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in costs associated with headcount. The decrease in research and development expenses of $13.5 million, or 28%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to a $4.8 million decrease in CMC and outside services, $4.6 million decrease in costs associated with lower headcount, $3.7 million decrease from lower lease and facilities associated costs, $0.4 million lower lab supply, and a $0.2 million decrease in depreciation costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of employee-related costs, which include salaries and other personnel-related expenses (including stock-based compensation), hiring and training costs, consulting and outside services expenses (including audit and legal counsel related costs), marketing costs, building lease costs, and depreciation expenses and amortization expenses.

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.3 million, or 10%, during the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to $1.2 million in higher consulting and outside services and a $0.3 million higher legal expense. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 3%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to a $2.6 million higher stock-based compensation expense, a $1.1 million increase in legal costs, and a $0.7 million increase in consulting and outside services, partially offset by $2.8 million decrease in payroll-related expenses, and a $0.5 million decrease in facility associated costs.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges consist of one-time employee severance and other termination benefits due to workforce reduction plans that were initiated in the prior years. There were no restructuring charges recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Restructuring charges were $3.1 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Asset Impairment and Other Charges

Asset impairment and other charges were nil and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, related to a long-lived asset impairment charge in the second quarter of 2024. Asset impairment and other charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $10.0 million, consisting of a $9.2 million long-lived asset impairment charge and a $0.8 million goodwill impairment charge, all of which are non-cash charges.

Interest Income and Interest and Other Expense, net (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%
Interest income	$	849	$	1,056	$	(207)	(20)	%	$	2,730	$	3,266	$	(536)	(16)	%
Interest and other expense, net	(4,922)		(3,895)		(1,027)		26	%	(6,421)		(3,930)		(2,491)		63	%
Total other income (expense), net	$	(4,073)	$	(2,839)	$	(1,234)	43	%	$	(3,691)	$	(664)	$	(3,027)	456	%

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $0.2 million and $0.5 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to lower average cash balances.

Interest and Other Expense, net

Interest and other expense, net increased by $1.0 million and $2.5 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2023, primarily due to the impairment of our investment in MAI during the third quarter of 2024 and interest related to long-term debt in the current year, partially offset by the impairment of our investments in seqWell and Arzeda recognized in 2023.

Provision for Income Taxes (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2024		2023		$		%		2024		2023		$		%
Provision for income taxes	$	10	$	9	$	1	11	%	$	31	$	34	$	(3)	(9)	%

The provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, was primarily due to the accrual of interest and penalties on historic uncertain tax positions.

Net Loss

Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $20.6 million, or a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.29. This compared to a net loss of $34.9 million, or a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.50, for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 was $54.9 million, or a net loss per basic and diluted share of $0.78. This compared to a net loss of $69.0 million, or a net loss per basic and diluted share of $1.02, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decrease in net loss for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, was primarily related to higher product revenue and lower operating expenses in 2024.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity is the measurement of our ability to meet working capital needs and to fund capital expenditures. We have historically funded our operations primarily through cash generated from operations, stock option exercises and public and private offerings of our common stock. In addition, pursuant to our five-year term loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) with Innovatus Life Sciences Lending Fund I, LP (“Innovatus”), an affiliate of Innovatus Capital Partners, LLC, we borrowed $30.0 million from Innovatus, as Lender, on February 13, 2024 and may become eligible to borrow up to an additional $10.0 million upon the achievement of certain financial milestones. The Loan Agreement provides for an aggregate principal amount of up to $40.0 million and with a maturity date of February 13, 2029 (the “Innovatus Loan”). We actively manage our cash usage and investment of liquid cash to ensure the maintenance of sufficient funds to meet our working capital needs. Our cash and cash equivalents are held in U.S. banks.

Our primary uses of capital for the foreseeable future, including the next 12 months, are for compensation and related expenses, research and development expenses including manufacturing costs, laboratory and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, and general overhead costs.

The following summarizes our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments balances and working capital as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,452	$	65,116
Short-term investments	$	52,803	$	—
Working capital	$	77,773	$	57,636

Sources of Capital

In addition to our existing cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and revenue generated through our existing operations, we are eligible to earn milestone and other contingent payments for the achievement of defined collaboration objectives under our collaboration agreements. Our ability to earn these milestone and contingent payments and the timing of achieving these milestones is primarily dependent upon the outcome of our collaborators’ research and development activities and is uncertain at this time.

We have historically experienced negative cash flows from operations as we continue to invest in key technology development projects and improvements to our CodeEvolver® technology platform, develop and commercialize new and existing products including our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform and expand our business development and collaboration with new customers. Our cash flows from operations will continue to be affected principally by product sales and product gross margins, sales from licensing our technology to major pharmaceutical companies, and collaborative research and development services provided to customers, as well as our headcount costs, primarily in research and development. Our primary source of cash flows from operating activities is cash receipts from our customers for purchases of products, collaborative research and development services, and licensing our technology to major pharmaceutical companies. Our largest uses of cash from operating activities are for employee-related expenditures, rent payments, inventory purchases to support our product sales and non-payroll research and development costs.

Loan Agreement and Term Loans

On February 13, 2024, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Innovatus consisting of two tranches, of which the first tranche of $30.0 million was completed upon execution of the Loan Agreement. We will be eligible to draw on the second tranche of $10.0 million upon achievement of certain milestones including certain pre-specified revenue thresholds. The Loan Agreement carries an interest-only period of 36 months and will bear an interest at a floating rate of the sum of (a) the greater of (i) prime rate and (ii) 7.50%, plus (b) 3.25%. The Company believes it is in compliance with the terms included within the Innovatus Loan as of September 30, 2024.

Sales Agreements

In May 2021, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (“EDA”) with Piper Sandler & Co (“PSC”), under which PSC, as our exclusive agent, at our discretion and at such times that we may determine from time to time, may sell over a three-year period from the execution of the EDA up to a maximum of $50.0 million of shares of our common stock. In 2023, 3,079,421 shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the EDA, all during the first half of 2023, and we received net proceeds of $7.9 million. On April 24, 2024, we terminated the EDA.

On May 2, 2024, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering℠ Sales Agreement (the “Cantor Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent (“Cantor”), under which Cantor, at our discretion and at such times that we may determine from time to time, may sell up to a maximum of $75.0 million of shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the Cantor Sales Agreement, Cantor may sell the shares at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. On May 2, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 registering the offer and sale of these shares under the Securities Act which became effective on May 14, 2024. We will pay a commission of up to 3.0% of gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the Cantor Sales Agreement. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 10,440,000 shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement and we received gross proceeds of $31.3 million, or $29.7 million in net proceeds after Cantor’s commissions and direct offering expenses of $1.6 million. As of September 30, 2024, $43.7 million of shares remained available for sale under the Cantor Sales Agreement.

Sales of our common stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement could be subject to business, economic or competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which may be beyond our control, and which could cause actual results from the sale of our common stock to differ materially from expectations.

Liquidity

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, combined with our future expectations for product revenues, research and development revenue, and expense management will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our capital resources sooner than we expect.

However, we may need additional capital if our current plans and assumptions change. In addition, we may choose to seek other sources of capital even if we believe we have generated sufficient cash flows to support our operating needs. Our need for additional capital will depend on many factors, including the financial success of our business, the spending required to develop and commercialize new and existing products including our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, the effect of any acquisitions of other businesses, technologies or facilities that we may make or develop in the future, our spending on new market opportunities, and the potential costs for the filing, prosecution, enforcement and defense of patent claims, if necessary. If our capital resources are insufficient to meet our capital requirements, and we are unable to enter into or maintain collaborations with partners that are able or willing to fund our development efforts or commercialize any products that we develop or enable, we will have to raise additional funds to continue the development of our technology and products and complete the commercialization of products, if any, resulting from our technologies. If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. In addition, under the Loan Agreement, we are subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business and could be subject to additional covenants to the extent we seek other debt financing in the future. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and fail to generate sufficient revenues to achieve planned gross margins and to control operating costs, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, develop products or technologies, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If this happens, we may be forced to delay or terminate development of new products or services, such as our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, or the commercialization of products resulting from our technologies, curtail or cease operations or obtain funds through collaborative and licensing arrangements that may require us to relinquish commercial rights, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If adequate funds are not available, we will not be able to successfully execute our business plan or continue our business.

Cash Flows

The following is a summary of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(32,942)	$	(41,601)
Net cash used in investing activities	(54,117)		(5,962)
Net cash provided by financing activities	59,390		8,167
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(27,669)	$	(39,396)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

The $8.7 million decrease in net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to the net effect of decreases in cash paid for operating expenses, primarily driven by the restructuring of our business in 2023 which included the assignment of our San Carlos facility lease in the fourth quarter of 2023, and changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

The $48.2 million increase in net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to higher cash utilized for purchases of short-term investments, partially offset by lower purchases of property and equipment during the period.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

The $51.2 million increase in net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily due to proceeds from the Innovatus Loan in February 2024 and proceeds from issuance of common stock under the Cantor Sales Agreement, partially offset by proceeds from issuance of common stock under the EDA during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies or estimates during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 from those discussed in our Annual Report.


ITEM 3.			QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk Management

Our cash flows and earnings are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and other factors. These market risk exposures are disclosed in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report.

Interest Rate Sensitivity

Our unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments in marketable securities total $90.3 million as of September 30, 2024. We primarily invest these amounts in money market funds and short-term debt which are held for working capital purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. As of September 30, 2024, the effect of a hypothetical 10% decrease in market interest rates would have a $0.4 million impact on a potential loss in future interest income and cash flows.

We are also exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates as a result of our indebtedness under the Innovatus Loan. At September 30, 2024, we had $30.0 million principal amount outstanding under the Innovatus Loan. The floating per annum interest rate of the Innovatus Loan is equal to the sum of (a) the greater of (i) prime rate published in the Money Rates section of the Wall Street Journal and (ii) 7.50%, plus (b) 3.25%; provided that, at the election of the Company, up to 2.00% of such rate shall be payable in-kind until the third anniversary of the closing date. An immediate 10% change in the prime interest rate would result in a $0.2 million impact on our results of operations over the next twelve months from September 30, 2024.

Foreign Currency Risk

Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. In periods when the United States dollar (“USD”) declines in value as compared to the foreign currencies in which we incur expenses, our foreign-currency based expenses increase when translated into USD. Although substantially all of our sales are denominated in USD, future fluctuations in the value of the USD may affect the price competitiveness of our products outside the United States. Our most significant foreign currency exposure is due to non-functional currency denominated monetary assets, primarily currencies denominated in other than their functional currency. These non-functional currency denominated monetary assets are subject to re-measurement which may create fluctuations in interest and other expense, net, a component in our consolidated statement of operations and in the fair value of the assets in the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2024, the effect of a hypothetical 10% unfavorable change in exchange rates on currencies denominated in other than their functional currency would result in a potential loss in future earnings in our consolidated statement of operations and a reduction in the fair value of the assets of approximately $41 thousand.

Investment in Non-Marketable Equity Securities

We own investments in non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair values. We may value these equity securities based on significant recent arms-length equity transactions with sophisticated non-strategic unrelated investors, providing the terms of these security transactions are substantially similar to the security transactions terms between the investors and us. The impact of the difference in transaction terms on the market value of the portfolio company may be difficult or impossible to quantify.


ITEM 4.			CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and with the participation of our disclosure committee, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined by Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on this review, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2024 at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, even if determined effective and no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives to prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


ITEM 1.			LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not currently a party to any material pending litigation or other material legal proceedings.


ITEM 1A.			RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below together with the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described below are not the only risks facing our company. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results. Additional discussion of the material risks and uncertainties summarized in this risk factor summary, as well as certain other risks and uncertainties that we face, can be found in this section.

RISK FACTORS SUMMARY

The following is a summary of the principal factors that cause an investment in the Company to be speculative or risky:

•We have a history of net losses and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.

•Biotherapeutic programs are highly regulated and expensive.

•We are dependent on a limited number of customers.

•Our product supply agreements with customers have finite duration and may not be extended or renewed.

•The demand for our product depends in part on our customers' research and development and the clinical and market success of their products.

•With respect to customers purchasing our products for the manufacture of API, the termination or expiration of such patent protection may materially and adversely affect our revenues, financial condition or results of operations.

•We are dependent on a limited number of contract manufacturers for large scale production of substantially all of our enzymes.

•We are dependent on our collaborators, and our failure to successfully manage these relationships could prevent us from developing and commercializing many of our products.

•If we are unable to develop and commercialize new products for the target markets, our business and prospects will be harmed.

•We have invested significant resources to enable enzymatic nucleic acid synthesis, which is based on novel ideas and technologies that are largely unproven.

•Future revenues from our sales of CDX-616 to Pfizer are subject to a number of factors which are outside of our control and may not materialize.

•Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically engineered products and processes could limit or prevent the use of our products, processes, and technologies and limit our revenues.

•We have recently enhanced our strategic focus to concentrate on certain programs and business lines. As a result of this refined focus on returning the foundational, revenue-generating pharmaceutical manufacturing business and the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, we may fail to capitalize on other opportunities that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

•Given our recent change in strategic direction, we may receive limited revenue or no future value from certain of our existing license agreements.

•We use hazardous materials in our business, and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations.

•As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq regarding our internal controls over financial reporting. We may not complete needed improvements to our internal controls over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock and your investment.

•We may need additional capital in the future in order to expand our business.

•We may not be able to comply with the terms of our Loan Agreement with Innovatus.

•Our ongoing efforts to deploy our technology in the life science tools market may fail.

•Even if our customers or collaborators obtain regulatory approval for any products utilizing our enzymes, such products will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements, which may result in significant additional expense.

•If we or our customers fail to comply with certain healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

•Our efforts to prosecute, maintain, protect and/or defend our intellectual property rights may not be successful.

•Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately prosecute, maintain, protect and/or defend our proprietary technology, products or services or our intellectual property rights.

•Third parties may claim that we are infringing, violating or misappropriating their intellectual property rights, which may subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation and prevent us from developing or commercializing our technology, products or services.

•We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

•We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

•If our biocatalysts are stolen, misappropriated or reverse engineered, others could use these biocatalysts to produce competing products.

•We are subject to anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and under Delaware law that could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company.

•Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and share price.

•Business interruptions resulting from disasters or other disturbances could delay us in the process of developing our products and could disrupt our sales.

•Evolving expectations around environmental, social and governance matters may expose us to reputational and other risks.

Risks Related to Our Business and Strategy

We have a history of net losses and we may not achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including losses of $76.2 million, $33.6 million, and $21.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and $54.9 million and $69.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $552.4 million and $497.5 million, respectively. If we are unable to continue to successfully develop and commercialize products in our pharmaceutical manufacturing business, increase sales of existing products and services, develop and commercialize our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, and or develop new products or services, or otherwise expand our business, whether through new or expanded collaborations or other products and services, our net losses may increase and we may never achieve profitability. In addition, some of our agreements, including the agreements with GSK, Merck, Novartis, Nestlé Health Science, Aldevron, Roche, Crosswalk Therapeutics and Alphazyme provide for milestone payments, usage payments, and/or future royalty or other payments, which we will only receive if we and/or our collaborators develop and commercialize products or achieve technical milestones. We also intend to continue to fund the development of additional proprietary performance enzyme products and advance new technologies like our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform. There can be no assurance that any of these products or services will become commercially viable or that we will ever achieve profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. If we fail to achieve profitability, or if the time required to achieve profitability is longer than we anticipate, we may not be able to continue our business. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Biotherapeutic programs are highly regulated and expensive, and our enzyme products are complex and subject to quality control requirements. The ability of our customers, future customers or collaborators, including any company developing RNAi and other RNA-based therapeutics, to advance product candidates utilizing our products to clinical trials and to ultimately receive regulatory approvals is highly uncertain.

Although we are no longer developing our own portfolio of biotherapeutics product candidates, we continue to develop enzyme products, including our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, that may be used by our customers, future customers or collaborators in connection with their biotherapeutic product candidates. The successful development of biotherapeutic candidates involves many risks and uncertainties, requires long timelines and may lead to uncertain results.

Our customers are subject to extensive regulations by the FDA and similar regulatory authorities in other countries for conducting clinical trials and commercializing products for therapeutic, vaccine or diagnostic use. These regulations result in our customers imposing quality requirements on us for the manufacture of our enzyme products through supplier qualification processes and customer contracts and specifications.

In order to market a biologic or drug product in the United States, our customers, future customers or collaborators must undergo the following process required by the FDA:

•completion of extensive preclinical laboratory tests and preclinical animal studies, all performed in accordance with the FDA's Good Laboratory Practice requirements;

•submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”), which must become effective before human clinical studies may begin in the United States;

•approval by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”) representing each clinical site before the clinical study may be initiated at the site;

•performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical studies in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”) requirements to establish the safety, purity and potency (or efficacy) of the product candidate for each proposed indication;

•preparation of and submission to the FDA of a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) or New Drug Application (“NDA”)after completion of all clinical studies;

•potential review of the product candidate by an FDA advisory committee;

•satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities where the product candidate is produced to assess compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”) requirements;

•FDA review and approval of a BLA or NDA prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the product in the United States; and

•any post-approval requirements, if applicable.

The regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and the results are inherently unpredictable. If our customers, future customers or collaborators are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for their biotherapeutic product candidates utilizing our enzyme products, our business may be harmed. In addition, if our customers, future customers or collaborators fail to comply with applicable FDA or other regulatory requirements at any time during the drug development process, clinical testing, the approval process or after approval, they may become subject to administrative or judicial penalties, including the FDA’s refusal to approve a pending application, withdrawal of an approval, warning letters, product recalls and additional enforcement actions, any of which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

We believe our enzyme products are exempt from compliance with the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and the current GMP (“cGMP”) regulations of the FDA, as our products are further processed and incorporated into final drug or biologic products by our customers and we do not make claims related to their safety or effectiveness. Our products are manufactured following the voluntary quality standards of ISO 9001:2015. In the event we, or our suppliers, produce products that fail to comply with required quality standards, we may incur delays in fulfilling orders, write-downs, damages resulting from product liability claims and harm to our reputation.

In the future, our products could become subject to more onerous regulation, or the FDA could disagree with our assessment that our enzyme products are exempt from current GMP regulations. In addition, the FDA could conclude that the products we provide to our customers are actually subject to the pharmaceutical, drug or biologic quality-related regulations for manufacturing, processing, packing or holding of drugs, biologics, or finished pharmaceuticals, and could take enforcement action against us, including requiring us to stop distribution of our products until we are in compliance with applicable regulations, which would reduce our revenue, increase our costs and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

We are dependent on a limited number of customers.

Although we continue to expand our customer base, our current revenues are derived from a limited number of key customers. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, customers that each individually contributed 10% or more of our total revenue accounted for 43% and 35% of our total revenues, respectively. We expect a limited number of customers to continue to account for a significant portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. This customer concentration increases the risk of quarterly fluctuations in our revenues and operating results. The loss or reduction of business from one or a combination of our significant customers could, materially adversely affect our revenues, financial condition and results of operations.

Our product supply agreements with customers have finite duration, may not be extended or renewed and generally do not require the customer to purchase any particular quantity or quantities of our products.

Our product supply agreements with customers generally have a finite duration, may not be extended or renewed and generally do not require the customer to purchase any particular quantity or quantities of our products. While our products are not considered commodities and may not be easily substituted for by our customers, particularly when our products are used in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients, our customers may nevertheless terminate or fail to renew their product supply agreements with us or significantly curtail their purchases thereunder under certain circumstances. We are working to develop new relationships with existing or new customers, but despite these efforts we may not, at the time that any of our existing product supply agreements expire or are terminated, or purchases thereunder curtailed, have other contracts in place generating similar or material revenue. Any such expiration, termination or reduction could materially adversely affect our revenues, financial condition and results of operations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we derived a majority of our product revenue from these product supply agreements.

The demand for our products depends in part on our customers’ research and development and the clinical and market success of their products. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed if our customers spend less on, or are less successful in, these activities. In addition, customer spending may be affected by, among other things, general market and economic conditions beyond our control.

Our customers are engaged in research, development, production, and marketing of pharmaceutical products and intermediates. The amount our customers spend on research, development, production, and marketing, as well as the outcomes of such research, development, and marketing activities, have a large impact on our sales and profitability, particularly the amount our customers choose to spend on our offerings. Available resources, the need to develop new products, and consolidation in the industries in which our customers operate may have an impact on such spending. Our customers and potential customers finance their research and development spending from private and public sources. A reduction in available financing for and spending by our customers, for these reasons or because of continued unstable or unpredictable economic and marketplace conditions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If our customers are not successful in attaining or retaining product sales due to market conditions, reimbursement issues, or other factors, our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

With respect to customers purchasing our products for the manufacture of APIs for which they have exclusivity due to patent protection, the termination or expiration of such patent protection and any resulting generic competition may materially and adversely affect our revenues, financial condition or results of operations.

With respect to customers purchasing our products for the manufacture of API, or lead to the manufacture of API, for which exclusivity due to patent protection has or is about to expire, we can expect that the quantity of our products sold to such customers for such products may decline as generic competition for the API increases. While we anticipate that we may, in some cases, also be able to sell products to these generic competitors for the manufacture of these APIs, or lead to the manufacture of these APIs, the overall effect on our revenues, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adverse.

We are dependent on a limited number of contract manufacturers for large scale production of substantially all of our enzymes. We are working to qualify new contract manufacturers to produce certain of our enzymes, however those efforts may not be successful and therefore we may experience limitations on our ability to supply our enzymes to customers.

Manufacturing of our enzymes is conducted primarily in four locations: our in-house facility in Redwood City, California, and at three third-party contract manufacturing organizations, Lactosan in Kapfenberg, Austria, ACSD in Anagni, Italy, and Sekisui in Maidstone, United Kingdom. Generally, we perform smaller scale manufacturing in-house and outsource the larger scale manufacturing to these contract manufacturers. We have limited internal capacity to manufacture enzymes. As a result, we are dependent upon the performance and capacity of third-party manufacturers for the larger scale manufacturing of the enzymes used in our pharmaceutical and life sciences businesses.

Accordingly, we face risks of difficulties with, and interruptions in, performance by third party manufacturers, the occurrence of which could adversely impact the availability, launch and/or sales of our enzymes in the future. Enzyme manufacturing capacity limitations at our third-party manufacturers and manufacturing delays could negatively affect our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. The failure of any contract manufacturer to supply us our required volumes of enzyme on a timely basis, or to manufacture our enzymes in compliance with our specifications or applicable quality requirements or in volumes sufficient to meet demand, would adversely affect our ability to sell pharmaceutical and complex chemicals products, could harm our relationships with our customers or collaborators and could negatively affect our revenues and operating results. We may be forced to secure alternative sources of supply, which may be unavailable on commercially acceptable terms, and could cause delays in our ability to deliver products to our customers, increase our costs and decrease our profit margins.

We currently have supply agreements in place with Lactosan, ACSD and Sekisui. In the absence of a supply agreement, a contract manufacturer will be under no obligation to manufacture our enzymes and could elect to discontinue their manufacture at any time. If we require additional manufacturing capacity and are unable to obtain it in sufficient quantity, we may not be able to increase our product sales, or we may be required to make substantial capital investments to build that capacity or to contract with other manufacturers on terms that may be less favorable than the terms we currently have with our suppliers. If we choose to build our own additional manufacturing facility, it could take several years or longer before our facility is able to produce commercial volumes of our enzymes. Any resources we expend on acquiring or building internal manufacturing capabilities could be at the expense of other potentially more profitable opportunities. In addition, if we contract with other manufacturers, we may experience delays of several months in qualifying them, which could harm our relationships with our customers or collaborators and could negatively affect our revenues or operating results.

We are dependent on our collaborators, and our failure to successfully manage these relationships could prevent us from developing and commercializing many of our products and achieving or sustaining profitability, and could lead to disagreements with our current or former collaborators.

Our ability to maintain and manage collaborations in our markets is fundamental to the success of our business. We currently have license agreements, research and development agreements, supply agreements and/or distribution agreements with various collaborators. For example, we have ongoing collaborations and agreements with GSK, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Aldevron and Alphazyme that are important to our business and financial results. We may have limited or no control over the amount or timing of resources that any collaborator is able or willing to devote to our partnered products or collaborative efforts. Any of our collaborators may fail to perform its obligations. These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct their collaborative activities successfully and in a timely manner. Further, our collaborators may not develop products arising out of our collaborative arrangements or devote sufficient resources to the development, manufacture, marketing or sale of these products. Moreover, disagreements with a collaborator could develop, and any conflict with a collaborator could lead to litigation, reduce our ability to enter into future collaboration agreements and negatively impact our relationships with one or more existing collaborators. If any of these events occur, especially if they occur in our collaborations with GSK, Merck or Novartis, or if we fail to maintain our agreements with our collaborators, we may not be able to commercialize our existing and potential products or grow our business or generate sufficient revenues to support our operations, we may not receive contemplated milestone payments and royalties under the collaboration, and we may be involved in litigation. Our collaboration opportunities could be harmed and our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively affected if:

•we do not achieve our research and development objectives under our collaboration agreements in a timely manner or at all;

•we develop products and processes or enter into additional collaborations that conflict with the business objectives of our other collaborators;

•our collaborators and/or our contract manufacturers do not receive the required regulatory and other approvals necessary for the commercialization of the applicable product;

•we disagree with our collaborators as to rights to intellectual property that are developed during the collaboration, or their research programs or commercialization activities;

•we are unable to manage multiple simultaneous collaborations;

•our collaborators or licensees are unable or unwilling to implement or use the technology or products that we provide or license to them;

•our collaborators become competitors of ours or enter into agreements with our competitors;

•our collaborators become unable or less willing to expend their resources on research and development or commercialization efforts due to general market conditions, their financial condition or other circumstances beyond our control; or

•our collaborators experience business difficulties, which could eliminate or impair their ability to effectively perform under our agreements.

Even after collaboration relationships expire or terminate, some elements of the collaboration may survive. For instance, certain rights, licenses and obligations of each party with respect to intellectual property and program materials may survive the expiration or termination of the collaboration. Disagreements or conflicts between and among the parties could develop even though the collaboration has ended. These disagreements or conflicts could result in expensive arbitration or litigation, which may not be resolved in our favor.

Finally, our business could be negatively affected if any of our collaborators or suppliers undergoes a change of control or were to otherwise assign the rights or obligations under any of our agreements.

If we are unable to develop and commercialize new products for the pharmaceutical, biotherapeutics, diagnostics and life science tools markets, our business and prospects will be harmed.

We plan to launch new products for the pharmaceutical, biotherapeutics, diagnostics and other life science tools markets such as our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform. These efforts are subject to numerous risks, including the following:

•customers in these markets may be reluctant to adopt new manufacturing processes that use our enzymes;

•we may be unable to successfully develop the enzymes or manufacturing processes for our products in a timely and cost-effective manner, if at all;

•we may face difficulties in transferring the developed technologies to our customers and the contract manufacturers that we may use for commercial scale production of intermediates and enzymes in these markets;

•the biotherapeutics products that use our tools may not receive regulatory approval or be commercially viable;

•the contract manufacturers that we may use may be unable to scale their manufacturing operations to meet the demand for these products and we may be unable to secure additional manufacturing capacity;

•customers may not be willing to purchase these products for these markets from us on favorable terms, if at all;

•we may face product liability litigation, unexpected safety or efficacy concerns and product recalls or withdrawals;

•our customers’ products may experience adverse events or face competition from new products, which would reduce demand for our products;

•we may face pressure from existing or new competitive products; and

•we may face pricing pressures from existing or new competitors, some of which may benefit from government subsidies or other incentives.

We have invested significant resources to enable enzymatic nucleic acid synthesis, which is based on novel ideas and technologies that are largely unproven.

Our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform is currently in development to enable the commercial-scale manufacture of RNAi and other RNA-based therapeutics through an enzymatic route. While we believe enzymatic nucleic acid synthesis will offer certain improvements over phosphoramidite chemistry, including with respect to required infrastructure investments, batch size limitations and waste disposal challenges, the enzymatic route is novel and has not yet been commercialized. As such, we may be faced with unforeseen results, delays and setbacks, in addition to the other foreseeable risks and uncertainties associated with the ongoing development of the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform and other products.

Other challenges with a new technology such as our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform include having an unknown and unproven development and regulatory path, uncertainly around the value that we can realize from the technology, uncertainty around the timeline for adoption of the technology by customers, and uncertainly around our ability to secure supply of necessary materials or to manufacture at GMP scale and partner with customers on manufacturing and utilizing the technology. We may also be unable to achieve the expected benefits of the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform in a timely manner or at all.

There can be no assurance that these events we may experience in the future related to enzymatic synthesis will not cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, or that such development problems can be solved. Any delay or difficulties in developing and commercializing our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform or any of our other current or future products could adversely affect our business and operations.

Competitors and potential competitors who have greater resources and experience than we do may develop products and technologies that make ours obsolete or may use their greater resources to gain market share at our expense.

The biocatalysis and performance enzyme industries and each of our target markets are characterized by rapid technological change. Our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. In addition, as we enter new markets, we will face new competition and will need to adapt to competitive factors that may be different from those we face today.

We are aware that other companies, including DSM, BASF, Bayer and Novozymes have alternative methods for obtaining and generating genetic diversity or use mutagenesis techniques to produce genetic diversity. Academic institutions such as the California Institute of Technology, the Max Planck Institute and the Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology are also working in this field. Technological development by others may result in our technology, products and services, as well as products developed by our customers using our biocatalysts, becoming obsolete.

Our primary competitors in the performance enzymes for the pharmaceutical products markets include (i) companies marketing either conventional, non-enzymatic processes or biocatalytic enzymes; (ii) manufacturers of pharmaceutical intermediates and APIs; and (iii) existing in-house technologies (both biocatalysts and conventional catalysts) within our client and potential client companies. The principal methods of competition and competitive differentiation in this market are price, product quality and performance, including manufacturing yield, safety and environmental benefits, and speed of delivery of product. Pharmaceutical manufacturers that use biocatalytic processes can face increased competition from manufacturers that use more conventional processes and/or manufacturers that are based in regions (such as India and China) with lower regulatory, safety and environmental costs.

The market for the manufacture and supply of APIs and intermediates is large with many established companies. These companies include many of our large innovator and generic pharmaceutical customers, such as Merck, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers, Kyorin, Urovant, and Teva which have significant internal research and development efforts directed at developing processes to manufacture APIs and intermediates. The processes used by these companies include classical conventional organic chemistry reactions, chemo catalytic reactions, biocatalytic reactions or combinations thereof. Our biocatalytic based manufacturing processes must compete with these internally developed routes. Additionally, we also face competition from companies developing and marketing conventional catalysts such as Solvias Inc., BASF and Takasago International Corporation.

The market for supplying enzymes for use in pharmaceutical manufacturing is quite fragmented. There is competition from large industrial enzyme companies, such as Novozymes and DuPont, as well as subsidiaries of larger contract research/contract manufacturing organizations, such as DSM, Cambrex Corporation, Lonza, WuXi STA and Almac Group Ltd. Some fermentation pathway design companies, like Ginkgo Bioworks (who recently acquired Zymergen), whose traditional focus has been to design microorganisms that express small molecule chemicals, could extend into designing organisms that express enzymes. There is also competition in the enzyme customization and optimization area from several smaller companies, such as BRAIN AG, Arzeda, c-LEcta GmbH and Evocatal GmbH.

We face competitive challenges related to our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform. Phosphoramidite chemistry is the current and long-established industry standard for the manufacture of RNA therapeutics. Primary competitors in this space include CDMOs, such as Agilent Technologies, which has made significant capital investment to expand their RNA manufacturing capabilities using phosphoramidite chemistry. In addition, CDMOs and large pharmaceutical companies are seeking to make incremental improvements to phosphoramidite chemistry, including the development of ligation-based approaches, liquid-phase synthesis, and solvent recycling. There are also multiple early-stage competitors who are pursuing fully enzymatic approaches to the manufacture of RNA, including EnPlusOne, a private startup company, and a UK-based consortium led by CPI and consisting of multiple academic and research organizations, including The University of Manchester and large pharmaceutical companies, including AstraZeneca plc and Novartis.

Our ability to compete successfully in any of these markets will depend on our ability to develop proprietary products that reach the market in a timely manner and are technologically superior to and/or are less expensive than other products on the market. Many of our competitors have substantially greater production, financial, research and development, personnel and marketing resources than we do. They also started developing products earlier than we did, which may allow them to establish blocking intellectual property positions or bring products to market before we can. In addition, certain of our competitors may also benefit from local government subsidies and other incentives that are not available to us. As a result, our competitors may be able to develop competing and/or superior technologies and processes and compete more aggressively and sustain that competition over a longer period of time than we could. Our technologies and products may be rendered obsolete or uneconomical by technological advances or entirely different approaches developed by one or more of our competitors. We cannot be certain that any products we develop in the future will compare favorably to products offered by our competitors or that our existing or future products will compare favorably to any new products that are developed by our competitors. As more companies develop new intellectual property in our markets, the possibility of a competitor acquiring patent or other rights that may limit our products or potential products increases, and could additionally lead to litigation.

Our limited resources relative to many of our competitors may cause us to fail to anticipate or respond adequately to new developments and other competitive pressures. This failure could reduce our competitiveness and market share, adversely affect our results of operations and financial position, and prevent us from obtaining or maintaining profitability.

Revenues in future years from our sales of CDX-616 to Pfizer are subject to a number of factors which are outside of our control and may not materialize.

Starting the first and second quarters of 2021, we began to receive purchase orders from Pfizer for large quantities of our proprietary enzyme product, CDX-616, for use by Pfizer in the manufacture of a critical intermediate for its proprietary active pharmaceutical ingredient, nirmatrelvir. Pfizer markets, sells and distributes nirmatrelvir, in combination with the active pharmaceutical ingredient ritonavir, as its PAXLOVID™ (nirmatrelvir tablets; ritonavir tablets) product, which received FDA approval in May 2023 for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.

Potential revenues in future years from our sales of CDX-616 to Pfizer and other potential customers (including sublicensees of Pfizer technology from The Medicines Patent Pool (the “MPP”)) are subject to a number of factors which are outside of our control, including, without limitation, the following, all of which could reduce or eliminate our sales of CDX-616, and therefore materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition:

•Pfizer has no future binding commitment to purchase any particular quantity or quantities of CDX-616 from us, and we are dependent upon Pfizer continuing to place orders with us (whether on a spot basis or under a long-term agreement, when and if executed) for their requirements, if any, for CDX-616;

•to our knowledge, sublicensees of Pfizer technology from the MPP have no obligation to purchase CDX-616 from us under their sublicenses with the MPP;

•future vaccine development and usage and the development and usage of other new therapies for the treatment or elimination of COVID-19 may eliminate or reduce demand for PAXLOVID™;

•new variants of COVID-19 may emerge which PAXLOVID™ is not effective in treating;

•Pfizer could reformulate or make changes in the manufacturing process for nirmatrelvir which would eliminate or reduce demand for the use of CDX-616 in its manufacture;

•sublicensees of Pfizer technology for the manufacture, sale and distribution of PAXLOVID™ from the MPP may not utilize CDX-616 in the manufacture of nirmatrelvir;

•national and regional governmental authorities (including those of the United States government) may mandate that raw materials and intermediates used in the manufacture of PAXLOVID™ to be marketed, sold and distributed within the borders of that country be domestically produced, which could eliminate or reduce demand for the use of CDX-616 in such country; and

•we may be unable (because of lack of available manufacturing capacity at our contract manufacturers, supply chain disruptions or an inability to obtain applicable regulatory approvals) to manufacture the quantities of CDX-616 that Pfizer may desire to purchase from us.

We have investments in non-marketable securities, which may subject us to significant impairment charges.

We have investments in illiquid or non-marketable equity securities acquired in private transactions. As of September 30, 2024, 3.9% of our consolidated assets consisted of investment securities, which are illiquid investments. Investments in non-marketable, securities are inherently risky and difficult to value. We account for our non-marketable equity securities under the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value of our non-marketable equity investments is adjusted to fair value for observable transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer or impairment. We evaluate our investment in non-marketable securities when circumstances indicate that we may not be able to recover the carrying value. We may impair these securities and establish an allowance for a credit loss when we determine that there has been an “other-than-temporary” decline in estimated fair value of the equity security compared to its carrying value. The impairment analysis requires significant judgment to identify events or circumstances that would likely have a material adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. Future impairment charges from the write down in value of these securities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically engineered products and processes could limit or prevent the use of our technology, products and processes and limit our revenues.

Some of our technology, products and services, such as our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, are genetically engineered or involve the use of genetically engineered products or genetic engineering technologies. If we and/or our collaborators are not able to overcome the ethical, legal, and social concerns relating to genetic engineering, our technology, products and services may not be accepted. Any of the risks discussed below could result in increased expenses, delays, or other impediments to our programs or the public acceptance and commercialization of products and processes dependent on our technologies or inventions. Our ability to develop and commercialize one or more of our technologies, products, or processes could be limited by the following factors:

•public attitudes about the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, genetic research and genetically engineered products and processes, which could influence public acceptance of our technologies, products and processes;

•public attitudes regarding, and potential changes to laws governing ownership of, genetic material, which could harm our intellectual property rights with respect to our genetic material and/or discourage collaborators from supporting, developing, or commercializing our technology, products and services; and

•governmental reaction to negative publicity concerning genetically modified organisms, which could result in greater government regulation of genetic research and derivative products.

The subject of genetically modified organisms has received negative publicity, which has aroused public debate. This adverse publicity could lead to greater regulation and trade restrictions on imports of genetically altered products. The biocatalysts that we develop have significantly enhanced characteristics compared to those found in naturally occurring enzymes or microbes. While we produce our biocatalysts only for use in a controlled industrial environment, the release of such biocatalysts into uncontrolled environments could have unintended consequences. Any adverse effect resulting from such a release could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition, damage our reputation, and/or expose us to liability for any resulting harm.

We have recently enhanced our strategic focus to concentrate on certain programs and business lines. As a result of this refined focus, we may fail to capitalize on other opportunities that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we have recently focused our efforts on developing certain programs and business lines. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of business opportunities that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Further our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. In addition, our spending on current and future research and development programs, such as ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform that is in development, may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular program or business line, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

Given our recent change in strategic direction, we may receive limited revenue or no future value from certain of our existing license agreements.

While we have historically invested significant time and financial resources in the development of biotherapeutics assets, we announced we are terminating investment in our biotherapeutics business and in other programs. As a result, we are renegotiating some of these, along with other license agreements for product candidates in our biotherapeutics, food and feed, and non-core life science assets. For example, we entered into the Acquisition Agreement with Nestlé Health Science under which they acquired rights to our co-developed lipase enzyme CDX-7108 and we received an upfront payment and the right to downstream milestones and royalties, terminating our prior SCA and development agreement with Nestlé Health Science. While we are working to amend or terminate some of our agreements and enter into new agreements in such a way that we may be able to receive future revenue or other benefits, we may be unsuccessful in doing so. As a result, it remains uncertain as to whether we will receive any value or benefit from these license agreements going forward. Further, renegotiating these agreements may be costly and could divert management attention, which could have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Our efforts to deploy our technology in the life science tools markets may fail.

We have used our CodeEvolver® directed evolution technology platform to develop new products for customers using NGS and PCR/qPCR for in vitro molecular diagnostic applications. While we have entered into license agreements for products in this market, we do not know if our partners or licensees can successfully compete in this market. This new market is well established and consists of numerous large, well-funded entrenched market participants who have long and established track records and customer relationships.

We use hazardous materials in our business and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials or noncompliance of applicable laws and regulations could be time consuming and costly and could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our research and development, manufacturing, and commercial processes involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemical, radioactive and biological materials, such as acetonitrile, which is used in some of our purification processes. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We cannot eliminate entirely the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. Federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of, and human exposure to, these materials. We may face liability for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Although we believe that our activities comply in all material respects with environmental laws, there can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur in the future as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes. Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, third party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production or a cessation of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be joint and several and without regard to comparative fault. Environmental laws could become more stringent over time imposing greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business. In addition, we may be required to indemnify some of our customers or suppliers for losses related to our failure to comply with environmental laws, which could expose us to significant liabilities.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

In general, under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), to offset future taxable income. If the Internal Revenue Service challenges our analysis that our existing NOLs are not subject to limitations arising from previous ownership changes, our ability to utilize NOLs could be limited by Section 382 of the Code. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control, could result in an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code. Furthermore, our ability to utilize NOLs of companies that we may acquire in the future may be subject to limitations. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of the NOLs reflected in our financial statements, even if we attain profitability.

As a public reporting company, we are subject to rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq regarding our internal controls over financial reporting. We may not complete needed improvements to our internal controls over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock and your investment.

We are subject to the rules and regulations established from time to time by the SEC and Nasdaq. These rules regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal controls over financial reporting. As part of these evaluations, material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting may be identified. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal controls over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. While we were able to remediate previously identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, there can be no guarantee we will not identify similar or other material weaknesses in the future and if such material weaknesses are identified, there can be no guarantee we would be able to remediate such material weaknesses. Any material weaknesses in our internal controls may adversely affect our ability to record, process, summarize and accurately report timely financial information and, as a result, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements or omissions.

Reporting obligations as a public company place a considerable strain on our financial and management systems, processes and controls, as well as on our personnel. In addition, as a public company we are required to document and test our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Likewise, while we currently qualify as a “smaller reporting company” under the SEC rules, for any fiscal years in which we are not considered a smaller reporting company, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K. If our management is unable to certify the effectiveness of our internal controls or if our independent registered public accounting firm cannot deliver a report attesting to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, or if we identify or fail to remediate material weaknesses in our internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny and a loss of public confidence, which could seriously harm our reputation and the market price of our common stock. In addition, if we do not maintain adequate financial and management personnel, processes and controls, we may not be able to manage our business effectively or accurately report our financial performance on a timely basis, which could cause a decline in our common stock price and may seriously harm our business.

We may need additional capital in the future in order to expand our business.

Our future capital requirements may be substantial, particularly as we continue to develop our business. Although we believe that, based on our current level of operations, our existing cash, cash equivalents and equity securities will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months, we may need additional capital if our current plans and assumptions change. Our need for additional capital will depend on many factors, including the financial success of our performance enzyme business, our spending to develop and commercialize new and existing enzyme products and the amount of collaboration funding we may receive to help cover the cost of such expenditures, the effect of any acquisitions of other businesses, technologies or facilities that we may make or develop in the future, our spending on new market opportunities, including the ongoing commercialization of our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, scaling the ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform to GMP capability, and the filing, prosecution, enforcement and defense of patent claims. If our capital resources are insufficient to meet our capital requirements, and we are unable to enter into or maintain collaborations with partners that are able or willing to fund our development efforts or commercialize any enzyme products that we develop or enable, we will have to raise additional funds to continue the development of our technology and products and complete the commercialization of products, if any, resulting from our technologies.

In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations, such as funding the ongoing commercialization of our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform and a GMP manufacturing facility, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. We may seek to obtain such additional capital through equity offerings, including pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement, debt financings, credit facilities and/or strategic collaborations. If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. In addition, under our Loan Agreement, we are subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business and could be subject to additional covenants to the extent we seek other debt financing in the future. Strategic collaborations may also place restrictions on our business. We may not be able to raise sufficient additional funds on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and fail to generate sufficient revenues to achieve planned gross margins and to control operating costs, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, develop products or technologies, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If this happens, we may be forced to delay or terminate research or development programs or the commercialization of products resulting from our technologies, curtail or cease operations or obtain funds through collaborative and licensing arrangements that may require us to relinquish commercial rights, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If adequate funds are not available, we will not be able to successfully execute our business plan or continue our business.

Covenants and other provisions in our Loan Agreement with Innovatus restrict our business and operations in many ways, and if we do not effectively manage our covenants, our financial conditions and results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, our operations may not provide sufficient cash to meet the repayment obligations of our debt incurred under the Loan Agreement.

Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, Innovatus has been granted a security interest in substantially all of our assets. If an event of default occurs under the Loan Agreement, Innovatus may foreclose on its security interest and liquidate some or all of these assets, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the event of a default in connection with our bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, or reorganization, Innovatus would have a prior right to substantially all of our assets to the exclusion of our general unsecured creditors. Only after satisfying the claims of Innovatus and any unsecured creditors would any amount be available for our equity holders.

The pledge of these assets and other restrictions imposed in the Loan Agreement may limit our flexibility in raising capital for other purposes. Because substantially all of our assets are pledged to secure the Loan Agreement obligations, our ability to incur additional indebtedness or to sell or dispose of assets to raise capital may be impaired, which could have an adverse effect on our financial flexibility.

In addition, if we are unable to comply with certain financial and operating restrictions in the Loan Agreement, we may be limited in our business activities and access to credit or may default under the Loan Agreement. Provisions in the Loan Agreement impose restrictions or require prior approval on our ability, and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to, among other things:

•sell, lease or transfer certain parts of our business or property, including equity interests of our subsidiaries;

•engage in new lines of business;

•acquire new companies and merge or consolidate;

•incur additional debt or guarantee the indebtedness of others or our subsidiaries;

•create liens or encumbrances;

•pay cash dividends and make distributions or redeem or repurchase our capital stock;

•make certain investments;

•enter into transactions with affiliates; and

•terminate or, in certain cases, amend our material agreements.

The Loan Agreement also contains other customary covenants. We may not be able to comply with these covenants in the future. Our failure to comply with these covenants may result in the declaration of an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, may result in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness outstanding under the Loan Agreement and would require us to pay all amounts outstanding. If the maturity of our indebtedness is accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds then available for repayment or we may not have the ability to borrow or obtain sufficient funds to replace the accelerated indebtedness on terms acceptable to us or at all. Our failure to repay our obligations under the Loan Agreement would result in Innovatus foreclosing on all or a portion of our assets, which could force us to curtail or cease our operations.

If we engage in any acquisitions, we will incur a variety of costs and may potentially face numerous risks that could adversely affect our business and operations.

We have made acquisitions in the past, and if appropriate opportunities become available, we expect to acquire additional businesses, assets, technologies, or products to enhance our business in the future. For example, in October 2010, we acquired substantially all of the patents and other intellectual property rights associated with Maxygen Inc.’s directed evolution technology.

In connection with any future acquisitions, we could:

•issue additional equity securities, which would dilute our current stockholders;

•incur substantial debt to fund the acquisitions;

•use our cash to fund the acquisitions; or

•assume significant liabilities including litigation risk.

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including problems integrating the purchased operations, technologies or products, unanticipated costs and other liabilities, diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses, adverse effects on existing business relationships with current and/or prospective collaborators, customers and/or suppliers, risks associated with entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience and potential loss of key employees. We do not have extensive experience in managing the integration process and we may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses, assets, products, technologies or personnel that we might acquire in the future without a significant expenditure of operating, financial and management resources, if at all. The integration process could divert management’s time from focusing on operating our business, result in a decline in employee morale and cause retention issues to arise from changes in compensation, reporting relationships, future prospects or the direction of the business. Acquisitions may also require us to record goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and incur large and immediate write offs and restructuring and other related expenses, all of which could harm our operating results and financial condition. In addition, we may acquire companies that have insufficient internal financial controls, which could impair our ability to integrate the acquired company and adversely impact our financial reporting. If we fail in our integration efforts with respect to any of our acquisitions and are unable to efficiently operate as a combined organization, our business and financial condition may be adversely affected.

COVID-19 has adversely affected, and any resurgence of COVID-19 pandemic or another global health epidemic may in the future, directly or indirectly, adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

COVID-19 has had a significant impact globally, prompting governments and businesses to take unprecedented measures in response. In the United States, COVID-19 has and may continue in the future to, directly or indirectly, adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In the future, our business could be materially adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by the widespread outbreak of contagious disease, such as COVID-19 or any resurgence thereof. If national, state and local governments in affected regions implement safety precautions, similar to those implemented in response to COVID-19, including quarantines, border closures, increased border controls, travel restrictions, governmental orders and shutdowns, business closures, cancellations of public gatherings and other measures, such precautions could, and for COVID-19 did, disrupt normal business operations both in and outside of affected areas and could have significant negative impacts on businesses and financial markets worldwide.

The impact of COVID-19 has had, and any resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic or another pandemic or public health crisis, could in the future have, significant repercussions across regional, national and global economies and financial markets, and could trigger a period of regional, national and global economic slowdown or regional, national or global recessions. The outbreak of COVID-19 in many countries adversely impacted regional, national and global economic activity and has continued to contribute to significant volatility and negative pressure in financial markets. As a result, we may experience difficulty accessing debt and equity capital on attractive terms, or at all, due to the severe disruption and instability in the global financial markets. In addition, our customers may terminate or amend their agreements for the purchase of our technology, products and services due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, lack of funding, operational failures or other reasons.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

Even if our customers, future customers or collaborators obtain regulatory approval for any products utilizing our enzymes, such products will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements, which may result in significant additional expense.

Any products that receives FDA approval will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for manufacturing, labeling, packaging, distribution, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information, among other things. Any regulatory approvals received for such products may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which they may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing and surveillance studies. For example, the holder of an approved NDA or BLA in the United States is obligated to monitor and report adverse events and any failure of a product to meet the specifications in the NDA or BLA. In the United States, the holder of an approved NDA or BLA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process. Similar provisions apply in the European Union (the “EU”). Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws. Similarly, in the EU any promotion of medicinal products is highly regulated and, depending on the specific jurisdiction involved, may require prior vetting by the competent national regulatory authority. In addition, product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP requirements and adherence to commitments made in the NDA, BLA or foreign marketing application.

If our customers, future customers or our collaborators or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of that product, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product, the manufacturing facility or our customers or collaborators, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

In addition, if our customers or collaborators fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the FDA and other regulatory authorities may:

•issue an untitled letter or a warning letter asserting a violation of the law;

•seek an injunction, impose civil or criminal penalties, and impose monetary fines, restitution or disgorgement of profits or revenues;

•suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

•issue safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases or other communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product;

•mandate modification of promotional materials and labeling and issuance of corrective information;

•issue consent decrees or corporate integrity agreements, or debar or exclude from federal healthcare programs;

•suspend or terminate any ongoing clinical trials or implement requirements to conduct post-marketing studies or clinical trials;

•refuse to approve a pending NDA, BLA or comparable foreign marketing application (or any supplements thereto);

•restrict the labeling, marketing, distribution, use or manufacturing of products;

•seize or detain products or otherwise require the withdrawal or recall of products from the market;

•refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications;

•refuse to permit the import or export of products; or

•refuse government contracts.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may also inhibit our customers or collaborators’ ability to commercialize products and our ability to generate revenues.

In addition, the FDA’s policies, and policies of foreign regulatory agencies, may change, including due to judicial challenges, and additional regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

If we or our customers fail to comply with certain healthcare laws, including fraud and abuse laws, we could face substantial penalties and our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

The healthcare industry is highly regulated. We, and our customers, are subject to various local, state, federal, national, and international laws and regulations, which include laws and regulations promulgated by the FDA, HHS, state boards of pharmacy, state health departments, and similar regulatory bodies in other countries. Additionally, our business operations and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, and consultants, among others, may expose us and our customers to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal civil False Claims Act, the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, and analogous state laws. These laws may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we will conduct our operations. Because of the breadth of these laws and narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exceptions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be regulated by or subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. We cannot ensure that our compliance controls, policies, and procedures will in every instance protect us from acts of our employees, agents, contractors, or collaborators that turn out to violate any of the laws described above. If we or our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could materially adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results.

Ongoing healthcare legislative and regulatory reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. Some of these initiatives, such as ongoing healthcare reform, including with respect to reforming drug pricing, adverse changes in governmental or private funding of healthcare products and services, legislation or regulations governing patient access to care, and the delivery, coverage, pricing, and reimbursement of pharmaceuticals and healthcare services may cause our customers to change the amount of our offerings that they purchase from us or the price they are willing to pay us for these offerings. If cost-containment efforts or other healthcare reform measures limit our customers’ profitability, they may decrease research and development spending, which could decrease the demand for our products and services and materially adversely affect our growth prospects. Any of these factors could harm our customers’ businesses, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and prospects.

We cannot predict the likelihood, nature, or extent of other health reform initiatives that may arise from future legislative, administrative, or other action. Any substantial revision of applicable healthcare legislation could have a material adverse effect on the demand for our customers’ products, which in turn could have a negative impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or business. Changes in the healthcare industry’s pricing, selling, inventory, distribution, or supply policies or practices, or in public or government sentiment for the industry as a whole, could also significantly reduce our revenue and results of operations.

Compliance with European Union chemical regulations could be costly and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Some of our products are subject to the EU regulatory regime known as The Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (“REACH”). REACH mandates that certain chemicals manufactured in, or imported into, the EU be registered and evaluated for their potential effects on human health and the environment. Under REACH, we and our contract manufacturers located in the EU are required to register certain of our products based on the quantity of such product imported into or manufactured in the EU and on the product’s intended end-use. The registration, evaluation and authorization process under REACH can be costly and time consuming. Problems or delays in the registration, evaluation or authorization process under REACH could delay or prevent the manufacture of some of our products in, or the importation of some of our products into, the EU, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, if we or our contract manufacturers fail to comply with REACH, we may be subject to penalties or other enforcement actions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The biopharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive regulatory obligations and policies that are subject to change, including due to judicial challenges.

On June 28, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion holding that courts reviewing agency action pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act “must exercise their independent judgment” and “may not defer to an agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” The decision will have a significant impact on how lower courts evaluate challenges to agency interpretations of law, including those by the FDA and other agencies with significant oversight of the biopharmaceutical industry. The new framework is likely to increase both the frequency of such challenges and their odds of success by eliminating one way in which the government previously prevailed in such cases. As a result, significant regulatory policies will be subject to increased litigation judicial scrutiny. Any resulting changes in regulation may result in unexpected delays, increased costs, or other negative impacts on our business that are difficult to predict.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Information Technology

Our efforts to prosecute, maintain, protect and/or defend our intellectual property rights may not be successful.

We will continue to file and prosecute patent applications and maintain trade secrets in an ongoing effort to protect our intellectual property rights. It is possible that our current patents, or patents which we may later acquire, may be successfully challenged or invalidated, in whole or in part. It is also possible that we may not obtain issued patents from our pending patent applications. We sometimes permit certain patents or patent applications to lapse or go abandoned under appropriate circumstances. Due to uncertainties inherent in prosecuting patent applications, sometimes patent applications are rejected, and we subsequently abandon them. It is also possible that we may develop proprietary technology, products or services in the future that are not patentable or that the patents of others will limit or altogether preclude our ability to conduct business. In addition, any patent issued to us or to our licensor may provide us with little or no competitive advantage, in which case we may abandon such patent, license it to another entity or terminate the license agreement.

Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate and our competitors may independently develop technologies, products or services that are identical or similar to ours or that compete with ours. Patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws afford only limited protection for our technology, products and services. The laws of many countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great of an extent as do the laws of the United States. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties have in the past attempted, and may in the future attempt, to operate under the aspects of our intellectual property rights, or proprietary technology, products or services or products, or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Third parties may also design around our proprietary rights, which may render our protected technology, services and products less valuable, if the design around is favorably received in the marketplace. In addition, if any of our technology, products and services are covered by third-party patents or other intellectual property rights, we could be subject to various legal actions. For example, we are aware of certain third-party intellectual property that does or may overlap with aspects of the Company’s technology. We cannot assure that our technology products and/or services do not infringe, violate or misappropriate any patents or other intellectual property rights owned or controlled by others or that they will not in the future.

Litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement, invalidity, misappropriation, or other claims.

Any such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. Moreover, any settlement of or adverse judgment resulting from litigation relating to intellectual property rights could require us to obtain a license to continue to make, use, import, sell or offer for sale the technology, products or services that is the subject of the claim, or otherwise restrict or prohibit our use of the technology, products or services.

Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately prosecute, maintain, protect and/or defend our proprietary technology, products or services or our intellectual property rights.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents and maintain adequate protection of our intellectual property rights directed to our technology, products and services in the United States and other countries. We have adopted a strategy of seeking patent protection in the United States and in foreign countries with respect to certain of the technology used in or relating to our products, services, and processes. As such, as of September 30, 2024, we owned or controlled approximately 1,740 active issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. As of September 30, 2024, our patents and patent applications, if issued, have terms that expire between 2024 and approximately 2045. We also have license rights to a number of issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. Our owned and licensed patents and patent applications include those directed to our enabling technology and to the methods and products that support our business in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, life sciences, oligonucleotide synthesis, and other markets. We intend to continue to apply for patents relating to our technology, methods, services and products as we deem appropriate.

Issuance of claims in patent applications and enforceability of such claims once issued involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, we cannot predict with any certainty whether any of our issued patents will survive invalidity claims asserted by third parties. Issued patents and patents issuing from pending applications may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, rendered unenforceable or substantially narrowed in scope. In addition, the inventorship and ownership of the patents and patent applications may be challenged by others. Moreover, the United States Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“AIA”), enacted in September 2011, brought significant changes to the United States patent system, which include a change to a “first to file” system from a “first to invent” system and changes to the procedures for challenging issued patents and disputing patent applications during the examination process, among other things. While interference proceedings are possible for patent claims filed prior to March 16, 2013, many of our filings will be subject to the post- and pre-grant proceedings set forth in the AIA, including citation of prior art and written statements by third parties, third party pre-issuance submissions, ex parte reexamination, inter partes review, post-grant review, and derivation proceedings. We may need to utilize the processes provided by the AIA for supplemental examination or patent reissuance. These proceedings could result in substantial cost to us even if the outcome is favorable. Even if successful, any proceeding may result in loss of certain claims. Any litigation or proceedings could divert our management's time and efforts. Even unsuccessful claims brought by third parties could result in significant legal fees and other expenses, diversion of management time, and disruption in our business. Uncertainties resulting from initiation and continuation of any patent or related litigation could harm our ability to compete.

Additional uncertainty may result from legal precedent handed down by the United States Federal Circuit Court and Supreme Court as they determine legal issues concerning the scope and construction of patent claims and inconsistent interpretation of patent laws by the lower courts. Accordingly, we cannot ensure that any of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents, or even if issued, predict the breadth of the claims upheld in our, our licensors', and other companies' patents. Given that the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, we cannot ensure that: (i) we or our licensors were the first to invent the inventions covered by each of our pending applications, (ii) we or our licensors were the first to file patent applications for these inventions, or (iii) the proprietary technology, products or services we develop will be patentable. In addition, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology, products and services. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, products or services, particularly in certain foreign countries where the local laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. Moreover, third parties could practice our inventions in territories where we do not have patent protection. Such third parties may then try to import products made using our inventions into the United States or other countries. If competitors are able to use our proprietary technology, products or services, our ability to compete effectively could be harmed. In addition, others may independently develop and obtain patents for technologies, products or services that are similar to or superior to our technologies, products or services. If that happens, we may need to license these technologies, products or services, and we may not be able to obtain licenses on reasonable terms, if at all, which could cause harm to our business.

Similarly, foreign courts have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws in their respective jurisdictions are interpreted. Changes in patent laws and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions, changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them, or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we own or may obtain in the future. For example, in some cases, we have filed for unitary patent protection under the rules implemented on June 1, 2023, in the European Patent Office. We will continue to assess this route of protection on a case-by-case basis, as applications are filed and patents are granted through the European Patent Office. This may alter our ability to protect our patents in some European countries. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. For example, in some foreign jurisdictions, governments have the right to compel patent owners to grant others licenses to their intellectual property under certain circumstances. In addition, any protection afforded by foreign patents may be more limited than that provided under U.S. patent and intellectual property laws. We may encounter significant problems in enforcing and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. For example, if the issuance in a given country of a patent covering an invention is not followed by the issuance in other countries of patents covering the same invention, or if any judicial interpretation of the validity, enforceability or scope of the claims or the written description or enablement in a patent issued in one country is not similar to the interpretation given to the corresponding patent issued in other countries, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights in those countries may be limited. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may materially diminish the value of our intellectual property rights or narrow the scope of our patent protection. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by U.S. and foreign legislative bodies. Those changes may materially affect our patents or patent applications and our ability to obtain additional patent protection in the future. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Third parties may claim that we are infringing, violating or misappropriating their intellectual property rights, which may subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation and prevent us from developing or commercializing our technology, products or services.

Our commercial success also depends in part on our ability to operate without infringing, violating or misappropriating patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties, and without breaching any licenses or other agreements that we have entered into with regard to our technologies, products or services. We cannot ensure that patents have not been issued, or will not be issued, to third parties that could block our ability to obtain patents or to operate as we would like. There may be patents in some countries that, if valid, may block our ability to make, use, sell, or offer for sale our technology, products or services in those countries, or import our products into those countries, if we are unsuccessful in circumventing or acquiring rights to these patents. There also may be claims in patent applications filed in some countries that, if granted and valid, may also block our ability to commercialize technology, products, services or processes in these countries if we are unable to circumvent or obtain rights to them.

The industries in which we operate and the biotechnology industry, in particular, are characterized by frequent and extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights. Many biotechnology companies have employed intellectual property litigation as a way to gain a competitive advantage. We are aware of some patents and patent applications relating to aspects of our technologies, products or services filed by, and issued to, third parties. We cannot assure that if such third-party patents rights are asserted against us that we would ultimately prevail. Any involvement in litigation or other intellectual property proceedings inside and/or outside of the United States to defend against claims that we infringe, misappropriate or violate the intellectual property rights of others may divert our management’s time from focusing on business operations and could cause us to spend significant amounts of money. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

•stop making, using, selling, offering for sale or importing our technologies, products and services that use the subject intellectual property;

•pay monetary damages to the third party asserting claims against us;

•grant or transfer rights to third parties relating to our patents or other intellectual property rights;

•obtain from the third party asserting its intellectual property rights a license to make, sell, offer for sale, import or use the relevant technology, product or service, which license may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all; or

•redesign those technologies, products, services or processes that use any allegedly infringing, misappropriated or violated intellectual property rights, or relocate the operations relating to the allegedly infringing, misappropriated or violated intellectual property rights to another jurisdiction, which may result in significant cost or delay to us, could be technically infeasible or could prevent us from making, selling, offering for sale, using or importing some of our technologies, products or services in the United States or other jurisdictions.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe, violate or misappropriate our intellectual property rights or those of our licensors. To prevent infringement, violation, misappropriation or other unauthorized use, we have in the past filed, and may in the future be required to file, enforcement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an enforcement proceeding, a court may decide that the intellectual property right that we own or control is not valid, is unenforceable and/or is not infringed, violated or misappropriated. In addition, in legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent directed at one of our technologies, products or services, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable in whole or in part. In patent enforcement litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a patent validity challenge include an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could include an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) or made a misleading statement during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before the USPTO, even outside the context of enforcement litigation. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable, and prior art could render our patents or those of our licensors invalid. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on the respective technology, products or services. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to our intellectual property rights may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our expenses and reduce the resources available for operations and research and development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could compromise our ability to compete in the marketplace. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with U.S. intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

The laws of some foreign countries where we do business do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and enforcing intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property rights, particularly those relating to biotechnology technologies. Accordingly, our efforts to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement, violation or misappropriation of our patents or other intellectual property rights. Additionally, proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

If our biocatalysts, or the genes that code for our biocatalysts, are stolen, misappropriated or reverse engineered, others could use these biocatalysts or genes to produce competing products.

Third parties, including our contract manufacturers, customers and those involved in shipping our biocatalysts, often have custody or control of our biocatalysts. If our biocatalysts, or the genes that code for our biocatalysts, were stolen, misappropriated or reverse engineered, they could be used by other parties who may be able to reproduce these biocatalysts for their own commercial gain. If this were to occur, it may be difficult for us to challenge this type of use, especially in countries with limited intellectual property rights protection or in countries in which we do not have patents covering the misappropriated biocatalysts.

Confidentiality and non-use agreements with employees, consultants, advisors and other third parties may not adequately prevent disclosures and non-use of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on other intellectual property rights, including protection of copyright, trade secrets, know-how and/or other proprietary information that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect, and some courts are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. To maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets and proprietary information, we rely in part on trade secret law and contractual agreements to protect our confidential and proprietary information and processes. We generally enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties working on our behalf upon their commencement of a relationship with us. However, trade secrets and confidential information are difficult to protect and we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes and we may not enter into such agreements with all employees, consultants and third parties who have been involved in the development of our intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, without our permission or awareness, our confidential and proprietary information may be disclosed to third parties, used by the respective individuals for purposes other than for the Company’s business, or obtained through illegal means, such that third parties could reverse engineer our biocatalysts, enzyme products and processes, to attempt to develop the same technology or develop substantially equivalent technology.

Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our confidential and proprietary rights, and failure to protect our trade secrets could adversely affect our competitive business position. If any of our trade secrets were lawfully obtained, we may be unable to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us or disclosing it publicly. Therefore, these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In particular, a failure to protect our proprietary rights may allow competitors to copy our technology, which could adversely affect our pricing and market share.

In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and electronic security of our information technology systems. Such security measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee, consultant or other third party with authorized access or with unauthorized access but an intent to steal, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent such employee, consultant or other third party from misappropriating our trade secrets and using them or providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. While we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law in the United States, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. If the steps we have taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.

Risks Related to Owning our Common Stock

We are subject to anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and under Delaware law that could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of the Company. Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for a board of directors which is divided into three classes, with staggered three-year terms and provide that all stockholder action must be effected at a duly called meeting of the stockholders and not by a consent in writing, and further provide that only our Board, the chairman of our Board, our chief executive officer or president may call a special meeting of the stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation allows our Board, without further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof. These provisions may also frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board, who are responsible for appointing the members of our management team. Furthermore, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) which prohibits, with some exceptions, stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Finally, our charter documents establish advanced notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. Although we believe these provisions together provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board, they would apply even if an offer to acquire our company may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

Our bylaws designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us our current or former directors, officers, stockholders, or other employees.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us under Delaware law, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any current or former director, officer, or other employee of the Company to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL or our certificate of incorporation or bylaws (as either may be amended from time to time), (iv) any action asserting a claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine, or (v) any other action asserting an “internal corporate claim,” as defined under Section 115 of the DGCL. The forgoing provisions do not apply to any claims arising under the Securities Act and, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any action asserting a claim arising under the Securities Act.

These choice of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our current or former directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. There is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provisions, and the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings. It is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable, and if a court were to find the choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our quarterly or annual operating results may fluctuate in the future. As a result, we may fail to meet or exceed the expectations of research analysts or investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our financial condition and operating results have varied significantly in the past and may continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Factors relating to our business that may contribute to these fluctuations include the following factors, as well as other factors described elsewhere in this report:

•our ability to achieve or maintain profitability;

•our dependence on a limited number of customers;

•our product supply agreements with customers have finite duration, may not be extended or renewed and generally do not require the customer to purchase any particular quantity or quantities of our products;

•with respect to customers purchasing our products for the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients for which they have exclusivity due to patent protection, the termination or expiration of such patent protection and any resulting generic competition may materially and adversely affect our revenues, financial condition or results of operations;

•our dependence on a limited number of products in our performance enzymes business;

•our reliance on a limited number of contract manufacturers for large scale production of substantially all of our enzyme products;

•our relationships with, and dependence on, collaborators in our principal markets;

•our ability to successfully and timely develop and commercialize new products, including our ECO Synthesis™ manufacturing platform, for the markets we serve;

•the potential of GSK, Merck, Novartis or any other performance enzyme customer terminating their agreements with us;

•the success of our customers’ products in the market and the ability of such customers to obtain regulatory approvals for products and processes;

•our ability to deploy our technology platform in life science tools markets;

•our dependence on our collaborators or customers’ product candidates which could unexpectedly fail at any stage of preclinical or clinical development;

•our dependence on our collaborators or customers’ product candidates which may lack the ability to work as intended or cause undesirable side effects;

•our ability to successfully prosecute and protect our intellectual property;

•our ability to compete if we do not adequately protect our proprietary technologies or if we lose some of our intellectual property rights;

•our ability to avoid infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties;

•our involvement in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights;

•our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world;

•our dependence on, and the need to attract and retain, key management and other personnel;

•our ability to prevent the theft or misappropriation of our biocatalysts, the genes that code for our biocatalysts, know-how or technologies;

•our ability to protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information from disclosure by employees and others;

•our ability to obtain substantial additional capital that may be necessary to expand our business;

•our ability to comply with the terms of our Loan Agreement;

•our ability to timely pay debt service obligations;

•our customers’ ability to pay amounts owed to us in a timely manner;

•our ability to avoid charges to earnings as a result of any impairment of goodwill, intangible assets or other long-lived assets;

•changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and affect our reported results of operations;

•our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting;

•our dependency on information technology systems, infrastructure and data;

•our ability to control and to improve product gross margins;

•our ability to protect against risks associated with the international aspects of our business;

•the cost of compliance with EU chemical regulations;

•potential advantages that our competitors and potential competitors may have in securing funding or developing products;

•our ability to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner;

•results of regulatory tax examinations;

•market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and share price;

•business interruptions due to natural disasters, disease outbreaks or other events beyond our control;

•public concerns about the ethical, legal and social ramifications of genetically engineered products and processes;

•our ability to integrate our current business with any businesses that we may acquire in the future;

•our ability to properly handle and dispose of hazardous materials in our business;

•potential product liability claims;

•changes to tax law and related regulations could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate; and

•our ability to use our NOLs to offset future taxable income.

Due to the various factors mentioned above, and others, the results of any prior quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of our future operating performance.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of our business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as our Board deems relevant.

General Risk Factors

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or change their opinion of our stock in a negative manner, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

We face risks associated with our international business.

While we have a limited number of employees located outside of the United States, we are and will continue to be dependent upon contract manufacturers located outside of the United States. In addition, we have customers and partners located outside of the United States. Conducting business internationally exposes us to a variety of risks, including:

•changes in or interpretations of U.S. or foreign laws or regulations that may adversely affect our ability to sell our products, repatriate profits to the United States or operate our foreign-located facilities;

•the imposition of tariffs;

•the imposition of limitations on, or increase of, withholding and other taxes on remittances and other payments by foreign subsidiaries or joint ventures;

•the imposition of limitations on genetically-engineered or other products or processes and the production or sale of those products or processes in foreign countries;

•currency exchange rate fluctuations;

•uncertainties relating to foreign laws, regulations and legal proceedings including pharmaceutical, tax, import/export, anti-corruption and exchange control laws;

•the availability of government subsidies or other incentives that benefit competitors in their local markets that are not available to us;

•increased demands on our limited resources created by our operations may constrain the capabilities of our administrative and operational resources and restrict our ability to attract, train, manage and retain qualified management, technicians, scientists and other personnel;

•economic or political instability in foreign countries;

•difficulties associated with staffing and managing foreign operations; and

•the need to comply with a variety of United States and foreign laws applicable to the conduct of international business, including import and export control laws and anti-corruption laws.

Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and share price.

Concerns about inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the United States mortgage market and a declining real estate market, unstable global credit markets and financial conditions, and volatile oil prices have led to periods of significant economic instability, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary spending, diminished expectations for the global economy and expectations of slower global economic growth going forward, increased unemployment rates, and increased credit defaults in recent years. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions.

During 2023, the closures of Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) and Signature Bank (“Signature”) and their placement into receivership with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the government-brokered sale of the deposits and majority of assets of First Republic Bank to JPMorgan Chase, created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although government intervention ensured that depositors at these banks have access to their funds, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access near-term working capital needs, and create additional market and economic uncertainty. There can be no assurance that future credit and financial market instability and a deterioration in confidence in economic conditions will not occur, and we cannot predict the impact or follow-on effects of these insolvencies more broadly or on our business in particular. Further, we cannot guarantee that the government will intervene to provide depositors with access to funds if similar events occur in the future. If other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents, and investments may be threatened, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

In addition, if the market and economic conditions described above continue to deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and stock price. Additionally, rising rates of inflation have increased the costs associated with conducting our business, including by causing substantial increases in the costs of materials, including raw materials and consumables, equipment, services, and labor. Moreover, given the unpredictable nature of the current economic climate, including future changes in rates of inflation, it may be increasingly difficult for us to predict and control our future expenses, which may harm our ability to conduct our business.

Business interruptions resulting from disasters or other disturbances could delay us in the process of developing our products and could disrupt our sales. Our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster or other disturbance.

Our headquarters and other facilities are located in the San Francisco Bay Area, which in the past has experienced both severe earthquakes and wildfires. Earthquakes, wildfires or other natural disasters could severely disrupt our operations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. We are also vulnerable to other types of disasters and other events that could disrupt our operations, such as riot, civil disturbances, war, terrorist acts, public health emergencies, domestic or foreign conflicts, infections in our laboratory or production facilities or those of our customers or contract manufacturers and other events beyond our control. If a natural disaster or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as our enterprise financial systems or manufacturing resource planning and enterprise quality systems, or that otherwise disrupted operations, including due to impacts on our collaborators, suppliers or other third parties on which we rely, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event, and we may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of such plans. We do not carry insurance for earthquakes and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows and success as an overall business.

We are dependent on information technology systems, infrastructure and data, and any failure of these systems could harm our business. Security breaches, loss of data and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Information technology helps us operate efficiently, interface with customers, maintain financial accuracy and efficiency and accurately produce our financial statements. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper technology infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, business disruptions or the loss of or damage to intellectual property through security breach. If our information technology systems do not effectively collect, store, process and report relevant data for the operation of our business, whether due to equipment malfunction or constraints, software deficiencies, or human error, our ability to effectively plan, forecast and execute our business plan and comply with applicable laws and regulations will be impaired, perhaps materially. Our information technology systems and those of our external vendors, strategic partners and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to attack and damage or interruption from computer viruses and malware (e.g. ransomware), malicious code, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error, fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors or unauthorized access or use by persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. Any such impairment could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the timeliness with which we report our internal and external operating results.

Our business may require us to use and store personal information of our customers, employees, and business partners. This may include names, addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, contact preferences, tax identification numbers and payment account information. We require usernames and passwords in order to access our information technology systems. We also use encryption and authentication technologies to secure the transmission and storage of data. However, these security measures may be compromised as a result of security breaches by unauthorized persons, employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management or other irregularity, and result in persons obtaining unauthorized access to our data or accounts. Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our information technology systems. For example, our employees have received “phishing” emails and phone calls attempting to induce them to divulge passwords and other sensitive information.

In addition, unauthorized persons may attempt to hack into our products or systems to obtain personal data relating to employees and other individuals, our confidential or proprietary information or confidential information we hold on behalf of third parties. We also rely on external vendors to supply and/or support certain aspects of our information technology systems. The systems of these external vendors may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security of our own systems, and we are dependent on these third parties to deploy appropriate security programs to protect their systems. If we or our third-party vendors were to experience a significant cybersecurity breach of our or their information systems or data, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation and potential notification of the breach to counterparties and data subjects could be material. Our remediation efforts may not be successful. Further, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss, corruption or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets, personal information or other proprietary or sensitive information or other similar disruptions. Attacks upon information technology systems are also increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. As a result of the remote work policies we initiated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and our continued hybrid working environment, we may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees who are working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. We have programs in place to detect, contain and respond to data security incidents, and we make ongoing improvements to our information-sharing products in order to minimize vulnerabilities, in accordance with industry and regulatory standards. However, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect, we may not be able to anticipate and prevent these intrusions or mitigate them when and if they occur. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately and timely investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.

We and certain of our external vendors are from time to time subject to cyberattacks and security incidents. While we do not believe that we have experienced any significant system failure, accident, or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur, it could result in the unauthorized access to or unauthorized use, disclosure, release or other processing of personal information, it may be necessary to notify individuals, governmental authorities, supervisory bodies, the media and other parties pursuant to privacy and security laws. Any security compromise affecting us, our service providers, vendors, strategic partners, other contractors, consultants or our industry, whether real or perceived, could harm our reputation, erode confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and lead to regulatory scrutiny. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or systems, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary or personal information, we could incur liability, including litigation exposure, penalties and fines, which may not be covered by insurance or may be in excess of our insurance coverage. Additionally, we could become the subject of regulatory action or investigation, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development of our products could be delayed. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our business and could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data protection, privacy and security laws, regulations, standards and other requirements could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we are or may become subject to state, federal and foreign laws, regulations, decisions and directives governing the privacy, security, collection, storage, transmission, use, processing, retention and disclosure of personal information. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws or regulations, our internal policies and procedures or our contracts governing our processing of personal information could result in negative publicity, government investigations and enforcement actions, claims by third parties and damage to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial performance and business.

In the United States, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) imposes, among other things, certain standards relating to the privacy, security, transmission and breach reporting of certain individually identifiable health information. Certain states have also adopted and continue to adopt new privacy and security laws and regulations, which govern the privacy, processing and protection of health-related and other personal information. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information. The CCPA also provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches (which has increased the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation). Further, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) significantly amended the CCPA, which went into effect in January 2023. It imposes additional data privacy obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It also created a new California privacy protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may also be required. Similar laws regulating personal information generally or health information in particular have passed in more than a dozen states and have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. These developments increase our compliance burden and our risk, including risks of regulatory fines, litigation and associated reputational harm. Any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.

Furthermore, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and many state Attorneys General continue to enforce federal and state consumer protection laws against companies for the collection, use, sharing and security of personal information that appear to be unfair or deceptive. For example, according to the FTC, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure can constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

In the European Union (“EU”), the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“EU GDPR”) governs the processing of personal data. The UK has implemented the EU GDPR as the UK GDPR which sits alongside the UK Data Protection Act 2018 (the “UK GDPR”, and together with the EU GDPR, the “GDPR”). The GDPR imposes requirements for controllers, including (among others) specific requirements for obtaining valid consent where consent is the legal basis for processing, requirements around accountability and transparency, the obligation to consider data protection when any new products or services are developed, the obligation to comply with individuals’ data protection rights, and the obligation to notify relevant data supervisory authorities of notifiable personal data breaches without undue delay (and no later than 72 hours) after becoming aware of the personal data breach (and affected data subjects where the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to their rights and freedoms). The EU GDPR provides that EU member states may enact their own additional national laws and regulations regarding the processing of genetic, biometric or health data, which could affect our ability to use and share personal data or could cause our costs to increase and potentially harm our business and financial condition. Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR can result in (among other things) fines of up to the greater of €20 million (under the EU GDPR) or £17.5 million (under the UK GDPR) or 4% of an organization’s total worldwide annual turnover of the preceding financial year and other administrative penalties. To the extent that we are subject to the GDPR, compliance with the GDPR may require substantial amendments to our procedures and policies and these changes could adversely impact our business by increasing operational and compliance costs or impact business practices. Further, there is a risk that the amended policies and procedures will not be implemented correctly or that individuals within the business will not be fully compliant with the new procedures. There is a risk that we could be impacted by a cybersecurity incident that results in loss or unauthorized disclosure of personal data, potentially resulting in us facing harms similar to those described above.

Among other requirements, the EU GDPR prohibits the international transfer of personal data subject to the GDPR from the European Economic Area (“EEA”) to third countries that the European Commission does not recognize as having an ‘adequate’ level of data protection, unless a data transfer mechanism has been put in place or a derogation under the EU GDPR can be relied on. In July 2020, the Court of Justice of the EU in its Schrems II judgement limited how organizations could lawfully transfer personal data from the EEA to the United States by invalidating the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield for purposes of international transfers and imposing further restrictions on the use of standard contractual clauses (“EU SCCs”), including a requirement for companies to carry out a transfer privacy impact assessment (“TIA”). A TIA, among other things, assesses laws governing access to personal data in the recipient country and considers whether supplementary measures that provide privacy protections additional to those provided under the EU SCCs will need to be implemented to ensure an ‘essentially equivalent’ level of data protection to that afforded in the EEA.

On October 7, 2022, U.S. President Biden introduced an Executive Order to facilitate a new Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”) and in July 2023, the European Commission adopted its Final Implementing Decision granting the United States adequacy (“Adequacy Decision”) for EU-U.S. transfers of personal data for entities self-certified to the DPF. Entities relying on EU SCCs for transfers to the United States are also able to rely on the analysis in the Adequacy Decision as support for their TIA regarding the equivalence of U.S. national security safeguards and redress.

The UK GDPR also imposes similar restrictions on transfers of personal data from the UK to jurisdictions that the UK Government does not consider adequate, including the United States. The UK Government has published its own form of the EU SCCs, known as the International Data Transfer Agreement and an International Data Transfer Addendum to the new EU SCCs. The UK Information Commissioner’s Office has also published its own version of the TIA and guidance on international transfers, although entities may choose to adopt either the EU or UK-style TIA. Further, on September 21, 2023, the UK Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology established a UK-U.S. data bridge (i.e., a UK equivalent of the Adequacy Decision) and adopted UK regulations to implement the UK-U.S. data bridge (“UK Adequacy Regulations”). Personal data may now be transferred from the UK under the UK-U.S. data bridge through the UK extension to the DPF to organizations self-certified under the UK extension to DPF.

As we continue to expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations and other legal obligations, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which we must comply. Various federal, state and foreign legislative or regulatory bodies may enact new or additional laws and regulations concerning privacy, data-retention and data-protection issues, including laws or regulations mandating disclosure to domestic or international law enforcement bodies, which could adversely impact our business or our reputation with customers. For example, some countries have adopted laws mandating that certain personal information regarding customers in their country be maintained solely in their country. Having to maintain local data centers and redesign product, service and business operations to limit processing of personal information to within individual countries could increase our operating costs significantly. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with federal, state or international privacy, data-retention or data-protection-related laws, regulations, orders or industry self-regulatory principles could result in proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others, a loss of customer confidence, damage to our brand and reputation and a loss of customers, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business.

Evolving expectations around corporate responsibility practices, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may expose us to reputational and other risks.

Investors, stockholders, customers, suppliers and other third parties are increasingly focusing on ESG and corporate social responsibility endeavors and reporting. Companies that do not adapt to or comply with the evolving investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, or that are perceived to have not responded appropriately, may suffer from reputational damage, which could result in the business, financial condition and/or stock price of a company being materially and adversely affected. For example, certain customers have inquired about our ESG practices and may impose ESG guidelines, procurement policies, sustainability standards, mandates or reporting requirements for, and may scrutinize relationships more closely with, their suppliers, including us, which may lengthen sales cycles, increase our costs or impair our ability to attract and retain customers. Further, this increased focus on ESG issues may result in new regulations, international accords and/or third-party requirements that could adversely impact our business, or certain shareholders reducing or eliminating their holdings of our stock. An allegation or perception that we have not taken sufficient action in these areas could negatively harm our reputation. Additionally, the subjective nature and wide variety of methods and processes used by various stakeholders, including investors, to assess environmental, social, and governance criteria could result in a negative perception or misrepresentation of the company's sustainability policies and practices.


ITEM 2.			UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.


ITEM 3.			DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.


ITEM 4.			MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.


ITEM 5.			OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, none of the directors or executive officers of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” (each as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).


ITEM 6.			EXHIBITS


3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Codexis, Inc. filed with the Secretary of the State of the State of Delaware on April 27, 2010 and effective as of April 27, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2010, filed on May 28, 2010).

3.2		Certificate of Designations of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock of Codexis, Inc., filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on September 4, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 4, 2012).

3.3		Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Codexis, Inc., filed with the Secretary of the State of the State of Delaware on June 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 16, 2023).

3.4		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Codexis, Inc. effective as of February 8, 2024 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 9, 2024).

4.1		Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1 through 3.4.

4.2		Form of the Company’s Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2012, filed on August 9, 2012).

4.3		Description of Codexis' Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on February 28, 2024).

10.1	+	Codexis, Inc. 20 24 Inducement Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-281429 ) filed with the SEC on August 9 , 20 24 ).

10.2	+	A mendment to the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan .

10.3	+	Offer Letter by and between the Company and Georgia Erb ez , dated as of September 30 , 202 4 .

10.4	+	Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between the Company and Georgia Erbez, dated as of September 30 , 202 4 .

10.5	+	Offer Letter by and between the Company and Alison Moore , dated as of September 30 , 202 4 .

10.6	+	Change in Control Severance Agreement by and between the Company and Alison Moore , dated as of September 30 , 202 4 .

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Required Under Rule 13a-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

101		The following materials from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (“iXBRL”) includes: (i) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (ii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, (iii) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, (iv) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, (v) Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and (v) Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document


104						The cover page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101.

+						Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



		Codexis, Inc.

Date:	October 31, 2024	By:	/s/ Stephen Dilly
			Stephen Dilly Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

Date:	October 31, 2024	By:	/s/ Georgia Erbez
			Georgia Erbez Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)

FIRST AMENDMENT TO

CODEXIS, INC.

2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

WHEREAS, Codexis, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), has heretofore adopted the Codexis, Inc. 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Plan”); and

WHEREAS, the Company wishes to amend the Plan to allow participants under the Plan to increase or decrease the amount of payroll deductions elected by such participants during specified enrollment periods.

NOW, THEREFORE, the Plan shall be amended, effective August 22, 2024, as follows:

1.Subsection (c) of Section 3.2 is deleted and replaced with the following:

With respect to Offering Periods with multiple Purchase Periods, and unless otherwise determined by the Administrator prior to the commencement of an Offering Period, Participants may increase or decrease (to as low as zero) the amount deducted from such Participant’s Compensation during the specified enrollment periods established by the Administrator. Unless otherwise determined by the Administrator prior to the commencement of an Offering Period, a Participant may not increase or decrease the amount deducted from such Participant’s Compensation during an Offering Period except during the specified enrollment periods.

2.Except as modified herein, the remaining terms of the Plan shall remain unchanged and in full force and effect.

Codexis, Inc.

200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City, CA 94063 Tel: +1 (650) 421-8100

Fax: +1 (650) 421-8102

www.codexis.com

September 30, 2024

Georgia Erbez

Dear Georgia,

On behalf of Codexis, Inc. (“Codexis” or the “Company”), I am pleased to extend to you this offer of employment as Chief Financial Officer reporting to Stephen Dilly, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”). Your position is full-time and exempt from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act. You will work from the Company’s headquarters in Redwood City, California. Your Company employment will commence as of your and the Company’s mutually agreed upon start date, which is expected to be September 30, 2024 (your actual first date of Company employment, the “Start Date”).

Your employment is subject to (i) proof of your legal right to work in the United States, (ii) you successfully completing a professional references and background screening and the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9, and (iii) the execution of your Proprietary Information, Inventions, and Employment Agreement (Attachment A) (your “Confidentiality Agreement”).

You will not, during your employment by the Company, be employed by or otherwise engaged in any other business activity requiring any of your time, except that, with the prior written approval of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), you may serve as a member of the board of directors of up to one organization that is not a competitor of the Company, provided that such service does not individually or in the aggregate interfere with the performance of your duties to the Company, violate your Confidentiality Agreement or violate the Company’s standards of conduct then in effect, or raise a conflict under the Company’s conflict of interest policies.

By signing below and accepting this offer, you represent and warrant that you are not bound by any employment contract, restrictive covenant, or other restriction preventing you from carrying out your responsibilities for the Company, or which is in any way inconsistent with the terms of this offer of employment. You further represent and warrant that you will not disclose to the Company or induce the Company to use any confidential or proprietary information or material belonging to any previous employer or others.

Compensation

If you accept this offer and you begin employment with Codexis, you will receive an initial salary of USD

$500,000 per year, payable bi-weekly, which will be subject to all applicable withholdings.

You will also be eligible to participate in the Codexis Employee Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Incentive Plan”). Your Incentive Plan target will be fifty percent (50%) of your Codexis base salary earnings, subject to metrics set and approved by the Board (or a committee thereof) and achievement by

the Company of such performance targets as shall be determined by the Board (or a committee thereof). Based on the Company’s performance and your individual and group’s goal performance, your actual bonus may be more or less than this target, and under certain circumstances there may be no payout. Any payout will be subject to all applicable withholdings and will be paid no later than March 15th following the conclusion of the applicable performance year. No bonus amount is guaranteed and, in addition to the other conditions for earning such bonus, you must remain an employee in good standing of the Company on the scheduled bonus payment date in order to earn any bonus. For calendar year 2024, you will be eligible to earn a prorated bonus based on the Company’s achievement of the applicable performance targets and metrics, and based on the number of days you were employed by the Company in 2024. Please also note that the Incentive Plan does not constitute a contract of employment or alter the “at will” status of your employment. In addition, Codexis reserves the right to modify or terminate the Incentive Plan at any time and for any reason without your consent.

Equity

Subject to approval by the Board (or a duly authorized committee thereof) and as an inducement for you to join the Company, you will be granted 50,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Each RSU entitles you to be issued one share of Codexis common stock upon vesting. The RSUs will vest in substantially equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant of the RSUs, provided that you provide continuous services to Codexis through the applicable vesting date. The RSUs will be granted in accordance with Codexis’ policy which may be amended from time to time and will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Codexis, Inc. 2024 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”) and/or the Codexis, Inc. 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the “2019 Plan”), as applicable, and an RSU agreement to be entered into between you and Codexis.

Subject to approval by the Board (or a duly authorized committee thereof) and as an inducement for you to join the Company, you will be granted an option to purchase 300,000 shares of Codexis common stock (the “Option”) with an exercise price equal to the closing trading price of a share of Codexis common stock on the date the Option is granted or the immediately preceding trading day if the grant date is not a trading day. The shares subject to the Option will vest one fourth or 25% on the first anniversary of the Start Date and thereafter will vest 1/48th of the shares originally subject to the Option per month for the following 36 months until the Option is 100% vested on the four-year anniversary of the Start Date. Vesting is contingent upon your continued service to Codexis through the applicable vesting date. Your Option will be granted in accordance with Codexis’ policy which may be amended from time to time and will be subject to the terms and conditions of the Inducement Plan and/or the 2019 Plan, as applicable, and an option agreement to be entered into between you and Codexis.

Change of Control Severance Agreement

In connection with the commencement of your employment with Codexis, you will have the opportunity to enter into a Change of Control Severance Agreement. A copy of the Change of Control Severance Agreement (Attachment B) is included with this offer of employment for your review and signature.

Employee Benefits

As a full-time employee, you will be eligible for the Codexis employee benefit plans, which currently include medical, dental, vision, long-term disability, and life insurance, as well as a 401(k) plan, and paid time off in accordance with Company policy. Codexis reserves the right to modify or terminate any of these plans at any time and for any reason.

Other Terms and Conditions of Employment

Your employment with Codexis is at will. “Employment at will” means that you are free to resign from your employment at any time, for any reason or no reason at all, with or without cause and with or without notice. Similarly, Codexis may terminate your employment at any time for any legal reason, with or without cause and with or without notice. It also means that your job duties, title and responsibility and reporting level, work schedule, compensation and benefits, as well as Codexis’ personnel policies and procedures, may be changed with prospective effect, with or without notice, at any time in the sole discretion of Codexis. By accepting this offer of employment, you agree that your employment is at will, and acknowledge that no one, other than the CEO, has the authority to promise you, either orally or in writing, anything to the contrary. Any such agreement must be in writing and signed by both you and the CEO to be effective.

You will be subject to the Company’s Policy on Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (Attachment C), and any other clawback or recoupment policy that the Company adopts in the future. In addition, you acknowledge that you shall also be subject to additional policies of the Company and its affiliates as in effect from time-to-time, including the Company’s Code of Conduct and policies with regard to stock ownership and securities trading by senior executives.

The terms described in this offer of employment, along with the Confidentiality Agreement and the Change of Control Severance Agreement (which are separate agreements that are governed by their own terms and conditions), supersede and replace all prior agreements, understandings, and promises between Codexis and you concerning the terms and conditions of your employment with Codexis.

[Signature Page to Follow]

We hope that your association with Codexis will be mutually successful and rewarding, and we look forward to welcoming you aboard. Please indicate your acceptance of this offer by initialing each page and signing this letter below and returning the letter by September 30, 2024.

Sincerely, Codexis, Inc.

By: Stephen Dilly, MBBS, Ph.D.

Chairman, President & CEO

I understand and agree to the foregoing terms and conditions of employment with Codexis.

_______________________________________________________

Georgia Erbez

9/30/2024

_______________________________________________________

Date

ATTACHMENT A

CODEXIS, INC. PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, INVENTIONS, AND EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT


A-1

CODEXIS, INC.

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, INVENTIONS, AND EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

The following confirms an agreement (the “Agreement”) between Codexis, Inc. (“Company”) and me. As a condition of my employment or continued employment, and in consideration of my employment with the Company and my receipt of the compensation now and hereafter paid to me by Company, as well as access to Company Proprietary Information and trade secrets, I agree to the following effective as of my first day of employment with the Company or as part of my continued employment as applicable:

1.At-Will Employment. This Agreement is not an employment contract for any particular term. I have a right to resign and Company has the right to terminate my employment at will, at any time, for any or no reason, with or without cause and without notice. In addition, this Agreement does not purport to set forth all of the terms and conditions of my employment, and, as an employee of Company, I have obligations to Company which are not set forth in this Agreement. However, the terms of this Agreement govern over any inconsistent terms and can only be changed by a subsequent written agreement signed by both parties.

2.Proprietary Information.

(a)Company Information. I agree that all information and know-how, whether or not in writing, of a private, secret or confidential nature concerning or obtained in connection with the Company’s business or financial affairs (collectively, “Proprietary Information”) is and shall be the exclusive property of the Company. I agree at all times during the term of my employment and thereafter, to hold in strictest confidence, and not to use, except for the benefit of the Company, or to disclose to any person or other entity, other than employees of the Company, (in writing, verbally, or via email or any other medium) without written advance authorization of the Company, any Proprietary Information of the Company, except as may be necessary in the ordinary course of performing my duties as an employee of Company or as otherwise provided in this Agreement. I will not use any Proprietary Information except in the performance of my authorized duties as an employee of Company. By way of illustration, but not limitation, Proprietary Information includes any tangible or intangible proprietary information, technical data, trade secrets or know-how, including and/or relating to, but not limited to, ideas, concepts, materials (including, but not limited to, cell lines, plasmids, vectors and DNA), data, conclusions, product plans, products, services, customer lists, business lists (including, but not limited to, customers of the Company on whom I called or with whom I became acquainted during my term of my employment), business market analyses, software, development, discoveries, inventions, processes, formulas, techniques, technology, designs, drawings, engineering, hardware configuration information, marketing and pricing strategy, business plans, corporate strategy plans, financial data; or other business information made, generated or developed by me in the course of my employment with Company, or disclosed to me by Company either directly or indirectly in any form, including, without limitation, in writing, orally, electronically, or by drawings, or observation of materials, equipment, or information. Proprietary Information also includes confidential information and materials provided to Company by any third party, which is indicated by such third party to be confidential and/or proprietary, and the identity, appropriate knowledge of personnel, research and/or product requirements, volume and frequency of orders, and price sensitivity of customers of the Company. I further understand that Proprietary Information does not apply to information which: (i) was already rightfully known to me prior to the time that it is disclosed to me hereunder without any confidentiality obligation to Company; (ii) is in or has entered the public domain through no breach of this Agreement or other wrongful act; (iii) pertains to general training, knowledge, skill or experience information within the industry that I possess, that is not specifically related to other Proprietary Information; (iv) pertains to my pay, benefits, and other employment terms and conditions; or (v) has been rightfully received by me from a third party not under obligation of confidentiality to Company.


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(b)Third Party Information. I agree that I will not, during my employment with the Company, use or disclose in the course of my work for Company any proprietary information or trade secrets of any former or concurrent third party employer or other person or entity for whom I perform or have performed work, without the written authorization of the Company after my notice to the Company of the proprietary or trade secret nature of such information. I agree that I will not bring onto the Company premises or introduce into the equipment or databases of the Company any unpublished document or proprietary information belonging to any such third party employer or other person or entity for whom I perform or have performed work, without the written authorization of the Company after my notice to the Company of the proprietary or trade secret nature of such information. I also understand and agree that, in the course of my employment with Company, I am not to breach any other obligation of confidentiality or non-use that I have to any former employer or concurrent.

(c)Third Party Information Received by the Company. I recognize that the Company has received and in the future will likely receive from third parties their confidential or proprietary information subject to a duty on the Company’s part to maintain the confidentiality of such information and to use it only for certain limited purposes. I agree to hold all such confidential or proprietary information in the strictest confidence and not to disclose it to any person, firm or corporation or to use it except as necessary in carrying out my work for the Company consistent with the Company’s agreement with such third party.

(d)Protected Disclosures and Defend Trade Secrets Act. Nothing in this Agreement prohibits me (a) from disclosing information in good faith to any federal, state, or local governmental agency, legislative body, or official (or staff member to the foregoing) regarding an alleged violation of law or regulation; (b) from discussing or disclosing information about unlawful acts in the workplace or at activities coordinated or sponsored by the Company, whether on or off the Company’s premises, such as harassment, discrimination, retaliation, wage and hour violations, sexual assault, violations of public policy, an unfair labor practice, or any other conduct that I have reason to believe is unlawful; (c) from discussing or disclosing my wages, hours, and working conditions with fellow employees and discussing the wages of others, or inquiring about another colleague’s wages, or aiding or encouraging others to exercise their rights to the extent protected under applicable law; or (d) from otherwise making disclosures that are protected under applicable law, including, without limitation, the National Labor Relations Act, the Defend Trade Secrets Act, and any rule or regulation promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), or any other federal, state, or local government agency.

18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) states: “An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that (A) is made (i) in confidence to a Federal, State, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney, and (ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (B) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal.” Accordingly, I have the right to disclose in confidence trade secrets to Federal, State, and local government officials, or to an attorney, for the sole purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law. I also have the right to disclose trade secrets in a document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, but only if the filing is made under seal and protectable from public disclosure.

Further, an individual who files a lawsuit for retaliation by an employer for reporting a suspected violation of law may disclose the trade secret to the attorney of the individual and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the individual (A) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and (B) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

Nothing in this Agreement is intended to conflict with 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) or create liability for disclosures of trade secrets that are expressly allowed by 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b).


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3.Inventions.

(a)Inventions Retained and Licensed. (i) If I am a new employee, I have attached hereto, as Exhibit A, a list describing all discoveries, ideas, inventions, improvements, software, techniques, methods, works of authorship, developments, and trade secrets (if any) which were made by me prior to my employment with the Company (collectively referred to as “Prior Developments”), which I own or control, which relate directly or indirectly to the Company’s proposed business, products or research and development, and which are not assigned to the Company hereunder; if no such list is attached to or contained in Exhibit A, I represent that there are no such Prior Developments. (ii) If I am a continuing employee, I represent that Exhibit A of my previous agreement with Company includes all Prior Developments; if no such list was attached to or contained in Exhibit A, I represent that there are no such Prior Developments. (iii) All employees: I agree not to or incorporate any Prior Developments into any Company product, material, process or service without the prior written consent of the Company, which written consent identifies the item to be incorporated as a Prior Development. If in the course of my employment with the Company, I incorporate into a Company product, process, machine or service a Prior Development or use a Prior Development in connection with the same, without the aforementioned written consent, the Company is hereby granted and shall have a nonexclusive, fully sublicensable, royalty-free, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide license to make, have made, modify, use, have used, sell, have sold and import such Prior Development as part of or in connection with any Company product, process, machine or service, and I agree to disclose the use of such Prior Developments in writing to the Company promptly after such incorporation.

(b)Assignment of Inventions. I hereby assign to the Company, or its designee, all my right, title, and interest in and to any and all discoveries, ideas, inventions, creations, data, software, techniques, methods, works of authorship, know how, developments, concepts, improvements or trade secrets, whether or not patentable or registrable under copyright or similar laws, which I may solely or jointly conceive or develop or reduce to practice, or cause to be conceived or developed or reduced to practice, during the period of time I am in the employ of the Company (collectively referred to as “Inventions”), excepting only any invention (if any) which qualifies fully under the provisions of California Labor Code Section 2870 as provided in Section 3 (e) below. I agree that I will promptly make full written disclosure to the Company of any Invention, and will hold the same in trust for the sole right and benefit of the Company. I further acknowledge that all original works of authorship which are made by me (solely or jointly with others) within the scope of and during the period of my employment with the Company and which are protectable by copyright are “works made for hire”, as that term is defined in the United States Copyright Act.

(c)Maintenance of Records. I agree to keep and maintain adequate and current written records of any and all Inventions hereunder, including any made by me solely or jointly with others during the term of my employment with the Company. The records will be in the form of notes, sketches, drawings, and any other format that may be specified by the Company. The records will be available to and remain the sole property of the Company at all times.


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execute or cause to be executed, when it is in my power to do so, any such instrument or papers shall continue after the termination of this Agreement. If the Company is unable because of my mental or physical incapacity or for any other reason to secure my signature to apply for or to pursue any application for any United States or foreign patents or copyright registrations covering Inventions or original works of authorship assigned to the Company as above, then I hereby irrevocably designate and appoint the Company and its duly authorized officers and agents as my agent and attorney in fact, to act for and in my behalf and stead to execute and file any such applications and to do all other lawfully permitted acts to further the prosecution and issuance of letters patent or copyright registrations thereon with the same legal force and effect as if executed by me.

(e)Exception to Assignments. I understand that the provisions of this Agreement requiring assignment of Inventions to the Company do not apply to any invention which qualifies fully under the provisions of California Labor Code Section 2870 (attached hereto as Exhibit B). I will advise the Company promptly in writing of any invention that I believe meet the criteria in California Labor Code Section 2870 and are not disclosed on Exhibit A.

4.Conflicts of Interest. I agree that, during the term of my employment with the Company, I will comply with the Company’s policies regarding conflicts of interest, including those contained in Company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, as may be updated from time to time.

5.Returning Company Property. I agree that, prior to or at the time of leaving the employ of the Company, I will deliver to the Company, or alternatively, destroy solely at the Company’s discretion, (and will not keep in my possession, recreate or deliver to anyone else) any and all Proprietary Information in my possession, as well as all equipment, devices, records, data, notes, reports, proposals, lists, correspondence, specifications, drawings, blueprints, sketches, biological and other tangible materials (including, but not limited, to cell lines, plasmids, vectors and DNA), other documents or tangible property of the Company (or property of third parties that is lawfully in the possession or control of the Company), or reproductions of any aforementioned items including any and all of the aforementioned items developed by me pursuant to my employment with the Company or otherwise property of the Company, its successors or assigns. In the event of the termination of my employment, I agree to sign and deliver the “Termination Certification” attached hereto as Exhibit C.

6.Notification of New Employer. In the event that I leave the employ of the Company, I hereby grant consent to notification by the Company to my new employer about my rights and obligations under this Agreement.

7.Photography Consent, Waiver, And Release. Upon execution of this Agreement, I agree to sign the Photography Consent, Waiver and Release attached as Exhibit D hereto.

8.Representations. I agree to execute any proper oath or verify any proper document required to carry out the terms of this Agreement. I represent that my performance of all the terms of this Agreement will not breach any agreement to keep in confidence proprietary information acquired by me in confidence or in trust prior to my employment by the Company. I have not entered into, and I agree I will not enter into, any oral or written agreement in conflict herewith during the term of my employment.


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9.Arbitration and Equitable Relief.

(a)Arbitration. Except as provided in Section 10(b) below and otherwise in this Section, I agree that any dispute or controversy arising out of or relating to any interpretation, construction, performance or breach of this Agreement, shall be resolved by binding arbitration to be administered by the American Arbitration Association in accordance with its Employment Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures then in effect. The decision of the arbitrator shall be final, conclusive and binding on the parties to the arbitration. Judgment may be entered on the arbitrator’s decision in any court having jurisdiction. The Company shall pay the costs and expenses of the arbitration, including all administrative and arbitrator fees, and each of us shall separately pay our counsel fees. However, the arbitrator shall be empowered to make awards of costs or fees as provided by law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any dispute or controversy seeking to enforce or protect, or concerning the validity of, any of intellectual property right of either party or (b) any dispute or controversy related to, or arising from, allegations of theft, piracy, invasion of privacy, or unauthorized use hereunder, I and the Company will have the right, at my or its sole discretion, as applicable, to adjudicate such dispute or controversy in a court of competent jurisdiction.

(b)Equitable Remedies. To the extent permitted by applicable law, this Agreement does not preclude either the Company or myself from seeking injunctive relief in a court of law.

10.General Provisions.

(a)Governing Law; Consent to Personal Jurisdiction. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of California exclusively, (regardless of that jurisdiction or any other jurisdiction’s choice of law principles). I hereby expressly consent to the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in San Mateo County, California for any lawsuit filed there against me by the Company arising from or relating to this Agreement.

(b)Entire Agreement. This Agreement sets forth the entire agreement and understanding between the Company and me relating to the subject matter herein and, except as stated in this paragraph, supersedes all prior and contemporaneous discussions between us, including any previous confidentiality agreements that I may have entered into with the Company with the effect that this Agreement shall control with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof. Any previous agreements relating to the subject matter herein are extinguished other than previously executed assignments of intellectual property and any other obligations regarding intellectual property I that conceived and/or developed on behalf of Codexis during my employment, and my list of Prior Developments on a former employment agreement between us, if any. Further, any previous non- compete provisions between Company and me are void. No modification of or amendment to this Agreement, nor any waiver of any rights under this Agreement, will be effective unless in writing signed by both parties. Any subsequent change or changes in my duties, salary or compensation will not affect the validity or scope of this Agreement.

(c)Severability. If one or more of the provisions in this Agreement are deemed void by law, then the remaining provisions will continue in full force and effect.

(d)Successors and Assigns. This Agreement is binding upon my heirs, executors, administrators, other legal representatives and is for the benefit of the Company, its successors, and assigns.

(e)Survival. The rights and obligations of the parties to this


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Agreement will survive termination of my employment with Company.

(f)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts, each of which shall be deemed to be an original and all of which together shall be deemed to be one and the same instrument.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]


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I HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY AND I UNDERSTAND AND ACCEPT THE OBLIGATIONS WHICH IT IMPOSES UPON ME WITHOUT RESERVATION. NO PROMISES OR REPRESENTATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE TO ME TO INDUCE ME TO SIGN THIS AGREEMENT. I SIGN THIS AGREEMENT VOLUNTARILY AND FREELY, IN DUPLICATE, WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ONE COUNTERPART WILL BE RETAINED BY COMPANY AND THE OTHER COUNTERPART WILL BE RETAINED BY ME.

Date:

9/30/2024

Georgia Erbez

Signature

Printed

CODEXIS, INC.

By: Stephen Dilly, MBBS, Ph.D.

Chairman, President and CEO Date: 9/30/2024____________


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EXHIBIT A

LIST OF PRIOR DEVELOPMENTS (INCLUDING ORIGINAL WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP)

Identifying Number

Title Date Or Brief Description


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EXHIBIT B

CALIFORNIA LABOR CODE SECTION 2870 EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS; ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS

(a)Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign, or offer to assign, any of his or her rights in an invention to his or her employer shall not apply to an invention that developed entirely on his or her own time without using the employer’s equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret information except for those inventions that either:

(1)Relate at the time of conception or reduction to practice of the invention to the employer’s business, or actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development of the employer.

(2)Result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.

(b)To the extent a provision in the employment agreement purports to require an employee to assign an invention otherwise excluded from being required to be assigned under subdivision (a), the provision is against the public policy of this state and is unenforceable.


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EXHIBIT C

CODEXIS, INC.

FORM TERMINATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that I do not have in my possession, nor have I failed to return, any devices, records, data, notes, reports, proposals, lists, correspondence, specifications, drawings, blueprints, sketches, materials, equipment, other documents or property, or reproductions of any aforementioned items belonging to Codexis, Inc., its subsidiaries, affiliates, successors or assigns, except where authorized in writing.

I further certify that I have complied with all the terms of the Codexis, Inc. Proprietary Information, Inventions, and Employment Agreement signed by me, including the reporting of any inventions and original works of authorship (as defined therein), conceived or made by me (solely or jointly with others) covered by that agreement.

I further agree that, in compliance with the Proprietary Information, Inventions, and Employment Agreement, I will preserve as confidential all trade secrets, confidential knowledge, data or other proprietary information relating to products, processes, know-how, designs, formulas, developmental or experimental work, computer programs, data bases, other original works of authorship, customer lists, business plans, financial information or other subject matter pertaining to any business of Codexis and any third party confidential information that I have knowledge concerning..

The Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act. 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) states:

“An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or State trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that—(A) is made—(i) in confidence to a Federal, State, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney; and (ii) solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (B) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal.”

Accordingly, I have the right to disclose in confidence trade secrets to Federal, State, and local government officials, or to an attorney, for the sole purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law. I also have the right to disclose trade secrets in a document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, but only if the filing is made under seal and protectable from public disclosure. Nothing in this Certification is intended to conflict with 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) or create liability for disclosures of trade secrets that are expressly allowed by 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b).

Date:

_________________________________

(Employee’s Signature)

_________________________________

(Type/Print Employee’s Name)


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EXHIBIT D CODEXIS, INC.

PHOTOGRAPHY CONSENT, WAIVER, AND RELEASE

For good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which I hereby acknowledge, I hereby irrevocably consent and give permission to Codexis, Inc. (“Codexis”) or its agent, to photograph me, record my voice, and/or video me (alone or with others), in the context of my association with Codexis and/or at Codexis-related events (creating “Materials”). I understand that any such Materials, and all rights associated with them, will belong solely and exclusively to Codexis and Codexis shall have the irrevocable and absolute right to register copyright(s), duplicate, reproduce, alter, display, distribute, and/or publish them in any manner, for any purpose, and in any form including, but not limited to, print, electronic, radio, video, and/or on the Internet without notifying me.

I voluntarily waive any and all rights I may now or hereafter have with respect to any Materials, including any compensation, ownership, copyright, and any rights of publicity or privacy and any right to inspect or approve Materials and/or copy, print or other materials that may be used in connection with them, whether now or in the future, whether that use is known or unknown to me. I hereby waive any right to inspect or approve of any finished Materials whether printed or electronic, that may be used now or in the future, whether that use is known or unknown to me, and I forever waive any right to royalties or other compensation arising from or related to the use of the Materials. I hereby release and discharge, and agree to hold harmless, Codexis, its officers, agents and employees, and all persons acting under its permission or authority, from any claims, losses, damages or liability arising from or related to such Materials and/or their use under any circumstances.

I represent and warrant to that I am at least 18 years of age and that I have full right, power, and authority to enter into this Photography Consent, Waiver and Release and grant the rights granted hereunder, and that the rights granted hereunder do not, and will not, violate any right of, or conflict with or violate any contract or agreement with or commitment made to, any person or entity, and that no consent or authorization from, or any payment to, any third party is required in connection herewith. This Photography Consent, Waiver, and Release is binding on my heirs, executors, administrators and other legal representatives and is for the benefit of Codexis, its successors and assigns.

I HAVE READ AND FULLY UNDERSTAND THE CONTENTS OF THIS PHOTOGRAPHY CONSENT, WAIVER, AND RELEASE FORM, AND I SIGN IT FREELY AND VOLUNTARILY.

Name: Georgia Erbez

___________________________

Signature

Date: 9/30/2024


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ATTACHMENT B

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT


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CODEXIS, INC.

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT

This Change of Control Severance Agreement (the “Agreement”) is made and entered into by and between Georgia Erbez (the “Executive”) and Codexis, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), effective as of the latest date set forth by the signatures of the parties hereto

below (the “Effective Date”).

R E C I T A L S

A.It is expected that the Company from time to time will consider the possibility of an acquisition by another company or other change of control. The Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) recognizes that such consideration as well as the possibility of an involuntary termination or reduction in responsibility can be a distraction to Executive and can cause Executive to consider alternative employment opportunities. The Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to assure that the Company will have the continued dedication and objectivity of Executive, notwithstanding the possibility, threat or occurrence of such an event.

B.The Board believes that it is in the best interests of the Company and its

stockholders to provide Executive with an incentive to continue Executive’s employment and to motivate Executive to maximize the value of the Company upon a Change of Control (as defined below) for the benefit of its stockholders.

C.The Board believes that it is imperative to provide Executive with severance benefits upon certain terminations of Executive’s service to the Company that provide Executive with enhanced financial security and provides incentive and encouragement to Executive to remain with the Company notwithstanding the possibility of such an event.

D.Certain capitalized terms used in the Agreement are defined in Section 9 below. The parties hereto agree as follows:

1.Term of Agreement. This Agreement shall become effective as of the Effective Date and terminate upon the date that all obligations of the parties hereto with respect to this Agreement have been satisfied.

2.At-Will Employment. The Company and Executive acknowledge that

Executive’s employment is and shall continue to be “at-will,” as defined under applicable law. If Executive’s employment terminates for any reason, Executive shall not be entitled to any payments, benefits, damages, awards or compensation other than as provided by this Agreement.

3.Covered Termination Outside a Change of Control Period. Except as otherwise provided under Section 6, if Executive experiences a Covered Termination other than during a Change of Control Period, and if Executive, within sixty (60) days following the date of the Covered Termination, provides the Company with an executed Release of Claims (as defined below) which is not revoked within the applicable revocation period, if any, then in addition


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to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement payable in accordance with applicable law, the Company shall provide Executive with the following:

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an

amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s base salary at the rate in effect immediately prior to Executive’s termination of employment (without giving effect to any reduction in base salary that gives rise to a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason), less applicable withholdings. This severance payment shall be made to Executive in substantially equal installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll procedures with the first such installment to be made on the first payroll date following the date the Release of Claims becomes effective and irrevocable, provided, that if the Covered Termination occurs after November 1 of any year, the first such installment shall be made on the first payroll date of the subsequent year and, provided further, that, in each case, the first installment shall include any installment payments that would have been made had such installments commenced on the first payroll date after the Covered Termination.

partner from the date of Executive’s Covered Termination through the earlier of (i) the twelve

(12) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s Covered Termination and (ii) the date

Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or

(3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding

sentence, Executive may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

4.Covered Termination Within a Change of Control Period. If Executive experiences a Covered Termination during a Change of Control Period, and if Executive, within sixty (60) days following the date of the Covered Termination, provides the Company with an executed Release of Claims (as defined below) which is not revoked within the applicable revocation period, if any, then in addition to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement payable in accordance with applicable law, the Company shall provide Executive with the following:

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an


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Termination for Good Reason), less applicable withholdings. This severance payment shall be made to Executive within sixty (60) days following the date of the Covered Termination.

(b)Equity Awards. Each outstanding equity award, including, without limitation, stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units, held by Executive shall automatically become vested and, if applicable, exercisable and any restrictions thereon shall immediately lapse, in each case, with respect to one hundred percent (100%) of the then unvested shares subject to such equity award. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any outstanding performance stock units or performance stock options held by Executive shall automatically become vested with respect to: (i) in the event of a Change of Control that occurs prior to the applicable Measurement Date, such number of shares of Company common stock corresponding to the target performance level for any applicable performance goals; or (ii) in the event of a Change of Control that occurs on or after the Measurement Date, such number of shares of Company common stock corresponding to the Company’s actual achievement of any applicable performance goals.

(ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s

plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code, under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or (3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding sentence, Executive may, if eligible, elect to continue

healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

5.Death or Disability. If Executive terminates employment with the Company due to death or Disability and such termination constitutes a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A of Code and the Department of Treasury regulations and other guidance promulgated thereunder (a “Separation from Service”), then in addition to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement payable in accordance with applicable law, the Company shall provide Executive with the following:


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assuming Executive’s continued service through such date, pro-rated to the date of Executive’s termination due to death or Disability. For purposes of determining the number of shares subject to any outstanding performance stock units or performance stock options that would otherwise vest on the next vesting date pursuant to the foregoing sentence, the applicable performance goals shall be deemed achieved: (i) in the event of a termination due to death or Disability that occurs prior to the applicable Measurement Date, at the target performance level; or (ii) in the event of a termination due to death or Disability that occurs on or after the Measurement Date,

based on the Company’s actual achievement.

(12) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s termination of employment and (ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code, under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or (3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding sentence, Executive, or any beneficiary of Executive, may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at his or her expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

6.Termination in Connection With a Change of Control. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, in the event Executive experiences a Covered Termination and the Involuntary Termination without Cause underlying the Covered Termination, or the event upon which a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason underlying the Covered Termination is based, occurs at the direction of a person or entity that has entered into an agreement with the Company that contemplates a transaction that, if consummated, would constitute a Change of Control, then for all purposes hereunder, including, without limitation, Sections 4 and 7, such Covered Termination shall be deemed to have occurred during a Change of Control Period and, in lieu of the benefits provided under Section 3, Executive shall be entitled to the benefits set forth in Section 4 with such benefits to be paid, or commence being paid, upon the Covered Termination, but otherwise subject to the terms and conditions of Section 4.

7.Termination for Cause; Voluntary Resignation. If Executive’s service with the Company is terminated by the Company for Cause or by Executive for any or no reason other than due to death, Disability or as a Covered Termination, then Executive shall only be entitled to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement in accordance with applicable law.


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8.Limitation on Payments. In the event that the severance and other benefits provided for in this Agreement or otherwise payable to Executive (i) constitute “parachute

payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and (ii) but for this Section 8, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then Executive’s severance benefits under this Agreement shall be payable either

(a)in full, or

(b)as to such lesser amount which would result in no portion of such severance benefits being subject to excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income taxes and the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, results in the receipt by Executive on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of severance benefits under this Agreement, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such severance benefits may be taxable under Section 4999 of the Code. The specific benefits that shall be reduced, if any, and the order of such reduction shall be determined by the Executive in his or her sole discretion. Unless the Company and Executive otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under this Section 8 shall be made in writing by the Company's independent public accountants (the “Accountants”), whose determination shall be conclusive and binding upon Executive and the Company for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 8, the Accountants may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company and Executive shall furnish to the Accountants such information and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order to make a determination under this Section. The Company shall bear all costs the Accountants may reasonably incur in connection with any calculations contemplated by this Section 8.

9.Definition of Terms. The following terms referred to in this Agreement shall have the following meanings:

Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or any comparable successor provisions (excluding any employee benefit plan, or related trust, sponsored or maintained by the Company or subsidiary of the Company or other entity controlled by the Company) of the beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, or comparable successor rule) of securities of the Company representing at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power entitled to vote in the election of directors; or, (vi) in the


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event that the individuals who are members of the Incumbent Board cease for any reason to constitute at least fifty percent (50%) of the Board. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Change of Control shall not include any transaction effected primarily for the purpose of financing the Company with cash (as determined by the Board acting in good faith and without regard to whether such transaction is effectuated by a merger, equity financing or otherwise) or the initial public offering of the Company’s common stock. Further notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Change of Control would give rise to a payment or settlement event that constitutes “nonqualified deferred

compensation,” the transaction or event constituting the Change of Control must also constitute a “change in control event” (as defined in Treasury Regulation §1.409A-3(i)(5)) in order to give rise to the payment or settlement event, to the extent required by Section 409A.

(b)Change of Control Period. “Change of Control Period” shall mean the period commencing ninety (90) days prior to a Change of Control and ending on the first anniversary of the Change of Control.

(c)Covered Termination. “Covered Termination” shall mean an Involuntary Termination without Cause or a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason that constitutes the Executive’s Separation from Service.

(d)Disability. “Disability” shall mean that Executive has been unable to

perform Executive’s Company duties as the result of Executive’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness, and such inability, at least one hundred eighty (180) days after its commencement, is determined to be total and permanent by a physician selected by the Company or its insurers and acceptable to Executive or Executive’s legal representative (such agreement as to acceptability not to be unreasonably withheld). Termination resulting from Disability may only be effected after at least thirty (30) days’ written notice by the Company of its intention to terminate Executive’s employment. In the event that Executive resumes the performance of substantially all of Executive’s duties hereunder before the termination of Executive’s employment becomes effective, the notice of intent to terminate shall automatically be deemed to have been revoked.

(e)Incumbent Board. “Incumbent Board” shall mean the individuals who, as of the Effective Date, are members of the Board. If the election, or nomination for election by

the Company’s stockholders, of any new director is approved by a vote of at least fifty percent (50%) of the Incumbent Board, such new director shall be considered as a member of the Incumbent Board.

(f)Involuntary Termination without Cause. “Involuntary Termination

without Cause” shall mean the termination of Executive’s employment by the Company other than a termination following (i) the willful and continued failure to substantially perform the Executive’s duties with the Company (other than as a result of physical or mental disability) after a written demand for substantial performance is delivered to the Executive by the Company, which demand specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes that the


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dishonesty with respect to a significant matter relating to the Company’s business; or (iv) material breach of any agreement by and between the Executive and the Company, which material breach has not been cured within fifteen (15) days following receipt by the Executive of written notice from the Company identifying such material breach.

(g)Release of Claims. “Release of Claims” shall mean a general release of all claims against the Company and its affiliates in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company.

compensation; (ii) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities; (iii) a material change of at least thirty-five (35) miles in the geographic location at which Executive must perform Executive’s services; or (iv) a material breach of this Agreement by the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a resignation shall not constitute a “Voluntary Termination for Good Reason” unless the condition giving rise to such resignation continues more than thirty

(30) days following Executive’s written notice of the condition within ninety (90) days of the first occurrence of such condition and Executive’s termination occurs within one hundred eighty

(180) days following the first occurrence of such condition.

(i) Measurement Date. “Measurement Date,” with respect to an award of performance stock units or performance stock options, shall mean the date the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determines the achievement of the applicable performance goals for the applicable performance period.

10.Successors.

(a)Company’s Successors. Any successor to the Company (whether direct or indirect and whether by purchase, merger, consolidation, liquidation or otherwise) to all or

substantially all of the Company’s business and/or assets shall assume the obligations under this Agreement and agree expressly to perform the obligations under this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent as the Company would be required to perform such obligations in the absence of a succession. For all purposes under this Agreement, the term “Company” shall include any successor to the Company’s business and/or assets which executes and delivers the assumption agreement described in this Section 10(a) or which becomes bound by the terms of this Agreement by operation of law.

(b)Executive’s Successors. The terms of this Agreement and all rights of Executive hereunder shall inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable by, Executive’s personal or legal representatives, executors, administrators, successors, heirs, distributees, devisees and legatees.

11.Notices. Notices and all other communications contemplated by this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given when personally delivered or one day following mailing via Federal Express or similar overnight courier service. In the case of Executive, mailed notices shall be addressed to Executive at Executive’s home address that the Company has on file for Executive. In the case of the


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Company, mailed notices shall be addressed to its corporate headquarters, and all notices shall be directed to the attention of its Secretary.

12.Confidentiality; Non-Solicitation.

below). Upon termination of Executive’s employment with the Company, all Confidential Information in Executive’s possession that is in written or other tangible form (together with all copies or duplicates thereof, including computer files) shall be returned to the Company and shall not be retained by Executive or furnished to any third party, in any form except as provided herein; provided, however, that Executive shall not be obligated to treat as confidential, or return to the Company copies of any Confidential Information that (i) was publicly known at the time of disclosure to Executive, (ii) becomes publicly known or available thereafter other than by any means in violation of this Agreement or any other duty owed to the Company by any person or entity, or (iii) is lawfully disclosed to Executive by a third party. For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Confidential Information” shall mean information disclosed to Executive or known by Executive as a consequence of or through his or her relationship with the Company, about the customers, employees, business methods, public relations methods, organization, procedures or finances, including, without limitation, information of or relating to customer lists, of the Company and its affiliates. In addition, Executive shall continue to be subject to the Confidential Information, Secrecy, and Invention Agreement entered into between Executive and the Company (the “Confidential Information Agreement”).

(b)Non-Solicitation. In addition to each Executive’s obligations under the Confidential Information Agreement, Executive shall not for a period of one (1) year following Executive’s termination of employment for any reason, either on Executive’s own account or jointly with or as a manager, agent, officer, employee, consultant, partner, joint venturer, owner or stockholder or otherwise on behalf of any other person, firm or corporation, directly or indirectly solicit or attempt to solicit away from the Company any of its officers or employees or offer employment to any person who is an officer or employee of the Company; provided, however, that a general advertisement to which an employee of the Company responds shall in no event be deemed to result in a breach of this Section 12(b). Executive also agrees not to harass or disparage the Company or its employees, clients, directors or agents or divert or attempt to divert any actual or potential business of the company.

(c)Survival of Provisions. The provisions of this Section 12 shall survive the termination or expiration of the applicable Executive’s employment with the Company and shall be fully enforceable thereafter. If it is determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in any state that any restriction in this Section 12 is excessive in duration or scope or is unreasonable or unenforceable under the laws of that state, it is the intention of the parties that such restriction may be modified or amended by the court to render it enforceable to the maximum extent permitted by the law of that state.


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performance or interpretation of this Agreement, Executive’s employment, or the termination of Executive’s employment, shall be resolved to the fullest extent permitted by law by final, binding and confidential arbitration, by a single arbitrator, in San Mateo County, California, conducted by Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (“JAMS”) under the applicable JAMS employment rules. By agreeing to this arbitration procedure, both Executive and the Company waive the right to resolve any such dispute through a trial by jury or judge or administrative proceeding. The arbitrator shall: (i) have the authority to compel adequate discovery for the resolution of the dispute and to award such relief as would otherwise be permitted by law; and (ii) issue a written arbitration decision, to include

the arbitrator’s essential findings and conclusions and a statement of the award. The arbitrator shall be authorized to award any or all remedies that Executive or the Company would be entitled to seek in a court of law. The Company shall pay all JAMS’ arbitration fees in excess of the amount of court fees that would be required if the dispute were decided in a court of law. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to prevent either Executive or the Company from obtaining injunctive relief in court to prevent irreparable harm pending the conclusion of any such arbitration. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Executive and the Company each have the right to resolve any issue or dispute over intellectual property rights by Court action instead of arbitration.

14.Miscellaneous Provisions.

(a)Section 409A. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Agreement, if Executive is deemed by the Company at the time of Executive’s Separation from Service to be a “specified employee” for purposes of Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, to the extent delayed commencement of any portion of the benefits to which Executive is entitled under this Agreement is required in order to avoid a prohibited distribution under Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, such portion of Executive’s benefits shall not be provided to Executive prior to the earlier of (i) the expiration of the six-month period measured from the date of the Executive’s Covered Termination or termination of employment due to Disability or (ii) the date of Executive’s death. Upon the first business day following the expiration of the applicable Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) period, all payments deferred pursuant to this Section 14(a) shall be paid in a lump sum to Executive, and any remaining payments due under the Agreement shall be paid as otherwise provided herein.

(b)Waiver. No provision of this Agreement shall be modified, waived or discharged unless the modification, waiver or discharge is agreed to in writing and signed by Executive and by an authorized officer of the Company (other than Executive). No waiver by either party of any breach of, or of compliance with, any condition or provision of this Agreement by the other party shall be considered a waiver of any other condition or provision or of the same condition or provision at another time.

(c)Whole Agreement. This Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement represent the entire understanding of the parties hereto with respect to the


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subject matter hereof and supersede all prior arrangements and understandings regarding same.

(d)Choice of Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of California.

(e)Severability. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision or provisions of this Agreement shall not affect the validity or enforceability of any other provision hereof, which shall remain in full force and effect.

(f)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument.

[Signature page follows]


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement, in the case of the Company by its duly authorized officer, as of the day and year set forth below.

CODEXIS, INC.

By: Name: Stephen Dilly, MBBS, Ph.D. Title: Chairman, President & CEO

Date: 9/30/2024

EXECUTIVE

Georgia Erbez

Date: 9/30/2024


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ATTACHMENT C

POLICY ON RECOUPMENT OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION


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CODEXIS, INC.

POLICY ON RECOUPMENT OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

Introduction

The Board of Directors (the “Board”) of Codexis, Inc. (the “Company”) has adopted this Policy on Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (this “Policy”), which provides for the recoupment of compensation in certain circumstances in the event of a restatement of financial results by the Company. This Policy shall be interpreted to comply with the requirements of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) listing standards implementing Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and, to the extent this Policy is in any manner deemed inconsistent with such rules, this Policy shall be treated as retroactively amended to be compliant with such rules.

Administration

This Policy shall be administered by the Compensation Committee (the “Compensation Committee”) of the Board. Any determinations made by the Compensation Committee shall be final and binding on all affected individuals. The Compensation Committee is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate or advisable for the administration of this Policy, in all cases consistent with the Dodd-Frank Act. The Board or Compensation Committee may amend this Policy from time to time in its discretion.

Covered Executives

This Policy applies to any current or former “executive officer,” within the meaning of Rule 10D-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company (each such individual, an “Executive”). This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Executives and their beneficiaries, executors, administrators, and other legal representatives.

Recoupment Upon Financial Restatement

If the Company is required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (a “Financial Restatement”), the Compensation Committee shall cause the Company to recoup from each Executive, as promptly as reasonably possible, any erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation, as defined below.

No-Fault Recovery

Recoupment under this Policy shall be required regardless of whether the Executive or any other person was at fault or responsible for accounting errors that contributed to the need for the Financial Restatement or engaged in any misconduct.

Compensation Subject to Recovery; Enforcement


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or in part from such measures, whether or not presented within the Company’s financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC, including stock price and total shareholder return (“TSR”), including but not limited to performance-based cash, stock, options or other equity-based awards paid or granted to the Executive (“Incentive-Based Compensation”). Compensation that is granted, vests or is earned based solely upon the occurrence of non-financial events, such as base salary, restricted stock or options with time-based vesting, or a bonus awarded solely at the discretion of the Board or Compensation Committee and not based on the attainment of any financial measure, is not subject to this Policy.

In the event of a Financial Restatement, the amount to be recovered will be the excess of (i) the Incentive- Based Compensation received by the Executive during the Recovery Period (as defined below) based on the erroneous data and calculated without regard to any taxes paid or withheld, over (ii) the Incentive-Based Compensation that would have been received by the Executive had it been calculated based on the restated financial information, as determined by the Compensation Committee. For purposes of this Policy, “Recovery Period” means the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date on which the Company is required to prepare the Financial Restatement, as determined in accordance with the last sentence of this paragraph, or any transition period that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year (as set forth in Section 5608(b)(i)(D) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules). The date on which the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement is the earlier to occur of (A) the date the Board or a Board committee (or authorized officers of the Company if Board action is not required) concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement or (B) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare a Financial Restatement.

For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or TSR, where the amount of erroneously awarded compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the Financial Restatement, then the Compensation Committee shall determine the amount to be recovered based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Financial Restatement on the stock price or TSR upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received and the Company shall document the determination of that estimate and provide it to Nasdaq.

Incentive-Based Compensation is considered to have been received by an Executive in the fiscal year during which the applicable financial reporting measure was attained or purportedly attained, even if the payment or grant of such Incentive-Based Compensation occurs after the end of that period.

The Company may use any legal or equitable remedies that are available to the Company to recoup any erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation, including but not limited to by collecting from the Executive cash payments or shares of Company common stock from or by forfeiting any amounts that the Company owes to the Executive.

No Indemnification

The Company shall not indemnify any Executive or pay or reimburse the premium for any insurance policy to cover any losses incurred by such Executive under this Policy.

Exceptions

The compensation recouped under this Policy shall not include Incentive-Based Compensation received by an Executive (i) prior to beginning service as an Executive or (ii) if he or she did not serve as an Executive at any time during the performance period applicable to the Incentive-Based Compensation in question. The Compensation Committee (or a majority of independent directors serving on the Board) may determine not to seek recovery from an Executive in whole or part to the extent it determines in its sole discretion that such recovery would be impracticable because (A) the direct expense paid to a third


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party to assist in enforcing recovery would exceed the recoverable amount (after having made a reasonable attempt to recover the erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation and providing corresponding documentation of such attempt to Nasdaq), (B) recovery would violate the home country law that was adopted prior to November 28, 2022, as determined by an opinion of counsel licensed in the applicable jurisdiction that is acceptable to and provided to Nasdaq, or (C) recovery would likely cause the Company’s 401(k) plan or any other tax-qualified retirement plan to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations thereunder.

Other Remedies Not Precluded

The exercise by the Compensation Committee of any rights pursuant to this Policy shall be without prejudice to any other rights or remedies that the Company, the Board or the Compensation Committee may have with respect to any Executive subject to this Policy.

Effective Date and Applicability

This Policy has been adopted by the Board on August 24, 2023, and shall apply to any Incentive-Based Compensation that is received by an Executive on or after October 2, 2023.


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CODEXIS, INC.

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT

below (the “Effective Date”).

R E C I T A L S

B.The Board believes that it is in the best interests of the Company and its

D.Certain capitalized terms used in the Agreement are defined in Section 9 below. The parties hereto agree as follows:

2.At-Will Employment. The Company and Executive acknowledge that


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Covered Termination, provides the Company with an executed Release of Claims (as defined below) which is not revoked within the applicable revocation period, if any, then in addition to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement payable in accordance with applicable law, the Company shall provide Executive with the following:

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an

partner from the date of Executive’s Covered Termination through the earlier of (i) the twelve

(12) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s Covered Termination and (ii) the date

sentence, Executive may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an


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amount equal to the sum of eighteen (18) months of Executive’s base salary at the rate in effect immediately prior to Executive’s termination of employment (without giving effect to any reduction in base salary subsequent to a Change of Control that gives rise to a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason), less applicable withholdings. This severance payment shall be made to Executive within sixty (60) days following the date of the Covered Termination.

(ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s

healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

(a)Pro-Rata Vesting of Equity Awards. Each outstanding equity award, including, without limitation, stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, held by


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Executive shall automatically become vested and, if applicable, exercisable and any restrictions thereon shall immediately lapse, in each case, with respect to that number of shares of Company common stock that would otherwise vest on the next vesting date for such equity award,

based on the Company’s actual achievement.

7.Termination for Cause; Voluntary Resignation. If Executive’s service with the Company is terminated by the Company for Cause or by Executive for any or no reason other


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than due to death, Disability or as a Covered Termination, then Executive shall only be entitled to any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement in accordance with applicable law.

8.Limitation on Payments. In the event that the severance and other benefits provided for in this Agreement or otherwise payable to Executive (i) constitute “parachute

(a)in full, or

9.Definition of Terms. The following terms referred to in this Agreement shall have the following meanings:


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beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, or comparable successor rule) of securities of the Company representing at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power entitled to vote in the election of directors; or, (vi) in the event that the individuals who are members of the Incumbent Board cease for any reason to constitute at least fifty percent (50%) of the Board. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Change of Control shall not include any transaction effected primarily for the purpose of financing the Company with cash (as determined by the Board acting in good faith and without regard to whether such transaction is effectuated by a merger, equity financing or otherwise) or the initial public offering of the Company’s common stock. Further notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Change of Control would give rise to a payment or settlement event that constitutes “nonqualified deferred compensation,” the transaction or event constituting the Change of Control must also constitute a “change in control event” (as defined in Treasury Regulation §1.409A-3(i)(5)) in order to give rise to the payment or settlement event, to the extent required by Section 409A.

(d)Disability. “Disability” shall mean that Executive has been unable to

(e)Incumbent Board. “Incumbent Board” shall mean the individuals who, as of the Effective Date, are members of the Board. If the election, or nomination for election by

(f)Involuntary Termination without Cause. “Involuntary Termination


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Executive has not substantially performed the Executive’s duties and that has not been cured within fifteen (15) days following receipt by the Executive of the written demand; (ii) commission of a felony (other than a traffic-related offense) that in the written determination of the Company is likely to cause or has caused material injury to the Company’s business; (iii) dishonesty with respect to a significant matter relating to the Company’s business; or (iv) material breach of any agreement by and between the Executive and the Company, which material breach has not been cured within fifteen (15) days following receipt by the Executive of written notice from the Company identifying such material breach.

(g)Release of Claims. “Release of Claims” shall mean a general release of all claims against the Company and its affiliates in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company.

(30) days following Executive’s written notice of the condition within ninety (90) days of the first occurrence of such condition and Executive’s termination occurs within one hundred eighty

(180) days following the first occurrence of such condition.

10.Successors.

(a)Company’s Successors. Any successor to the Company (whether direct or indirect and whether by purchase, merger, consolidation, liquidation or otherwise) to all or


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Executive’s home address that the Company has on file for Executive. In the case of the Company, mailed notices shall be addressed to its corporate headquarters, and all notices shall be directed to the attention of its Secretary.

12.Confidentiality; Non-Solicitation.


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competent jurisdiction in any state that any restriction in this Section 12 is excessive in duration or scope or is unreasonable or unenforceable under the laws of that state, it is the intention of the parties that such restriction may be modified or amended by the court to render it enforceable to the maximum extent permitted by the law of that state.

14.Miscellaneous Provisions.

measured from the date of the Executive’s Covered Termination or termination of

employment due to Disability or (ii) the date of Executive’s death. Upon the first business day following the expiration of the applicable Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) period, all payments deferred pursuant to this Section 14(a) shall be paid in a lump sum to Executive, and any remaining payments due under the Agreement shall be paid as otherwise provided herein.


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by either party of any breach of, or of compliance with, any condition or provision of this Agreement by the other party shall be considered a waiver of any other condition or provision or of the same condition or provision at another time.

(c)Whole Agreement. This Agreement and the Confidential Information Agreement represent the entire understanding of the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior arrangements and understandings regarding same.

(d)Choice of Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of California.

(f)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument.

[Signature page follows]


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement, in the case of the Company by its duly authorized officer, as of the day and year set forth below.

CODEXIS, INC.

By: Name: Stephen Dilly, MBBS, Ph.D. Title: Chairman, President & CEO

Date: 9/30/2024

EXECUTIVE

Georgia Erbez

Date: 9/30/2024


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Codexis, Inc.

200 Penobscot Drive Redwood City, CA 94063 Tel: +1 (650) 421-8100

Fax: +1 (650) 421-8102

www.codexis.com

September 19, 2024

Dr. Alison Moore, Ph.D. Dear Alison,

On behalf of Codexis, Inc. (“Codexis” or the “Company”), I am pleased to extend to you this offer of employment as Executive Vice President, Chief Technical Officer reporting to Stephen Dilly, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”). Your position is full-time and exempt from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act. You will work from the Company’s headquarters in Redwood City, California. Your Company employment will commence as of your and the Company’s mutually agreed upon start date, which is expected to be September 30, 2024 (your actual first date of Company employment, the “Start Date”).

Your employment is subject to (i) proof of your legal right to work in the United States, (ii) you completing the United States Citizenship and Immigration Service Employment Eligibility Verification Form I-9, and (iii) the execution of your Proprietary Information, Inventions, and Employment Agreement (Attachment A) (your “Confidentiality Agreement”).

By executing this offer of employment and in accordance with the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company, you hereby tender your resignation as a member of the board of directors of the Company (the “Board”) and all committees thereof, effective as the Start Date. You agree and acknowledge that your resignation is not as a result of any disagreement between yourself and the Company on any matter relating to the Company’s operations, policies or practices. For the avoidance of doubt, upon your resignation as a member of the Board, you shall cease to participate in the Company’s director compensation program; provided, however, that your 2024 restricted stock award shall continue to vest based on your continued service to the Company in accordance with the terms of the Company’s 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the “2019 Plan”).

You will not, during your employment by the Company, be employed by or otherwise engaged in any other business activity requiring any of your time, except that, with the prior written approval of the Board or the CEO, CEO, you may serve as a member of (a) the board of directors of up to one organization that is not a competitor of the Company and (b) the scientific advisory board of up to one organization that is not a competitor of the Company, provided in each case that such service does not individually or in the aggregate interfere with the performance of your duties to the Company, violate your Confidentiality Agreement or violate the Company’s standards of conduct then in effect, or raise a conflict under the Company’s conflict of interest policies. In the event of any conflict between this paragraph and your Confidentiality Agreement, this paragraph shall control.


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Compensation

If you accept this offer and you begin employment with Codexis, you will receive an initial salary of USD $500,000 per year, payable bi-weekly, which will be subject to all applicable withholdings.

You will also be eligible to participate in the Codexis Employee Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Incentive Plan”). Your Incentive Plan target will be fifty-percent (50%) of your Codexis base salary earnings, subject to metrics set and approved by the Board (or a committee thereof) and achievement by the Company of such performance targets as shall be determined by the Board (or a committee thereof). Based on the Company’s performance and your individual and group’s goal performance, your actual bonus may be more or less than this target, and under certain circumstances there may be no payout. Any payout will be subject to all applicable withholdings and will be paid no later than March 15th following the conclusion of the applicable performance year. No bonus amount is guaranteed and, in addition to the other conditions for earning such bonus, you must remain an employee in good standing of the Company on the scheduled bonus payment date in order to earn any bonus. For calendar year 2024, you will be eligible to earn a prorated bonus based on the Company’s achievement of the applicable performance targets and metrics, and based on the number of days you were employed by the Company in 2024. Please also note that the Incentive Plan does not constitute a contract of employment or alter the “at will” status of your employment. In addition, Codexis reserves the right to modify or terminate the Incentive Plan at any time and for any reason without your consent.

Equity

Subject to approval by the Board (or a duly authorized committee thereof) and as an inducement for you to join the Company, you will be granted 50,000 restricted stock units (“RSUs”). Each RSU entitles you to be issued one share of Codexis common stock upon vesting. The RSUs will vest in substantially equal installments on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant of the RSUs, provided that you provide continuous services to Codexis through the applicable vesting date. The RSUs will be granted in accordance with Codexis’ policy which may be amended from time to time and will be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2019 Plan and an RSU agreement to be entered into between you and Codexis.


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accordance with Codexis’ policy which may be amended from time to time and will be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2019 Plan and an option agreement to be entered into between you and Codexis.

Change of Control Severance Agreement

Employee Benefits

Other Terms and Conditions of Employment

As an Executive Vice President, you will be subject to the Company’s Policy on Recoupment of Incentive Compensation (Attachment C), and any other clawback or recoupment policy that the Company adopts in the future. In addition, you acknowledge that you shall also be subject to additional policies of the Company and its affiliates as in effect from time-to-time, including the Company’s Code of Conduct and policies with regard to stock ownership and securities trading by senior executives.


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Sincerely, Codexis, Inc.

By: Stephen Dilly, Ph.D.

Chairman, President & CEO


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I understand and agree to the foregoing terms and conditions of employment with Codexis.

__________________________________

Dr. Alison Moore, Ph.D.

9/30/2024 | 2:07 AM PDT

__________________________________

Date


5

ATTACHMENT A

CODEXIS, INC. PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, INVENTIONS, AND EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT


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CODEXIS, INC.

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION, INVENTIONS, AND EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT

2.Proprietary Information.


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Company. I further understand that Proprietary Information does not apply to information which: (i) was already rightfully known to me prior to the time that it is disclosed to me hereunder without any confidentiality obligation to Company;

(ii) is in or has entered the public domain through no breach of this Agreement or other wrongful act; (iii) pertains to general training, knowledge, skill or experience information within the industry that I possess, that is not specifically related to other Proprietary Information; (iv) pertains to my pay, benefits, and other employment terms and conditions; or (v) has been rightfully received by me from a third party not under obligation of confidentiality to Company.


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or (B) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal.” Accordingly, I have the right to disclose in confidence trade secrets to Federal, State, and local government officials, or to an attorney, for the sole purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law. I also have the right to disclose trade secrets in a document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, but only if the filing is made under seal and protectable from public disclosure.

Nothing in this Agreement is intended to conflict with 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) or create liability for disclosures of trade secrets that are expressly allowed by 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b).

3.Inventions.

(b)Assignment of Inventions. I hereby assign to the Company, or its designee, all my right, title, and interest in and to any and all discoveries, ideas, inventions, creations, data, software, techniques, methods, works of authorship, know how, developments, concepts, improvements or trade secrets, whether or not patentable or registrable under copyright or similar laws, which I may solely or jointly conceive or develop or reduce to practice, or cause to be conceived or developed or reduced to practice, during the period of time I am in the employ of the Company (collectively referred to as “Inventions”), excepting only any invention (if any) which qualifies fully under the provisions of California Labor Code Section 2870 as provided in Section 3(e) below. I agree that I will promptly make full written disclosure to the Company of any Invention, and will hold the same in trust for the sole right and benefit of the Company. I further acknowledge that all original works of authorship which are made by me (solely or jointly


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with others) within the scope of and during the period of my employment with the Company and which are protectable by copyright are “works made for hire”, as that term is defined in the United States Copyright Act.

(d)Patent and Copyright Registrations. I agree to assist the Company, or its designee, at the Company’s expense, in every proper way to secure the Company’s rights in the Inventions and any copyrights, patents, mask work rights or other intellectual property rights relating thereto in any and all countries, including the disclosure to the Company of all pertinent information and data with respect thereto, the execution of all applications, specifications, oaths, assignments and all other instruments which the Company shall deem necessary in order to apply for, obtain and enforce such rights and in order to assign and convey to the Company, its successors, assigns and nominees the sole and exclusive rights, title and interest in and to such Inventions, and any copyrights, patents, mask work rights or other intellectual property rights relating thereto. I further agree that my obligation to execute or cause to be executed, when it is in my power to do so, any such instrument or papers shall continue after the termination of this Agreement. If the Company is unable because of my mental or physical incapacity or for any other reason to secure my signature to apply for or to pursue any application for any United States or foreign patents or copyright registrations covering Inventions or original works of authorship assigned to the Company as above, then I hereby irrevocably designate and appoint the Company and its duly authorized officers and agents as my agent and attorney in fact, to act for and in my behalf and stead to execute and file any such applications and to do all other lawfully permitted acts to further the prosecution and issuance of letters patent or copyright registrations thereon with the same legal force and effect as if executed by me.


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any aforementioned items including any and all of the aforementioned items developed by me pursuant to my employment with the Company or otherwise property of the Company, its successors or assigns. In the event of the termination of my employment, I agree to sign and deliver the “Termination Certification” attached hereto as Exhibit C.

7.Photography Consent, Waiver, And Release. Upon execution of this Agreement, I agree to sign the Photography Consent, Waiver and Release attached as Exhibit D hereto.

9.Arbitration and Equitable Relief.

(b)Equitable Remedies. To the extent permitted by applicable law, this
Agreement does not preclude either the Company or myself from seeking
injunctive relief in a court of law.

10.General Provisions.

(b)Entire Agreement. This Agreement sets forth the entire agreement and understanding between the Company and me relating to the subject matter herein and, except as


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stated in this paragraph, supersedes all prior and contemporaneous discussions between us, including any previous confidentiality agreements that I may have entered into with the Company with the effect that this Agreement shall control with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof. Any previous agreements relating to the subject matter herein are extinguished other than previously executed assignments of intellectual property and any other obligations regarding intellectual property I that conceived and/or developed on behalf of Codexis during my employment, and my list of Prior Developments on a former employment agreement between us, if any. Further, any previous non-compete provisions between Company and me are void. No modification of or amendment to this Agreement, nor any waiver of any rights under this Agreement, will be effective unless in writing signed by both parties. Any subsequent change or changes in my duties, salary or compensation will not affect the validity or scope of this Agreement.

(c)Severability. If one or more of the provisions in this Agreement are deemed void by law, then the remaining provisions will continue in full force and effect.

(d)Successors and Assigns. This Agreement is binding upon my heirs, executors, administrators, other legal representatives and is for the benefit of the Company, its successors, and assigns.

(e)Survival. The rights and obligations of the parties to this Agreement will survive termination of my employment with Company.

(f)COUNTERPARTS. THIS AGREEMENT MAY BE EXECUTED IN ANY NUMBER OF COUNTERPARTS, EACH OF WHICH SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE AN ORIGINAL AND ALL OF WHICH TOGETHER SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE ONE AND THE SAME INSTRUMENT.

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS]


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Date:

9/30/2024 | 2:07 AM PDT

Alison Moore

Signature

Printed

CODEXIS, INC.

By:

Title: CEO

Date: 9/29/2024 | 8:29 PM PDT


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EXHIBIT A

LIST OF PRIOR DEVELOPMENTS (INCLUDING ORIGINAL WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP)

Title Date

Identifying Number or

Brief Description


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EXHIBIT B

CALIFORNIA LABOR CODE SECTION 2870 EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENTS; ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS

(1)Relate at the time of conception or reduction to practice of the invention to the employer’s business, or actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development of the employer.

(2)Result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


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EXHIBIT C

CODEXIS, INC.

FORM TERMINATION CERTIFICATE

The Federal Defend Trade Secrets Act 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) states:

Date:

__________________________________

(Employee’s Signature)

__________________________________

(Type/Print Employee’s Name)

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EXHIBIT D CODEXIS, INC.

PHOTOGRAPHY CONSENT, WAIVER, AND RELEASE

I HAVE READ AND FULLY UNDERSTAND THE CONTENTS OF THIS PHOTOGRAPHY CONSENT, WAIVER, AND RELEASE FORM, AND I SIGN IT FREELY AND VOLUNTARILY.

Alison Moore

Name:

Signature

Date: 9/30/2024 | 2:07 AM PDT


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ATTACHMENT B

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT


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CODEXIS, INC.

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT

This Change of Control Severance Agreement (the “Agreement”) is made and entered into by and between Alison Moore (the “Executive”) and Codexis, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), effective as of the latest date set forth by the signatures of the parties hereto below (the “Effective Date”).

R E C I T A L S

AIt is expected that the Company from time to time will consider the possibility of an acquisition by another company or other change of control. The Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) recognizes that such consideration as well as the possibility of an involuntary termination or reduction in responsibility can be a distraction to Executive and can cause Executive to consider alternative employment opportunities. The Board has determined that it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to assure that the Company will have the continued dedication and objectivity of Executive, notwithstanding the possibility, threat or occurrence of such an event.

BThe Board believes that it is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders to provide Executive with an incentive to continue Executive’s employment and to motivate Executive to maximize the value of the Company upon a Change of Control (as defined below) for the benefit of its stockholders.

CThe Board believes that it is imperative to provide Executive with severance benefits upon certain terminations of Executive’s service to the Company that provide Executive with enhanced financial security and provides incentive and encouragement to Executive to remain with the Company notwithstanding the possibility of such an event.

DCertain capitalized terms used in the Agreement are defined in Section 9 below. The parties hereto agree as follows:

2.At-Will Employment. The Company and Executive acknowledge that Executive’s employment is and shall continue to be “at-will,” as defined under applicable law. If Executive’s employment terminates for any reason, Executive shall not be entitled to any payments, benefits, damages, awards or compensation other than as provided by this Agreement.


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any accrued but unpaid salary, bonus, vacation and expense reimbursement payable in accordance with applicable law, the Company shall provide Executive with the following:

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Executive’s base salary at the rate in effect immediately prior to Executive’s termination of employment (without giving effect to any reduction in base salary that gives rise to a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason), less applicable withholdings. This severance payment shall be made to Executive in substantially equal installments in accordance with the Company’s normal payroll procedures with the first such installment to be made on the first payroll date following the date the Release of Claims becomes effective and irrevocable, provided, that if the Covered Termination occurs after November 1 of any year, the first such installment shall be made on the first payroll date of the subsequent year and, provided further, that, in each case, the first installment shall include any installment payments that would have been made had such installments commenced on the first payroll date after the Covered Termination.

(b)Continued Healthcare. If Executive elects to receive continued healthcare coverage pursuant to the provisions of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended (“COBRA”), the Company shall directly pay, or reimburse Executive for, the premium for Executive, Executive’s covered dependents and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner from the date of Executive’s Covered Termination through the earlier of (i) the twelve (12) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s Covered Termination and (ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or (3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding sentence, Executive may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

(a)Severance. Executive shall receive a lump sum cash payment in an amount equal to the sum of eighteen (18) months of Executive’s base salary at the rate in effect immediately prior to Executive’s termination of employment (without giving effect to any reduction in base salary subsequent to a Change of Control that gives rise to a Voluntary Termination for Good Reason), less applicable withholdings. This severance payment shall be made to Executive within sixty (60) days following the date of the Covered Termination.


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(c)Continued Healthcare. If Executive elects to receive continued healthcare coverage pursuant to the provisions of COBRA, the Company shall directly pay, or reimburse Executive for, the premium for Executive, Executive’s covered dependents and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner from the date of Executive’s Covered Termination through the earlier of (i) the eighteen (18) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s Covered Termination and (ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code, under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or (3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding sentence, Executive may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at Executive’s expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

(a)Pro-Rata Vesting of Equity Awards. Each outstanding equity award, including, without limitation, stock options, restricted stock and restricted stock units, held by Executive shall automatically become vested and, if applicable, exercisable and any restrictions thereon shall immediately lapse, in each case, with respect to that number of shares of Company common stock that would otherwise vest on the next vesting date for such equity award, assuming Executive’s continued service through such date, pro-rated to the date of Executive’s termination due to death or Disability. For purposes of determining the number of shares subject to any outstanding performance stock units or performance stock options that would otherwise vest on the next vesting date pursuant to the foregoing sentence, the applicable performance goals shall be deemed achieved: (i) in the event of a termination due to death or Disability that occurs prior to the applicable Measurement Date, at the target performance level; or (ii) in the event of a termination due to death or Disability that occurs on or after the Measurement Date, based on the Company’s actual achievement.


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(b)Continued Healthcare. If Executive, or any beneficiary of Executive, elects to receive continued healthcare coverage pursuant to the provisions of COBRA, the Company shall directly pay, or reimburse Executive, or such beneficiary, for, the premium for Executive, Executive’s covered dependents and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner from the date of Executive’s termination due to death or Disability through the earlier of (i) the twelve (12) month anniversary of the date of Executive’s termination of employment and (ii) the date Executive, Executive’s covered dependents, if any, and Executive’s spouse or domestic partner, if any, become eligible for healthcare coverage under another employer’s plan(s), provided, however, that if (1) any plan pursuant to which such benefits are provided is not, or ceases prior to the expiration of the continuation coverage period to be, exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code, under Treasury Regulation Section 1.409A-1(a)(5), (2) the Company is otherwise unable to continue to cover Executive or Executive’s dependents under its group health plans, or (3) the Company cannot provide the benefit without violating applicable law (including, without limitation, Section 2716 of the Public Health Service Act), then, in any such case, an amount equal to each remaining Company subsidy shall thereafter be paid to Executive in substantially equal monthly installments over the remaining period the Company would otherwise directly pay or reimburse Executive. After the Company ceases to pay premiums pursuant to the preceding sentence, Executive, or any beneficiary of Executive, may, if eligible, elect to continue healthcare coverage at his or her expense in accordance with the provisions of COBRA.

8.Limitation on Payments. In the event that the severance and other benefits provided

for in this Agreement or otherwise payable to Executive (i) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and (ii) but for this Section 8, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then Executive’s severance benefits under this Agreement shall be payable either

(a)in full, or


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basis, of the greatest amount of severance benefits under this Agreement, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such severance benefits may be taxable under Section 4999 of the Code. The specific benefits that shall be reduced, if any, and the order of such reduction shall be determined by the Executive in his or her sole discretion. Unless the Company and Executive otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under this Section 8 shall be made in writing by the Company’s independent public accountants (the “Accountants”), whose determination shall be conclusive and binding upon Executive and the Company for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 8, the Accountants may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company and Executive shall furnish to the Accountants such information and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order to make a determination under this Section. The Company shall bear all costs the Accountants may reasonably incur in connection with any calculations contemplated by this Section 8.

9.Definition of Terms. The following terms referred to in this Agreement shall have the following meanings:

(a)Change of Control. “Change of Control” shall mean (i) a dissolution or liquidation of the Company; (ii) a sale of all or substantially all the assets of the Company; (iii) a merger or consolidation in which the Company is not the surviving corporation and in which beneficial ownership of securities of the Company representing at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power entitled to vote in the election of directors has changed; (iv) a reverse merger in which the Company is the surviving corporation but the shares of the common stock of the Company outstanding immediately before the merger are converted by virtue of the merger into other property, whether in the form of securities, cash or otherwise, and in which beneficial ownership of securities of the Company representing at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power entitled to vote in the election of directors has changed; (v) an acquisition by any person, entity or group within the meaning of Section 13(d) or 14(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or any comparable successor provisions (excluding any employee benefit plan, or related trust, sponsored or maintained by the Company or subsidiary of the Company or other entity controlled by the Company) of the beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, or comparable successor rule) of securities of the Company representing at least fifty percent (50%) of the combined voting power entitled to vote in the election of directors; or, (vi) in the event that the individuals who are members of the Incumbent Board cease for any reason to constitute at least fifty percent (50%) of the Board. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Change of Control shall not include any transaction effected primarily for the purpose of financing the Company with cash (as determined by the Board acting in good faith and without regard to whether such transaction is effectuated by a merger, equity financing or otherwise) or the initial public offering of the Company’s common stock. Further notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Change of Control would give rise to a payment or settlement event that constitutes “nonqualified deferred compensation,” the transaction or event constituting the Change of Control must also constitute a “change in control event” (as defined in Treasury Regulation §1.409A-3(i)(5)) in order to give rise to the payment or settlement event, to the extent required by Section 409A.


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(d)Disability. “Disability” shall mean that Executive has been unable to perform Executive’s Company duties as the result of Executive’s incapacity due to physical or mental illness, and such inability, at least one hundred eighty (180) days after its commencement, is determined to be total and permanent by a physician selected by the Company or its insurers and acceptable to Executive or Executive’s legal representative (such agreement as to acceptability not to be unreasonably withheld). Termination resulting from Disability may only be effected after at least thirty (30) days’ written notice by the Company of its intention to terminate Executive’s employment. In the event that Executive resumes the performance of substantially all of Executive’s duties hereunder before the termination of Executive’s employment becomes effective, the notice of intent to terminate shall automatically be deemed to have been revoked.

(e)Incumbent Board. “Incumbent Board” shall mean the individuals who, as of the Effective Date, are members of the Board. If the election, or nomination for election by the Company’s stockholders, of any new director is approved by a vote of at least fifty percent (50%) of the Incumbent Board, such new director shall be considered as a member of the Incumbent Board.

(f)Involuntary Termination without Cause. “Involuntary Termination without Cause” shall mean the termination of Executive’s employment by the Company other than a termination following (i) the willful and continued failure to substantially perform the Executive’s duties with the Company (other than as a result of physical or mental disability) after a written demand for substantial performance is delivered to the Executive by the Company, which demand specifically identifies the manner in which the Company believes that the Executive has not substantially performed the Executive’s duties and that has not been cured within fifteen (15) days following receipt by the Executive of the written demand; (ii) commission of a felony (other than a traffic-related offense) that in the written determination of the Company is likely to cause or has caused material injury to the Company’s business; (iii) dishonesty with respect to a significant matter relating to the Company’s business; or (iv) material breach of any agreement by and between the Executive and the Company, which material breach has not been cured within fifteen (15) days following receipt by the Executive of written notice from the Company identifying such material breach.

(g)Release of Claims. “Release of Claims” shall mean a general release of all claims against the Company and its affiliates in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company.

(h)Voluntary Termination for Good Reason. “Voluntary Termination for Good Reason” shall mean Executive’s voluntarily resignation after the occurrence of any of the following without Executive’s written consent: (i) a material diminution in Executive’s base compensation; (ii) a material diminution in Executive’s authority, duties or responsibilities; (iii) a material change of at least thirty-five (35) miles in the geographic location at which Executive must perform Executive’s services; or (iv) a material breach of this Agreement by the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a resignation shall not constitute a “Voluntary Termination for Good Reason” unless the condition giving rise to such resignation continues more than thirty (30) days following Executive’s written notice of the condition within ninety (90) days of the first occurrence of such condition and Executive’s termination occurs within one hundred eighty (180) days following the first occurrence of such condition.


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(i)Measurement Date. “Measurement Date,” with respect to an award of performance stock units or performance stock options, shall mean the date the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determines the achievement of the applicable performance goals for the applicable performance period.

10.Successors.

(a)Company’s Successors. Any successor to the Company (whether direct or indirect and whether by purchase, merger, consolidation, liquidation or otherwise) to all or substantially all of the Company’s business and/or assets shall assume the obligations under this Agreement and agree expressly to perform the obligations under this Agreement in the same manner and to the same extent as the Company would be required to perform such obligations in the absence of a succession. For all purposes under this Agreement, the term “Company” shall include any successor to the Company’s business and/or assets which executes and delivers the assumption agreement described in this Section 10(a) or which becomes bound by the terms of this Agreement by operation of law.

12.Confidentiality; Non-Solicitation.

(a)Confidentiality. While Executive is employed by the Company, and thereafter while Executive receives severance benefits hereunder, Executive shall not directly or indirectly disclose or make available to any person, firm, corporation, association or other entity for any reason or purpose whatsoever, any Confidential Information (as defined below). Upon termination of Executive’s employment with the Company, all Confidential Information in Executive’s possession that is in written or other tangible form (together with all copies or duplicates thereof, including computer files) shall be returned to the Company and shall not be retained by Executive or furnished to any third party, in any form except as provided herein; provided, however, that Executive shall not be obligated to treat as confidential, or return to the Company copies of any Confidential Information that (i) was publicly known at the time of disclosure to Executive, (ii) becomes publicly known or available thereafter other than by any means in violation of this Agreement or any other duty owed to the Company by any person or entity, or (iii) is lawfully disclosed to Executive by a third party. For purposes of this Agreement, the term “Confidential Information” shall mean information disclosed to Executive or known by Executive as a consequence of or through his or her relationship with the Company, about the customers, employees, business methods, public relations methods, organization, procedures or finances, including, without limitation, information of or relating to customer lists, of the Company and its affiliates. In addition, Executive shall continue to be subject to the Confidential


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Information, Secrecy, and Invention Agreement entered into between Executive and the Company (the “Confidential Information Agreement”).

13.Dispute Resolution. To ensure the timely and economical resolution of disputes that arise in connection with this Agreement, Executive and the Company agree that any and all disputes, claims, or causes of action arising from or relating to the enforcement, breach, performance or interpretation of this Agreement, Executive’s employment, or the termination of Executive’s employment, shall be resolved to the fullest extent permitted by law by final, binding and confidential arbitration, by a single arbitrator, in San Mateo County, California, conducted by Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services, Inc. (“JAMS”) under the applicable JAMS employment rules. By agreeing to this arbitration procedure, both Executive and the Company waive the right to resolve any such dispute through a trial by jury or judge or administrative proceeding. The arbitrator shall: (i) have the authority to compel adequate discovery for the resolution of the dispute and to award such relief as would otherwise be permitted by law; and (ii) issue a written arbitration decision, to include the arbitrator’s essential findings and conclusions and a statement of the award. The arbitrator shall be authorized to award any or all remedies that Executive or the Company would be entitled to seek in a court of law. The Company shall pay all JAMS’ arbitration fees in excess of the amount of court fees that would be required if the dispute were decided in a court of law. Nothing in this Agreement is intended to prevent either Executive or the Company from obtaining injunctive relief in court to prevent irreparable harm pending the conclusion of any such arbitration. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Executive and the Company each have the right to resolve any issue or dispute over intellectual property rights by Court action instead of arbitration.

14.Miscellaneous Provisions.


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409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, such portion of Executive’s benefits shall not be provided to Executive prior to the earlier of (i) the expiration of the six-month period measured from the date of the Executive’s Covered Termination or termination of employment due to Disability or (ii) the date of Executive’s death. Upon the first business day following the expiration of the applicable Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) period, all payments deferred pursuant to this Section 14(a) shall be paid in a lump sum to Executive, and any remaining payments due under the Agreement shall be paid as otherwise provided herein.

(d)Choice of Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of California.

(f)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument.

[Signature page follows]


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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement, in the case of the Company by its duly authorized officer, as of the day and year set forth below.

CODEXIS, INC.

By: Name: Stephen Dilly

Title: Chairman, President & CEO Date:

EXECUTIVE

Georgia Erbez

Date: 9/30/2024 | 2:07 AM PDT


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ATTACHMENT C

POLICY ON RECOUPMENT OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION


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CODEXIS, INC.

POLICY ON RECOUPMENT OF INCENTIVE COMPENSATION

Introduction

Administration

Covered Executives

This Policy applies to any current or former “executive officer,” within the meaning of Rule 10D- 1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, of the Company or a subsidiary of the Company (each such individual, an “Executive”). This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Executives and their beneficiaries, executors, administrators, and other legal representatives.

Recoupment Upon Financial Restatement


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No-Fault Recovery

Compensation Subject to Recovery; Enforcement

This Policy applies to all compensation granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of any financial reporting measure determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measure that is derived wholly or in part from such measures, whether or not presented within the Company’s financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC, including stock price and total shareholder return (“TSR”), including but not limited to performance-based cash, stock, options or other equity-based awards paid or granted to the Executive (“Incentive-Based Compensation”). Compensation that is granted, vests or is earned based solely upon the occurrence of non-financial events, such as base salary, restricted stock or options with time-based vesting, or a bonus awarded solely at the discretion of the Board or Compensation Committee and not based on the attainment of any financial measure, is not subject to this Policy.

In the event of a Financial Restatement, the amount to be recovered will be the excess of (i) the Incentive-Based Compensation received by the Executive during the Recovery Period (as defined below) based on the erroneous data and calculated without regard to any taxes paid or withheld, over (ii) the Incentive-Based Compensation that would have been received by the Executive had it been calculated based on the restated financial information, as determined by the Compensation Committee. For purposes of this Policy, “Recovery Period” means the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the date on which the Company is required to prepare the Financial Restatement, as determined in accordance with the last sentence of this paragraph, or any transition period that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year (as set forth in Section 5608(b)(i)(D) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules). The date on which the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement is the earlier to occur of (A) the date the Board or a Board committee (or authorized officers of the Company if Board action is not required) concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare a Financial Restatement or (B) the date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare a Financial Restatement.


C-3

No Indemnification

The Company shall not indemnify any Executive or pay or reimburse the premium for any insurance policy to cover any losses incurred by such Executive under this Policy.

Exceptions

(A) the direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing recovery would exceed the recoverable amount (after having made a reasonable attempt to recover the erroneously awarded Incentive-Based Compensation and providing corresponding documentation of such attempt to Nasdaq), (B) recovery would violate the home country law that was adopted prior to November 28, 2022, as determined by an opinion of counsel licensed in the applicable jurisdiction that is acceptable to and provided to Nasdaq, or (C) recovery would likely cause the Company’s 401(k) plan or any other tax-qualified retirement plan to fail to meet the requirements of Section 401(a)(13) or Section 411(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and the regulations thereunder.

Other Remedies Not Precluded

Effective Date and Applicability

This Policy has been adopted by the Board on August 24, 2023, and shall apply to any Incentive- Based Compensation that is received by an Executive on or after October 2, 2023.


C-4

CODEXIS, INC.

CHANGE OF CONTROL SEVERANCE AGREEMENT

R E C I T A L S

DCertain capitalized terms used in the Agreement are defined in Section 9 below. The parties hereto agree as follows:

(b)Equity Awards. Each outstanding equity award, including, without limitation, stock options, restricted stock, and restricted stock units, held by Executive shall

automatically become vested and, if applicable, exercisable and any restrictions thereon shall immediately lapse, in each case, with respect to one hundred percent (100%) of the then unvested shares subject to such equity award. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any outstanding performance stock units or performance stock options held by Executive shall automatically become vested with respect to: (i) in the event of a Change of Control that occurs prior to the applicable Measurement Date, such number of shares of Company common stock corresponding to the target performance level for any applicable performance goals; or (ii) in the event of a Change of Control that occurs on or after the Measurement Date, such number of shares of Company common stock corresponding to the Company’s actual achievement of any applicable performance goals.

8.Limitation on Payments. In the event that the severance and other benefits provided for in this Agreement or otherwise payable to Executive (i) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code and (ii) but for this Section 8, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then Executive’s severance benefits under this Agreement shall be payable either

(a)in full, or

9.Definition of Terms. The following terms referred to in this Agreement shall have the following meanings:

(15) days following receipt by the Executive of written notice from the Company identifying such material breach.

(g)Release of Claims. “Release of Claims” shall mean a general release of all claims against the Company and its affiliates in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company.

first occurrence of such condition and Executive’s termination occurs within one hundred eighty (180) days following the first occurrence of such condition.

(i)Measurement Date. “Measurement Date,” with respect to an award of performance stock units or performance stock options, shall mean the date the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors determines the achievement of the applicable performance goals for the applicable performance period.

10.Successors.

12.Confidentiality; Non-Solicitation.

finances, including, without limitation, information of or relating to customer lists, of the Company and its affiliates. In addition, Executive shall continue to be subject to the Confidential Information, Secrecy, and Invention Agreement entered into between Executive and the Company (the “Confidential Information Agreement”).

14.Miscellaneous Provisions.

(a)Section 409A. Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this Agreement, if Executive is deemed by the Company at the time of Executive’s Separation from

Service to be a “specified employee” for purposes of Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, to the extent delayed commencement of any portion of the benefits to which Executive is entitled under this Agreement is required in order to avoid a prohibited distribution under Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) of the Code, such portion of Executive’s benefits shall not be provided to Executive prior to the earlier of (i) the expiration of the six-month period measured from the date of the Executive’s Covered Termination or termination of employment due to Disability or (ii) the date of Executive’s death. Upon the first business day following the expiration of the applicable Code Section 409A(a)(2)(B)(i) period, all payments deferred pursuant to this Section 14(a) shall be paid in a lump sum to Executive, and any remaining payments due under the Agreement shall be paid as otherwise provided herein.

(d)Choice of Law. The validity, interpretation, construction and performance of this Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of California.

(f)Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together will constitute one and the same instrument.

[Signature page follows]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the parties has executed this Agreement, in the case of the Company by its duly authorized officer, as of the day and year set forth below.

CODEXIS, INC.

By: Name: Stephen Dilly

Title: Chairman, President & CEO Date: September 30, 2024

EXECUTIVE

Alison Moore

Date: September 30, 2024

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Stephen Dilly, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Codexis, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 31, 2024


/s/ Stephen Dilly
Stephen Dilly
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Georgia Erbez, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Codexis, Inc.;

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: October 31, 2024


/s/ Georgia Erbez
Georgia Erbez Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Codexis, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Stephen Dilly, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and Georgia Erbez, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, do each hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

•The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

•The information in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: October 31, 2024


/s/ Stephen Dilly
Stephen Dilly
Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

/s/ Georgia Erbez
Georgia Erbez
Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
Cover Page - shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Oct. 28, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-34705
Entity Registrant Name	Codexis, Inc.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	71-0872999
Entity Address, Address Line One	200 Penobscot Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	Redwood City
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94063
City Area Code	650
Local Phone Number	421-8100
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Trading Symbol	CDXS
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		81,377,855
Entity Central Index Key	0001200375
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 37,452	$ 65,116
Restricted cash, current	514	519
Short-term investments	52,803	0
Financial assets:
Accounts receivable	9,721	10,036
Contract assets	3,424	815
Unbilled receivables	3,460	9,142
Total financial assets	16,605	19,993
Less: allowances	(65)	(65)
Total financial assets, net	16,540	19,928
Inventories	2,103	2,685
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	3,490	5,218
Total current assets	112,902	93,466
Restricted cash	1,062	1,062
Investment in non-marketable equity securities	5,790	9,700
Right-of-use assets - Operating leases, net	10,772	13,137
Property and equipment, net	13,266	15,487
Goodwill	2,463	2,463
Other non-current assets	1,928	1,246
Total assets	148,183	136,561
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	4,212	5,947
Accrued compensation	10,320	11,246
Other accrued liabilities	6,505	4,735
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	4,081	3,781
Deferred revenue	10,011	10,121
Total current liabilities	35,129	35,830
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	610	640
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	9,134	12,243
Long-term debt	28,631	0
Other long-term liabilities	1,279	1,233
Total liabilities	74,783	49,946
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 5,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding	0	0
Common stock, $0.0001 par value per share; 200,000 shares authorized; 81,376 shares and 69,905 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	8	7
Additional paid-in capital	625,696	584,138
Accumulated other comprehensive income	126	0
Accumulated deficit	(552,430)	(497,530)
Total stockholders' equity	73,400	86,615
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 148,183	$ 136,561

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	200,000,000	200,000,000
Common stock, shares, issued (in shares)	81,376,000	69,905,000
Common stock, shares, outstanding (in shares)	81,376,000	69,905,000

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 12,833	$ 9,277	$ 37,885	$ 43,582
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of product revenue	4,317	2,249	12,634	9,947
Research and development	11,505	13,662	34,164	47,651
Selling, general and administrative	13,568	12,302	42,100	41,066
Restructuring charges	0	3,140	0	3,284
Asset impairment and other charges	0	9,984	165	9,984
Total costs and operating expenses	29,390	41,337	89,063	111,932
Loss from operations	(16,557)	(32,060)	(51,178)	(68,350)
Interest income	849	1,056	2,730	3,266
Interest and other expense, net	(4,922)	(3,895)	(6,421)	(3,930)
Loss before income taxes	(20,630)	(34,899)	(54,869)	(69,014)
Provision for income taxes	10	9	31	34
Net loss	$ (20,640)	$ (34,908)	$ (54,900)	$ (69,048)
Net loss per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.29)	$ (0.50)	$ (0.78)	$ (1.02)
Net loss per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.29)	$ (0.50)	$ (0.78)	$ (1.02)
Weighted average common stock shares used in computing net loss per share, basic (in shares)	72,032	69,466	70,759	67,670
Weighted average common stock shares used in computing net loss per share, diluted (in shares)	72,032	69,466	70,759	67,670
Product revenue
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 11,158	$ 5,395	$ 26,968	$ 24,807
Research and development revenue
Revenues:
Total revenues	$ 1,675	$ 3,882	$ 10,917	$ 18,775

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (20,640)	$ (34,908)	$ (54,900)	$ (69,048)
Other comprehensive gain:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale short-term investments, net of tax	149	0	126	0
Comprehensive loss	$ (20,491)	$ (34,908)	$ (54,774)	$ (69,048)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		65,811,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 144,797	$ 6	$ 566,081	$ 0	$ (421,290)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options (in shares)	214,284	214,000
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	$ 422		422
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards (in shares)		787,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs (shares)		3,080,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs	7,931		7,931
Stock-based compensation	7,808		7,808
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards (in shares)		(65,000)
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(404)		(404)
Net loss	(69,048)				(69,048)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		69,827,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	91,506	$ 6	581,838	0	(490,338)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		69,804,000
Beginning balance at Jun. 30, 2023	124,131	$ 6	579,555	0	(455,430)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards (in shares)		23,000
Stock-based compensation	2,283		2,283
Net loss	(34,908)				(34,908)
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023		69,827,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	91,506	$ 6	581,838	0	(490,338)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		69,905,000
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 86,615	$ 7	584,138	0	(497,530)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options (in shares)	72,856	73,000
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options	$ 143		143
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards (in shares)		834,000
Issuance of common stock warrants in connection with debt issuance	859		859
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan (in shares)		124,000
Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan	260		260
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs (shares)		10,440,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs	29,736	$ 1	29,735
Stock-based compensation	10,561		10,561
Net loss	(54,900)				(54,900)
Other comprehensive gain	126			126
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024		81,376,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2024	73,400	$ 8	625,696	126	(552,430)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2024		70,914,000
Beginning balance at Jun. 30, 2024	61,447	$ 7	593,253	(23)	(531,790)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock upon release of stock awards (in shares)		22,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs (shares)		10,440,000
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs	29,736	$ 1	29,735
Stock-based compensation	2,708		2,708
Net loss	(20,640)				(20,640)
Other comprehensive gain	149			149
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2024		81,376,000
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2024	$ 73,400	$ 8	$ 625,696	$ 126	$ (552,430)

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Costs incurred in connection with offering	$ 1,584	$ 1,584	$ 721

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Operating activities:
Net loss	$ (20,640)	$ (54,900)	$ (69,048)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,737	4,302
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets		2,364	3,647
Stock-based compensation	2,708	10,561	7,808
Asset impairment and other charges	0	165	9,984
Impairment of investment in non-marketable equity securities	3,900	3,910	3,875
Equity securities earned from research and development activities		0	(187)
Non-cash interest expense		611	0
Amortization of discount on short-term investments		(1,009)	0
Other non-cash items		11	(3)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Financial assets		2,818	21,580
Inventories		582	(276)
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,417	(252)
Accounts payable		(1,339)	(105)
Accrued compensation and other accrued liabilities		1,334	(7,269)
Other long-term liabilities		(3,064)	(4,384)
Deferred revenue		(140)	(11,273)
Net cash used in operating activities		(32,942)	(41,601)
Investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(2,531)	(4,798)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		84	27
Purchases of short-term investments		(72,643)	0
Proceeds from maturity of short-term investments		19,000	0
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments		1,973	0
Investment in non-marketable securities		0	(1,191)
Net cash used in investing activities		(54,117)	(5,962)
Financing activities:
Proceeds from exercises of stock options		281	422
Proceeds from issuance of stock under employee stock purchase plan		525	0
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in connection with equity sales agreements		31,320	8,652
Costs incurred in connection with equity sales agreements		(1,615)	(503)
Proceeds from long-term debt		29,521	0
Payment of debt issuance costs		(642)	0
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards		0	(404)
Net cash provided by financing activities		59,390	8,167
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(27,669)	(39,396)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		66,697	116,026
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period	39,028	39,028	76,630
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Interest paid		1,633	28
Income taxes paid		17	193
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities:
Capital expenditures incurred but not yet paid		249	159
Cash reconciliation:
Cash and cash equivalents	37,452	37,452	74,577
Restricted cash, current and non-current	1,576	1,576	2,053
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	39,028	39,028	$ 76,630
Short-term investments	52,803	52,803
Cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments	$ 90,255	$ 90,255

Description of Business	9 Months Ended
Description of Business	Sep. 30, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Description of Business	Description of Business In these notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, the “Company,” “Codexis,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refers to Codexis, Inc. and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis. We discover, develop, enhance, and commercialize novel, high performance enzymes and other classes of proteins leveraging our proprietary CodeEvolver® directed evolution technology platform. We previously managed our business as two business segments, Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics. During the third and fourth quarters of 2023, we made changes to the structure of our organization in connection with the restructuring of our business that we announced in July 2023, including the discontinuation of investment in certain development programs, primarily in our biotherapeutics business, consolidation of operations to our Redwood City, California headquarters, and headcount reduction. In connection with these organizational structure changes, corresponding changes were made to how our business is managed, how results are reported internally and how our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), our chief operating decision maker, assesses performance and allocates resources. As a result of these changes, our previous Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics operating segments were combined into a single reportable segment. Effective October 1, 2023, the Company's operations are managed and reported to the CEO on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses performance and allocates resources based on the consolidated results of operations. We believe that these changes better align internal resources to create a more efficient and effective organizational structure. Under this new organizational and reporting structure, we managed our business as one reportable segment as of December 31, 2023. Comparative prior period disclosures that reflected the previous two segments' information have been revised to conform to this change in our reportable segment.

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information but does not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures, including notes, required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, are consistent with those discussed in Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and are updated below as necessary. There have been no significant changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2023. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2024 and results of operations for the interim periods presented. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Codexis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We regularly assess these estimates which primarily affect revenue recognition, deferred revenue, inventories, valuation of equity investments, goodwill arising out of business acquisitions, accrued liabilities, stock awards, and the valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Short-term Investments We classify all marketable debt securities that have effective maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase as cash equivalents and those with effective maturities of greater than three months as short-term investment securities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We determine the appropriate classification of our short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We have classified and accounted for our short-term investments as available-for-sale. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell these debt securities prior to their effective maturities. We carry these short-term investments at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for the changes in allowance for expected credit losses, which are included in “Interest and other expense, net” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of short-term investments on a specific identification method, and we record such gains and losses as a component of interest income. Short-term investments are reviewed periodically for allowances for credit losses and impairment. When evaluating the investments, the Company reviews factors such as the extent to which the fair value of the security is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, the financial condition of the issuer, the Company’s intent to sell, and whether it would be more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the investments before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We evaluate the carrying values of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and right-of-use assets, whenever events, changes in business circumstances or our planned use of long-lived assets indicate that their carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable or that their useful lives are no longer appropriate. If these facts and circumstances exist, we assess for recovery by comparing the carrying values of long-lived assets with the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets Held For Sale The Company classifies assets as held for sale when the following conditions are met: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell, (ii) the assets are available for immediate sale in their present condition, (iii) the Company has initiated an active program to identify a buyer, (iv) it is probable that a sale will occur within one year, (v) the assets are actively marketed for sale at a reasonable price in relation to their current fair value, and (vi) there is a low likelihood of significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn. If all of the criteria are met as of the balance sheet date, the assets are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheet as held for sale at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The assets are then no longer depreciated or amortized while classified as held for sale. There were no assets classified as held for sale as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Accounting Pronouncements Recently adopted accounting pronouncements There were no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, that are of significance or potential significance to us. Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In March 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standard Codification (the “ASC”) to remove references to various concepts statements and impacts a variety of topics in the ASC. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU require public companies, on an annual basis, to provide disclosures of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The standard should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. The amendments in the ASU are intended to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the ASC. These amendments align the requirements in the ASC to the removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K, as announced by the SEC. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, or on June 30, 2027, if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Revenue Recognition

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

Disaggregated information is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Primary geographical markets:
Americas	$	1,534	$	4,278	$	9,823	$	10,798
EMEA	2,229		3,191		6,768		14,630
APAC	9,070		1,808		21,294		18,154
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Contract Balances

The following table presents balances of contract assets, unbilled receivables, contract costs, and contract liabilities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Contract assets	$	3,424	$	815
Unbilled receivables	$	4,793	$	9,904

Contract liabilities: deferred revenue	$	10,621	$	10,761

We had no asset impairment charges related to financial assets in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

We recognized the following revenues (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Revenue recognized in the period for:	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period:
Performance obligations satisfied	$	—	$	1,303	$	475	$	9,111
Changes in the period:
Changes in the estimated transaction price allocated to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods	146		1,018		(446)		4,238
Performance obligations satisfied from new activities in the period - contract revenue	12,687		6,956		37,856		30,233
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Performance Obligations


	Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027 and Thereafter		Total
Product revenue	$	9,981	$	140	$	140	$	360	$	10,621

Net Loss per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss per Share

Anti-Dilutive Securities

The following shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Shares issuable under the Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP	12,931	8,873	12,931	8,873
Warrants(1)	424	—	424	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	13,355	8,873	13,355	8,873

(1) Pertains to the warrants issued in connection with the Innovatus Loan. For additional information, see Note 11, “Debt.”

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities

Non-Marketable Equity Securities

The following table presents the carrying value of our non-marketable equity securities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
MAI	$	2,783	$	6,693
seqWell	2,625		2,625
Other investments in non-marketable equity securities	382		382
Total non-marketable equity securities	$	5,790	$	9,700

Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

The following tables show the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments by significant investment category as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	7,359	$	—	$	—	$	7,359	$	7,359	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	30,093		—		—		30,093		30,093		—

Level 2(1):
Commercial paper	8,416		7		—		8,423		—		8,423
Corporate debt	8,723		14		(2)		8,735		—		8,735
U.S. agency securities	1,983		9		—		1,992		—		1,992
U.S. treasury securities	33,555		98		—		33,653		—		33,653
Subtotal	52,677		128		(2)		52,803		—		52,803
Total	$	90,129	$	128	$	(2)	$	90,255	$	37,452	$	52,803


	December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	8,742	$	—	$	—	$	8,742	$	8,742	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	56,374		—		—		56,374		56,374		—






Total	$	65,116	$	—	$	—	$	65,116	$	65,116	$	—

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, we did not recognize any significant credit losses nor other-than-temporary impairment losses on our short-term investments.

Balance Sheets Details

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Balance Sheets Details [Abstract]

Balance Sheets Details

Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	—	$	108
Work-in-process	36		7
Finished goods	2,067		2,570
Total Inventories	$	2,103	$	2,685

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Laboratory equipment	$	36,468	$	37,216
Leasehold improvements	12,086		11,912
Computer equipment and software	2,675		2,565
Office equipment and furniture	1,131		1,469
Construction in progress	1,629		1,636
Property and equipment	53,989		54,798
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(40,723)		(39,311)
Property and equipment, net	$	13,266	$	15,487


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	965	$	1,121	$	3,017	$	3,606
Selling, general and administrative	219		236		658		696
Total depreciation expense	$	1,184	$	1,357	$	3,675	$	4,302

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued purchases	$	3,291	$	1,402
Accrued professional and outside service fees	2,810		2,330
Other	404		1,003
Total other accrued liabilities	$	6,505	$	4,735

Stock-based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Stock Options

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of product revenue	$	93	$	60	$	309	$	272
Research and development	690		450		2,151		1,978
Selling, general and administrative	1,925		1,773		8,101		5,558
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense by security type included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Stock options	$	1,506	$	1,017	$	5,137	$	3,035
RSUs and RSAs	1,109		942		3,578		3,441
Performance-contingent restricted stock units (“PSUs”)	—		292		247		1,408
Performance based options (“PBOs”)	—		32		1,357		(76)
ESPP	93		—		242		—
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

Capital Stock	9 Months Ended
Capital Stock	Sep. 30, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Capital Stock	Capital Stock Exercise of Options For the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, we issued 72,856 and 214,284 shares, respectively, upon option exercises at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.97 per share, with net cash proceeds of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Sales Agreements In May 2021, we filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 with the SEC (the “2021 Registration Statement”), that automatically became effective upon its filing, under which we were permitted to sell common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, purchase contracts, and units from time to time in one or more offerings. On February 27, 2023, we filed a post-effective amendment to the 2021 Registration Statement. Pursuant to that post-effective amendment, we registered an aggregate $200.0 million of securities. In May 2021, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (“EDA”) with Piper Sandler & Co (“PSC”), under which PSC, as our exclusive agent, at our discretion and at such times that we determined from time to time, may have sold over a three-year period from the execution of the EDA up to a maximum of $50.0 million of shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the EDA, PSC was permitted to sell the shares at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”). We were not required to sell any shares at any time during the term of the EDA. On April 24, 2024, we terminated the EDA. No shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the EDA during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, nil and 3,079,421 shares of our common stock, respectively, were issued and sold pursuant to the EDA and we received gross proceeds of nil and $8.7 million, or nil and $7.9 million in net proceeds after PSC's commissions and direct offering expenses of nil and $0.7 million, respectively. On May 2, 2024, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering℠ Sales Agreement (the “Cantor Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., as sales agent (“Cantor”), under which Cantor, at our discretion and at such times that we may determine from time to time, may sell up to a maximum of $75.0 million of shares of our common stock. Under the terms of the Cantor Sales Agreement, Cantor may sell the shares at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act. On May 2, 2024, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 registering the offer and sale of these shares under the Securities Act which became effective on May 14, 2024. We will pay a commission of up to 3.0% of gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold under the Cantor Sales Agreement. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 10,440,000 shares of our common stock were issued and sold pursuant to the Cantor Sales Agreement and we received gross proceeds of $31.3 million, or $29.7 million in net proceeds after Cantor’s commissions and direct offering expenses of $1.6 million. As of September 30, 2024, $43.7 million remained available for sale under the Cantor Sales Agreement.

Commitments and Contingencies

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

Lease and other information


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs(1)	$	1,032	$	1,618	$	3,097	$	5,278

(1) The Company had no variable lease costs.


Other information:	Operating Leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate	6.6	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Cash paid (in thousands):	2024		2023
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	3,542	$	5,668

As of September 30, 2024, our maturity analysis of annual undiscounted cash flows of the non-cancellable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2024 (remaining 3 months)	$	1,184
2025	4,868
2026	5,014
2027	2,533
2028	760
Thereafter	318
Total minimum lease payments	14,677
Less: imputed interest	1,462
Lease obligations	$	13,215

Reconciliation of operating lease liabilities as shown within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	$	4,081
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	9,134
Total operating lease liabilities	$	13,215

Other Commitments


	Payments Due by Period
	Total		2024 (Remaining 3 Months)		2025 and Thereafter
Facility maintenance agreement	$	281	$	281	$	—

Legal Proceedings

Indemnifications

Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

Innovatus Loan Agreement


	September 30, 2024
Face value of debt	$	30,000
Add: payment in-kind interest	332
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: unamortized debt discount	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

The future principal payments under the Innovatus Loan are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,
2024	$	—
2025	—
2026	—
2027	13,264
2028	15,917
2029	2,653
Total principal payments	31,834
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: uncapitalized payment in-kind interest	(1,502)
Less: unamortized debt issuance fee	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information

Segment Information

Significant Customers

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues were as follows:


	Percentage of Total Revenues for the
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Customer A	18	%	*		17	%	10	%
Customer B	17	%	*		10	%	*
Customer C	11	%	*		*		*
Customer D	11	%	*		*		*
Customer E	*		*		*		15	%
Customer F	*		20	%	*		*
Customer G	*		*		16	%	*
Customer H	*		*		*		10	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable balances as of the periods presented as follows:


	Percentage of Accounts Receivables as of
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Customer A	*		12	%
Customer B	21	%	12	%
Customer D	15	%	13	%
Customer I	15	%	*
Customer J	12	%	*
Customer K	*		21	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Identifiable long-lived assets by location was as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
United States	$	24,277	$	28,624

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (20,640)	$ (34,908)	$ (54,900)	$ (69,048)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Sep. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation	Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information but does not include all the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures, including notes, required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The significant accounting policies used in preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, are consistent with those discussed in Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and are updated below as necessary. There have been no significant changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates since December 31, 2023. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to present fairly our financial position as of September 30, 2024 and results of operations for the interim periods presented. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Codexis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We regularly assess these estimates which primarily affect revenue recognition, deferred revenue, inventories, valuation of equity investments, goodwill arising out of business acquisitions, accrued liabilities, stock awards, and the valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Short-term Investments	Short-term Investments We classify all marketable debt securities that have effective maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase as cash equivalents and those with effective maturities of greater than three months as short-term investment securities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. We determine the appropriate classification of our short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluate such designation at each balance sheet date. We have classified and accounted for our short-term investments as available-for-sale. After consideration of our risk versus reward objectives, as well as our liquidity requirements, we may sell these debt securities prior to their effective maturities. We carry these short-term investments at fair value, and report the unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders’ equity, except for the changes in allowance for expected credit losses, which are included in “Interest and other expense, net” in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. We determine any realized gains or losses on the sale of short-term investments on a specific identification method, and we record such gains and losses as a component of interest income. Short-term investments are reviewed periodically for allowances for credit losses and impairment. When evaluating the investments, the Company reviews factors such as the extent to which the fair value of the security is less than the amortized cost basis, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, the financial condition of the issuer, the Company’s intent to sell, and whether it would be more likely than not that the Company would be required to sell the investments before the recovery of the amortized cost basis.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We evaluate the carrying values of long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and right-of-use assets, whenever events, changes in business circumstances or our planned use of long-lived assets indicate that their carrying amounts may not be fully recoverable or that their useful lives are no longer appropriate. If these facts and circumstances exist, we assess for recovery by comparing the carrying values of long-lived assets with the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset.
Assets Held For Sale	Assets Held For Sale The Company classifies assets as held for sale when the following conditions are met: (i) management has committed to a plan to sell, (ii) the assets are available for immediate sale in their present condition, (iii) the Company has initiated an active program to identify a buyer, (iv) it is probable that a sale will occur within one year, (v) the assets are actively marketed for sale at a reasonable price in relation to their current fair value, and (vi) there is a low likelihood of significant changes to the plan or that the plan will be withdrawn. If all of the criteria are met as of the balance sheet date, the assets are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheet as held for sale at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The assets are then no longer depreciated or amortized while classified as held for sale.
Accounting Pronouncements	Accounting Pronouncements Recently adopted accounting pronouncements There were no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, that are of significance or potential significance to us. Recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted In March 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This ASU amends the FASB Accounting Standard Codification (the “ASC”) to remove references to various concepts statements and impacts a variety of topics in the ASC. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. If an entity adopts the amendments in an interim period, it must adopt them as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU require public companies, on an annual basis, to provide disclosures of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in the ASU are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The standard should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In October 2023, FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. The amendments in the ASU are intended to amend certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the ASC. These amendments align the requirements in the ASC to the removal of certain disclosure requirements set out in Regulation S-X and Regulation S-K, as announced by the SEC. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is either the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, or on June 30, 2027, if the SEC has not removed the requirements by that date. Early adoption is prohibited. We are currently evaluating the effects of the standard on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Segment Information	Segment Information We previously managed our business as two business segments, Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics. During the third and fourth quarters of 2023, we made changes to the structure of our organization in connection with the restructuring of our business that we announced in July 2023, including the discontinuation of investment in certain development programs, primarily in our biotherapeutics business, consolidation of operations to our Redwood City, California headquarters, and headcount reduction. In connection with these organizational structure changes, corresponding changes were made to how our business is managed, how results are reported internally and how our CEO, our chief operating decision maker, assesses performance and allocates resources. As a result of these changes, our previous Performance Enzymes and Novel Biotherapeutics operating segments were combined into a single reportable segment. Effective October 1, 2023, the Company's operations are managed and reported to the CEO on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses performance and allocated resources based on the consolidated results of operations. We believe that these changes better align internal resources and external go to market activities in order to create a more efficient and effective organizational structure. Under this new organizational and reporting structure, we managed our business as one reportable segment as of December 31, 2023. Comparative prior period disclosures that reflected the previous two segments' information have been revised to conform to this change in our reportable segment.

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Disaggregation of Revenue

Disaggregated information is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Primary geographical markets:
Americas	$	1,534	$	4,278	$	9,823	$	10,798
EMEA	2,229		3,191		6,768		14,630
APAC	9,070		1,808		21,294		18,154
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Contract with Customer

The following table presents balances of contract assets, unbilled receivables, contract costs, and contract liabilities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Contract assets	$	3,424	$	815
Unbilled receivables	$	4,793	$	9,904

Contract liabilities: deferred revenue	$	10,621	$	10,761

We recognized the following revenues (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
Revenue recognized in the period for:	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period:
Performance obligations satisfied	$	—	$	1,303	$	475	$	9,111
Changes in the period:
Changes in the estimated transaction price allocated to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods	146		1,018		(446)		4,238
Performance obligations satisfied from new activities in the period - contract revenue	12,687		6,956		37,856		30,233
Total revenues	$	12,833	$	9,277	$	37,885	$	43,582

Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction


	Remainder of 2024		2025		2026		2027 and Thereafter		Total
Product revenue	$	9,981	$	140	$	140	$	360	$	10,621

Net Loss per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Shares Not Included in Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following shares were not considered in the computation of diluted net loss per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024	2023	2024	2023
Shares issuable under the Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP	12,931	8,873	12,931	8,873
Warrants(1)	424	—	424	—
Total potentially dilutive securities	13,355	8,873	13,355	8,873

(1) Pertains to the warrants issued in connection with the Innovatus Loan. For additional information, see Note 11, “Debt.”

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Carrying Value of Non-marketable Equity Securities

The following table presents the carrying value of our non-marketable equity securities (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
MAI	$	2,783	$	6,693
seqWell	2,625		2,625
Other investments in non-marketable equity securities	382		382
Total non-marketable equity securities	$	5,790	$	9,700

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Summary of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following tables show the Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments by significant investment category as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	7,359	$	—	$	—	$	7,359	$	7,359	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	30,093		—		—		30,093		30,093		—

Level 2(1):
Commercial paper	8,416		7		—		8,423		—		8,423
Corporate debt	8,723		14		(2)		8,735		—		8,735
U.S. agency securities	1,983		9		—		1,992		—		1,992
U.S. treasury securities	33,555		98		—		33,653		—		33,653
Subtotal	52,677		128		(2)		52,803		—		52,803
Total	$	90,129	$	128	$	(2)	$	90,255	$	37,452	$	52,803


	December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments
Cash	$	8,742	$	—	$	—	$	8,742	$	8,742	$	—
Level 1:
Money market funds	56,374		—		—		56,374		56,374		—






Total	$	65,116	$	—	$	—	$	65,116	$	65,116	$	—

Balance Sheets Details (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Balance Sheets Details [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory Components

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Raw materials	$	—	$	108
Work-in-process	36		7
Finished goods	2,067		2,570
Total Inventories	$	2,103	$	2,685

Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Laboratory equipment	$	36,468	$	37,216
Leasehold improvements	12,086		11,912
Computer equipment and software	2,675		2,565
Office equipment and furniture	1,131		1,469
Construction in progress	1,629		1,636
Property and equipment	53,989		54,798
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(40,723)		(39,311)
Property and equipment, net	$	13,266	$	15,487


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Research and development	$	965	$	1,121	$	3,017	$	3,606
Selling, general and administrative	219		236		658		696
Total depreciation expense	$	1,184	$	1,357	$	3,675	$	4,302

Schedule of Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Accrued purchases	$	3,291	$	1,402
Accrued professional and outside service fees	2,810		2,330
Other	404		1,003
Total other accrued liabilities	$	6,505	$	4,735

Stock-based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense is included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Cost of product revenue	$	93	$	60	$	309	$	272
Research and development	690		450		2,151		1,978
Selling, general and administrative	1,925		1,773		8,101		5,558
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense by Security Types

The following table presents total stock-based compensation expense by security type included in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Stock options	$	1,506	$	1,017	$	5,137	$	3,035
RSUs and RSAs	1,109		942		3,578		3,441
Performance-contingent restricted stock units (“PSUs”)	—		292		247		1,408
Performance based options (“PBOs”)	—		32		1,357		(76)
ESPP	93		—		242		—
Total	$	2,708	$	2,283	$	10,561	$	7,808

Commitments and Contingencies (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Lease Cost

Lease cost amounts included in the measurement of lease obligations and other information related to non-cancellable operating leases were as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Operating lease costs(1)	$	1,032	$	1,618	$	3,097	$	5,278

(1) The Company had no variable lease costs.


Other information:	Operating Leases
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3.1 years
Weighted-average discount rate	6.6	%


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
Cash paid (in thousands):	2024		2023
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	3,542	$	5,668

Operating Lease Maturity

As of September 30, 2024, our maturity analysis of annual undiscounted cash flows of the non-cancellable operating leases are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,	Operating Leases
2024 (remaining 3 months)	$	1,184
2025	4,868
2026	5,014
2027	2,533
2028	760
Thereafter	318
Total minimum lease payments	14,677
Less: imputed interest	1,462
Lease obligations	$	13,215

Reconciliation of operating lease liabilities as shown within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	$	4,081
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	9,134
Total operating lease liabilities	$	13,215

Schedule of Supply and Service Commitments


	Payments Due by Period
	Total		2024 (Remaining 3 Months)		2025 and Thereafter
Facility maintenance agreement	$	281	$	281	$	—

Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Long-Term Debt Instruments


	September 30, 2024
Face value of debt	$	30,000
Add: payment in-kind interest	332
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: unamortized debt discount	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

Schedule of Maturities of Long-Term Debt

The future principal payments under the Innovatus Loan are as follows (in thousands):


Years Ending December 31,
2024	$	—
2025	—
2026	—
2027	13,264
2028	15,917
2029	2,653
Total principal payments	31,834
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: uncapitalized payment in-kind interest	(1,502)
Less: unamortized debt issuance fee	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$	28,631

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Customers that Contributed 10% or More of Total Accounts Receivable

Significant Customers

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of our total revenues were as follows:


	Percentage of Total Revenues for the
	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Customer A	18	%	*		17	%	10	%
Customer B	17	%	*		10	%	*
Customer C	11	%	*		*		*
Customer D	11	%	*		*		*
Customer E	*		*		*		15	%
Customer F	*		20	%	*		*
Customer G	*		*		16	%	*
Customer H	*		*		*		10	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Customers that each accounted for 10% or more of accounts receivable balances as of the periods presented as follows:


	Percentage of Accounts Receivables as of
	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Customer A	*		12	%
Customer B	21	%	12	%
Customer D	15	%	13	%
Customer I	15	%	*
Customer J	12	%	*
Customer K	*		21	%
* Percentage was less than 10%

Schedule of Long-Lived Assets by Geographical Area

Identifiable long-lived assets by location was as follows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
United States	$	24,277	$	28,624

Description of Business (Details) - segment	12 Months Ended
Description of Business (Details) - segment	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	1	2

Revenue Recognition - Disaggregation of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 12,833	$ 9,277	$ 37,885	$ 43,582
Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenues	1,534	4,278	9,823	10,798
EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenues	2,229	3,191	6,768	14,630
APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total revenues	$ 9,070	$ 1,808	$ 21,294	$ 18,154

Revenue Recognition - Contracts with Customer (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Contract assets	$ 3,424	$ 815
Unbilled receivables	4,793	9,904
Contract liabilities: deferred revenue	$ 10,621	$ 10,761

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Impairment charges related to contract assets	$ 0	$ 0
Short-Term Unbilled Receivables
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Unbilled receivables, not billable			$ 3,500,000	$ 9,100,000
Long-Term Unbilled Receivables
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Unbilled receivables, not billable			$ 1,300,000	$ 800,000

Revenue Recognition - Revenue Recognized During Period (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period:
Performance obligations satisfied	$ 0	$ 1,303	$ 475	$ 9,111
Changes in the period:
Changes in the estimated transaction price allocated to performance obligations satisfied in prior periods	146	1,018	(446)	4,238
Performance obligations satisfied from new activities in the period - contract revenue	12,687	6,956	37,856	30,233
Total revenues	$ 12,833	$ 9,277	$ 37,885	$ 43,582

Revenue Recognition - Performance Obligation (Details) - Product revenue $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Performance obligation	$ 10,621
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-10-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Performance obligation	$ 9,981
Expected timing of satisfaction, period	3 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Performance obligation	$ 140
Expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Performance obligation	$ 140
Expected timing of satisfaction, period	1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Performance obligation	$ 360
Expected timing of satisfaction, period

Net Loss per Share - Shares Not Included in Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share (Details) - shares shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total shares excluded as anti-dilutive (shares)	13,355	8,873	13,355	8,873
Shares issuable under the Equity Incentive Plan and ESPP
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total shares excluded as anti-dilutive (shares)	12,931	8,873	12,931	8,873
Warrant
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Total shares excluded as anti-dilutive (shares)	424	0	424	0

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Impairment of investment in non-marketable equity securities	$ 3,900,000	$ 3,900,000	$ 3,910,000	$ 3,875,000
Unrealized or realized gains or losses	$ 0	0	$ 0	0
seqWell
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Impairment of investment in non-marketable equity securities		3,000,000.0		3,000,000.0
Arzeda
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Impairment of investment in non-marketable equity securities		$ 900,000		$ 900,000

Investments in Non-Marketable Securities - Carrying Value and Fair Value of Securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Total non-marketable equity securities	$ 5,790	$ 9,700
MAI
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Total non-marketable equity securities	2,783	6,693
seqWell
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Total non-marketable equity securities	2,625	2,625
Other investments in non-marketable equity securities
Marketable Securities [Line Items]
Total non-marketable equity securities	$ 382	$ 382

Fair Value Measurements - Summary of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash	$ 7,359	$ 8,742
Unrealized Gains	128	0
Unrealized Losses	(2)	0
Total	90,129	65,116
Total	90,255	65,116
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	30,093	56,374
Unrealized Gains	0	0
Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	30,093	56,374
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	52,677
Unrealized Gains	128
Unrealized Losses	(2)
Fair Value	52,803
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	8,416
Unrealized Gains	7
Unrealized Losses	0
Fair Value	8,423
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	8,723
Unrealized Gains	14
Unrealized Losses	(2)
Fair Value	8,735
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	1,983
Unrealized Gains	9
Unrealized Losses	0
Fair Value	1,992
Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Amortized Cost	33,555
Unrealized Gains	98
Unrealized Losses	0
Fair Value	33,653
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash	7,359	8,742
Total	37,452	65,116
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	30,093	56,374
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0
Cash and Cash Equivalents \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0
Short-term Investments
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Cash	0	0
Total	52,803	0
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 1 \| Money market funds
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	0	$ 0
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	52,803
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Commercial paper
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	8,423
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| Corporate debt
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	8,735
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. agency securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	1,992
Short-term Investments \| Fair Value, Inputs, Level 2 \| U.S. treasury securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Fair Value	$ 33,653

Fair Value Measurements - Narrative (Details) - Convertible Debt - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Credit losses	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Other-than-temporary impairment losses	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Balance Sheets Details - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Schedule of Inventory Components
Raw materials	$ 0	$ 108
Work-in-process	36	7
Finished goods	2,067	2,570
Total Inventories	$ 2,103	$ 2,685

Balance Sheets Details - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Other Liabilities Disclosure [Abstract]
Prepaid expense, current	$ 3.2	$ 4.6
Other assets, current	$ 0.3	$ 0.6

Balance Sheets Details - Property and Equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	$ 53,989		$ 53,989		$ 54,798
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(40,723)		(40,723)		(39,311)
Property and equipment, net	13,266		13,266		15,487
Depreciation	1,184	$ 1,357	3,675	$ 4,302
Research and development
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation	965	1,121	3,017	3,606
Selling, general and administrative
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation	219	$ 236	658	$ 696
Laboratory equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	36,468		36,468		37,216
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	12,086		12,086		11,912
Computer equipment and software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	2,675		2,675		2,565
Office equipment and furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	1,131		1,131		1,469
Construction in progress
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment	$ 1,629		$ 1,629		$ 1,636

Balance Sheets Details - Other Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Balance Sheets Details [Abstract]
Accrued purchases	$ 3,291	$ 1,402
Accrued professional and outside service fees	2,810	2,330
Other	404	1,003
Total other accrued liabilities	$ 6,505	$ 4,735

Stock-based Compensation - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jan. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Aug. 31, 2024
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, noncash expense			$ 2,708,000	$ 2,283,000	$ 10,561,000	$ 7,808,000
Selling, general and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, noncash expense			$ 1,925,000	1,773,000	8,101,000	5,558,000
Stock-based compensation expense					$ 2,000,000
2024 Inducement Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares authorized (in shares)							1,000,000
ESPP
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Consecutive offering period		24 months
Purchase price of common stock		85.00%
Fixed contribution rate		$ 25,000
Number of shares authorized (in shares)		2,000,000
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, shares issued in period (in shares)			0		123,889
Common stock, capital shares reserved for future issuance (in shares)			1,876,111		1,876,111
Share-based payment arrangement, noncash expense			$ 93,000	0	$ 242,000	0
Share-based payment arrangement, nonvested award, cost not yet recognized, amount			600,000		600,000
Stock Options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, noncash expense			1,506,000	1,017,000	$ 5,137,000	3,035,000
Expiration period					10 years
Award vesting period	3 years				4 years
Compensation not yet recognized, stock options			12,000,000.0		$ 12,000,000.0
Stock Options \| Tranche One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	1 year				1 year
Award vesting rights	33.00%				25.00%
Stock Options \| Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting period	2 years				3 years
Award vesting rights	67.00%				75.00%
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights					33.00%
RSAs and RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based payment arrangement, noncash expense			1,109,000	$ 942,000	$ 3,578,000	$ 3,441,000
Compensation not yet recognized, share-based awards other than options			$ 5,000,000.0		$ 5,000,000.0

Stock-based Compensation - Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 2,708	$ 2,283	$ 10,561	$ 7,808
Stock options
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	1,506	1,017	5,137	3,035
RSUs and RSAs
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	1,109	942	3,578	3,441
Performance-contingent restricted stock units (“PSUs”)
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	0	292	247	1,408
Performance based options (“PBOs”)
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	0	32	1,357	(76)
ESPP
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	93	0	242	0
Cost of product revenue
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	93	60	309	272
Research and development
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	690	450	2,151	1,978
Selling, general and administrative
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expensed and Capitalized, Amount [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation	$ 1,925	$ 1,773	$ 8,101	$ 5,558

Capital Stock (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Capital Stock (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	May 02, 2024 USD ($)	May 31, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Feb. 27, 2023 USD ($)
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock options exercised (shares) \| shares					72,856	214,284
Weighted average exercise price of stock options exercised (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares					$ 1.97	$ 1.97
Net proceeds from stock options exercised					$ 100	$ 400
Sale of stock, securities registered aggregate amount							$ 200,000
Costs incurred in connection with offering			$ 1,584		$ 1,584	$ 721
Cantor Sales Agreement
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Net proceeds received	$ 75,000
Sale of stock, commission fee, percent	0.030
PSC
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, period		3 years
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs (shares) \| shares			0	0	0	3,079,421
Sale of stock, consideration received on transaction, gross				$ 0		$ 8,700
Net proceeds received				0		7,900
Costs incurred in connection with offering				$ 0		$ 700
PSC \| Maximum
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, value of shares for issuance		$ 50,000
Cantor
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Sale of stock, value of shares for issuance			$ 43,700		$ 43,700
Issuance of common stock in connection with an equity sales agreement, net of issuance costs (shares) \| shares			10,440,000		10,440,000
Sale of stock, consideration received on transaction, gross			$ 31,300		$ 31,300
Net proceeds received			29,700		29,700
Costs incurred in connection with offering			$ 1,600		$ 1,600

Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating lease, cost	$ 1,032	$ 1,618	$ 3,097	$ 5,278
Variable lease cost	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies - Other Lease Information (Details)	Sep. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	3 years 1 month 6 days
Weighted-average discount rate	6.60%

Commitments and Contingencies - Cash Paid for Lease Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$ 3,542	$ 5,668

Commitments and Contingencies - Maturity Analysis of Operating Lease (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Operating Leases
2024 (remaining 3 months)	$ 1,184
2025	4,868
2026	5,014
2027	2,533
2028	760
Thereafter	318
Total minimum lease payments	14,677
Less: imputed interest	1,462
Lease obligations	13,215
Current portion of lease obligations - Operating leases	4,081	$ 3,781
Long-term lease obligations - Operating leases	$ 9,134	$ 12,243

Commitments and Contingencies - Narrative (Details) - USD ($)		3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Oct. 01, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Lease obligations		$ 13,215,000			$ 13,215,000
Asset impairment and other charges		0		$ 9,984,000	165,000	$ 9,984,000
Indemnification Agreement
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Loss contingency accrual		$ 0			$ 0
San Carlos
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Lease obligations	$ 3,100,000
Operating lease, write-off due to lease modification	$ 19,600,000
Asset impairment and other charges				7,700,000
Impairment of leasehold				4,700,000
Operating Lease, Impairment Loss				$ 3,000,000.0
Impairment of long-lived assets to be disposed of			$ 1,500,000

Commitments and Contingencies - Other Commitments (Details) - Facility maintenance agreement $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Total	$ 281
2024 (Remaining 3 Months)	281
2025 and Thereafter	$ 0

Debt - Narrative (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Feb. 13, 2024 USD ($) tranche $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face value of debt		$ 30,000	$ 30,000
Investment, Variable Interest Rate, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	Prime Rate [Member]
Debt instrument, unamortized discount		1,208	1,208
Unamortized debt issuance expense		580	580
Class of warrant or right, fair value			900
Secured Debt \| Innovatus Loan Warrants
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares) \| shares	424,028
Class of warrant or right, exercise price of warrants or rights (in dollars per share) \| $ / shares	$ 2.83
Innovatus Loan \| Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, term	5 years
Face value of debt	$ 40,000
Debt instrument, number of tranches \| tranche	2
Stated interest rate	7.50%
Basis spread on variable rate	3.25%
Debt instrument, interest, paid in kind	0.020
Debt instrument, interest payable, term	3 years
Debt instrument, exit fee, percent	0.030
Debt instrument, unamortized discount	$ 1,300
Unamortized debt issuance expense	$ 600
Interest expense, debt		$ 1,000	$ 2,500
Debt instrument, interest rate, effective percentage		13.50%	13.50%
Innovatus Loan \| Secured Debt \| Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Early repayment fee, percentage	0.030
Innovatus Loan \| Secured Debt \| Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Early repayment fee, percentage	0.010
Innovatus Loan - First Tranche \| Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face value of debt	$ 30,000
Innovatus Loan - Second Tranche \| Secured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Face value of debt	$ 10,000

Debt - Schedule of Long-Term Debt Instruments (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Face value of debt	$ 30,000
Add: payment in-kind interest	332
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: unamortized debt issuance fee	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$ 28,631

Debt - Schedule of Maturities of Long-Term Debt (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 0
2025	0
2026	0
2027	13,264
2028	15,917
2029	2,653
Total principal payments	31,834
Add: amortized exit fee	87
Less: uncapitalized payment in-kind interest	(1,502)
Less: unamortized debt issuance fee	(1,208)
Less: unamortized debt issuance costs	(580)
Total long-term debt	$ 28,631

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 segment	Dec. 31, 2022 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments \| segment			1	2
Goodwill impairment \| $	$ 0.8	$ 0.8

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information - Concentration Risk (Details) - Customer Concentration Risk	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2024	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Revenue \| Customer A
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	18.00%		17.00%	10.00%
Revenue \| Customer B
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	17.00%		10.00%
Revenue \| Customer C
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%
Revenue \| Customer D
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%
Revenue \| Customer E
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage				15.00%
Revenue \| Customer F
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		20.00%
Revenue \| Customer G
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			16.00%
Revenue \| Customer H
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage				10.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer A
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage					12.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer B
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			21.00%		12.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer D
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			15.00%		13.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer I
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			15.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer J
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			12.00%
Accounts Receivable \| Customer K
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage					21.00%

Segment, Geographical and Other Revenue Information - Long-Lived Assets by Geographic Area (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
United States
Geographic Areas, Long-Lived Assets [Abstract]
Long-lived assets	$ 24,277	$ 28,624

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