Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________to________

Commission file number 001-35944

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware		33-0963637
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
201 Mittel Drive, Wood Dale, IL		60191
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)
(630) 350-9400
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
None	—	—
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 2, 2023, there were 22,968,872 outstanding shares of the Common Stock of the registrant.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page
PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Forward-Looking Statements	3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	4
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	4
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	8
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	34
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	35
PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	36
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	36
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	36
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36
Item 5.	Other Information	36
Item 6.	Exhibits	37
	Signatures	37

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2023, (the “Quarterly Report”) that are not historical facts are intended to constitute “forward-looking statements” entitled to the safe-harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These statements may involve risks and uncertainties. These statements often include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “budgeted,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “guidance,” “may,” “outlook,” “plan,” “projection,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions, but these words are not the exclusive means for identifying such statements. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding Power Solutions International, Inc.’s, a Delaware corporation (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), projected sales, potential profitability and liquidity, strategic initiatives, future business strategies, warranty mitigation efforts and market opportunities, improvements in its business, improvement of product margins, and product market conditions and trends. These statements are not guarantees of performance or results, and they involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Although the Company believes that these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, there are many factors that could affect the Company’s results of operations and liquidity and could cause actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the Company’s forward-looking statements.

The Company cautions that the risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause its actual results to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, the factors discussed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and from time to time in the Company’s subsequent filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”); the impact of the macro-economic environment in both the U.S. and internationally on our business and expectations regarding growth of the industry; uncertainties arising from global events (including the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas conflicts), natural disasters or pandemics, and their impact on material prices; the effects of strategic investments on our operations, including our efforts to expand our global market share and actions taken to increase sales growth; the ability to develop and successfully launch new products; labor costs and other employment-related costs; loss of suppliers and disruptions in the supply of raw materials; the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern; the Company’s ability to raise additional capital when needed and its liquidity; uncertainties around the Company’s ability to meet funding conditions under its financing arrangements and access to capital thereunder; the potential acceleration of the maturity at any time of the loans under the Company’s uncommitted senior secured revolving credit facility through the exercise by Standard Chartered Bank of its demand right; the impact of rising interest rates; changes in economic conditions, including inflationary trends in the price of raw materials; our reliance on information technology and the associated risk involving potential security lapses and/or cyber-attacks; the ability of the Company to accurately forecast sales, and the extent to which sales result in recorded revenues; changes in customer demand for the Company’s products; volatility in oil and gas prices; the impact of U.S. tariffs on imports, the impact of supply chain interruptions and raw material shortages, including compliance disruptions such as the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (the “UFLPA” or the “Act”) delaying goods from China; the potential impact of higher warranty costs and the Company’s ability to mitigate such costs; any delays and challenges in recruiting and retaining key employees consistent with the Company’s plans; any negative impacts from delisting of the Company’s common stock par value $0.001 (the “Common Stock”) from the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) and any delays and challenges in obtaining a re-listing on a stock exchange.

The Company’s forward-looking statements are presented as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, the Company expressly disclaims any intention or obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

The Company is subject to the reporting and information requirements of the Exchange Act, and as a result, it is obligated to file annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and other information with the SEC. The Company makes these filings available free of charge on its website (http://www.psiengines.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files them with, or furnishes them to, the SEC. Information on the Company’s website does not constitute part of this Quarterly Report. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains the annual, quarterly and current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements, and other information the Company electronically files with, or furnishes to, the SEC.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


(in thousands, except par values)	As of September 30, 2023 (unaudited)		As of December 31, 2022
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,793	$	24,296
Restricted cash	3,807		3,604
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $7,306 and $4,308 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; (from related parties $1,626 and $2,325 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	71,420		89,894
Income tax receivable	555		555
Inventories, net	94,388		120,560
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	24,378		16,364

Total current assets	226,341		255,273
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,935		13,844
Right-of-use assets, net	27,836		13,282
Intangible assets, net	4,350		5,660
Goodwill	29,835		29,835

Other noncurrent assets	3,186		2,019
TOTAL ASSETS	$	305,483	$	319,913

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $23,449 and $23,358 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	$	75,516	$	76,430
Current maturities of long-term debt	136		130
Revolving line of credit	80,000		130,000
Finance lease liability, current	80		90
Operating lease liability, current	3,674		2,894
Other short-term financing (from related parties $79,820 and $75,020 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	79,820		75,614
Other accrued liabilities (to related parties $8,046 and $5,232 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	37,035		34,109
Total current liabilities	276,261		319,267

Deferred income taxes	1,409		1,278
Long-term debt, net of current maturities (from related parties $4,800 as of December 31, 2022)	126		5,029
Finance lease liability, long-term	113		170
Operating lease liability, long-term	25,899		10,971
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,605		3,199
Other noncurrent liabilities	11,374		10,371
TOTAL LIABILITIES	$	317,787	$	350,285

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)





STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	$	—	$	—
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,968 and 22,951 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	23		23
Additional paid-in capital	157,857		157,673
Accumulated deficit	(169,160)		(187,096)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149 and 166 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(1,024)		(972)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	(12,304)		(30,372)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	$	305,483	$	319,913

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net sales (from related parties $340 and $1,523 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, $2,400 and $2,043 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326
Cost of sales (from related parties $245 and $1,246 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and $1,755 and $1,657 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	87,979		100,792		275,890		285,181
Gross profit	27,905		24,108		78,328		59,145
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	4,762		4,819		14,028		13,931
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10,595		11,541		31,050		32,922

Amortization of intangible assets	436		526		1,309		1,598
Total operating expenses	15,793		16,886		46,387		48,451
Operating income	12,112		7,222		31,941		10,694

Interest expense	4,164		3,615		13,474		8,729





Income before income taxes	7,948		3,607		18,467		1,965
Income tax expense	153		415		531		14
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951



Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	22,967		22,948		22,957		22,934
Diluted	22,974		22,959		22,969		22,944
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09
Diluted	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Deficit
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	23	$	157,831	$	(176,955)	$	(1,024)	$	(20,125)
Net income	—		—		7,795		—		7,795







Stock-based compensation expense	—		26		—		—		26








Balance at September 30, 2023	$	23	$	157,857	$	(169,160)	$	(1,024)	$	(12,304)

Balance at June 30, 2022	23		157,689		(199,607)		(1,118)		(43,013)
Net income	—		—		3,192		—		3,192







Stock-based compensation expense	—		(86)		—		148		62
Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	—		—		—		(1)		(1)






Balance at September 30, 2022	$	23	$	157,603	$	(196,415)	$	(971)	$	(39,760)


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Total Stockholders’ Deficit
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	23	$	157,673	$	(187,096)	$	(972)	$	(30,372)
Net income	—		—		17,936		—		17,936







Stock-based compensation expense	—		184		—		(52)		132








Balance at September 30, 2023	$	23	$	157,857	$	(169,160)	$	(1,024)	$	(12,304)

Balance, December 31, 2021	$	23	$	157,436	$	(198,366)	$	(1,116)	$	(42,023)
Net income	—		—		1,951		—		1,951
Stock-based compensation expense	—		167				148		315






Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	—		—		—		(3)		(3)








Balance at September 30, 2022	$	23	$	157,603	$	(196,415)	$	(971)	$	(39,760)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income	$	17,936	$	1,951
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	1,309		1,598
Depreciation	2,925		3,532

Stock-based compensation expense	132		315
Amortization of financing fees	938		1,730
Deferred income taxes	131		25




Provision for losses in accounts receivable	2,998		(305)
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	2,560		423

Other adjustments, net	3		465
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	15,476		(17,318)
Inventory	23,611		14,548
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(5,641)		(6,289)
Accounts payable	(1,268)		(20,186)
Income taxes receivable	—		3,710
Accrued expenses	2,638		7,802
Other noncurrent liabilities	(1,631)		(9,708)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	62,117		(17,707)
Cash used in investing activities
Capital expenditures	(2,678)		(991)





Net cash used in investing activities	(2,678)		(991)
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities

Repayment of debt	(50,000)		—
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(161)		(203)
Proceeds from short-term financings	—		31,582
Repayment of short-term financings	(593)		(581)



Payments of deferred financing costs	(983)		(1,787)


Other financing activities, net	(2)		(3)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(51,739)		29,008
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	7,700		10,310
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	27,900		9,732
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	$	35,600	$	20,042


(in thousands)	As of September 30,
	2023		2022
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	31,793	$	16,477
Restricted cash	3,807		3,565
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	35,600	$	20,042

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Power Solutions International, Inc. (“Power Solutions,” “PSI” or the “Company”), a Delaware corporation, is a global producer and distributor of a broad range of high-performance, certified, low-emission power systems, including alternative-fueled power systems for original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) of off-highway industrial equipment and certain on-road vehicles and large custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems.

The Company’s customers include large, industry-leading and multinational organizations. The Company’s products and services are sold predominantly to customers throughout North America as well as to customers located throughout the Pacific Rim and Europe. The Company’s power systems are highly engineered, comprehensive systems which, through the Company’s technologically sophisticated development and manufacturing processes, including its in-house design, prototyping, testing and engineering capabilities and its analysis and determination of the specific components to be integrated into a given power system (driven in large part by emission standards and cost considerations), allow the Company to provide its customers with power systems customized to meet specific OEM application requirements, other technical customers’ specifications and requirements imposed by environmental regulatory bodies.

The Company’s power system configurations range from a basic engine integrated with appropriate fuel system components to completely packaged power systems that include any combination of cooling systems, electronic systems, air intake systems, fuel systems, housings, power takeoff systems, exhaust systems, hydraulic systems, enclosures, brackets, hoses, tubes and other assembled componentry. The Company also designs and manufactures large, custom-engineered integrated electrical power generation systems for both standby and prime power applications. The Company purchases engines from third-party suppliers and produces internally designed engines, all of which are then integrated into its power systems.

Of the other components that the Company integrates into its power systems, a substantial portion consist of internally designed components and components for which it coordinates significant design efforts with third-party suppliers, with the remainder consisting largely of parts that are sourced off-the-shelf from third-party suppliers. Some of the key components (including purchased engines) embody proprietary intellectual property of the Company’s suppliers. As a result of its design and manufacturing capabilities, the Company is able to provide its customers with a power system that can be incorporated into a customer’s specified application. In addition to the certified products described above, the Company sells diesel, gasoline and non-certified power systems and aftermarket components.

Stock Ownership and Control

Weichai America Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Weichai Power Co., Ltd. (HK2338, SZ000338) (herein together referred to as “Weichai”) owns a majority of the outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result, Weichai is able to exercise control over matters requiring stockholders’ approval, including the election of directors, amendment of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation (the “Charter”) and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of the Company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions impractical without the support of Weichai.

Weichai also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with the Company upon execution of the Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) by and between the Company and Weichai. The Rights Agreement provides Weichai with representation on the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) and management representation rights. Weichai currently has four representatives on the Board, which constitutes the majority of the directors serving on the Board. According to the Rights Agreement, during any period when the Company is a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) Listing Rules, it will take such measures as to avail itself of the “controlled company” exemptions available under Rule 5615 of the NASDAQ Listing Rules of Rules 5605(b), (d) and (e).

Going Concern Considerations

Uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Company’s debt arrangements; however, the Company’s trend of positive operating cash flows have continued during the first nine months of 2023. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Third Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), its second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, its third Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, its fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $160.3 million and $211.0 million in the aggregate, respectively, and its cash and cash equivalents were $31.8 million and $24.3 million, respectively. See Note 6. Debt, for further information regarding the terms and conditions of the Company’s debt agreements.

Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay amounts owed under its existing debt arrangements as they become due. In order to provide the Company with a more permanent source of liquidity, management plans to seek an extension and amendment and/or replacement of its existing debt agreements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2024. There can be no assurance that the Company’s management will be able to successfully complete an extension and amendment of its existing debt agreements or obtain new financing on acceptable terms, when required or if at all. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of the Company’s efforts to address these issues.

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Macroeconomic volatility and uncertainties further increase the potential for supply chain disruptions, economic uncertainty, and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics which may continue to have a material adverse impact on the results of operations, financial position and liquidity of the Company.

Lastly, national inflationary pressures have continued to cause interest rates to increase. As a result, the Company’s interest expense has increased and is subject to further increases. Accordingly, the above challenges may continue to have a material adverse impact on the Company’s future results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.

The Company’s management has concluded that, due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend and amend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. The Company’s plans to alleviate the substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern may not be successful, and it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern and contemplating the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on generating profitable operating results, having sufficient liquidity, maintaining compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement and other outstanding debt, in the future, and extending and amending, refinancing or repaying the indebtedness outstanding under the Company’s existing debt arrangements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company is filing this Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023, which contains unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2023 and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. The foregoing financial information was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X and include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S GAAP for interim financial reporting. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on April 14, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”). The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the aforementioned 2022 Annual Report. The accompanying interim financial information is unaudited; however, the Company believes the financial information reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of annual operating results.

Segments

The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenue and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of operations to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Customer A	15	%	22	%	15	%	18	%
Customer B	**		13	%	**		**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable:


	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Customer A	15	%	30	%

Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023	2022
Supplier A	14	%	**		**	**

Supplier C	**		13	%	**	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of credit losses, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had restricted cash of $3.8 million and $3.6 million, respectively, which includes $1.3 million restricted cash held in escrow which could be required to be refunded to a customer if conditions occur as defined in such certain agreement with such customer. The Company has not recognized revenue associated with the restricted cash. The deferred revenue is included within Noncurrent Contract Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Inventories

The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost including estimated freight-in or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	74,988	$	101,566
Work in process	1,404		3,073
Finished goods	23,778		19,825
Total inventories	100,170		124,464
Inventory allowance	(5,782)		(3,904)
Inventories, net	$	94,388	$	120,560

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Inventory Allowance	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,904	$	3,370
Charged to expense	2,560		604
Write-offs	(682)		(930)
Balance at end of period	$	5,782	$	3,044

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Accrued product warranty	$	11,564	$	13,037
Accrued litigation *	3,095		2,102
Contract liabilities	2,522		2,256
Accrued compensation and benefits	8,862		7,299


Accrued interest expense	8,148		5,257

Other	2,844		4,158
Total	$	37,035	$	34,109

*As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 litigation reserves related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees.

Warranty Costs

The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer.

Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available.

The Company has approximately $1.3 million accrued for a specific warranty-related matter as of September 30, 2023. The Company concludes it is reasonably possible that future warranty claims for this matter may exceed current estimates that are based upon historical claims experience. The impact could be material to the financial statements.

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accrued Product Warranty	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,550	$	32,948
Current period provision *	6,588		6,484

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	6,274		2,705
Payments made during the period	(13,418)		(18,080)

Balance at end of period	20,994		24,057
Less: current portion	11,564		14,390
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	9,430	$	9,667

*Warranty costs for claims received, net of supplier recoveries, and other adjustments, were a cost of $12.0 million and a cost of $5.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Supplier recoveries were $0.7 million and $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

**Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties reflect changes in the Company’s estimate of warranty costs for products sold in prior periods. Such adjustments typically occur when claims experience deviates from historical and expected trends. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a cost for changes in estimates of preexisting warranties of $6.3 million, or $0.27 per diluted share. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a cost of $2.7 million, or $0.12 per diluted share, which includes a favorable experience for preexisting warranties attributable to a contract revision executed during the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 2. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
End Market	2023		2022		2023		2022
Power Systems	$	60,405	$	42,693	$	159,491	$	127,904
Industrial	40,354		59,419		128,819		163,671
Transportation	15,125		22,788		65,908		52,751
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Geographic Area	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	96,899	$	89,661	$	285,761	$	250,026
North America (outside of United States)	4,484		2,903		16,605		10,623
Pacific Rim	9,485		20,083		36,036		56,599
Europe	4,273		7,028		11,238		13,787
Other	743		5,225		4,578		13,291
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

Contract Balances

Most of the Company’s contracts are for a period of less than one year; however, extended warranty contracts extend beyond one year. The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of invoicing to customers and these timing differences result in contract assets, or contract liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Contract assets include amounts related to the contractual right to consideration for completed performance when the right to consideration is conditional. The Company records contract liabilities when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. Contract assets and contract liabilities are recognized at the contract level.


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	15,668	$	3,620	$	2,707

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,522)		(2,256)		(1,819)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,605)		(3,199)		(3,330)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	10,541	$	(1,835)	$	(2,442)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively, of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $0.3 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively upon the satisfaction of performance obligations related to amounts that were included in the net contract liabilities balance as of June 30, 2023 and 2022.

Remaining Performance Obligations

The Company has elected the practical expedient to not disclose remaining performance obligations that have expected original durations of one year or less. For performance obligations that extend beyond one year, the Company had $4.0 million of remaining performance obligations as of September 30, 2023, primarily related to extended warranties. The Company expects to recognize revenue related to these remaining performance obligations of approximately $0.6 million in the remainder of 2023, $1.1 million in 2024, $0.5 million in 2025, $0.8 million in 2026, $0.9 million in 2027 and less than $0.1 million in 2028 and beyond.

Note 3. Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

The Company is party to four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, including the $130.0 million first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, the $25.0 million second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, the $50.0 million third Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, and the $30.0 million fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement. See additional discussion of these debt agreements in Note 6. Debt.

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

The Company and Weichai executed a strategic collaboration agreement (the “Collaboration Agreement”) March 2017 in order to achieve their respective strategic objectives and enhance the strategic cooperation alliance to share experiences, expertise and resources. Among other things, the Collaboration Agreement established a joint steering committee, permitted Weichai to select a limited number of certain technical, marketing, sales, procurement and finance personnel to work at the Company and established several collaborations related to stationary natural-gas applications and Weichai diesel engines. The Collaboration Agreement provided for the steering committee to create various sub-committees with operating roles and otherwise governs the treatment of intellectual property of parties prior to the collaboration and the intellectual property developed during the collaboration. On March 22, 2023, the Collaboration Agreement was extended for an additional term of three years.

The Company evaluates whether an arrangement is a collaborative arrangement at its inception based on the facts and circumstances specific to the arrangement. The Company also reevaluates whether an arrangement qualifies or continues to qualify as a collaborative arrangement whenever there is a change in either the roles of the participants or the participants’ exposure to significant risks and rewards dependent on the ultimate commercial success of the endeavor. For those collaborative arrangements where it is determined that the Company is the principal participant, costs incurred and revenue generated from third parties are recorded on a gross basis in the financial statements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s sales to Weichai and its subsidiaries were $0.3 million and $2.4 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company’s sales to Weichai and its subsidiaries were $1.5 million and $2.0 million, respectively. Purchases of inventory from Weichai were $0.5 million and $4.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Purchases of inventory from Weichai were $3.5 million and $10.6 million for

the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had $1.6 million and $2.3 million receivables from Weichai and its subsidiaries, respectively. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had outstanding accounts payables to Weichai of $23.4 million.

In January 2022, PSI and Baudouin (“Baudouin”), a subsidiary of Weichai, entered into an international distribution and sales agreement which enables Baudouin to bring PSI’s power systems line of products into the European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In addition to sales, Baudouin will manage service, support, warranty claims, and technical requests. The Baudouin related party amounts are included in the amounts reported above for the current and prior year reporting periods.

Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,570	$	7,107
Machinery and equipment	46,143		45,747
Construction in progress	1,708		467
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	55,421		53,321
Accumulated depreciation	(41,486)		(39,477)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,935	$	13,844

Note 5. Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $29.8 million.

Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(30,778)	$	4,162
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,512)		188
Total	$	37,340	$	(32,990)	$	4,350


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(29,527)	$	5,413
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,453)		247
Total	$	37,340	$	(31,680)	$	5,660

Note 6. Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023			As of December 31, 2022
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	80,000	8.67%	$	130,000	7.04%	March 22, 2024
Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (second)	25,000		9.02%	25,000		9.10%	May 20, 2024
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (third)	50,000		10.07%	50,000		9.01%	November 30, 2023
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	4,820		11.38%	—			March 31, 2024
Other short-term financing	—			614			Various
Total short-term debt	$	159,820		$	205,614

Long-term debt:
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	$	—		$	4,800	9.00%	March 31, 2024


Finance leases and other debt	455		**	619		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	455			5,419
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	216			220
Long-term debt	$	239		$	5,199


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

On March 24, 2023, the Company amended and restated its $130.0 million Second Amended and Restated Uncommitted Revolving Credit Agreement with Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement extends the maturity date of loans outstanding under its previous credit facility to the earlier of March 22, 2024 or the demand of Standard Chartered. The Credit Agreement is subject to customary events of default and covenants, including minimum consolidated EBITDA and Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio covenants for the second and third quarters of 2023. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement will incur interest at either the alternate base rate or the SOFR plus applicable rate of 3.35% per annum. In addition, the Company paid fees of $1.0 million related to the Credit Agreement which will be deferred and amortized over the term of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement continues to be secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and provides Standard Chartered the right to demand payment of any and all of the outstanding borrowings and other amounts owed under the Credit Agreement at any point in time prior to the maturity date at Standard Chartered’s discretion. The Company made payments totaling $30.0 million related to the Credit Agreement with no additional borrowings during the third quarter of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $80.0 million outstanding under the Credit Agreement. Subsequent to September 30, 2023, the Company made additional payments related to the Credit Agreement; see Note 14. Subsequent Events for detailed information regarding the payments.

In connection with this Credit Agreement, on March 24, 2023, the Company also amended two of the four shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai, to among other things, extend the maturities thereof. The first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $130.0 million subordinated loan under which Weichai is obligated to advance funds solely for purposes of repaying outstanding borrowings under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement if the Company is unable to pay such borrowings. The fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with access to up to $30.0 million of credit at the discretion of Weichai. The maturity of the first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement was extended to April 24, 2024 and the maturity of the fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement was extended to March 31, 2024. Borrowings under the first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement and the fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement will bear interest at an annual rate equal to SOFR plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable SOFR rate is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1%. All of the amended shareholder loan agreements with Weichai are subject to customary events of default and

covenants. The Company has covenanted to secure any amounts borrowed under either of the agreements upon payment in full of all amounts outstanding under the $130.0 million Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2023, there were no borrowings under the first Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement.

On May 12, 2023, the Company amended and extended the maturity of its second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement with Weichai to May 20, 2024. The second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement continues to provide the Company with a $25.0 million subordinated loan. Borrowings under the second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement will incur interest at the applicable SOFR rate, plus 4.05% per annum. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.05% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan under the second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1%.

The Company is also party to a third Shareholder's Loan Agreement with Weichai, which was entered into on December 10, 2021. The third Shareholder's Loan Agreement provides the Company with a $50.0 million uncommitted facility that is subordinated to the Credit Agreement and any borrowing requests made under the third Shareholder's Loan Agreement are subject to Weichai’s discretionary approval. Borrowings under the third Shareholder's Loan Agreement will incur interest at the applicable SOFR, plus 4.65% per annum and can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. Further, if the applicable term SOFR is negative, the interest rate per annum shall be deemed as 4.65% per annum. If the interest rate for any loan is lower than Weichai’s borrowing cost, the interest rate for such loan shall be equal to Weichai’s borrowing cost plus 1%. Borrowings under the third Shareholder's Loan Agreement can be used for general corporate purposes, except for certain legal expenditures which require additional approval from Weichai. The third Shareholder's Loan Agreement was amended on November 29, 2022 and expires on November 30, 2023 with any outstanding principal and accrued interest due upon maturity. The Company is actively working on the extension of the third Shareholder's Loan Agreement prior to its expiration on November 30, 2023.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, its second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, its third Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, its fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $160.3 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $31.8 million. The Company's total accrued interest for the Credit Agreement and all shareholder loans was $8.1 million and $5.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest is included within Other Accrued Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

Note 7. Leases

Leases

The Company has obligations under lease arrangements primarily for facilities, equipment and vehicles. These leases have original lease periods expiring between January 2024 and July 2034. The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statement of Operations:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	2,243	$	1,583	$	6,214	$	4,718
Research, development and engineering expenses	64		63		190		204
Selling, general and administrative expenses	19		19		56		79
Interest expense	39		28		80		56
Total	$	2,365	$	1,693	$	6,540	$	5,057

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022

Operating lease cost	$	1,561	$	1,150	$	4,353	$	3,489
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	20		31		61		119
Interest expense	3		5		11		17
Short-term lease cost	408		24		809		89
Variable lease cost	373		306		1,305		1,026
Sublease income	(87)		(259)		(619)		(795)
Total lease cost	$	2,278	$	1,257	$	5,920	$	3,945

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	3,315	$	3,642
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	11		16
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	67		125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	17,838		—

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted-average remaining lease term was 6.4 years and 5.8 years for operating leases and 2.4 years and 3.0 years for finance leases, respectively. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the weighted-average discount rate was 7.6% and 7.1% for operating leases, and 6.5% and 6.6% for finance leases, respectively.

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease ROU assets, net 1	$	27,836	$	13,282

Operating lease liabilities, current	3,674		2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,899		10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	13,865

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	164	$	225

Finance lease liabilities, current	80		90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	113		170
Total finance lease liabilities	$	193	$	260

1.Included in Other noncurrent assets for operating leases and Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$	1,404	$	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883		84
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652		208
Less: imputed interest	8,079		15
Total lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	193

Note 8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, the Company classifies each fair-value measurement as follows:

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Debt

The Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans. The Company measures its material debt obligations using Level 2 inputs as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	80,000	$	—	$	80,000	$	—
Other financing	79,820		—		79,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—	$	130,000	$	—
Other financing	75,614		—		75,614		—

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

In addition to the methods and assumptions used for the financial instruments discussed above, accounts receivable, net, income tax receivable, and accounts payable and certain accrued expenses are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value (Level 1) because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Contingencies

The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, the following:

•what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice;

•the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate;

•how the discovery process will affect the litigation;

•the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and

•any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation.

However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid.

Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations

In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information with respect to the administrative order is required.

Jerome Treadwell v. the Company

In October 2018, a punitive class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime” or “Plaintiff”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “Court”) under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the Court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the Court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the Court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The Court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed the answer to the amended complaint. The case is in discovery proceedings. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $3.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter.

Mast Powertrain v. the Company

In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it was owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement as of December 31, 2022 and had no recognized liability as of September 30, 2023. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court, alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. The Company is in the process of retaining legal counsel for this matter.

Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company

In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. The Company is negotiating the amount and payment terms of the reimbursement with Travelers. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation

In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demand against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook

County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and is paying the settlement amounts in installments. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has paid $0.4 million to each Ehlers and Lulloff.

Indemnification Agreements

In June 2020, the Company entered into a new directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which has been renewed annually and expires in July 2024. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO.

Other Commitments and Contingencies

At September 30, 2023, the Company had five outstanding letters of credit totaling $2.1 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.8 million as of September 30, 2023, related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

Note 10. Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs.

The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.

The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 1.9% and 2.9%, respectively, compared to an effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 of 11.5% and 0.7%, respectively. The effective tax rates for all periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance and the ability to carry back 2013 research and experimentation credits to 2012.

Note 11. Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at December 31, 2022	23,117	166	22,951
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	(17)	17



Balance as of September 30, 2023	23,117	149	22,968

Note 12. Earnings Per Share

The Company computes basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earnings per share is calculated to give effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the year. Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding primarily reflect the additional shares that would be issued upon the assumed exercise of stock options and the assumed vesting of unvested share awards. The treasury stock method has been used to compute diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The Company issued Stock Appreciation Rights (“SARs”) and Restricted Stock Awards (“RSAs”), all of which have been evaluated for their potentially dilutive effect under the treasury stock method. See Note 13. Stock-Based Compensation in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report for additional information on the SARs and the RSAs.

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,967		22,948		22,957		22,934
Effect of dilutive securities	7		11		12		10
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — diluted	22,974		22,959		22,969		22,944

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09

The aggregate number of shares excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculations, because they would have been anti-dilutive, was 0.1 million for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 0.1 million and 0.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, SARs and RSAs were not included in the diluted earnings per share calculations as they would have been anti-dilutive (1) due to the losses reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations or (2) the Company’s average stock price was less than the exercise price of the SARs or the grant price of the RSAs.

Note 13. Related Party Transactions

Weichai Transactions

See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement.

Other Related Party Transactions

See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

Note 14. Subsequent Events

In October and November 2023, the Company made additional payments totaling $15.0 million related to the Credit Agreement. The outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement is $65.0 million as of November 9, 2023.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements about the Company’s business and consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, including discussions about management’s expectations for the Company’s business. These statements represent projections, beliefs and expectations based on current circumstances and conditions and are made in light of recent events and trends. These statements should not be construed either as assurances of performance or as promises of a given course of action. Instead, various known and unknown factors are likely to cause the Company’s actual performance and management’s actions to vary, and the results of these variances may be both material and adverse. See “Forward-Looking Statements” in this Quarterly Report. The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements and the related Notes included in this Quarterly Report.

Executive Overview

The Company designs, engineers, manufactures, markets and sells a broad range of advanced, emission-certified engines and power systems that run on a wide variety of clean, alternative fuels, including natural gas, propane, and biofuels, as well as gasoline and diesel options, within the power systems, industrial and transportation end markets with primary manufacturing, assembly, engineering, research and development (“R&D”), sales and distribution facilities located in suburban Chicago, Illinois and Darien, Wisconsin. The Company provides highly engineered, comprehensive solutions designed to meet specific customer application requirements and technical specifications, including those imposed by environmental regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (“EPA”), the California Air Resource Board (“CARB”) and the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment (“MEE”).

The Company’s products are primarily used by global original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and end-user customers across a wide range of applications and equipment that includes standby and prime power generation, demand response, microgrid, combined heat and power, arbor care, material handling (including forklifts), agricultural and turf, construction, pumps and irrigation, compressors, utility vehicles, light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, school and transit buses, and utility power. The Company manages the business as a single reporting segment.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s net sales decreased $9.0 million, or 7%, from the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $115.9 million, as a result of lower sales of $19.1 million and $7.7 million within the industrial and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by an increase of $17.7 million in the power systems end market. Gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was 24.1%, an increase of 4.8% compared to 19.3% in the comparable 2022 period. Gross profit increased by $3.8 million, or 16%, for the three months ended September 30, 2023, while operating expenses decreased by $1.1 million, or 6% compared to the same period in 2022. Interest expense increased by $0.5 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to an income tax expense of $0.4 million in the prior year period. Collectively, these factors contributed to a $4.6 million improvement in net income, which totaled $7.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to net income of $3.2 million in the same period in 2022. Diluted earnings per share was $0.34 for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to diluted earnings per share of $0.14 in the comparable 2022 period. Adjusted net income, which excludes certain items described below that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance, was $8.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to Adjusted net income of $4.2 million in 2022. Adjusted earnings per share was $0.39 in the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to Adjusted earnings per share of $0.18 in 2022. Adjusted earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”) was positive at $14.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a positive Adjusted EBITDA of $9.9 million in 2022. Adjusted net income, Adjusted earnings per share and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of each of these measures to the nearest applicable GAAP financial measure, as well as additional information about these non-GAAP measures, see the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Item 2.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company’s net sales increased $9.9 million, or 3%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as a result of higher sales of $31.6 million and $13.2 million in the power systems and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by a decrease of $34.9 million in the industrial end market. Gross margin was 22.1% and 17.2% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Gross profit increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 by $19.2 million, or 32%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, while operating expenses decreased by $2.1 million, or 4%, as compared to the same period in 2022. Interest expense increased by $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared the same period in 2022. Also, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a expense of $0.01 million for the same period last year. Collectively, these factors contributed to a $16.0 million increase in the net income, which totaled income of $17.9 million in the 2023 period compared to net income of $2.0 million in the same period of 2022. Diluted earnings per share was $0.78 in the 2023 period compared to diluted earnings per share of $0.09 in the comparable 2022 period. Adjusted net income, which excludes certain items described below that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance, was $19.0 million in the 2023 period compared to Adjusted net income of $5.6 million in 2022.

Adjusted earnings per share was $0.84 in 2023 compared to Adjusted earnings per share of $0.25 in 2022. Adjusted EBITDA was positive at $37.3 million in 2023 compared to a positive Adjusted EBITDA of $19.5 million in 2022. Adjusted net income, Adjusted earnings per share and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures. For a reconciliation of each of these measures to the nearest applicable GAAP financial measure, as well as additional information about these non-GAAP measures, see the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Item 2.

Net sales by geographic area and by end market for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,								For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022				2023				2022
Geographic Area			% of Total				% of Total				% of Total				% of Total
United States	$	96,899	84	%	$	89,661	72	%	$	285,761	81	%	$	250,026	73	%
North America (outside of United States)	4,484		4	%	2,903		2	%	16,605		5	%	10,623		3	%
Pacific Rim	9,485		7	%	20,083		16	%	36,036		10	%	56,599		16	%
Europe	4,273		4	%	7,028		6	%	11,238		3	%	13,787		4	%
Others	743		1	%	5,225		4	%	4,578		1	%	13,291		4	%
Total	$	115,884	100	%	$	124,900	100	%	$	354,218	100	%	$	344,326	100	%


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,								For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022				2023				2022
End Market			% of Total				% of Total				% of Total				% of Total
Power Systems	$	60,405	52	%	$	42,693	34	%	$	159,491	45	%	$	127,904	37	%
Industrial	40,354		35	%	59,419		48	%	128,819		36	%	163,671		48	%
Transportation	15,125		13	%	22,788		18	%	65,908		19	%	52,751		15	%
Totals	$	115,884	100	%	$	124,900	100	%	$	354,218	100	%	$	344,326	100	%

Recent Trends and Business Outlook

The Company prudently manages its expenses, including the restriction of all non-essential travel and minimized discretionary expenses and consulting services. The Company continues to review operating expenses, including prioritizing certain R&D investments in support of the Company’s long-term growth objectives. During 2022, the Company took rightsizing actions to align its staffing with current needs, while also streamlining certain roles.

By the end of 2022, the global economy mostly recovered after the global pandemic, COVID-19. The recovery led to challenging market conditions across certain areas of the Company’s business. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years peaking in 2022 but has since declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages through the first nine months of 2023. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets also increased through 2022 and has closed in on pre-pandemic levels through the first nine months of 2023. Despite higher rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in, remains below pre-pandemic levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below pre-pandemic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company has seen the logistical challenges experienced during the prior years of port congestion and shipping delays ease and return to a pre-pandemic state and, excluding any unforeseen events, expects this to continue throughout the year. However, the Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to mitigate the impact of these through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is mitigating these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. In December 23, 2021, the UFLPA became law in the United States. The UFLPA, among other matters, prohibits the import of goods from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. In July 2023, the Company began experiencing delays in the imports of raw materials directly related to the UFLPA. This could result in the delay of importing raw materials needed to fulfil future orders while the Company works to comply with requests in regards to the UFLPA. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders.

Results of Operations

Condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared with the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022:


(in thousands, except per share amounts)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,											For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			Change			% Change		2023			2022			Change			% Change
Net sales (from related parties $340 and $1,523 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, $2,400 and $2,043 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	$	115,884		$	124,900		$	(9,016)		(7)	%	$	354,218		$	344,326		$	9,892		3	%
Cost of sales (from related parties $245 and $1,246 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and $1,755 and $1,657 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	87,979			100,792			(12,813)			(13)	%	275,890			285,181			(9,291)			(3)	%
Gross profit	27,905			24,108			3,797			16	%	78,328			59,145			19,183			32	%
Gross margin %	24.1		%	19.3		%	4.8		%			22.1		%	17.2		%	4.9		%
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	4,762			4,819			(57)			(1)	%	14,028			13,931			97			1	%
Research and development expenses as a % of sales	4.1		%	3.9		%	0.2		%			4.0		%	4.0		%	—		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10,595			11,541			(946)			(8)	%	31,050			32,922			(1,872)			(6)	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses as a % of sales	9.1		%	9.2		%	(0.1)		%			8.8		%	9.6		%	(0.8)		%

Amortization of intangible assets	436			526			(90)			(17)	%	1,309			1,598			(289)			(18)	%
Total operating expenses	15,793			16,886			(1,093)			(6)	%	46,387			48,451			(2,064)			(4)	%
Operating income	12,112			7,222			4,890			68	%	31,941			10,694			21,247			199	%

Interest expense	4,164			3,615			549			15	%	13,474			8,729			4,745			54	%




Income before income taxes	7,948			3,607			4,341			120	%	18,467			1,965			16,502			NM
Income tax expense	153			415			(262)			(63)	%	531			14			517			NM
Net income	$	7,795		$	3,192		$	4,603		144	%	$	17,936		$	1,951		$	15,985		NM


Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	0.34		$	0.14		$	0.20		143	%	$	0.78		$	0.09		$	0.69		NM
Diluted	$	0.34		$	0.14		$	0.20		143	%	$	0.78		$	0.09		$	0.69		NM

Non-GAAP Financial Measures:
Adjusted net income *	$	8,861		$	4,159		$	4,702		113	%	$	19,029		$	5,633		$	13,396		NM
Adjusted income per share *	$	0.39		$	0.18		$	0.21		117	%	$	0.84		$	0.25		$	0.59		NM
EBITDA *	$	13,498		$	8,887		$	4,611		NM		$	36,175		$	15,824		$	20,351		129	%
Adjusted EBITDA *	$	14,564		$	9,854		$	4,710		48	%	$	37,268		$	19,506		$	17,762		91	%

NM Not meaningful

*Non-GAAP measurement, see reconciliation below

Net Sales

Net sales decreased $9.0 million, or 7%, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, as a result of lower sales of $19.1 million and $7.7 million within the industrial and transportation end markets, partially offset by an increase of $17.7 million in the power systems end market. Higher power systems end market sales are primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the enclosure/packages market as well as traditional oil and gas customers. The decreased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to lower sales in school bus products, partially offset by the increase in the medium duty truck market. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling markets.

Net sales increased $9.9 million, or 3%, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, as a result of higher sales of $31.6 million and $13.2 million in the power systems and transportation end markets, respectively, partly offset by a decrease of $34.9 million in the industrial end market. Higher power systems end market sales are primarily due to increased demand for products across various applications, with the largest increases attributable to products used within the enclosure/packages market as well as oil and gas products, partially offset by demand response products. The increased sales within the transportation end market were primarily attributable to higher sales in the medium duty truck market and school bus products. Decreased industrial end market sales are primarily due to decreases in demand for products used within the material handling and arbor care markets.

Gross Profit

Gross profit increased during the three months ended September 30, 2023 by $3.8 million, or 16%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. Gross margin was 24.1% and 19.3% during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to the impact of improved mix, pricing actions, operation and supply chain efficiencies, as well as other items. For both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, warranty costs were $3.5 million. A majority of the warranty activity is attributable to products sold within the transportation end market in prior years.

Gross profit increased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 by $19.2 million, or 32%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Gross margin was 22.1% and 17.2% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in gross margin is primarily due to improved mix, pricing actions freight cost management and higher sales, partially offset by increased warranty expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, warranty costs were $12.0 million, an increase of $6.7 million compared to warranty costs of $5.4 million in the same period last year, due largely to increased charges for engines sold within the transportation market, mainly attributable to changes in estimates for preexisting warranties. A majority of the warranty activity is attributable to products sold within the transportation end market in prior years.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses during both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $4.8 million.

Research and development expenses during both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $14.0 million.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses decreased during the three months ended September 30, 2023 by $0.9 million, or 8%, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to cost reduction initiatives in the sales and finance organizations.

SG&A decreased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 by $1.9 million, or 6%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to lower legal and financial reporting costs during the period as well as decreases in sales concessions and staffing costs. These decreased costs were partially offset by an increase in incentive compensation expense.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, largely due to overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt, partially offset by lower average outstanding debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Part 1, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information.

Interest expense was $13.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, largely due to higher overall effective interest rates on the Company’s debt, partially offset by lower average outstanding debt. See Note 6. Debt, included in Part 1, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information.

Income Tax Expense

The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to income tax expense of $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The Company’s pretax income was $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to a pretax income of $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 is related primarily to adjustments to taxes payable and the deferred tax liability related to indefinite lived assets. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets which offsets the tax expense and tax benefit associated with the pre-tax income and pre-tax loss for both the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The Company recorded income tax expense of $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to income tax expense of $0.01 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company’s pretax income was $18.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to pretax income of $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is related primarily to the impact of amended state returns, adjustments to taxes payable, and deferred tax liability related to indefinite lived assets. The Company continues to record a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets which offsets the tax expense and tax benefit associated with the pre-tax income and pre-tax loss for both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

See Note 10. Income Taxes, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for additional information related to the Company’s income tax provision.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the results provided in accordance with U.S. GAAP above, this report also includes non-GAAP (adjusted) financial measures. Non-GAAP financial measures provide insight into selected financial information and should be evaluated in the context in which they are presented. These non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information presented in compliance with U.S. GAAP, and non-GAAP financial measures as reported by the Company may not be comparable to similarly titled amounts reported by other companies. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, and Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report. Management does not use these non-GAAP financial measures for any purpose other than the reasons stated below.


Non-GAAP Financial Measure			Comparable GAAP Financial Measure
Adjusted net income			Net income
Adjusted earnings per share			Earnings per common share – diluted
EBITDA			Net income
Adjusted EBITDA			Net income

The Company believes that Adjusted net income, Adjusted earnings per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA provide relevant and useful information, which is widely used by analysts, investors and competitors in its industry as well as by the Company’s management in assessing the performance of the Company. Adjusted net income is defined as net income as adjusted for certain items that the Company believes are not indicative of its ongoing operating performance. Adjusted earnings per share is a measure of the Company’s diluted earnings per common share adjusted for the impact of special items. EBITDA provides the Company with an understanding of earnings before the impact of investing and financing charges and income taxes. Adjusted EBITDA further excludes the effects of other non-cash charges and certain other items that do not reflect the ordinary earnings of the Company’s operations.

Adjusted net income, Adjusted earnings per share, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA are used by management for various purposes, including as a measure of performance of the Company’s operations and as a basis for strategic planning and forecasting. Adjusted net income, Adjusted earnings per share, and Adjusted EBITDA may be useful to an investor because these measures are widely used to evaluate companies’ operating performance without regard to items excluded from the calculation of such measures, which can vary substantially from company to company depending on the accounting methods, the book value of assets, the capital structure and the method by which the assets were acquired, among other factors. They are not, however, intended as alternative measures of operating results or cash flow from operations as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to Adjusted net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951

Stock-based compensation 1	26		62		132		315




Severance 2	—		(2)		—		462

Internal control remediation 3	—		(49)		—		448
Government investigations and other legal matters 4	1,040		956		1,061		2,457
Insurance proceeds 5	—		—		(100)		—


Adjusted net income	$	8,861	$	4,159	$	19,029	$	5,633

The following table presents a reconciliation from Income per common share – diluted to Adjusted income per share – diluted for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Earnings per common share – diluted	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09

Stock-based compensation 1	—		—		0.01		0.01



Severance 2	—		—		—		0.02

Internal control remediation 3	—		—		—		0.02
Government investigations and other legal matters 4	0.05		0.04		0.05		0.11


Adjusted earnings per share	$	0.39	$	0.18	$	0.84	$	0.25

Diluted shares (in thousands)	22,974		22,959		22,969		22,944

The following table presents a reconciliation from Net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951
Interest expense	4,164		3,615		13,474		8,729
Income tax expense (benefit)	153		415		531		14
Depreciation	950		1,139		2,925		3,532
Amortization of intangible assets	436		526		1,309		1,598
EBITDA	13,498		8,887		36,175		15,824

Stock-based compensation 1	26		62		132		315




Severance 2	—		(2)		—		462

Internal control remediation 3	—		(49)		—		448
Government investigations and other legal matters 4	1,040		956		1,061		2,457
Insurance proceeds 5	—		—		(100)		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	14,564	$	9,854	$	37,268	$	19,506

1.Amounts reflect non-cash stock-based compensation expense.

2.Amounts represent severance and other post-employment costs for certain former employees of the Company.

3.Amounts represent professional services fees related to the Company’s efforts to remediate internal control material weaknesses including certain costs to upgrade IT systems.

4.Amounts include professional services fees and reserves related to legal matters.

5.Amounts include insurance recoveries related to a prior year incident and have no material impact on the Adjusted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Cash Flows

Cash was impacted as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change		% Change
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	62,117	$	(17,707)	$	79,824	*NM
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,678)		(991)		(1,687)		(170)	%
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(51,739)		29,008		(80,747)		*NM
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	7,700	$	10,310	$	(2,610)	(25)	%
Capital expenditures	$	(2,678)	$	(991)	$	(1,687)	(170)	%

*NMNot meaningful

Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $62.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $17.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, resulting in an increase of $79.8 million in cash provided by operating activities year-over-year. The increase in cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from the $16.0 million increase in earnings, reduction in inventory and increased collection on customer accounts receivable, and the Company had less cash paid against accounts payable compared to the prior year due to a catch up on payables in the first nine months of 2022, contributing to a $60.6 million increase of cash provided by working capital accounts.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to cash used in investing activities of $1.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, cash used in investing activities primarily related to capital expenditures associated with normal maintenance of the Company’s facilities.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

The Company used $51.7 million in cash from financing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $29.0 million cash generated by financing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The cash used by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was a result of repayment of existing debt during the quarter. Whereas, cash provided in 2022 was primarily attributable to cash received under the shareholder’s loan agreements with Weichai. See additional discussion below and in Note 6. Debt, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, which further describe the Company’s debt arrangements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company’s sources of funds are cash flows from operations, borrowings made pursuant to our credit facilities, shareholder’s loan agreements, and cash and cash equivalents on hand. Principal uses of funds consist of payments of principal and interest on our debt facilities and shareholder’s loan agreements, capital expenditures, and working capital needs.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company’s total outstanding debt obligations under the Credit Agreement, the second Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, the third Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement, the fourth Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement and for finance leases and other debt were $160.3 million in the aggregate, and its cash and cash equivalents were $31.8 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 6. Debt, for additional information.

Significant uncertainties exist about the Company’s ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future. Without additional financing, the Company anticipates that it will not have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the Company’s existing debt arrangements as they become due. Management currently plans to seek an extension and/or replacement of its existing debt arrangements or seek additional liquidity from its current or other lenders before the maturity dates in the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2024. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to successfully complete a refinancing on acceptable terms or repay this outstanding indebtedness when required or if at all.

By the end of 2022, the global economy mostly recovered after the global pandemic, COVID-19. The recovery led to challenging market conditions across certain areas of the Company’s business. Average crude oil prices reached the highest average price in five years peaking in 2022 but has since declined while remaining near atop the 5-year averages through the first nine months of 2023. Rig counts in the U.S. oil markets also increased through 2022 and have closed in on pre-pandemic levels through the first nine months of 2023. Despite higher rig counts and crude oil prices, the Company believes that capital spending within the areas of the oil and gas market that it participates in, remains below pre-pandemic levels. While the Company saw an increase of sales to customers with traditional exposure to the oil and gas markets during the first nine months of 2023, as compared to the prior year, sales remain below pre-pandemic levels. A significant portion of the Company’s sales and profitability has historically been derived from the sale of products that are used within the oil and gas industry. The Company has seen the logistical challenges experienced during the prior years of port congestion and shipping delays ease and return to a pre-pandemic state and, excluding any unforeseen events, expects this to continue throughout the year. However, the Company continues to experience inflationary cost pressures for certain raw materials and other goods which the Company continues to mitigate the impact of these through price increases and other cost reduction measures. Additionally, the Company continues to experience ongoing tariff costs for products and is mitigating these impacts through price increases and other measures, such as seeking certain tariff exclusions, where possible. The Company began experiencing delays in the imports of raw materials directly related to the UFLPA which could result in the delay of importing raw materials needed to fulfil future orders while the Company works to comply with requests in regard to the UFLPA and as the act evolves. The potential for continued economic uncertainty and unfavorable oil and gas market dynamics may have a material adverse impact on the levels of future customer orders.

Due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s future ability to refinance, extend, or repay its outstanding indebtedness under its existing debt arrangements, maintain sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, and maintain compliance with the covenants and other requirements under the Credit Agreement or shareholder’s loan agreements in the future, substantial doubt exists as to its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these financial statements are issued. If the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to fund its business activities, it may be forced to limit its business activities or be unable to continue as a going concern, which would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

At September 30, 2023, the Company had five outstanding letters of credit totaling $2.1 million. See Item 1. Financial Statements, Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for additional information related to the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and the outstanding letters of credit.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The Company’s most critical accounting policies and estimates are those most important to the portrayal of its financial condition and results of operations and which require the Company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates regarding matters that are inherently uncertain. Although management believes that its estimates and assumptions are reasonable, they are based on information available when they are made and, therefore, may differ from estimates made under different assumptions or conditions.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are consistent with those discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, to the consolidated financial statements and the MD&A section of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “2022 Annual Report”). During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no significant changes in the application of critical accounting policies.

The Company has identified the following accounting policies as its most critical because they require the Company to make difficult, subjective, and complex judgments and estimates:

▪Revenue Recognition

▪Inventories

▪Goodwill Impairment

▪Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

▪Warranty

▪Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance

Impact of New Accounting Standards

For information about recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, included in Part 1, Item 1.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as “controls and other procedures of an issuer that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.” The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that material information relating to the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries is accumulated and communicated to its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

The Company’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2023, to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the Exchange Act, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies, included in Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements, for a discussion of legal proceedings, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The Company is a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and is not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

None.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement," as each term is defined in item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits.

EXHIBIT INDEX

The following documents listed below that have been previously filed with the SEC (1934 Act File No. 001-35944) are incorporated herein by reference:

Incorporated by Reference Herein

Exhibit No.

Exhibit Description

Form

Exhibit

Filing Date

File No.

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

† Confidential treatment has been requested with respect to certain portions of this exhibit.

*Filed with this Report.

**This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on the 9th day of November 2023.

POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Dino Xykis, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Power Solutions International, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:

/s/ Dino Xykis

Name:

Dino Xykis

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 17 CFR 240.13a-14 PROMULGATED UNDER

SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Xun Li, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Power Solutions International, Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Power Solutions International, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Dino Xykis, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:

/s/ Dino Xykis

Name:

Dino Xykis

Title:

Chief Executive Officer

This certification accompanies each Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided by the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Power Solutions International, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Xun Li, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, as adopted pursuant to 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 9, 2023

By:

/s/ Xun Li

Name:

Xun Li

Title:

Chief Financial Officer

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
Cover Page - shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 02, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-35944
Entity Registrant Name	POWER SOLUTIONS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	33-0963637
Entity Address, Address Line One	201 Mittel Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	Wood Dale
Entity Address, State or Province	IL
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	60191
City Area Code	630
Local Phone Number	350-9400
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		22,968,872
Entity Central Index Key	0001137091
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 31,793	$ 24,296
Restricted cash	3,807	3,604
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $7,306 and $4,308 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively; (from related parties $1,626 and $2,325 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	71,420	89,894
Income tax receivable	555	555
Inventories, net	94,388	120,560
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	24,378	16,364
Total current assets	226,341	255,273
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,935	13,844
Right-of-use assets, net	27,836	13,282
Intangible assets, net	4,350	5,660
Goodwill	29,835	29,835
Other noncurrent assets	3,186	2,019
TOTAL ASSETS	305,483	319,913
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable (to related parties $23,449 and $23,358 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	75,516	76,430
Current maturities of long-term debt	136	130
Revolving line of credit	80,000	130,000
Finance lease liability, current	80	90
Operating lease liability, current	3,674	2,894
Other short-term financing (from related parties $79,820 and $75,020 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	79,820	75,614
Other accrued liabilities (to related parties $8,046 and $5,232 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively)	37,035	34,109
Total current liabilities	276,261	319,267
Deferred income taxes	1,409	1,278
Long-term debt, net of current maturities (from related parties $4,800 as of December 31, 2022)	126	5,029
Finance lease liability, long-term	113	170
Operating lease liability, long-term	25,899	10,971
Noncurrent contract liabilities	2,605	3,199
Other noncurrent liabilities	11,374	10,371
TOTAL LIABILITIES	317,787	350,285
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 9)
STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Preferred stock – $0.001 par value. Shares authorized: 5,000. No shares issued and outstanding at all dates.	0	0
Common stock – $0.001 par value; 50,000 shares authorized; 23,117 shares issued; 22,968 and 22,951 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	23	23
Additional paid-in capital	157,857	157,673
Accumulated deficit	(169,160)	(187,096)
Treasury stock, at cost, 149 and 166 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(1,024)	(972)
TOTAL STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	(12,304)	(30,372)
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT	$ 305,483	$ 319,913

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Accounts receivable allowance	$ 7,306	$ 4,308
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	71,420	89,894
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable to related parties	75,516	76,430
Other short-term financing	79,820	75,614
Other accrued liabilities	37,035	34,109
Long-term debt, net of current maturities	$ 126	$ 5,029
STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	5,000,000	5,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	23,117,000	23,117,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	22,968,000	22,951,000
Treasury stock (in shares)	149,000	166,000
Related Party
Current assets:
Accounts receivable, net of allowances	$ 1,626	$ 2,325
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable to related parties	23,449	23,358
Other short-term financing	79,820	75,020
Other accrued liabilities	$ 8,046	5,232
Long-term debt, net of current maturities		$ 4,800

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Statement [Abstract]
Net sales (from related parties $340 and $1,523 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, $2,400 and $2,043 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	$ 115,884	$ 124,900	$ 354,218	$ 344,326
Cost of sales (from related parties $245 and $1,246 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, and $1,755 and $1,657 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively)	87,979	100,792	275,890	285,181
Gross profit	27,905	24,108	78,328	59,145
Operating expenses:
Research and development expenses	4,762	4,819	14,028	13,931
Selling, general and administrative expenses	10,595	11,541	31,050	32,922
Amortization of intangible assets	436	526	1,309	1,598
Total operating expenses	15,793	16,886	46,387	48,451
Operating income	12,112	7,222	31,941	10,694
Interest expense	4,164	3,615	13,474	8,729
Income before income taxes	7,948	3,607	18,467	1,965
Income tax expense	153	415	531	14
Net income	$ 7,795	$ 3,192	$ 17,936	$ 1,951
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	22,967	22,948	22,957	22,934
Diluted (in shares)	22,974	22,959	22,969	22,944
Earnings per common share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.34	$ 0.14	$ 0.78	$ 0.09
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.34	$ 0.14	$ 0.78	$ 0.09

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net sales from related party	$ 115,884	$ 124,900	$ 354,218	$ 344,326
Related parties amount in cost of sales	245	1,246	1,755	1,657
Related Party
Net sales from related party	$ 340	$ 1,523	$ 2,400	$ 2,043

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Treasury Stock
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ (42,023)	$ 23	$ 157,436	$ (198,366)	$ (1,116)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	1,951			1,951
Stock-based compensation expense	315		167		148
Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	(3)				(3)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	(39,760)	23	157,603	(196,415)	(971)
Beginning balance at Jun. 30, 2022	(43,013)	23	157,689	(199,607)	(1,118)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	3,192			3,192
Stock-based compensation expense	62		(86)		148
Common stock issued for stock-based awards, net	(1)				(1)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	(39,760)	23	157,603	(196,415)	(971)
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	(30,372)	23	157,673	(187,096)	(972)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	17,936			17,936
Stock-based compensation expense	132		184		(52)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	(12,304)	23	157,857	(169,160)	(1,024)
Beginning balance at Jun. 30, 2023	(20,125)	23	157,831	(176,955)	(1,024)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity
Net income	7,795			7,795
Stock-based compensation expense	26		26
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ (12,304)	$ 23	$ 157,857	$ (169,160)	$ (1,024)

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income	$ 17,936	$ 1,951
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Amortization of intangible assets	1,309	1,598
Depreciation	2,925	3,532
Stock-based compensation expense	132	315
Amortization of financing fees	938	1,730
Deferred income taxes	131	25
Provision for losses in accounts receivable	2,998	(305)
Increase in allowance for inventory obsolescence	2,560	423
Other adjustments, net	3	465
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	15,476	(17,318)
Inventory	23,611	14,548
Prepaid expenses, right-of-use assets and other assets	(5,641)	(6,289)
Accounts payable	(1,268)	(20,186)
Income taxes receivable	0	3,710
Accrued expenses	2,638	7,802
Other noncurrent liabilities	(1,631)	(9,708)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	62,117	(17,707)
Cash used in investing activities
Capital expenditures	(2,678)	(991)
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,678)	(991)
Cash (used in) provided by financing activities
Repayment of debt	(50,000)	0
Repayment of long-term debt and lease liabilities	(161)	(203)
Proceeds from short-term financings	0	31,582
Repayment of short-term financings	(593)	(581)
Payments of deferred financing costs	(983)	(1,787)
Other financing activities, net	(2)	(3)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(51,739)	29,008
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	7,700	10,310
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of the period	27,900	9,732
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of the period	35,600	20,042
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Cash and cash equivalents	31,793	16,477
Restricted cash	3,807	3,565
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 35,600	$ 20,042

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information

Nature of Business Operations

Stock Ownership and Control

Going Concern Considerations

Furthermore, if the Company cannot raise capital on acceptable terms, it may not, among other things, be able to do the following:

•continue to expand the Company’s research and product investments and sales and marketing organization;

•continue to fund and expand operations both organically and through acquisitions; and

•respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

Segments

Concentrations

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Customer A	15	%	22	%	15	%	18	%
Customer B	**		13	%	**		**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable:


	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Customer A	15	%	30	%

Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023	2022
Supplier A	14	%	**		**	**

Supplier C	**		13	%	**	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Use of Estimates

Restricted Cash

Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	74,988	$	101,566
Work in process	1,404		3,073
Finished goods	23,778		19,825
Total inventories	100,170		124,464
Inventory allowance	(5,782)		(3,904)
Inventories, net	$	94,388	$	120,560

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Inventory Allowance	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,904	$	3,370
Charged to expense	2,560		604
Write-offs	(682)		(930)
Balance at end of period	$	5,782	$	3,044

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Accrued product warranty	$	11,564	$	13,037
Accrued litigation *	3,095		2,102
Contract liabilities	2,522		2,256
Accrued compensation and benefits	8,862		7,299


Accrued interest expense	8,148		5,257

Other	2,844		4,158
Total	$	37,035	$	34,109

*As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 litigation reserves related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees.

Warranty Costs

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accrued Product Warranty	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,550	$	32,948
Current period provision *	6,588		6,484

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	6,274		2,705
Payments made during the period	(13,418)		(18,080)

Balance at end of period	20,994		24,057
Less: current portion	11,564		14,390
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	9,430	$	9,667

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted

Revenue

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
End Market	2023		2022		2023		2022
Power Systems	$	60,405	$	42,693	$	159,491	$	127,904
Industrial	40,354		59,419		128,819		163,671
Transportation	15,125		22,788		65,908		52,751
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Geographic Area	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	96,899	$	89,661	$	285,761	$	250,026
North America (outside of United States)	4,484		2,903		16,605		10,623
Pacific Rim	9,485		20,083		36,036		56,599
Europe	4,273		7,028		11,238		13,787
Other	743		5,225		4,578		13,291
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

Contract Balances


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	15,668	$	3,620	$	2,707

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,522)		(2,256)		(1,819)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,605)		(3,199)		(3,330)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	10,541	$	(1,835)	$	(2,442)

Remaining Performance Obligations

Weichai Transactions

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at December 31, 2022	23,117	166	22,951
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	(17)	17



Balance as of September 30, 2023	23,117	149	22,968

Property, Plant and Equipment

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,570	$	7,107
Machinery and equipment	46,143		45,747
Construction in progress	1,708		467
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	55,421		53,321
Accumulated depreciation	(41,486)		(39,477)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,935	$	13,844

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $29.8 million.

Other Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(30,778)	$	4,162
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,512)		188
Total	$	37,340	$	(32,990)	$	4,350


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(29,527)	$	5,413
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,453)		247
Total	$	37,340	$	(31,680)	$	5,660

Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023			As of December 31, 2022
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	80,000	8.67%	$	130,000	7.04%	March 22, 2024
Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (second)	25,000		9.02%	25,000		9.10%	May 20, 2024
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (third)	50,000		10.07%	50,000		9.01%	November 30, 2023
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	4,820		11.38%	—			March 31, 2024
Other short-term financing	—			614			Various
Total short-term debt	$	159,820		$	205,614

Long-term debt:
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	$	—		$	4,800	9.00%	March 31, 2024


Finance leases and other debt	455		**	619		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	455			5,419
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	216			220
Long-term debt	$	239		$	5,199


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Credit Agreement and Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

See Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information for further discussion of the Company’s going concern considerations.

Leases

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	2,243	$	1,583	$	6,214	$	4,718
Research, development and engineering expenses	64		63		190		204
Selling, general and administrative expenses	19		19		56		79
Interest expense	39		28		80		56
Total	$	2,365	$	1,693	$	6,540	$	5,057

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022

Operating lease cost	$	1,561	$	1,150	$	4,353	$	3,489
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	20		31		61		119
Interest expense	3		5		11		17
Short-term lease cost	408		24		809		89
Variable lease cost	373		306		1,305		1,026
Sublease income	(87)		(259)		(619)		(795)
Total lease cost	$	2,278	$	1,257	$	5,920	$	3,945

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	3,315	$	3,642
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	11		16
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	67		125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	17,838		—

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease ROU assets, net 1	$	27,836	$	13,282

Operating lease liabilities, current	3,674		2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,899		10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	13,865

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	164	$	225

Finance lease liabilities, current	80		90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	113		170
Total finance lease liabilities	$	193	$	260

1.Included in Other noncurrent assets for operating leases and Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$	1,404	$	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883		84
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652		208
Less: imputed interest	8,079		15
Total lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	193

Leases


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	2,243	$	1,583	$	6,214	$	4,718
Research, development and engineering expenses	64		63		190		204
Selling, general and administrative expenses	19		19		56		79
Interest expense	39		28		80		56
Total	$	2,365	$	1,693	$	6,540	$	5,057

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022

Operating lease cost	$	1,561	$	1,150	$	4,353	$	3,489
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	20		31		61		119
Interest expense	3		5		11		17
Short-term lease cost	408		24		809		89
Variable lease cost	373		306		1,305		1,026
Sublease income	(87)		(259)		(619)		(795)
Total lease cost	$	2,278	$	1,257	$	5,920	$	3,945

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	3,315	$	3,642
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	11		16
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	67		125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	17,838		—

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease ROU assets, net 1	$	27,836	$	13,282

Operating lease liabilities, current	3,674		2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,899		10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	13,865

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	164	$	225

Finance lease liabilities, current	80		90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	113		170
Total finance lease liabilities	$	193	$	260

1.Included in Other noncurrent assets for operating leases and Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$	1,404	$	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883		84
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652		208
Less: imputed interest	8,079		15
Total lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	193

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

•Level 1 – based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – based on other significant observable inputs for the assets or liabilities through corroborations with market data at the measurement date; and

•Level 3 – based on significant unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use to price the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Financial Instruments Measured at Carrying Value

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Debt


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	80,000	$	—	$	80,000	$	—
Other financing	79,820		—		79,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—	$	130,000	$	—
Other financing	75,614		—		75,614		—

Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

Commitments and Contingencies	9 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Legal Contingencies The legal matters discussed below and others could result in losses, including damages, fines, civil penalties and criminal charges, which could be substantial. The Company records accruals for these contingencies to the extent the Company concludes that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Regarding the matters disclosed below, unless otherwise disclosed, the Company has determined that liabilities associated with these legal matters are reasonably possible; however, unless otherwise stated, the possible loss or range of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Given the nature of the litigation and investigations and the complexities involved, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate a possible loss for all such matters until the Company knows, among other factors, the following: •what claims, if any, will survive dispositive motion practice; •the extent of the claims, particularly when damages are not specified or are indeterminate; •how the discovery process will affect the litigation; •the settlement posture of the other parties to the litigation; and •any other factors that may have a material effect on the litigation or investigation. However, the Company could incur judgments, enter into settlements or revise its expectations regarding the outcome of certain matters, and such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations in the period in which the amounts are accrued and/or liquidity in the period in which the amounts are paid. Securities and Exchange Commission and United States Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) for the Northern District of Illinois Investigations In September 2020, the Company entered into agreements with the SEC and the USAO to resolve the investigations into the Company’s past revenue recognition practices. Under the settled administrative order with the SEC, the Company committed to remediate the deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses identified in its 2017 Form 10-K filed in May 2019 by April 30, 2021 unless an extension was provided by the SEC. On April 12, 2021, the SEC granted the Company’s request for an extension of time until March 31, 2022 in which to comply with the requirements of the administrative order to remediate the remaining outstanding material weaknesses. In April 2022, the SEC granted a further extension of time until March 31, 2023 to fully comply with the administrative order. In May 2023, the Company submitted documentation to the SEC for its review to assess the Company’s compliance with the administrative order. In July 2023, the Company was notified by the SEC that no additional information with respect to the administrative order is required. Jerome Treadwell v. the Company In October 2018, a punitive class-action complaint was filed against the Company and NOVAtime Technology, Inc. (“NOVAtime” or “Plaintiff”) in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. In December 2018, NOVAtime removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (the “Court”) under the Class Action Fairness Act. Plaintiff has since voluntarily dismissed NOVAtime from the lawsuit without prejudice and filed an amended complaint in April 2019. The operative, amended complaint asserts violations of the Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (“BIPA”) in connection with employees’ use of the time clock to clock in and clock out using a finger scan and seeks statutory damages, attorneys’ fees, and injunctive and equitable relief. An aggrieved party under BIPA may recover (i) $1,000 per violation if the Company is found to have negligently violated BIPA or (ii) $5,000 per violation if the Company is found to have intentionally or recklessly violated BIPA plus reasonable attorneys’ fees. In May 2019, the Company filed its motion to dismiss the Plaintiff’s amended complaint. In December 2019, the court denied the Company’s motion to dismiss. In January 2020, the Company moved for reconsideration of the Court’s order denying the motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to stay the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare on a legal question that would be potentially dispositive in this matter. In February 2020, the Court denied the Company’s motion for reconsideration, but required the parties to submit additional briefing on the Company’s motion to stay. In April 2020, the Court granted the Company’s motion to stay and stayed the case pending the Illinois Appellate Court’s ruling in McDonald v. Symphony Healthcare. In October 2020, after the McDonald ruling, the Court granted the parties’ joint request to continue the stay of the case for 60 days. The Court also ordered the parties to schedule a settlement conference with the Magistrate Judge in May 2021 which went forward without a settlement being reached. On May 22, 2023, the Company filed the answer to the amended complaint. The case is in discovery proceedings. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had recorded an estimated liability of $3.0 million and $2.0 million, respectively, recorded within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to the potential settlement of this matter. Mast Powertrain v. the Company In February 2020, the Company received a demand for arbitration from Mast Powertrain, LLC (“Mast”) pursuant to a development agreement entered into in November 2011 (the “Development Agreement”). Mast claimed that it was owed more than $9.0 million in past royalties and other damages for products sold by the Company pursuant to the Development Agreement. The Company disputed Mast’s damages, denied that any royalties are owed to Mast, denied any liability, and counterclaimed for overpayment on invoices paid to Mast. Mast subsequently clarified its claim for past royalties owed to be approximately $4.5 million. In July 2021, the Company reached a settlement with Mast to resolve past claims for royalties owed for $1.5 million which the Company had previously recorded within Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for the year-ended December 31, 2020. The Company fully paid the settlement as of December 31, 2022 and had no recognized liability as of September 30, 2023. In September 2023, Mast filed a lawsuit against the Company in the Eastern District of Texas Federal Court, alleging, among other things, damages of approximately $6.0 million for fraudulent inducement leading to the 2021 arbitration settlement agreement and breach of said settlement agreement. The Company is in the process of retaining legal counsel for this matter. Gary Winemaster Litigation v. The Company In August 2021, the Company’s former Chairman of the Board and former Chief Executive Officer and President, Gary Winemaster (“Winemaster”) filed suit in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company of America (“Travelers”) alleging the Company’s breach of its advancement obligations under Winemaster’s indemnification agreement and Travelers’ breach of the side A policy between Traveler’s and the Company of which Winemaster is a beneficiary. In his complaint, Winemaster was seeking reimbursement under his indemnification agreement in excess of $7.2 million of attorney’s fees plus interest incurred by Winemaster in his defense of the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) case, U.S. v. Winemaster et al. Since the filing of the complaint, the Company estimates that Travelers has paid approximately $8.8 million to Winemaster’s attorneys, Latham and Watkins, under the Company’s side A policy to settle existing outstanding attorney’s fees. Travelers is seeking reimbursement from the Company for those advances pursuant to the terms of the side A policy. The Company is negotiating the amount and payment terms of the reimbursement with Travelers. In October 2021, the Company and Winemaster entered into a Stipulation and Advancement Order to handle all future attorney’s fees relating to his DOJ and SEC cases, to the extent not reimbursed by Travelers under the side A policy. As of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has approximately $8.8 million accrued for the reimbursement to Travelers recorded within Accounts payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Jeffrey Ehlers and Rick Lulloff Litigation In September 2021, Jeffrey Ehlers (“Ehlers”) and Rick Lulloff (“Lulloff”), former employees of the Company, made demand against the Company for approximately $2.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively, for alleged wages due and owing under each employee’s employment contract related to “Incentive Bonuses” for revenues generated in the Company’s transportation end market. In November 2021, Ehlers and Lulloff separately filed complaints against the Company in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois, alleging breach of contract and violations of the Illinois Wage and Payment Collection Act incorporating their claims in the above referenced demand letter. The Company filed a notice of removal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois and has also moved to consolidate the cases, which has been granted by the Court. In December 2022, the Company reached a settlement with both Ehlers and Lulloff, for $0.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has recorded the aforementioned settlement liabilities within Other accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and is paying the settlement amounts in installments. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has paid $0.4 million to each Ehlers and Lulloff. Indemnification Agreements In June 2020, the Company entered into a new directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policy, which has been renewed annually and expires in July 2024. The insurance policy includes standard exclusions including for any ongoing or pending litigation such as the previously disclosed investigations by the SEC and USAO. Other Commitments and Contingencies At September 30, 2023, the Company had five outstanding letters of credit totaling $2.1 million. The letters of credit primarily serve as collateral for the Company for certain facility leases and insurance policies. As discussed in Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information, the Company had restricted cash of $3.8 million as of September 30, 2023, related to these letters of credit and cash held in escrow due to a customer agreement.

Income Taxes	9 Months Ended
Income Taxes	Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income Taxes On a quarterly basis, the Company computes an estimated annual effective tax rate considering ordinary income and related income tax expense. Ordinary income refers to income before income tax expense excluding significant, unusual or infrequently occurring items. The tax effect of an unusual or infrequently occurring item is recorded in the interim period in which it occurs. The Company has assessed the need to maintain a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets based on an assessment of whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax benefits will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. Appropriate consideration is given to all available evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the need for a valuation allowance. In assessing the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets, the Company considered whether it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized through the generation of future taxable income. In making this determination, the Company assessed all of the evidence available at the time, including recent earnings, forecasted income projections and historical performance. The Company determined that the negative evidence outweighed the objectively verifiable positive evidence and continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 1.9% and 2.9%, respectively, compared to an effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 of 11.5% and 0.7%, respectively. The effective tax rates for all periods were significantly different than the applicable U.S. statutory tax rate. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the difference between the effective and statutory tax rates was primarily due to the Company’s full valuation allowance and the ability to carry back 2013 research and experimentation credits to 2012.

Stockholders' Equity

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholders' Equity

Weichai Transactions

Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements

Weichai Collaboration Arrangement and Related Party Transactions

Stockholders’ Equity

Common and Treasury Stock

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at December 31, 2022	23,117	166	22,951
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	(17)	17



Balance as of September 30, 2023	23,117	149	22,968

Earnings Per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,967		22,948		22,957		22,934
Effect of dilutive securities	7		11		12		10
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — diluted	22,974		22,959		22,969		22,944

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09

Related Party Transactions	9 Months Ended
Related Party Transactions	Sep. 30, 2023
Related Party Transactions [Abstract]
Related Party Transactions	Related Party Transactions Weichai Transactions See Note 3. Weichai Transactions for information regarding the Weichai Shareholder’s Loan Agreements and Collaboration Agreement. Other Related Party Transactions See Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the Company’s indemnification obligations related to certain former directors and officers of the Company.

Subsequent Events	9 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Sep. 30, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent EventsIn October and November 2023, the Company made additional payments totaling $15.0 million related to the Credit Agreement. The outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement is $65.0 million as of November 9, 2023.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net income	$ 7,795	$ 3,192	$ 17,936	$ 1,951

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information (Policies)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Consolidation	The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Power Solutions International, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company exercises control. The foregoing financial information was prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial reporting. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Basis of Presentation	Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X and include all of the information and disclosures required by U.S GAAP for interim financial reporting. These unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and related footnotes for the year ended December 31, 2022, included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on April 14, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”). The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in the aforementioned 2022 Annual Report. The accompanying interim financial information is unaudited; however, the Company believes the financial information reflects all adjustments (consisting of items of a normal recurring nature) necessary for a fair presentation of its financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Operating results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of annual operating results.
Segments	Segments The Company operates as one business and geographic operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenue and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. A single management team reports to the CODM, who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated statements of operations to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance, and the CODM does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product line.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions include the valuation of credit losses, inventory reserves, warranty reserves, stock-based compensation, evaluation of goodwill, other intangibles, property, plant and equipment for impairment, and determination of useful lives of long-lived assets. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
Restricted Cash	Restricted CashRestricted cash consists of funds that are contractually restricted as to usage or withdrawal due to required minimum levels of cash collateral for letters of credits and contractual agreements with customers.
Inventories	Inventories The Company’s inventories consist primarily of engines and parts. Engines are valued at the lower of cost including estimated freight-in or net realizable value. Parts are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value approximates replacement cost. Cost is principally determined using the first-in, first-out method and includes material, labor and manufacturing overhead. It is the Company’s policy to review inventories on a continuing basis for obsolete, excess and slow-moving items and to record valuation adjustments for such items in order to eliminate non-recoverable costs from inventory. Valuation adjustments are recorded in an inventory reserve account and reduce the cost basis of the inventory in the period in which the reduced valuation is determined. Inventory reserves are established based on quantities on hand, usage and sales history, customer orders, projected demand and utilization within a current or future power system. Specific analysis of individual items or groups of items is performed based on these same criteria, as well as on changes in market conditions or any other identified conditions.
Warranty Costs	Warranty Costs The Company offers a standard limited warranty on the workmanship of its products that in most cases covers defects for a defined period. Warranties for certified emission products are mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA”) and/or the California Air Resources Board (the “CARB”) and are longer than the Company’s standard warranty on certain emission-related products. The Company’s products also carry limited warranties from suppliers. The Company’s warranties generally apply to engines fully manufactured by the Company and to the modifications the Company makes to supplier base products. Costs related to supplier warranty claims are generally borne by the supplier and passed through to the end customer. Warranty estimates are based on historical experience and represent the projected cost associated with the product. A liability and related expense are recognized at the time products are sold. The Company adjusts estimates when it is determined that actual costs may differ from initial or previous estimates. The Company’s warranty liability is generally affected by failure rates, repair costs and the timing of failures. Future events and circumstances related to these factors could materially change the estimates and require adjustments to the warranty liability. In addition, new product launches require a greater use of judgment in developing estimates until historical experience becomes available. The Company has approximately $1.3 million accrued for a specific warranty-related matter as of September 30, 2023. The Company concludes it is reasonably possible that future warranty claims for this matter may exceed current estimates that are based upon historical claims experience. The impact could be material to the financial statements.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted	Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements – Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326). The standard replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology under current U.S. GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires the use of a forward-looking expected credit loss model for accounts receivables, loans, and other financial instruments. The standard requires a modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The new standard is effective for non-public companies, and public business entities that meet the definition of a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2023. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments	Current Assets Cash and cash equivalents (Level 1) are measured at carrying value, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments. DebtThe Company measured its revolving credit facility and other short-term financing at original carrying value. Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees of $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, on the revolving credit facility are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The fair value of the revolving credit facility and other short-term financing approximated carrying value, as it consisted primarily of short-term variable rate loans.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s net sales:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Customer A	15	%	22	%	15	%	18	%
Customer B	**		13	%	**		**

The following table presents customers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s accounts receivable:


	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Customer A	15	%	30	%

Customer C	12	%	**

The following table presents suppliers individually accounting for more than 10% of the Company’s purchases:


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023	2022
Supplier A	14	%	**		**	**

Supplier C	**		13	%	**	**

**Less than 10% of the total

Schedule of Inventory, Current

Inventories consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Inventories	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	74,988	$	101,566
Work in process	1,404		3,073
Finished goods	23,778		19,825
Total inventories	100,170		124,464
Inventory allowance	(5,782)		(3,904)
Inventories, net	$	94,388	$	120,560

Activity in the Company’s inventory allowance was as follows:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Inventory Allowance	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	3,904	$	3,370
Charged to expense	2,560		604
Write-offs	(682)		(930)
Balance at end of period	$	5,782	$	3,044

Schedule of Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following:


(in thousands) Other Accrued Liabilities	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Accrued product warranty	$	11,564	$	13,037
Accrued litigation *	3,095		2,102
Contract liabilities	2,522		2,256
Accrued compensation and benefits	8,862		7,299


Accrued interest expense	8,148		5,257

Other	2,844		4,158
Total	$	37,035	$	34,109

*As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 litigation reserves related to various ongoing legal matters including associated legal fees.

Schedule of Accrued Product Warranty

Accrued product warranty activities are presented below:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Accrued Product Warranty	2023		2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,550	$	32,948
Current period provision *	6,588		6,484

Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties **	6,274		2,705
Payments made during the period	(13,418)		(18,080)

Balance at end of period	20,994		24,057
Less: current portion	11,564		14,390
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	$	9,430	$	9,667

Revenue (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes net sales by end market:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
End Market	2023		2022		2023		2022
Power Systems	$	60,405	$	42,693	$	159,491	$	127,904
Industrial	40,354		59,419		128,819		163,671
Transportation	15,125		22,788		65,908		52,751
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

Schedule of Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

The following table summarizes net sales by geographic area:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Geographic Area	2023		2022		2023		2022
United States	$	96,899	$	89,661	$	285,761	$	250,026
North America (outside of United States)	4,484		2,903		16,605		10,623
Pacific Rim	9,485		20,083		36,036		56,599
Europe	4,273		7,028		11,238		13,787
Other	743		5,225		4,578		13,291
Total	$	115,884	$	124,900	$	354,218	$	344,326

Schedule of Contract Balances


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$	15,668	$	3,620	$	2,707

Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,522)		(2,256)		(1,819)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,605)		(3,199)		(3,330)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$	10,541	$	(1,835)	$	(2,442)

Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment by type were as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment


Leasehold improvements	$	7,570	$	7,107
Machinery and equipment	46,143		45,747
Construction in progress	1,708		467
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	55,421		53,321
Accumulated depreciation	(41,486)		(39,477)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	13,935	$	13,844

Goodwill and Other Intangibles (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Components of intangible assets are as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(30,778)	$	4,162
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,512)		188
Total	$	37,340	$	(32,990)	$	4,350


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Gross Carrying Value		Accumulated Amortization		Net Book Value

Customer relationships	$	34,940	$	(29,527)	$	5,413
Developed technology	700		(700)		—
Trade names and trademarks	1,700		(1,453)		247
Total	$	37,340	$	(31,680)	$	5,660

Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023			As of December 31, 2022
	Amount		Rate (1)	Amount		Rate (1)	Maturity Date
Short-term financing:
Revolving credit facility *	$	80,000	8.67%	$	130,000	7.04%	March 22, 2024
Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (second)	25,000		9.02%	25,000		9.10%	May 20, 2024
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (third)	50,000		10.07%	50,000		9.01%	November 30, 2023
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	4,820		11.38%	—			March 31, 2024
Other short-term financing	—			614			Various
Total short-term debt	$	159,820		$	205,614

Long-term debt:
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	$	—		$	4,800	9.00%	March 31, 2024


Finance leases and other debt	455		**	619		**	Various

Total long-term debt and finance leases	455			5,419
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	216			220
Long-term debt	$	239		$	5,199


*			Unamortized financing costs and deferred fees on the revolving credit facility are not presented in the above table as they are classified in Prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Unamortized debt issuance costs, were $0.5 million and $0.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
**			Finance lease obligations are a non-cash financing activity. See Note 7. Leases.
(1)			Includes the weighted average interest rate.

Leases (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Lease Expense and Cash Flow Information

The following table summarizes the lease expense by category in the Consolidated Statement of Operations:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	2,243	$	1,583	$	6,214	$	4,718
Research, development and engineering expenses	64		63		190		204
Selling, general and administrative expenses	19		19		56		79
Interest expense	39		28		80		56
Total	$	2,365	$	1,693	$	6,540	$	5,057

The following table summarizes the components of lease expense:


(in thousands)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022

Operating lease cost	$	1,561	$	1,150	$	4,353	$	3,489
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	20		31		61		119
Interest expense	3		5		11		17
Short-term lease cost	408		24		809		89
Variable lease cost	373		306		1,305		1,026
Sublease income	(87)		(259)		(619)		(795)
Total lease cost	$	2,278	$	1,257	$	5,920	$	3,945

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases:


(in thousands)	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$	3,315	$	3,642
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	11		16
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	67		125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	17,838		—

Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:


(in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Operating lease ROU assets, net 1	$	27,836	$	13,282

Operating lease liabilities, current	3,674		2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,899		10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	13,865

Finance lease ROU assets, net 1	$	164	$	225

Finance lease liabilities, current	80		90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	113		170
Total finance lease liabilities	$	193	$	260

1.Included in Other noncurrent assets for operating leases and Property, plant and equipment, net for finance leases on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Schedule of Maturity Analysis of Operating Lease Liabilities

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$	1,404	$	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883		84
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652		208
Less: imputed interest	8,079		15
Total lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	193

Schedule of Maturity Analysis of Financing Lease Liabilities

The following table presents maturity analysis of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:


(in thousands)	Operating Leases		Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$	1,404	$	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883		84
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067		81
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842		17
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950		—
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972		—
Thereafter	7,534		—
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652		208
Less: imputed interest	8,079		15
Total lease liabilities	$	29,573	$	193

Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date

The Company measures its material debt obligations using Level 2 inputs as follows:


(in thousands)	As of September 30, 2023
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	80,000	$	—	$	80,000	$	—
Other financing	79,820		—		79,820		—


(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value		Fair Value
			Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Revolving credit facility	$	130,000	$	—	$	130,000	$	—
Other financing	75,614		—		75,614		—

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Equity [Abstract]

Schedule of Common Stock Outstanding Roll Forward

The changes in shares of Common and Treasury Stock are as follows:


(in thousands)	Common Shares Issued	Treasury Stock Shares	Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at December 31, 2022	23,117	166	22,951
Net shares issued for Stock awards	—	(17)	17



Balance as of September 30, 2023	23,117	149	22,968

Earnings Per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

The computations of basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:


(in thousands, except per share basis)	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Numerator:
Net income	$	7,795	$	3,192	$	17,936	$	1,951





Denominator:
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic	22,967		22,948		22,957		22,934
Effect of dilutive securities	7		11		12		10
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — diluted	22,974		22,959		22,969		22,944

Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted	$	0.34	$	0.14	$	0.78	$	0.09

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) boardMember segment	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Number of board members \| boardMember	4
Debt, long-term and short-term, combined amount	$ 160,300	$ 211,000
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 31,793	24,296	$ 16,477
Number of operating segments \| segment	1
Restricted cash	$ 3,807	3,604	$ 3,565
Specific warranty-related matter accrual	1,300
Contract With Customer
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Restricted cash	$ 1,300	$ 1,300

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedules of Concentration of Risk, by Risk Factor (Details)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Supplier Concentration Risk \| Supplier A \| Purchases
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	14.00%
Supplier Concentration Risk \| Supplier C \| Purchases
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		13.00%
Customer A \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Net Sales
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	15.00%	22.00%	15.00%	18.00%
Customer A \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Accounts Receivable
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			15.00%		30.00%
Customer B \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Net Sales
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage		13.00%
Customer C \| Customer Concentration Risk \| Accounts Receivable
Concentration Risk [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage			12.00%

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Inventory, Current (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories
Raw materials	$ 74,988		$ 101,566
Work in process	1,404		3,073
Finished goods	23,778		19,825
Total inventories	100,170		124,464
Inventory allowance	(5,782)	$ (3,044)	(3,904)
Inventories, net	94,388		$ 120,560
Inventory Allowance
Balance at beginning of period	3,904	3,370
Charged to expense	2,560	604
Write-offs	(682)	(930)
Balance at end of period	$ 5,782	$ 3,044

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Other Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Accrued product warranty	$ 11,564	$ 13,037	$ 14,390
Accrued litigation	3,095	2,102
Contract liabilities	2,522	2,256
Accrued compensation and benefits	8,862	7,299
Accrued interest expense	8,148	5,257
Other	2,844	4,158
Total	$ 37,035	$ 34,109

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Other Information - Schedule of Product Warranty Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Accrued Product Warranty
Balance at beginning of period	$ 21,550	$ 32,948
Current period provision	6,588	6,484
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties	6,274	2,705
Payments made during the period	(13,418)	(18,080)
Balance at end of period	20,994	24,057
Accrued Product Warranty	20,994	24,057	$ 21,550
Less: current portion	11,564	14,390	$ 13,037
Noncurrent accrued product warranty (included with Other Noncurrent liabilities)	9,430	9,667
Warranty (benefit)/costs, net of supplier recoveries	12,000	5,400
Supplier recoveries	700	3,400
Changes in estimates for preexisting warranties	$ 6,274	$ 2,705
Diluted share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.27	$ 0.12

Revenue - Schedule of Disaggregation of Revenue and Schedule of Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	$ 115,884	$ 124,900	$ 354,218	$ 344,326
United States
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	96,899	89,661	285,761	250,026
North America (outside of United States)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	4,484	2,903	16,605	10,623
Pacific Rim
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	9,485	20,083	36,036	56,599
Europe
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	4,273	7,028	11,238	13,787
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	743	5,225	4,578	13,291
Power Systems
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	60,405	42,693	159,491	127,904
Industrial
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	40,354	59,419	128,819	163,671
Transportation
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Total	$ 15,125	$ 22,788	$ 65,908	$ 52,751

Revenue - Schedule of Contract Balances (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Short-term contract assets (included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets)	$ 15,668	$ 3,620	$ 2,707
Short-term contract liabilities (included in Other accrued liabilities)	(2,522)	(2,256)	(1,819)
Long-term contract liabilities (included in Noncurrent contract liabilities)	(2,605)	(3,199)	(3,330)
Net contract assets (liabilities)	$ 10,541	$ (1,835)	$ (2,442)

Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Revenue - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue recognized (less than for the three months ended September 30, 2022)	$ 0.3	$ 0.1	$ 1.2	$ 0.5
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	4.0		4.0
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2023-10-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.6		$ 0.6
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	3 months		3 months
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 1.1		$ 1.1
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year		1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2025-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.5		$ 0.5
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year		1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2026-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.8		$ 0.8
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year		1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2027-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.9		$ 0.9
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	1 year		1 year
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2028-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, amount	$ 0.1		$ 0.1
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period

Weichai Transactions (Details)		3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Weichai Transactions (Details)	Mar. 22, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) agreement	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) agreement	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Mar. 24, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Debt instrument, number of loan agreements \| agreement		4		4
Term of collaborative arrangement	3 years
Company sales		$ 300,000	$ 1,500,000	$ 2,400,000	$ 2,000,000
Purchased inventory		500,000	$ 3,500,000	4,300,000	$ 10,600,000
Collaborative arrangement, outstanding receivables		1,600,000		1,600,000			$ 2,300,000
Outstanding payables		23,400,000		23,400,000			$ 23,400,000
Revolving credit facility \| First Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		130,000,000		130,000,000		$ 130,000,000.0
Revolving credit facility \| Amended Second Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		25,000,000		25,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Third Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		50,000,000		50,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Fourth Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		$ 30,000,000		$ 30,000,000

Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 55,421	$ 53,321
Accumulated depreciation	(41,486)	(39,477)
Property, plant and equipment, net	13,935	13,844
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	7,570	7,107
Machinery and equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	46,143	45,747
Construction in progress
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Total property, plant and equipment, at cost	$ 1,708	$ 467

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Goodwill	$ 29,835	$ 29,835

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	$ 37,340	$ 37,340
Accumulated Amortization	(32,990)	(31,680)
Net Book Value	4,350	5,660
Customer relationships
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	34,940	34,940
Accumulated Amortization	(30,778)	(29,527)
Net Book Value	4,162	5,413
Developed technology
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	700	700
Accumulated Amortization	(700)	(700)
Net Book Value	0	0
Trade names and trademarks
Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Gross Carrying Value	1,700	1,700
Accumulated Amortization	(1,512)	(1,453)
Net Book Value	$ 188	$ 247

Debt - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Mar. 24, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing	$ 159,820		$ 205,614
Other short-term financing	79,820		75,614
Long-term debt:
Finance leases and other debt	455		619
Total long-term debt and finance leases	455		5,419
Less: Current maturities of long-term debt and finance leases	216		220
Long-term debt	239		5,199
Revolving credit facility
Long-term debt:
Debt issuance costs	500		400
Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing	80,000
Long-term debt:
Debt issuance costs		$ 1,000
Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing	$ 80,000		$ 130,000
Weighted average interest rate	8.67%		7.04%
Amended Shareholder’s Loan Agreement (second) \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Weighted average interest rate	9.02%		9.10%
Other short-term financing	$ 25,000		$ 25,000
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (third) \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Weighted average interest rate	10.07%		9.01%
Other short-term financing	$ 50,000		$ 50,000
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth) \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Weighted average interest rate	11.38%		9.00%
Other short-term financing	$ 4,820		$ 0
Long-term debt:
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth)	0		4,800
Amended Shareholder's Loan Agreement (fourth) \| Revolving credit facility
Short-term financing:
Short-term financing		$ 30,000
Other short-term financing
Short-term financing:
Other short-term financing	$ 0		$ 614

Debt - Narrative (Details)			3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
Debt - Narrative (Details)	May 12, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 24, 2023 USD ($) agreement	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-term financing			$ 159,820,000	$ 159,820,000	$ 205,614,000
Number of amended agreements \| agreement		2
Number of agreements \| agreement		4
Debt, long-term and short-term, combined amount			160,300,000	160,300,000	211,000,000
Cash and cash equivalents			31,793,000	31,793,000	24,296,000	$ 16,477,000
Accrued unpaid interest			8,100,000	8,100,000	5,300,000
Revolving credit facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs			500,000	500,000	400,000
First Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| Revolving credit facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-term financing			0	0
Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Revolving credit facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-term financing			80,000,000	$ 80,000,000	$ 130,000,000
Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Revolving credit facility \| SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate		3.35%
Fourth Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| Revolving credit facility
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Short-term financing		$ 30,000,000.0
Second, Third, And Fourth Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, incremental borrowing cost				1.00%
Second Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate	4.05%
Revolving credit facility \| First Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity		130,000,000.0	130,000,000	$ 130,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs		$ 1,000,000
Paydown related to credit agreement			30,000,000.0
Proceeds related to credit agreement			0
Short-term financing			80,000,000.0	80,000,000.0
Revolving credit facility \| Fourth Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			30,000,000	$ 30,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Fourth Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate				4.05%
Revolving credit facility \| Second Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity	$ 25,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Second Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate				4.65%
Revolving credit facility \| Third Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing capacity			$ 50,000,000	$ 50,000,000
Revolving credit facility \| Third Shareholder's Loan Agreement, Weichai \| SOFR
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate				4.65%

Leases - Schedule of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Lease expense	$ 2,365	$ 1,693	$ 6,540	$ 5,057
Cost of sales
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Lease expense	2,243	1,583	6,214	4,718
Research, development and engineering expenses
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Lease expense	64	63	190	204
Selling, general and administrative expenses
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Lease expense	19	19	56	79
Interest expense
New Accounting Pronouncements or Change in Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Lease expense	$ 39	$ 28	$ 80	$ 56

Leases - Schedule of Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 1,561	$ 1,150	$ 4,353	$ 3,489
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use (“ROU”) asset	20	31	61	119
Interest expense	3	5	11	17
Short-term lease cost	408	24	809	89
Variable lease cost	373	306	1,305	1,026
Sublease income	(87)	(259)	(619)	(795)
Total lease cost	$ 2,278	$ 1,257	$ 5,920	$ 3,945

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows paid for operating leases	$ 3,315	$ 3,642
Operating cash flows paid for interest portion of finance leases	11	16
Financing cash flows paid for principal portion of finance leases	67	125
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations
Operating leases	$ 17,838	$ 0

Leases - Narrative (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Weighted-average remaining lease term, operating leases	6 years 4 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days
Weighted-average remaining lease term, financing leases	2 years 4 months 24 days	3 years
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases	7.60%	7.10%
Weighted-average discount rate for financing leases	6.50%	6.60%

Leases - Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Leases
Operating lease ROU assets, net	$ 27,836	$ 13,282
Operating lease liabilities, current	3,674	2,894
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	25,899	10,971
Total operating lease liabilities	29,573	13,865
Finance Leases
Finance lease ROU assets, net	164	225
Finance lease liabilities, current	80	90
Finance lease liabilities, non-current	113	170
Total finance lease liabilities	$ 193	$ 260
Finance ROU assets, net, statement of financial position, extensible list	Property, plant and equipment, net	Property, plant and equipment, net

Leases - Schedule of Maturity Analysis of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	$ 1,404
Year ending December 31, 2024	5,883
Year ending December 31, 2025	6,067
Year ending December 31, 2026	5,842
Year ending December 31, 2027	5,950
Year ending December 31, 2028	4,972
Thereafter	7,534
Total undiscounted lease payments	37,652
Less: imputed interest	8,079
Total lease liabilities	29,573	$ 13,865
Finance Leases
Three months ending December 31, 2023	26
Year ending December 31, 2024	84
Year ending December 31, 2025	81
Year ending December 31, 2026	17
Year ending December 31, 2027	0
Year ending December 31, 2028	0
Thereafter	0
Total undiscounted lease payments	208
Less: imputed interest	15
Total lease liabilities	$ 193	$ 260

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revolving credit facility
Fair Value, Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation [Line Items]
Debt issuance costs	$ 0.5	$ 0.4

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 159,820	$ 205,614
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	79,820	75,614
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	79,820	75,614
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Other financing	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Revolving credit facility
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	80,000	130,000
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Revolving credit facility \| Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Revolving credit facility \| Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	80,000	130,000
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring \| Revolving credit facility \| Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Revolving credit facility	$ 0	$ 0

Commitments and Contingencies (Details)		1 Months Ended								9 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies (Details)	Mar. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) letterOfCredit	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 USD ($)	Aug. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Jul. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2020	Feb. 29, 2020 USD ($)	Oct. 31, 2018 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) letterOfCredit	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Accrued penalties		$ 3,095,000	$ 2,102,000							$ 3,095,000
Number of outstanding letters of credit \| letterOfCredit		5								5
Outstanding letters of credit amount		$ 2,100,000								$ 2,100,000
Restricted cash		3,807,000	3,604,000							3,807,000	$ 3,565,000
Jerome Treadwell v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Recovery per negligent violation									$ 1,000
Recovery per intentional or reckless violation									$ 5,000
Stay case term							60 days
Estimated liability		3,000,000	2,000,000							3,000,000
Mast Powertrain v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought	$ 4,500,000	6,000,000						$ 9,000,000
Litigation settlement payment						$ 1,500,000
Accrued penalties		0								0
Gary Winemaster v. The Company
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought					$ 7,200,000
Legal settlement					$ 8,800,000
Accrued reimbursement		$ 8,800,000	8,800,000							8,800,000
Jeffrey Ehlers Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought				$ 2,400,000
Litigation settlement payment			800,000							400,000
Rick Lulloff Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Damages sought				$ 1,200,000
Litigation settlement payment			$ 500,000							$ 400,000

Income Taxes (Details)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Effective income tax rate	1.90%	11.50%	2.90%	0.70%

Stockholders' Equity (Details) shares in Thousands	9 Months Ended
Stockholders' Equity (Details) shares in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 shares
Common Shares Issued
Beginning balance (in shares)	23,117
Ending balance (in shares)	23,117
Treasury Stock Shares
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	166
Balance at end of period (in shares)	149
Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	22,951
Balance at end of period (in shares)	22,968
Common Stock
Common Shares Issued
Beginning balance (in shares)	23,117
Ending balance (in shares)	23,117
Treasury Stock Shares
Net shares issued for Stock Awards (in shares)	(17)
Common Shares Outstanding
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	22,951
Net shares issued for Stock Awards (in shares)	17
Balance at end of period (in shares)	22,968
Treasury Stock Shares
Treasury Stock Shares
Balance at beginning of period (in shares)	166
Net shares issued for Stock Awards (in shares)	(17)
Balance at end of period (in shares)	149
Common Shares Outstanding
Net shares issued for Stock Awards (in shares)	17

Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Numerator:
Net income	$ 7,795	$ 3,192	$ 17,936	$ 1,951
Shares used in computing net income per share:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic (in shares)	22,967	22,948	22,957	22,934
Effect of dilutive securities (in shares)	7	11	12	10
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	22,974	22,959	22,969	22,944
Earnings per common share:
Earnings per share of common stock – basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.34	$ 0.14	$ 0.78	$ 0.09
Earnings per share of common stock – diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.34	$ 0.14	$ 0.78	$ 0.09
Antidilutive shares (in shares)	100	100	100	200

Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Nov. 09, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayment of short-term financings		$ 593	$ 581
Short-term financing		159,820		$ 205,614
Revolving credit facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Short-term financing		$ 80,000
Revolving credit facility \| Third Amended And Restated Credit Agreement \| Subsequent Event
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Repayment of short-term financings	$ 15,000
Short-term financing	$ 65,000

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