Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________________ to __________________

Commission File Number: 001-41498

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware		83-4553503
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1700 Montgomery Street, Suite 210
San Francisco, California		94111
(Address, including zip code of registrant’s principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (209) 727-2457

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

    Title of each class

    Trading
Symbol(s)

    Name of each exchange on which registered

    Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

    THRD

    The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 2, 2024, the registrant had 41,097,512 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents


		Page

	Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	1
	Risk Factor Summary	2

PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	16
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	24
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	24

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	70
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	70
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	70
Item 5.	Other Information	70
Item 6.	Exhibits	71
	Signatures	72

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or this Quarterly Report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report other than statements of historical fact, including but not limited to statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, market size, potential growth opportunities, planned nonclinical and clinical development activities and timelines, the efficacy and safety profile of THB335 or any future product candidates, potential therapeutic benefits and economic value of THB335 or any future product candidates, our ability to obtain funding for our operations necessary to complete further development and commercialization of our product candidates, use of net proceeds from our initial public offering, our ability to maintain and recognize the benefits of certain designations received by THB335 or any future product candidates, the timing and results of our ongoing and planned nonclinical studies and clinical trials, commercial collaboration with third parties, the potential impact of global business or macroeconomic conditions, including as a result of a potential temporary federal government shutdown, inflation, fluctuating interest rates, instability in the global banking system, and geopolitical conflicts, including the war in Ukraine, conflicts in the Middle East or China-Taiwan relations, on our operations, and the receipt and timing of potential regulatory designations, approvals and commercialization of THB335 or any future product candidates, are forward-looking statements. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “potentially,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “predict,” “target,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “project,” “plan,” “expect,” and similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment, and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this report to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law. You should read this Quarterly Report with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used in this Quarterly Report, the terms “the Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Third Harmonic Bio, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries taken as a whole, unless otherwise noted. The mark “Third Harmonic Bio” is our registered common law trademark. This Quarterly Report contains additional trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies, which are the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by these other companies.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Our business is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report. The principal risks and uncertainties affecting our business includes, among others, the following:

•

We have a limited operating history, have not completed any clinical trials beyond Phase 1, and neither THB335 nor any of our other product candidates have been approved for commercial sale. We have a history of significant net losses since our inception and expect to continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

•

We will need substantial additional funds to pursue our business objectives, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development programs, commercialization efforts or other operations.

•

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults or nonperformance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

•

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we do not remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in the market price of our common stock.

•

Our future performance is substantially dependent on the success of THB335 as well as our ability to identify and develop future product candidates.

•

Drug development is a lengthy and expensive process, and the outcome of clinical testing is inherently uncertain, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. We may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of THB335 or any future product candidates.

•

Our ongoing or future clinical trials may reveal significant adverse events not seen in our nonclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that could inhibit regulatory approval or market acceptance of THB335 or any future product candidates.

•

We face competition from entities that have made substantial investments into the rapid development of novel treatments for allergic and inflammatory diseases, including large and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies developing novel treatments and technology platforms. If these companies develop technologies or product candidates more rapidly than we do or their technologies are more effective, our ability to develop and successfully commercialize, if approved, product candidates may be adversely affected.

•

We rely, and intend to continue to rely, on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform all of our research and nonclinical studies. If these third parties do not satisfactorily carry out their contractual duties, fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or do not meet expected deadlines, our development programs may be delayed or subject to increased costs or we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval, each of which may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

•

If we are not able to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our technologies or product candidates, development and commercialization, if approved, of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be adversely affected.

•

The regulatory approval process is highly uncertain, and we may be unable to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, U.S. or foreign regulatory approval and, as a result, unable to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Even if we believe our development plans are successful, regulatory authorities may not agree that they provide adequate data on safety or efficacy.

•

Even if we are able to commercialize THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, such product candidate may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations or third-party coverage and reimbursement policies, which would harm our business.

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	December 31, 2023			June 30, 2024
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	269,070		$	255,331
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,376			5,898
Total current assets		272,446			261,229
Restricted cash		453			453
Property and equipment, net		169			145
Right of use asset		3,763			3,410
Other assets, noncurrent		880			620
Total assets	$	277,711		$	265,857
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	1,838		$	1,439
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		2,835			4,112
Operating lease liability, current		745			801
Total current liabilities		5,418			6,352
Operating lease liability, noncurrent		3,208			2,791
Total liabilities		8,626			9,143
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024; 40,104,937 and 40,703,449 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively		4			4
Additional paid-in capital		383,301			389,493
Accumulated deficit		(114,220	)		(132,783	)
Total stockholders’ equity		269,085			256,714
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	277,711		$	265,857

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2024			2023			2024
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	5,340		$	8,394		$	12,077		$	14,620
General and administrative		5,374			5,676			10,625			10,740
Total operating expenses		10,714			14,070			22,702			25,360
Loss from operations		10,714			14,070			22,702			25,360
Other income, net:
Interest income		(3,158	)		(3,364	)		(6,063	)		(6,797	)
Other (income) expense		4			1			6			—
Total other income, net		(3,154	)		(3,363	)		(6,057	)		(6,797	)
Net loss	$	7,560		$	10,707		$	16,645		$	18,563
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	0.19		$	0.26		$	0.42		$	0.46
Weighted-average number of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted		39,570,464			40,555,518			39,504,882			40,384,338

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)



	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2022		39,377,222	$	4	$	372,460	$	(83,396	)	$	289,068
Vesting of restricted stock		107,181		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,682		—			2,682
Net loss		—		—		—		(9,085	)		(9,085	)
Balance at March 31, 2023		39,484,403	$	4	$	375,142	$	(92,481	)	$	282,665
Vesting of restricted stock		107,093		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,845		—			2,845
Exercise of stock options		37,268		—		58		—			58
Net loss		—		—		—		(7,560	)		(7,560	)
Balance at June 30, 2023		39,628,764	$	4	$	378,045	$	(100,041	)	$	278,008




	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In		Accumulated			Total Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Deficit			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2023		40,104,937	$	4	$	383,301	$	(114,220	)		269,085
Vesting of restricted stock		82,339		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,223		—			2,223
Exercise of stock options		65,592		—		49		—			49
Net loss		—		—		—		(7,856	)		(7,856	)
Balance at March 31, 2024		40,252,868	$	4	$	385,573	$	(122,076	)	$	263,501
Vesting of restricted stock		80,643		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—		2,608		—			2,608
Exercise of stock options		369,938		—		1,312		—			1,312
Net loss		—		—		—		(10,707	)		(10,707	)
Balance at June 30, 2024		40,703,449	$	4	$	389,493	$	(132,783	)	$	256,714

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(16,645	)	$	(18,563	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense		5,527			4,831
Depreciation expense		10			24
Noncash operating lease expense		230			353
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		1,725			(2,522	)
Other assets		311			310
Accounts payable		(744	)		(399	)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(994	)		1,227
Operating lease liabilities		(55	)		(361	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(10,635	)		(15,100	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(168	)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(168	)		—
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options		58			1,361
Net cash provided by financing activities		58			1,361
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(10,745	)		(13,739	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		289,318			269,523
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	278,573		$	255,784

Supplemental disclosure of cash flows:
Offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	—		$	50

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Nature of the Business

Third Harmonic Bio, Inc., or the Company, is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on advancing the next wave of medicine for dermal, respiratory and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.

The Company was incorporated in 2019 as a Delaware corporation, and has two offices located in San Francisco, California and Cambridge, Massachusetts. In December 2021, the Company formed THB MS, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, which is classified as a Security Corporation in Massachusetts.

The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties common to early-stage companies in the biotechnology industry, including, but not limited to, completion and success of clinical testing, development by competitors of new technological innovations, compliance with governmental regulations, dependence on key employees and protection of proprietary technology and the ability to secure additional capital to fund operations. Development of a drug candidate requires extensive research and development and clinical testing prior to regulatory approval and commercialization. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate employees, and infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. Even if the Company’s drug development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will realize significant revenue from product sales.

Liquidity

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 205-40, Going Concern, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements were issued.

As an emerging growth entity, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources since inception to organizing and staffing the Company, business planning, raising capital, establishing its intellectual property portfolio, acquiring or discovering product candidates, research and development activities for an oral KIT inhibitor and other compounds, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of its product candidates and component materials, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. As a result, the Company has incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception and anticipates such losses and negative cash flows will continue for the foreseeable future.

Since its inception, the Company has funded its operations primarily with proceeds from sales of shares of its redeemable convertible preferred stock and most recently with proceeds from the IPO. The Company has incurred recurring losses since its inception, including net losses of $16.6 million and $18.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $132.8 million. To date the Company has not generated any revenues and expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future. As of the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company expects that its existing cash and cash equivalents of $255.3 million as of June 30, 2024, will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months from the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in the audited consolidated annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, and notes thereto, which are included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, on March 26, 2024. Since the date of those annual financial statements, there have been no changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies, except as noted below.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 are unaudited. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 26, 2024. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, or ASU 2023-09, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The enhancement will provide information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax disclosures, including total income taxes paid, to evaluate income tax risks and opportunities. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No. 2023-09 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB, issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, or ASU 2023-07, to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. The amendment introduced new requirements to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker, or CODM, and extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods. Entities with a single reportable segment must apply ASC 280 in its entirety, are permitted to report more than one measure of segment profit or loss under certain conditions and are required to disclose the title and position of the CODM. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No. 2023-07 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements, Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements, or ASU 2024-02. The amendments apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance, but in most instances the references removed are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. Generally, the amendments in ASU 2024-02 are not intended to result in significant accounting changes for most entities. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU No. 2024-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


			December 31, 2023
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	140,093	$	140,093	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		125,841		125,841		—		—
Total financial assets	$	265,934	$	265,934	$	—	$	—


			June 30, 2024
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	122,000	$	122,000	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		127,932		127,932		—		—
Total financial assets	$	249,932	$	249,932	$	—	$	—

As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company had no financial liabilities that required fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company’s cash equivalents consisted of money market funds classified as Level 1 financial assets, as these assets are valued using quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets without any valuation adjustment. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company held U.S. treasury bills, which are included in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as their maturity is 90 days or less at acquisition and are considered Level 1 category assets as there are quoted prices in active markets.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and the six months ended June 30, 2024, there were no transfers or reclassifications between fair value measurement levels of assets or liabilities. The carrying values of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these assets and liabilities.

4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023			June 30, 2024
Leasehold improvement	$	109		$	109
Office furniture		44			44
Computer equipment		51			51
Property, plant and equipment, gross		204			204
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(35	)		(59	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	169		$	145

Depreciation expense was immaterial for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, which has been recorded within general and administrative expenses.

5. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024
Accrued research and development expenses	$	169	$	1,516
Employee compensation and related benefits		2,232		2,186
Professional fees		394		385
Other		40		25
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	2,835	$	4,112

6. Novartis Agreement

On June 28, 2019, the Company entered into a License Agreement, or the Novartis Agreement, with Novartis Pharma AG, formerly known as Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd, or Novartis. Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, the Company has been granted an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license under specified patent rights and know-how related to two licensed compounds, to develop, make, use and sell certain products incorporating or comprising a licensed compound, including THB001 and THB335, to certain intellectual property rights owned or controlled by Novartis, or the Licensed IP, to research, develop, make, use, sell, and commercialize products containing the Licensed IP.

Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company is solely responsible for all research, development, regulatory and commercialization activities related to the Licensed IP. The Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for, and commercialize, at least one licensed product in each of the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

In exchange for these rights, the Company made an upfront cash payment of $0.4 million and issued 3,449,808 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock with a fair value of $3.0 million to Novartis. Upon entering into the Novartis Agreement in 2019, the total initial consideration of $3.4 million transferred to Novartis was charged to expenses as research and development expense. The Company determined that the Novartis Agreement represented an asset acquisition as it did not meet the definition of a business. The Company recorded the initial consideration transferred to Novartis as research and development expense in the statement of operations because the acquired Licensed IP represented in-process research and development with no alternative future use.

In addition, under the Novartis Agreement, an anti-dilution right was issued to Novartis, in which Novartis is entitled to receive shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, guaranteeing them a 15% ownership interest of the fully diluted capitalization of the Company. The Company was obligated to issue additional shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock until the Company had (1) raised aggregate cumulative proceeds of $30.0 million from sales of equity securities since its inception; or (2) issued and sold any securities that generate proceeds in excess of $30.0 million. Additionally, the Company was not obligated to issue more than 6,383,142 shares of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock to Novartis under the anti-dilution right. The Company assessed the Novartis anti-dilution right and determined that the right (i) meets the definition of a freestanding financial instrument that is not indexed to the Company’s own stock and (ii) meets the definition of a derivative and does not qualify for equity classification. The initial fair value of the anti-dilution right liability of $1.0 million was recorded as research and development expense in July 2019, as part of the initial consideration in the license agreement. The Company remeasured the liability associated with the anti-dilution right at each reporting date and at each issuance of Series A-1 Preferred Stock under the anti-dilution right. Changes in the fair value were recorded as other income and expense in the statement of operations until the anti-dilution right was satisfied in February 2021 upon the Company raising aggregate cumulative proceeds of $30.0 million in sales of equity securities. As part of the anti-dilution right, the Company issued a total of 5,970,000 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock to Novartis. No expense has been recognized in any periods subsequent to the satisfaction of the anti-dilution liability which was satisfied in February 2021.

Under the Novartis Agreement, the Company is obligated to make aggregate milestone payments of up to $231.7 million related to the achievement of specified development, commercialization, and sales milestones. The Company records the milestone payments as research and development expenses when the milestones occur and consideration is paid or becomes payable. As of June 30, 2024, the Company has made two development milestone payments under the Novartis Agreement totaling $1.0 million, of which $0.4 million was achieved and paid in 2019, and $0.6 million was achieved and paid in 2020, which were recorded as research and development expense. No other milestones have occurred or have been paid under the Novartis Agreement.

As part of the Novartis Agreement, the Company also agreed to pay tiered royalties based on future net sales of all products licensed under the agreement, of which the royalty percentage ranged within the single digits.

7. Stockholder's Equity

Common stock

As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorized the Company to issue 500,000,000 shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.0001. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Company’s common stock were subject to and qualified by the rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock.

The holders of the common stock are entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held on all matters submitted to a vote of stockholders. There are not cumulative voting rights for the election of directors in the restated certificate of incorporation, which means that holders of a majority of the shares of the common stock will be able to elect all of the directors. Common stockholders are entitled to receive dividends, as may be declared by the board of directors, or the Board, if any, subject to the preferential dividend rights of redeemable convertible preferred stock. Through June 30, 2024, no cash dividends had been declared or paid.

On September 19, 2022, the Company completed its IPO, at which time the Company issued 12,535,000 shares of common stock, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 1,635,000 additional shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. The Company received $198.2 million, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, but before deducting offering costs payable by the Company, which were $2.3 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock converted into 21,967,316 shares of common stock.

Undesignated preferred stock

As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, the Company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorized the Company to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share. There were no undesignated preferred shares issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

8. Stock-Based Compensation

2019 Stock Incentive Plan

The Company's 2019 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2019 Plan, provided for the Company to grant incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, and other stock-based awards. The 2019 Plan was administered by the Board or, at the discretion of the Board, by a committee delegated by Board. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions were determined at the discretion of the Board, or its committee if so delegated. The Company’s Board valued the Company’s common stock, taking into consideration its most recently available valuation of common stock performed by third party valuation specialists as well as additional factors which may have changed since the date of the most recent contemporaneous valuation through the date of grant.

The total number of shares of common stock that could have been issued under the 2019 Plan was 5,317,559 shares, of which 283,808 shares remained available for grant on September 19, 2022, the date that the Company's 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2022 Plan, became effective. Upon the effectiveness of the 2022 Plan, the 283,808 remaining shares available under the 2019 Plan were transferred and became available for issuance under the 2022 Plan. Shares of common stock underlying outstanding awards under the 2019 Plan that are forfeited, cancelled, held back upon exercise or settlement of an award to satisfy the exercise price or tax withholding, reacquired by the Company prior to vesting, satisfied without the issuance of stock, expire or are otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) will be added to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2022 Plan.

2022 Plan

The 2022 Plan was approved by the Board and stockholders in August 2022. The 2022 Plan became effective on September 14, 2022 and replaced the Company's 2019 Plan on that date. The 2022 Plan authorizes the award of incentive stock options, or ISOs, non-qualified stock options, or NQSOs, Restricted Stock Awards, or RSAs, Stock Appreciation Rights, or SARs, Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs, performance awards and stock bonus awards. Pursuant to the 2022 Plan, ISOs may be granted only to employees.

The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan is 4,710,545 shares of common stock, which includes the 283,808 shares transferred from the 2019 Plan, and shall automatically increase on January 1 of each of 2023 through 2032 by the number of shares equal of the lesser of 5% of the aggregate number of shares of all classes of the common stock, plus the total number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of any preferred stock (if any) or exercise of any pre-funded warrants, as issued and outstanding as of the immediately preceding December 31, or a number as may be determined by the Board.

The 2022 Plan is administered by the Board or, at the discretion of the Board, by a committee of the Board. The exercise prices, vesting and other restrictions are determined at the discretion of the Board, or its committee if so delegated, except that the exercise price per share of stock options may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the share of common stock on the date of grant and the term of stock option may not be greater than ten years.

Shares that are expired terminated, surrendered or cancelled under the 2022 Plan without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards.

Stock Options

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options awarded to employees, were as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Expected term (in years)	5.2-7.0		5.5-7.0
Expected volatility	85.7-88.2%		84.8-87.5%
Risk-free interest rate	3.6-4.2%		4-4.6%
Expected dividend yield		—		—

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Exercise Price			Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		3,953,149			$	4.16		8.7		$	26,906
Granted		2,270,300				11.94
Exercised		(435,530	)			3.13
Forfeited or cancelled		(344,108	)			4.20
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024		5,443,811			$	7.49		8.9		$	30,833
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024		1,435,477			$	4.73		8.3		$	11,875
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024		4,008,334			$	8.48		9.1		$	18,958

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock.

The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $8.90. As of June 30, 2024, there was $29.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options, to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years.

The total fair value of options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $4.0 million.

Repricing of Stock Options

On March 6, 2023, the Board approved the reduction in exercise price of certain options that had been granted under the 2019 Plan and the 2022 Plan, that have an exercise price greater than or equal to $8.61 per share, which were each repriced at an exercise price of $4.20 effective March 21, 2023. There were no changes in the vesting schedule or maturity term of the options.

Options representing 3,085,468 underlying shares were included in this repricing and the total incremental stock-based compensation expense associated with the modification of these options was $2.1 million. The incremental expense as a result of the repricing was recognized immediately for vested awards, and the incremental expense for the unvested awards will be recognized over the remaining requisite service period.

Restricted Common Stock Awards

The Company has granted restricted common stock awards with service and performance and service based vesting conditions to employees of the Company. Unvested shares of restricted common stock may not be sold or transferred by the holder, except for transfers for estate planning purposes in which the transferee agrees to remain bound by all restrictions set forth in the original common stock purchase agreement. These restrictions lapse over the vesting term of each award, which is typically four years. The purchase price of each share of restricted common stock was $0.0001 per share.

On August 9, 2021, the Company’s chief executive office, or CEO, purchased 1,218,836 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $1.44 per share, under the terms of a restricted common stock award granted under the 2019 Plan. These shares were purchased in exchange for a promissory note, or the Promissory Note, of $1.8 million. The shares granted include both service and performance-based vesting criteria and accrued at an interest rate of 0.76% per annum, compounded annually and were accounted for as restricted stock.

On August 22, 2022, the Company forgave the entire promissory note, including principal and accrued and unpaid interest. As a result this is considered a modification to the original awards, and the Company recognized the grant date fair value plus any incremental fair value due to the modification. The incremental cost was measured as the difference between the fair value of the award at modification date and the fair value of the original award immediately prior to modification. As a result of accounting for the modification, the Company recorded an incremental stock based compensation charge of $1.0 million, which will be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of the award from the date of the modification.

The CEO was paid a one-time special bonus of $1.9 million to offset the CEO’s tax liability as a result of the forgiveness of the promissory note, or the Tax Payment, which is subject to a three-year vesting schedule with six-month cliffs. The Company is allowed to claw-back the unvested portion of the Tax Payment in the event that the CEO’s employment is terminated before the end of the three-year vesting period, provided that the CEO’s employment is terminated by the Company other than for cause, or if the CEO resigns for a good reason (a) within 12 months following a change of control, or (b) within 3 months preceding a change in control but as to only if the separation occurs after a potential change in control. In the event the CEO’s employment is terminated, the unvested portion of the Tax Payment will accelerate and will not be subject to the claw back provision. The clawback provision will be accounted for if and when the CEO leaves under the relevant circumstances and the payment amount will be capitalized and recognized over the related service period as G&A employee salary expense.

A summary of the activity of the restricted common stock since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested at December 31, 2023		543,869		$	1.42
Granted		—			—
Vested		(162,982	)		1.38
Cancelled or forfeited		—			—
Unvested at June 30, 2024		380,887		$	1.43

The weighted-average grant-date fair value per share of restricted common stock awards granted during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was zero as no shares were granted in the period. The aggregate fair value of restricted stock awards that vested during the three months ended June 30, 2024 was $0.2 million. Stock-based compensation expense recognized for the restricted stock granted was $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024. As of June 30, 2024, there was unrecognized expense of $0.4 million related to the restricted stock, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.1 years.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Research and development	$	1,055	$	1,011	$	2,073	$	1,748
General and administrative		1,790		1,597		3,454		3,083
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,845	$	2,608	$	5,527	$	4,831

9. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Numerator:
Net loss	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share, basic and diluted		39,570,464		40,555,518		39,504,882		40,384,338
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	0.19	$	0.26	$	0.42	$	0.46

The Company excluded the following shares from the computation of diluted net loss per share of common stockholders during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Options to purchase common stock		5,010,749		5,443,811
Unvested restricted stock		750,718		380,887
Total		5,761,467		5,824,698

10. Leases

Operating Leases for Office Space

In October 2022, the Company entered into an office space lease approximating 10,356 of rentable square feet, located at 130 Prospect Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The lease commenced on December 1, 2022 when the Company took occupancy of the space, and has an initial lease term of 63 months, expiring on February 29, 2028 with no renewal options.

Also in October 2022, the Company entered into an office space lease approximating 4,703 of rentable square feet located at 1700 Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California. The lease commenced on December 20, 2022 when the Company took occupancy of the space, and has an initial lease term of 63 months, expiring on February 20, 2028 with no renewal options.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, the components of operating lease cost were as follows, and are reflected in general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses, as determined by the underlying activities:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Lease Cost:
Operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548
Total operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548

Variable operating lease costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 were immaterial.

There was $0.3 million cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities for each of the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively. There was $0.3 million and $0.6 million of cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


2024 (remaining)	$	559
2025		1,145
2026		1,176
2027		1,207
Thereafter		238
Total lease payments		4,325
Less: interest		(733	)
Total lease liability	$	3,592

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, the Company is subject to litigation and regulatory examinations as well as information gathering requests, inquiries and investigations. As of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, there were no litigation matters which would have a material impact on the Company’s financial results.

12. Related Party Transactions

Novartis

Novartis is a significant beneficial owner of the Company, holding more than 5% of the total outstanding stock of the Company, as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024. The Company has an in-license agreement with Novartis, which required the Company to make an upfront payment and issue shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock to Novartis, and further includes future milestone payments upon the occurrence of certain events and royalty payments upon future sales. Refer to Note 6.

CEO Promissory Note

On August 9, 2021, the Company entered into the Promissory Note with the CEO for an amount of $1.8 million, which was used to allow the CEO to purchase 1,218,836 shares of common stock granted in the form of a restricted stock award under the 2019 Plan. The Promissory Note had a stated interest rate of 0.76%, which was compounded annually. The entire Promissory Note, including principal and accrued and unpaid interest, was forgiven on August 22, 2022. The Company has paid the CEO a one-time special bonus of $1.9 million, which was paid to offset the CEO's tax liability as a result of the forgiveness of the Promissory Note. This is subject to a three-year vesting schedule with six-month cliffs, as well as continued employment with the company on the relevant vesting dates.

13. Employee Benefit Plans

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted a 401(k) Plan for its employees, which is designed to be qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Eligible employees are permitted to contribute to the 401(k) Plan within statutory and 401(k) Plan limits. Since inception of the plan and through the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company has not made any contributions to the 401(k) Plan.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

As discussed in the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A below.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on advancing the next wave of medicine for dermal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. We are developing next-generation, highly selective, oral small-molecule inhibitors of KIT, a cell surface receptor that serves as the master regulator of mast cell function and survival. Early clinical studies have demonstrated that KIT inhibition has the potential to address the treatment of a broad range of mast cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, and that a titratable, oral small molecule inhibitor may provide an attractive therapeutic profile against this target. Our initial focus is on developing an oral KIT inhibitor to treat chronic spontaneous urticaria, or CSU, with planned expansion into other mast cell-mediated inflammatory disorders, including severe asthma.

On May 15, 2024, we announced U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, clearance of our Investigational New Drug, or IND, application to initiate a first-in-human clinical trial of THB335, a potent, highly selective, oral, small molecule KIT inhibitor that is in development for the treatment of mast cell-mediated diseases, with an initial focus in CSU. We have initiated a Phase 1 single and multiple ascending doses, or SAD/MAD, clinical trial of THB335 to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy volunteers. The pharmacodynamic effect will be measured by reductions in serum tryptase, a biomarker of mast cell activation and correlated with clinical response in urticaria studies. We expect to report clinical results during the first quarter of 2025. The Phase 1 clinical trial is expected to be followed by a Phase 2 trial in CSU with planned expansion into additional mast cell-mediated disorders. We are leveraging our nonclinical and clinical experience with our first generation THB001 product candidate to prioritize speed to Phase 2 with THB335 and are initiating reproductive and chronic toxicology studies to support rapid advancement toward late-stage clinical development.

THB335 maintains the nonclinical pharmacology and selectivity profile of THB001, our first-generation product candidate, with structural modifications that are designed to functionally block the site of reactive metabolite formation to mitigate hepatotoxicity risk as well as provide a differentiated metabolic, distribution and physiochemical profile.

THB335

THB335, our next-generation, oral small molecule wild-type KIT inhibitor product candidate, retains the potency and selectivity profile of THB001, with structural modifications which are intended to mitigate the hepatotoxicity risk as well as provide a differentiated metabolic, distribution and physiochemical profile.

Key attributes of THB335 include:

•

Nanomolar potency against KIT;

•

High degree of selectivity against closest related kinases, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, as measured by biochemical assays and confirmed in cell-line viability assays;

•

No evidence observed to date for reactive metabolite formation as observed with THB001;

•

High oral bioavailability and metabolic stability;

•

Improved peripheral restriction compared to THB001 (decreased central nervous system penetration);

•

Improved solubility and reduced lipophilicity compared to THB001; and

•

Favorable pharmacokinetic profile with long circulating half-life.

In nonclinical studies, THB335 demonstrated dose-dependent mast cell depletion and in vitro efficacy across different tissue types, which we believe supports the ability for an oral small molecule KIT inhibitor to potentially treat a range of mast cell-mediated skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions. Additionally, in nonclinical studies, we observed no evidence of reactive metabolite formation in human liver mircosomes and no evidence for induction of oxidative stress pathways in advanced culture systems, demonstrating a phenotypic distinction between our first-generation THB001 and the next-generation analog of THB335 in a human spheroid model. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacology data to date from THB335 also has demonstrated a distinct metabolic profile compared to first-generation THB001.

Since our inception in 2019, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, acquiring or discovering product candidates, research and development activities for THB001, THB335 and other compounds, establishing arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and component materials, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. To date, we have financed our operations primarily with proceeds from sales of shares of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and our initial public offering, or the IPO, of our common stock. Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, research and development services, compensation and related expenses, and general overhead costs.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates. Our net loss was $30.8 million, and $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the six months ended June 30, 2024 respectively. As of June 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $132.8 million. We expect to continue to incur net operating losses for at least the next several years, and we expect our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and capital expenditures will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly if, and as, we:

•

advance THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates through nonclinical studies and clinical development;

•

conduct additional nonclinical studies and clinical trials for THB335 in additional potential indications;

•

discover and develop new product candidates;

•

obtain, expand, maintain, defend and enforce our intellectual property portfolio;

•

manufacture, or have manufactured, nonclinical, clinical and potentially commercial supplies of THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

•

seek regulatory approvals for THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

•

establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved;

•

identify additional compounds or product candidates and acquire rights from third parties to those compounds or product candidates through licenses;

•

hire additional clinical, scientific and management employees, as well as administrative staff to support the growth of our business;

•

add operational, financial and management information systems and employees;

•

incur additional legal, accounting and regulatory costs associated with operating as a public company;

•

experience delays related to the ongoing supply chain impacts of health epidemics in the United States and in other countries in which we have planned or have active clinical trial sites and where our third-party Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations, or CDMOs operate; and

•

establish licenses, collaborations or strategic partnerships.

Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of expenditures related to our research and development activities.

We will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate and do not enter into a third-party commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution activities.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include collaborations, strategic alliances or additional licensing arrangements. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such arrangements when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such agreements as, and when, needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including requiring us to have to delay, reduce or eliminate product development or future commercialization efforts. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors including the successful advancement of any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Our ability to raise additional funds may also be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, from potential recessions, a potential temporary federal government shutdown, health epidemics, the war in Ukraine, conflict in the Middle East or China-Taiwan relations, and fluctuating interest rates and rates of inflation.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development of treatment of mast cell driven inflammatory diseases, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

We oversee and manage third party CDMOs, to support the development and manufacture of any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates for our clinical trials. The manufacturing process has readily-sourced available raw materials and straightforward scalability. We believe our current manufacturers are able to supply the upcoming clinical trials and additional CDMOs may be on-boarded at later stages of clinical and commercial development.

As of June 30, 2024, we had $255.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenses through at least 2026. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See the subsection titled “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

License Agreement with Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd.

On June 28, 2019, we entered into the Novartis Agreement. Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, Novartis granted us an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable (subject to certain requirements therein) license under specified patent rights and know-how related to three licensed compounds to develop, make, use and sell certain products incorporating or comprising a licensed compound, including THB001 and THB335, or the Licensed Products. Under the Novartis Agreement, we are solely responsible for all research, development, regulatory and commercialization activities related to the Licensed Products. We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and seek regulatory approval for, and commercialize, at least one Licensed Product in the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

Pursuant to the Novartis Agreement, we made a one-time payment of $0.4 million to Novartis and agreed to issue shares of preferred stock pursuant to that certain Investment Letter dated as of June 27, 2019, or the Novartis Investment Letter. Pursuant to the Novartis Investment Letter, we have issued Novartis 5,970,000 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (2,642,762 shares of common stock following the conversion of such preferred stock in connection with our IPO), consisting of shares issued as part of entering into the agreement and shares issued subsequently under the anti-dilution right included within the license agreement. Further, we are obligated to pay Novartis up to an aggregate of: (i) $31.7 million upon the achievement of certain specified development milestones for the Licensed Products and (ii) $200.0 million upon the achievement of certain specified sales and commercialization milestones with respect to the Licensed Products. We are also required to pay Novartis, on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis, tiered royalties in the single-digit percentage range on annual net sales of Licensed Products, subject to reduction and offset upon certain specified events. The foregoing royalty payment obligations will expire on the latest to occur of: (a) expiration of the last valid claim of the licensed patent rights that covers such Licensed Product in such country; (b) the expiration of any regulatory exclusivity for such Licensed Product in such country; and (c) ten years following the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such country. Upon the expiration of such royalty term in a particular country for a particular Licensed Product, the license granted to us with respect to such Licensed Product in such country will become fully paid-up, royalty-free, transferable, perpetual and irrevocable.

For a more detailed description of this agreement, see Note 6 to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024

The following table summarizes our results of operations for each of the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended June 30,												Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2024			$ Change			% Change			2023			2024			$ Change			% Change
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	5,340		$	8,394		$	3,054			57	%	$	12,077		$	14,620		$	2,543			21	%
General and administrative		5,374			5,676			302			6			10,625			10,740			115			1
Total operating expenses		10,714			14,070			3,356			31			22,702			25,360			2,658			12
Loss from operations		10,714			14,070			3,356			31			22,702			25,360			2,658			12
Other income, net:
Interest income		(3,158	)		(3,364	)		(206	)		7			(6,063	)		(6,797	)		(734	)		12
Other (income) expense		4			1			(3	)		(75	)		6			—			(6	)		(100	)
Total other (income) expense, net		(3,154	)		(3,363	)		(209	)		7			(6,057	)		(6,797	)		(740	)		12
Net loss	$	7,560		$	10,707		$	3,147			42	%	$	16,645		$	18,563		$	1,918			12	%

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for each of the periods presented (in thousands, except percentages):


	Three Months Ended June 30,											Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024			$ Change			% Change			2023		2024		$ Change			% Change
Direct costs:
THB001	$	1,088	$	(32	)	$	(1,120	)		(103	%)	$	2,364	$	110	$	(2,254	)		(95	%)
Other discovery and development		863		1,360			497			58			3,081		2,311		(770	)		(25	)
THB335		328		3,810			3,482		*				328		5,749		5,421		*
Indirect costs:
Employee-related		2,809		2,994			185			7			5,780		5,966		186			3
Facilities and other		252		262			10			4			524		484		(40	)		(8	)
Total research and development expenses	$	5,340	$	8,394		$	3,054			57	%	$	12,077	$	14,620	$	2,543			21	%

*Percentage not meaningful.

Research and development expenses increased by $3.1 million, from $5.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and increased by $2.5 million, from $12.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $14.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily due to increased spend related to the THB335 program.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $0.3 million, from $5.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $5.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and increased by $0.1 million, from $10.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $10.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, primarily driven by increases in personnel-related expenses, including executive recruiting costs.

Total Other (Income) Expense, Net

Total other income, net increased by $0.2 million, from $3.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 to $3.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024, and increased by $0.7 million, from $6.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 to $6.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to increases in interest income associated with our money market accounts.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses in each period and on an aggregate basis. We have not yet commercialized any product candidates, and we do not expect to generate revenue from sales of any product candidates or from other sources for several years, if at all.

As of June 30, 2024, we had $255.3 million in cash and cash equivalents, and we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $132.8 million.

In October 2023, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, or the Shelf Registration Statement, which became effective in October 2023. The Shelf Registration Statement permits the offering of up to $400.0 million aggregate dollar amount of shares of our common stock or preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities, subscription rights to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities, in one or more offerings and in any combination. In connection with the Shelf Registration Statement, we entered into an Open Market Sales AgreementSM, or the Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, as the sales agent, pursuant to which we may offer and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering amount of up to $150.0 million, or the ATM Facility. The $150.0 million of common stock that may be issued and sold pursuant to the Sales Agreement is included in the $400.0 million of securities that may be issued and sold pursuant to the Shelf Registration Statement. We will pay Jefferies LLC a commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from the sale of any shares of common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. We have not sold any shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement and have $150.0 million remaining under the Sales Agreement.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for each of the periods presented (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023			2024
Net cash used in operating activities	$	10,635		$	15,100
Net cash used in investing activities		168			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		(58	)		(1,361	)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	10,745		$	13,739

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $10.6 million, and was primarily due to our net loss of $16.6 million, adjusted for $5.5 million non-cash stock-based compensation expense, $0.2 million for noncash operating lease expense and operating lease liabilities, and a $0.3 million decrease in other assets.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $15.1 million, and was primarily due to our net loss of $18.6 million, adjusted for $4.8 million stock-based compensation expense, net changes in working capital of $1.6 million and a $0.3 million decrease in other assets.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was $0.2 million, and was entirely related to the purchase of property and equipment.

We had no investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 was $0.1 million and $1.4 million, respectively, related to proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Funding Requirements

Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, research and development services, compensation and related expenses and general overhead costs. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, including additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to fund our operations and capital expenses through at least 2026. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our capital resources sooner than we expect.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of product candidates, we are unable to estimate the exact amount of our working capital requirements. Our future funding requirements will depend on, and could increase significantly as a result of, many factors, including:

•

the timing, cost and progress of nonclinical and clinical development activities;

•

the cost of regulatory submissions and timing of regulatory approvals if any;

•

the number and scope of nonclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

•

the progress of the development efforts of parties with whom we may in the future enter into collaborations and/or research and development agreements;

•

the timing and amount of milestone and other payments we are obligated to make under our Novartis Agreement or any future license agreements;

•

the cash requirements of any future acquisitions or discovery of product candidates;

•

our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties on favorable terms, if at all;

•

the costs involved in prosecuting and enforcing patent and other intellectual property claims;

•

the costs of manufacturing our product candidates by third parties;

•

the cost of commercialization activities if THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

•

our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional employees, including employees to support development of our product candidates; and

•

our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems to satisfy our obligations as a public company.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables with respect to the development of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product or development candidates we may develop in the future could significantly change the costs and timing associated with our development plans. Further, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such operating plans.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements. We currently have no credit facility or committed sources of capital. Adequate additional funds may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our existing stockholders may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect the rights of such stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research program or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide resulting from the ongoing banking crisis or otherwise. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, there is no assurance that we will ever be profitable or generate positive cash flow from operating activities.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

Novartis Agreement

We may incur contingent royalty payments that we are required to make under the Novartis Agreement. Due to the uncertainty of the achievement and timing of the events requiring payment under our license agreement with Novartis, the amounts to be paid by us are not fixed or determinable at this time. We are required to pay Novartis royalties on all sales of licensed products, with such royalty percentages in the mid-single digits of sales. We have not paid any royalties to date as we have no products commercially approved for sale. For additional information regarding the license agreement and royalties payable to Novartis, see Note 6 to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Lease Obligations

On October 21, 2022, the Company entered into two separate lease agreements, one for office space located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, or the Cambridge Lease Agreement, and one for office space located in San Francisco, California, or the San Francisco Lease Agreement. The Cambridge Lease Agreement and the San Francisco Lease Agreement each commenced in December 2022, and each have an initial term of 63 months. The aggregate estimated rental payments due over the initial term of the Cambridge Lease Agreement is approximately $4.0 million, and the aggregate estimated rental payments due over the initial term of the San Francisco Lease Agreement is approximately $1.8 million. For additional information regarding the lease accounting policies, see Note 10 to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Purchase and Other Obligations

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations, or CROs, CDMOs, and other third-party vendors for nonclinical research studies and testing, clinical trials and testing and manufacturing services. Most contracts do not contain minimum purchase commitments and are cancellable by us upon written notice. Payments due upon cancellation consist of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of our service provided up to one year after the date of cancellation.

Critical Accounting Policies

This management’s discussion and analysis is based on our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires us to make judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses, as well as related disclosures during the reported periods. Our critical accounting policies are described under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 26, 2024. There were no material changes to our critical accounting policies through June 30, 2024 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, a company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by a company’s board of directors, management and other employees to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A material weakness is a significant deficiency, or a combination of significant deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that it is reasonably possible that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

During the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness has not yet been fully remediated, and the same weakness remained at the time of the preparation of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The material weakness we identified related to the lack of segregation of duties, certain system limitations in our accounting software and the overall control environment as we had insufficient internal resources with appropriate accounting and finance knowledge and expertise to design, implement, document and operate effective internal controls around our financial reporting process.

We have implemented, and continue to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the control deficiencies that led to this material weakness identified above, including designing and formalizing processes and internal control documentation and strengthening supervisory reviews by our financial management; increasing the depth and experience within our accounting and finance organization and engaging financial consultants to enable the implementation of internal control over financial reporting and segregating duties amongst accounting and finance employees. In addition, we have implemented an accounting software system designed with functionality to segregate incompatible accounting duties.

We cannot be certain that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate our material weakness, or prevent restatements of our financial statements in the future. If we are unable to successfully remediate our material weakness, or identify any future material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports, and the market price of our common stock may decline as a result.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

Under Section 107(b) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards would apply to private companies. We have elected this exemption to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Where allowable we have early adopted certain standards as described in Note 2 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. As a result, our condensed consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. We will continue to remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest of the following: (i) December 31, 2027; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which our total annual gross revenue is equal to or more than $1.235 billion; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of our IPO was less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We will continue to qualify as a smaller reporting company if (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million.

If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

We have reviewed all recently issued accounting pronouncements and have determined that, other than as disclosed in Note 2 to our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, such standards do not have a material impact on our financial statements or do not otherwise apply to our operations.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. We had cash and cash equivalents of $255.3 million as of June 30, 2024, which consisted primarily of money market funds and U.S. Treasury-backed securities.

Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because our cash equivalents are in the form of standard checking accounts and amounts held in money market funds that are invested in U.S. Treasury securities. Interest income is sensitive to changes in the general level of interest rates and our cash and cash equivalents are subject to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest rates increase.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

All of our employees and our operations are currently located in the United States and our expenses are generally denominated in U.S. dollars. We therefore are not currently exposed to significant market risk related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. However, we have contracted with and may continue to contract with non-U.S. vendors who we may pay in local currency. Our operations may be subject to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates in the future. To date, foreign currency transaction gains and losses have not been material to our financial statements, and we have not had a formal hedging program with respect to foreign currency. We believe a hypothetical 100 basis point increase or decrease in exchange rates during any of the periods presented would not have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and clinical trial costs. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience some effect in the near future (especially if inflation rates continue to rise) due to an impact on the costs to conduct clinical trials, labor costs we incur to attract and retain qualified employees, and other operational costs. Inflationary costs could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of June 30, 2024, management, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at a reasonable assurance level due to the material weakness described below.

During the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness that we identified related to the lack of segregation of duties, certain system limitations in our accounting software and the overall control environment, as we had insufficient internal resources with appropriate accounting and finance knowledge and expertise to design, implement, document, and operate effective internal controls around our financial reporting process. The material weakness remained at the time of the preparation of our financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024.

Remediation Plan and Status

We are committed to remediating the control deficiencies that constituted the above material weakness by implementing changes to our internal control over financial reporting. Management has implemented, and continues to implement, measures designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weakness are remediated, such that these controls are designed, implemented and operating effectively. During 2023, we took the following steps intended to remediate the material weakness described above and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting:

•

We have implemented an accounting software system designed with functionality to segregate incompatible accounting duties;

•

We have engaged consultants to assist in formalizing process design and internal control documentation that will support the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and segregating duties amongst accounting and finance employees; and

•

We have hired additional qualified accounting and finance employees to increase depth and experience within our accounting and finance organization, and to strengthen supervisory reviews.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Other than the changes described under “Remediation Status and Plan” above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that have materially affected our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of management, would have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us due to defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, negative publicity and reputational harm.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making your decision to invest in shares of our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Quarterly Report, including in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed below will not occur. These events could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If that were to happen, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position, Limited Operating History and Need for Additional Capital

We are a biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history on which to base your investment decision. We commenced operations in 2019, and neither THB335, our next-generation oral small molecule wild-type KIT inhibitor and lead product candidate, nor any of our other product candidates have completed clinical trials or have been approved for commercial sale. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any potential product candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety profile, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable.

Since our inception, we have focused substantially all of our efforts and financial resources on the development of product candidates. In May 2024, we announced U.S. FDA clearance of our IND application to initiate a first-in-human clinical trial of THB335. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully complete any late-stage trials, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. As a result, it may be more difficult for you to accurately evaluate the performance of our business to date or to predict our viability than it would be if we had a longer operating history.

We have incurred significant net losses in each reporting period since our inception, have not generated any revenue to date and have financed our operations principally through private placements of preferred stock prior to the completion of our IPO, as well as the net proceeds from our IPO. Our net losses were $18.6 million and $30.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. As of June 30, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $132.8 million. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect these losses to increase as we continue our research and development of any future product candidates. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance.

We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if, and as, we:

•

advance THB335 and any future product candidates through nonclinical studies and clinical development;

•

discover and develop new oral KIT inhibitor product candidates;

•

obtain, expand, maintain, defend and enforce our intellectual property portfolio;

•

manufacture, or have manufactured, nonclinical, clinical and potentially commercial supplies of any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

•

seek regulatory approvals for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

•

establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved;

•

identify additional compounds or product candidates and acquire rights from third parties to those compounds or product candidates through licenses;

•

hire additional clinical, scientific and management employees, as well as administrative staff to support the growth of our business;

•

add operational, financial and management information systems and employees;

•

incur additional legal, accounting and other costs associated with operating as a public company; and

•

establish licenses, collaborations or strategic partnerships.

Even if we succeed in commercializing one or more product candidates, we may continue to incur substantial research and development expenses and other expenditures to develop and market additional product candidates. We may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The size of our future losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue, if any. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

We have never generated revenue, may never generate any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue. We do not expect to generate significant revenue, if any, unless and until we, either alone or with a collaborator, are able to obtain regulatory approval for, and successfully commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates that we may develop. Successful commercialization will require achievement of many key milestones, including demonstrating safety and efficacy in clinical trials, obtaining regulatory, including marketing, approval for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing, selling and distributing those products for which we, or any future collaborators, may obtain regulatory approval, satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining reimbursement for THB335 or any future product candidates from private insurance or government payors. Because of the uncertainties and risks associated with these activities, we are unable to accurately and precisely predict the timing and amount of revenue, if any, the extent of any further losses or if or when we might achieve profitability. We and any future collaborators may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, or any future collaborators do, we may never generate revenue in an amount sufficient for us to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Additionally, our expenses could increase if we are required by the FDA, the EMA, or any comparable foreign regulatory authority to perform clinical trials in addition to those currently expected, or if there are any delays in completing our clinical trials or the development of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our Company and depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business or continue our operations. If we continue to suffer losses as we have in the past, investors may not receive any return on their investment and may lose their entire investment.

Identifying and developing potential product candidates and conducting nonclinical and clinical studies is a time consuming, capital-intensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. As THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates advance through nonclinical studies and clinical trials, as applicable, we will need substantial additional funds to expand or create our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution capabilities. We have used substantial amounts of cash since inception to develop our prior product candidate, THB001, and will require significant funds to conduct further research and development and nonclinical testing and clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, to seek regulatory approvals for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and to manufacture and market products, if any, which are approved for commercial sale. In addition, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. See "We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices." Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

Nonclinical studies and clinical trials for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, will require substantial funds to complete. As of June 30, 2024, we had $255.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements through at least 2026. However, our future capital requirements and the period for which we expect our existing resources to support our operations, fund continued growth of our operations, research and development of product candidates, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures, may vary significantly from what we expect and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. Our monthly spending levels vary based on new and ongoing research and development and other corporate activities. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful research and development of THB335 or any future product candidates is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development and any marketing and commercialization activities for approved products. Our future funding requirements for THB335 or any future product candidates and our ongoing operations, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

•

the timing, cost and progress of nonclinical and clinical development activities;

•

the cost of regulatory submissions and timing of regulatory approvals;

•

the number and scope of nonclinical and clinical programs we decide to pursue;

•

the progress of the development efforts of parties with whom we may in the future enter into collaborations and/or research and development agreements;

•

the timing and amount of milestone and other payments we are obligated to make under our Novartis Agreement or any future license agreements;

•

the cash requirements of any future acquisitions or discovery of product candidates;

•

our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, strategic partnerships or marketing, distribution, licensing or other strategic arrangements with third parties on favorable terms, if at all;

•

our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved product candidates;

•

the costs involved in prosecuting and enforcing patent and other intellectual property claims;

•

the costs of manufacturing product candidates by third parties;

•

the cost of commercialization activities if THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are approved for sale, including marketing, sales and distribution costs;

•

the availability of capital in the technology and life sciences industries following the closure of Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions;

•

our efforts to enhance operational systems and hire additional employees, including employees to support development of product candidates; and

•

our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems to satisfy our obligations as a public company.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we may have to delay, reduce or terminate our research and development programs and nonclinical studies or clinical trials, limit strategic opportunities or undergo reductions in our workforce or other corporate restructuring activities. We do not expect to realize revenue from sales of commercial products or royalties from licensed products in the foreseeable future, if at all, and, in no event, before THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are clinically tested, approved for commercialization and successfully marketed, if ever.

We will be required to seek additional funding in the future and currently intend to do so through public or private equity offerings or debt financings, credit or loan facilities, additional licensing agreements and/or collaborations, or a combination of one or more of these funding sources. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders will suffer dilution and the terms of any financing may adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. Our future debt financings, if available, are likely to involve restrictive covenants limiting our flexibility in conducting future business activities, and, in the event of insolvency, debt holders would be repaid before holders of our equity securities receive any distribution of our corporate assets. If we raise additional funds through licensing or collaboration arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to THB001, THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We also could be required to seek collaborators for product candidates at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or relinquish our rights to product candidates or technologies that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Failure to obtain capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development and commercialization of THB335 or any future product candidates, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Adverse developments that affect financial institutions, such as events involving liquidity that are rumored or actual, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, SVB was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. The Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC released a joint statement on March 12, 2023, stating that all depositors of SVB would have access to all of their funds on March 13, 2023, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, borrowers under credit agreements, letters of credit and certain other financial instruments with SVB, Signature Bank or any other financial institution that is placed into receivership by the FDIC. The U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board have announced a program to provide up to $25 billion of loans to financial institutions secured by certain of such government securities held by financial institutions to mitigate the risk of potential losses on the sale of such instruments, widespread demands for customer withdrawals or other liquidity needs of financial institutions for immediately liquidity may exceed the capacity of such program. Although we are not a borrower or party to any such instruments with SVB, Signature or any other financial institution currently in receivership, if any of our future lenders or counterparties to any such instruments were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access such funds.

We hold the vast majority of our financial assets in our name at various third-party financial institutions in order to diversify our portfolio. Although we have not experienced any adverse impact to our liquidity or to our current and projected business operations, financial condition or results of operations, uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, and our business, our business partners, or industry as a whole may be adversely impacted in ways that we cannot predict at this time. Inflation and rapid increases in interest rates have led to a decline in the trading value of previously issued government securities with interest rates below current market interest rates. There is no guarantee that the U.S. Department of Treasury, FDIC and Federal Reserve Board will provide access to uninsured funds in the future in the event of the closure of other banks or financial institutions, or that they would do so in a timely fashion.

Although we assess our banking relationships as we believe necessary or appropriate, our access to funding sources and other credit arrangements in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize our current and projected future business operations could be significantly impaired by factors that us, the financial institutions with which we have credit agreements or arrangements directly, or the financial services industry or economy in general. These factors could include, among others, events such as liquidity constraints or failures, the ability to perform obligations under various types of financial, credit or liquidity agreements or arrangements, disruptions or instability in the financial services industry or financial markets, or concerns or negative expectations about the prospects for companies in the financial services industry. These factors could involve financial institutions or financial services industry companies with which we have financial or business relationships, but could also include factors involving financial markets or the financial services industry generally.

The results of events or concerns that involve one or more of these factors could include a variety of material and adverse impacts on our current and projected business operations, our financial condition and results of operations. These could include, but may not be limited to, the following:

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Delayed access to deposits or other financial assets or the uninsured loss of deposits or other financial assets;

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Potential or actual breach of contractual obligations that require us to maintain letters or credit or other credit support arrangements; or

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Termination of cash management arrangements and/or delays in accessing or actual loss of funds subject to cash management arrangements.

In addition, widespread investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations or result in violations of federal or state wage and hour laws. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports in a timely manner. During the preparation of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness has not yet been fully remediated and the same weakness remained at the time of the preparation of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. A material weakness is a significant deficiency, or a combination of significant deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that it is reasonably possible that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness that we identified related to the lack of segregation of duties, certain system limitations in our accounting software and the overall control environment as we had insufficient internal resources with appropriate accounting and finance knowledge and expertise to design, implement, document and operate effective internal controls around our financial reporting process.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we implemented, and we are continuing to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate this material weakness, including formalizing our processes and internal control documentation and strengthening supervisory reviews by our financial management; hiring additional qualified accounting and finance employees and engaging consultants to support the implementation of internal control over financial reporting and segregating duties amongst accounting and finance employees. In addition, we have implemented an accounting software system designed with functionality to segregate incompatible accounting duties.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. We expect to incur additional costs to remediate these control deficiencies, though there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. If we are unable to successfully remediate our existing or any future material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we identify any additional material weaknesses, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, and our stock price may decline as a result. We also could become subject to investigations by Nasdaq, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets. In addition, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm our stock price and make it more difficult for us to effectively market and sell our products to new and existing customers.

Risks Related to Discovery, Development and Commercialization

Our future performance is substantially dependent on the success of THB335 as well as our ability to identify and develop future product candidates.

Our future performance is substantially dependent on our ability to initiate, enroll and timely complete successful clinical trials of THB335, identify and develop oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, obtain regulatory approval for, and then successfully commercialize THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. We are early in our development efforts. In May 2024, we announced IND clearance of our product candidate, THB335. Following the clearance of our IND, we initiated a Phase 1 SAD/MAD clinical trial, and clinical results are expected during the first quarter of 2025.

We currently have no products that are approved for sale in any jurisdiction. There can be no assurance that THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates that we develop will achieve success in their clinical trials or obtain regulatory approval.

We plan to seek regulatory approval to commercialize THB335 and oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in the United States, the European Union and in selected foreign countries, including the United Kingdom and Japan. In order to obtain separate regulatory approvals in other countries, we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety and efficacy. Other countries also have their own regulations governing, among other things, clinical trials and commercial sales, as well as pricing and distribution of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and we will be required to expend significant resources to obtain regulatory approval, which may not be successful, and to comply with ongoing regulations in these jurisdictions.

Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of THB335 and any future product candidates. The success of THB335 and any future product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

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successful completion of necessary nonclinical studies to enable the initiation of clinical trials;

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acceptance of INDs by the FDA or other similar clinical trial applications from foreign regulatory authorities for our future clinical trials for our pipeline product candidates;

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enrollment of patients in, and the completion of, our clinical trials;

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completion of successful clinical trials with positive risk/benefit profiles;

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receiving required regulatory authorizations for the development and obtaining approvals for the commercialization of THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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establishing and maintaining arrangements with third-party manufacturers;

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ability to perform drug manufacturing and maintain consistent supply of drugs which meets specifications across various jurisdictions;

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obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection and non-patent exclusivity for any future product candidates and their components and related filings;

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enforcing and defending our intellectual property rights and claims;

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achieving desirable therapeutic properties for THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates’ intended indications;

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launching commercial sales of any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, whether alone or in collaboration with third parties;

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acceptance of THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, by patients, the medical community and third-party payors;

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effectively competing with other therapies; and

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maintaining an acceptable safety profile of THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates through clinical trials and following regulatory approval.

Many of these factors are beyond our control, and it is possible that none of our prior product candidates, THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates will ever obtain regulatory approval, even if we expend substantial time and resources seeking such approval. If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize any product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

If we do not achieve our projected development goals in the time frames we announce and expect, the commercialization of THB335 or any future product candidates may be delayed and, as a result, our stock price may decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.

From time to time, we estimate the timing of the anticipated accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development goals, which we sometimes refer to as milestones. These milestones may include the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials and the submission of regulatory filings. From time to time, we may publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones. All of these milestones are and will be based on numerous assumptions. The actual timing of these milestones can vary dramatically compared to our estimates, in some cases for reasons beyond our control. If we do not meet these milestones as publicly announced, or at all, the commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be delayed or never achieved and, as a result, our stock price may decline. A decline in our stock price and in the value of our Company could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

THB335, our next-generation oral small molecule wild-type KIT inhibitor and lead product candidate, is in clinical development for the treatment of mast cell-mediated diseases, with an initial focus in CSU. Our Phase 1 SAD/MAD clinical trial is evaluating safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of THB335 in healthy volunteers, followed by Phase 2 trial in CSU with planned expansion into additional mast cell-mediated disorders. It is impossible to predict when or if THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidate will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to commercialize any product candidate, we must demonstrate through extensive nonclinical studies and lengthy, complex and expensive clinical trials that our product candidate is safe and effective in humans. Clinical testing can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. For example, in December 2022, we announced the discontinuation of our Phase 1b clinical trial of our prior product candidate, THB001, in chronic inducible urticaria following observation of asymptomatic liver transaminitis in two patients enrolled in the first dose cohort. The results of nonclinical studies and early clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials. We may be unable to establish clinical endpoints that applicable regulatory authorities would consider clinically meaningful, and a clinical trial can fail at any stage of testing. Differences in trial design between early-stage clinical trials and later-stage clinical trials make it difficult to extrapolate the results of earlier clinical trials to later clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their products. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials for product candidates due to lack of efficacy or to unfavorable safety profiles, notwithstanding promising results in earlier trials. There is typically a high rate of failure of product candidates proceeding through clinical trials. Most product candidates that commence clinical trials are never approved as products and there can be no assurance that any of our ongoing or future clinical trials will ultimately be successful or support clinical development of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

We or any future collaborators may experience delays in initiating or completing clinical trials. We or any future collaborators also may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, any future clinical trials that we could conduct that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, including:

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regulators or institutional review boards, or IRBs, the FDA or ethics committees may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a clinical trial at a prospective trial site, or may halt or suspend an ongoing clinical trial;

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we may experience delays in reaching, or fail to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites and prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

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clinical trial sites deviating from trial protocol or dropping out of a trial;

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clinical trials of any product candidates may fail to show safety or efficacy, produce negative or inconclusive results and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional nonclinical studies or clinical trials or we may decide to abandon product development programs;

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the number of patients required for clinical trials of any product candidates may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical trials may be slower than we anticipate or patients may drop out of these clinical trials or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up at a higher rate than we anticipate;

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our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;

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we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs, or ethics committees may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants in our trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

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the cost of clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

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the quality of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of any future product candidates may be inadequate to initiate or complete a given clinical trial;

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our inability to manufacture sufficient quantities of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates for use in clinical trials;

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our inability to meet drug specifications suitable for use in clinical trials and commercial applications;

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reports from clinical testing of other therapies may raise safety or efficacy concerns about THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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our failure to establish an appropriate safety profile for a product candidate based on clinical or nonclinical data for such product candidate as well as data emerging from other molecules in the same class as THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidate; and

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the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data such as long-term toxicology studies or impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate a clinical trial.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the number and location of clinical sites we enroll, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, the inability to obtain and maintain patient consents, the risk that enrolled participants will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or therapeutic biologics that may be approved for the indications being investigated by us. Furthermore, we may in the future rely on collaborators, CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our ongoing and future clinical trials, including the patient enrollment process, and we have limited influence over their performance. Additionally, we could encounter delays if treating physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in future clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and efficacy profiles.

We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted, or the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities, or if a clinical trial is recommended for suspension or termination by the Data Safety Monitoring Board, or the DSMB, for such trial. A suspension or termination may be imposed due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product or treatment, failure to establish or achieve clinically meaningful trial endpoints, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Clinical studies may also be delayed or terminated as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Further, the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.

Our product development costs will increase if we experience delays in clinical testing or marketing approvals. We do not know whether any of our clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and may allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, potentially impairing our ability to successfully commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and harming our business and results of operations. Any delays in our clinical development programs may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects significantly.

Results of nonclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of results of future clinical trials.

The outcome of nonclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of clinical trials. Many companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in late-stage clinical trials after achieving positive results in earlier development, and we have faced and could in the future face similar setbacks. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. We have limited experience in designing clinical trials and may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support marketing approval for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. In addition, nonclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. Many companies that believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in nonclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for the product candidates. Even if we believe that the results of clinical trials for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates warrant marketing approval, the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree and may not grant marketing approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols, differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the dosing regimen and other clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial patients. If we fail to receive positive results in clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, the development timeline and regulatory approval and commercialization prospects for such product candidates, and, correspondingly, our business and financial prospects would be negatively impacted.

Preliminary, topline or interim data from our clinical trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publish preliminary or topline data or data from planned interim analyses of our clinical trials. Preliminary or topline data remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the preliminary or topline data that we previously published. Data from planned interim analyses of our clinical trials that we may complete are subject to the risk that one or more of the clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available. As a result, preliminary data and interim analyses should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between preliminary, topline or interim data and final data could significantly harm our reputation and business prospects.

Our ongoing and future clinical trials may reveal significant adverse events not seen in our nonclinical studies and may result in a safety profile that could inhibit regulatory approval or market acceptance of THB335 or any future product candidates.

If significant adverse events or other side effects are observed in any of our clinical trials for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, we may have difficulty recruiting patients to our clinical trials, patients may drop out of our trials, or we may be required to abandon the trials or our development efforts of one or more product candidates altogether. For example, in December 2022, we announced the discontinuation of our Phase 1b clinical trial of our prior product candidate, THB001, in chronic inducible urticaria following observation of asymptomatic liver transaminitis in two patients enrolled in the first dose cohort, which was not predicted by our completed nonclinical toxicology studies of THB001 nor observed in our Phase 1a clinical trial. We conducted mechanistic studies to further understand the likely cause of hepatotoxicity observed with THB001. While the results of those mechanistic studies informed the design of structural modifications to our lead product candidate, THB335, and are intended to mitigate the hepatotoxicity risk observed with THB001, clinical trials of THB335 or any future product candidates could produce similar adverse events as we encountered in the clinical trials for THB001, or new adverse events which we did not observe with THB001. KIT inhibition is known to produce certain on-target side effects, including inhibition of spermatogenesis, effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells resulting in reductions in neutrophils, reticulocytes, red blood cells and white blood cells, changes in taste and reduced hair pigmentation. In our Phase 1a trial in healthy volunteers, one moderate AE determined to be likely related to THB001 was low neutrophil levels, which resolved after discontinuation in the trial. While we believe that such on-target side effects will be reversible following discontinuation of treatment with an oral KIT inhibitor with sufficient recovery periods, we will need to monitor the severity and duration of side effects in our clinical trials. If such effects are more severe, less reversible than we expect or not reversible at all, we may decide or be required to perform additional nonclinical studies or to halt or delay further clinical development of THB335 or our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, which could result in the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. We also expect that, similar to other approved oral KIT inhibitor drugs, THB335 or our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may have adverse effects on the fetus and if approved, may require the concomitant use of appropriate birth control measures. AEs and serious adverse events, or SAEs, that emerge during clinical investigation of THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, or other compounds acting through similar biological pathways, may be deemed to be related to THB335 or our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. This may require longer and more extensive Phase 3 clinical development, or regulatory authorities may increase the amount of data and information required to approve, market, or maintain THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and could result in warnings and precautions in our product labeling or a restrictive risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS. This may also result in an inability to obtain approval of THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. We, the FDA, EMA or other applicable regulatory authorities, or an IRB may suspend clinical trials of a product candidate at any time for various reasons, including a belief that patients in such trials are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or adverse side effects. Some potential therapeutics developed in the biotechnology industry that initially showed therapeutic promise in early-stage trials have later been found to cause side effects that prevented their further development. Even if the side effects do not preclude the product candidate from obtaining or maintaining marketing approval, undesirable side effects, including the potential effects on fertility, may inhibit market acceptance of the approved product due to its tolerability versus other therapies. Any of these developments could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may not uncover all possible AEs that patients may experience.

Clinical trials are conducted in representative samples of healthy volunteers and the potential patient population, which may have significant variability. By design, clinical trials are based on a limited number of patients and are of limited duration of exposure to the product, to determine whether the product candidate demonstrates the substantial evidence of efficacy and safety necessary to obtain regulatory approval. As with the results of any statistical sampling, we cannot be sure that all side effects of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be uncovered. It may be the case that only with a significantly larger number of patients exposed to the product candidate for a longer duration may a more complete safety profile be identified. Further, even larger clinical trials may not identify rare SAEs, and the duration of such studies may not be sufficient to identify when those events may occur. Other products have been approved by the regulatory authorities for which safety concerns have been uncovered following approval. Such safety concerns have led to labeling changes, restrictions on distribution through use of a REMS, or withdrawal of products from the market, and THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be subject to similar risks.

If safety problems occur or are identified after THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if any, reach the market, we may make the decision or be required by regulatory authorities to amend the labeling of our products, recall our products, or even withdraw approval for such products.

If we experience delays or difficulties in enrolling patients in our ongoing or planned clinical trials, our receipt of necessary regulatory approval could be delayed or prevented.

Patient enrollment, a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, is affected by many factors including the size and nature of the patient population, the number and location of clinical sites we enroll, the proximity of patients to clinical sites, the eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial, the design of the clinical trial, the inability to obtain and maintain patient consents, the risk that enrolled participants will drop out before completion, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product candidate being studied in relation to other available therapies, including any new drugs or therapeutic biologics that may be approved for the indications being investigated by us. The ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare system may also delay clinical trials if there are inadequate clinical resources for sites to safely conduct clinical research. Furthermore, we expect to rely on our collaborators, CROs, and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our ongoing and future clinical trials, including the patient enrollment process, and we have limited influence over their performance. Additionally, we could encounter delays if treating physicians encounter unresolved ethical issues associated with enrolling patients in future clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in lieu of prescribing existing treatments that have established safety and efficacy profiles.

If we are unable to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials, it would result in significant delays or might require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, slow down or halt our product candidate development and approval process and jeopardize our ability to seek and obtain the marketing approval required to commence product sales and to generate revenue, which would cause the value of our Company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing if needed.

The development and commercialization of drugs is highly competitive. THB335 or any future product candidate, if approved, will face significant competition and our failure to effectively compete may prevent us from achieving significant market penetration. Most of our competitors have significantly greater resources than we do and we may not be able to successfully compete. We face substantial competition from multiple sources, including large and specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic research institutions and governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. Our competitors compete with us on the level of the technologies employed, or on the level of development of product candidates. In addition, many small biotechnology companies have formed collaborations with large, established companies to (i) obtain support for their research, development and commercialization of products or (ii) combine several treatment approaches to develop longer lasting or more efficacious treatments that may potentially directly compete with THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. We anticipate that we will continue to face increasing competition as new therapies and combinations thereof, technologies, and data emerge within the field of immunology and, furthermore, within the treatment of allergies and inflammatory conditions.

Our likelihood of success will depend partially on our ability to develop and commercialize therapeutics that are safer and more effective than competing products. Our commercial opportunity and likelihood of success will be reduced or eliminated if competing products are safer, more effective, or less expensive than the therapeutics we are trying, or may try, to develop.

Our competitors have developed, are developing or will develop product candidates and processes competitive with THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and processes. Therapeutic treatments include those that have already been approved and accepted by the medical community and any new treatments, including those based on novel technology platforms that enter the market. In addition to the current standard of care treatments for patients with allergies and inflammatory diseases, numerous commercial and academic nonclinical studies and clinical trials are being undertaken by a large number of parties to assess novel technologies and product candidates. There are numerous other competitive approaches, including inhibitors of activators of mast cells such as IgE antibodies like omalizumab, inhibitors of mediators such as antihistamines and anti-IL-4 /IL-13 therapies, other small molecule approaches such as Novartis' remibrutinib, a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, or BTK inhibitor, and other small molecule and biologic KIT inhibitors such as Celldex’s barzolvolimab or monoclonal antibody KIT inhibitor, and Incyte Corp.’s small molecule MRGPRX2 inhibitor, EP262, among others.

Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, sales and supply resources or experience than we have. If we obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate, we will face competition based on many different factors, including the safety and effectiveness of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, the ease with which THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates can be administered and the extent to which patients accept relatively new routes of administration, the timing and scope of regulatory approvals for these products, the availability and cost of manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities, price, reimbursement coverage and patent position. Competing products could present superior treatment alternatives, including by being more effective, safer, less expensive or marketed and sold more effectively than any products we may develop. Competitive products may make any products we develop obsolete or noncompetitive before we recover the expense of developing and commercializing THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Such competitors could also recruit our employees, which could negatively impact our level of expertise and our ability to execute our business plan.

THB335 and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may not achieve adequate market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare third-party payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success, if approved, and we may not generate any future revenue from the sale or licensing of product candidates.

Even if regulatory approval is obtained for a product candidate, we may not generate or sustain revenue from sales of the product due to factors such as whether the product can be sold at a competitive cost and whether it will otherwise be accepted in the market. Market participants with significant influence over acceptance of new treatments, such as physicians and third-party payors, may not adopt THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and we may not be able to convince the medical community and third-party payors to accept and use, or to provide favorable reimbursement for, any product candidates developed by us or future collaborators. Market acceptance of THB335 or any future product candidates, if approved, will depend on, among other factors:

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the timing of our receipt of any marketing and commercialization approvals;

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the terms of any approvals and the countries in which approvals are obtained;

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the safety and efficacy of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates as demonstrated in clinical trials;

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the prevalence and severity of any adverse side effects associated with THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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limitations or warnings contained in any labeling approved by the FDA, EMA or other regulatory authority;

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relative convenience and ease of administration of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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the willingness of patients to accept any new methods of administration;

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unfavorable publicity relating to our current product candidates or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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the success of our physician education programs;

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the effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;

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the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from government and third-party payors;

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the pricing of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, particularly as compared to alternative treatments; and

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the availability of alternative effective treatments for the disease indications of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are intended to treat and the relative risks, benefits and costs of those treatments.

Sales of medical products also depend on the willingness of physicians to prescribe the treatment, which is likely to be based on a determination by these physicians that the products are safe, therapeutically effective and cost effective. In addition, the inclusion or exclusion of products from treatment guidelines established by various physician groups and the viewpoints of influential physicians can affect the willingness of other physicians to prescribe the treatment. We cannot predict whether physicians, physicians’ organizations, hospitals, other healthcare providers, government agencies or private insurers will determine that our product, if approved, is safe, therapeutically effective and cost effective as compared with competing treatments. If any product candidate is approved but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by such parties, we may not generate or derive sufficient revenue from that product candidate and may not become or remain profitable.

The market opportunities for THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, may be limited to certain smaller patient subsets and may be smaller than we estimate them to be.

Our projections of both the number of people who have chronic urticaria as well as other mast cell-mediated allergic and inflammatory diseases we are targeting, and who have the potential to benefit from treatment with THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, are based on our beliefs and estimates. These estimates have been derived from a variety of sources, including scientific literature, surveys of clinics, patient foundations or market research, and may prove to be incorrect. Further, new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of the indications that we are targeting. The potentially addressable patient population for THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be more limited that we currently estimate or may not be amenable to treatment with such product candidates. For example, women are nearly twice as likely as men to experience urticaria, and the expected requirement of concomitant use of appropriate birth control measures may result in a lower addressable patient population than we expect. Consequently, even if THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are approved, the number of patients that may be eligible for treatment, or willing to be treated, with THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may turn out to be much lower than expected. Even if we obtain significant market share for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, if the potential target populations are small, we may never achieve profitability without obtaining regulatory approval for additional indications.

If in the future we are unable to establish U.S. or global sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing our product candidates if they are approved and we may not be able to generate any revenue.

We currently do not have a marketing or sales team for the marketing, sales and distribution of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if any of them ever obtain regulatory approval. To commercialize any product candidates after approval, we must build on a territory-by-territory basis marketing, sales, distribution, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or arrange with third parties to perform these services, and we may not be successful in doing so. If THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates receive regulatory approval, we may decide to establish an internal sales or marketing team with technical expertise and supporting distribution capabilities to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, which will be expensive and time consuming and will require significant attention of our executive officers to manage. For example, some state and local jurisdictions have licensing and continuing education requirements for pharmaceutical sales representatives, which requires time and financial resources. Any failure or delay in the development of our internal sales, marketing and distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates if we obtain approval to market.

With respect to the commercialization of all or certain of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, we may choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established distribution systems, either to augment any future sales force and distribution systems of our own or in lieu of our own sales force and distribution systems. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates if any receive regulatory approval or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. If we are not successful in commercializing THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, either on our own or through collaborations with one or more third parties, any future product revenue will suffer and we may incur significant additional losses.

If THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates receives marketing approval and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by the product candidate, our ability to market and derive revenue from the product candidates could be compromised.

Undesirable side effects caused by THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates could cause regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in more restrictive labeling or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA, EMA, or other regulatory authorities. Results of future clinical trials could reveal a high and unacceptable severity and prevalence of side effects. In such an event, our clinical trials could be suspended or terminated and the FDA, EMA, or comparable foreign regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of or deny approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates for any or all targeted indications. Such side effects could also affect patient recruitment or the ability of enrolled patients to initiate or complete the clinical trial or result in potential product liability claims. Any of these occurrences may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Further, clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. With a limited number of patients and limited duration of exposure, rare and severe side effects of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients exposed to the product candidate.

In the event that THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates receive regulatory approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, any of the following adverse events could occur:

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regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or seize the product;

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we may be required to recall the product or change the way the product is administered to patients;

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additional restrictions may be imposed on the marketing of the particular product or the manufacturing processes for the product or any component thereof;

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we may be subject to fines, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties;

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regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as a boxed warning or a contraindication;

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we may be required to create a Medication Guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

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the product may become less competitive; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Any of these occurrences could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We expect to significantly expand our development, clinical and regulatory capabilities and operations as we grow our Company, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of June 30, 2024, we had 42 full-time employees. We expect to increase the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of clinical development, clinical operations, manufacturing, late-stage regulatory affairs, finance, accounting, business operations, public company compliance, communications and other corporate development functions, and, if THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates receive regulatory and marketing approval, sales, marketing and distribution capabilities. If we acquire additional product candidates or enter into future collaborations, we may have to further expand our employee base beyond our current projections, which may include further nonclinical research and development or later-stage regulatory operations. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified employees. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth and with developing sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified employees. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources.

Further, we currently rely, and for the foreseeable future will continue to rely, in substantial part on certain third-party contract organizations, advisors and consultants to provide certain services, including assuming substantial responsibilities for the conduct of our clinical trials and the manufacturing of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. We cannot assure you that the services of such third-party contract organizations, advisors and consultants will continue to be available to us on a timely basis when needed, or that we can find qualified replacements. In addition, if we are unable to effectively manage our outsourced activities or if the quality or accuracy of the services provided by our third-party contract organizations, advisors or consultants is compromised for any reason, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain marketing approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or otherwise advance our business. We cannot assure you that we will be able to properly manage our existing third-party contract organizations, advisors or consultants or find other competent outside third-party contract organizations, advisors and consultants on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are not able to effectively manage growth and expand our Company, we may not be able to successfully implement the tasks necessary to further develop and commercialize, if approved, THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and, accordingly, we may not achieve our research, development and commercialization goals.

Our future performance depends on our ability to retain key employees and to attract, retain and motivate qualified employees and manage our human capital.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries largely depends upon our ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical employees. We are highly dependent on the development and management expertise of our executive officer team. We currently do not maintain key person insurance on these individuals. The loss of one or more members of our management team or other key employees or advisors could delay our research and development programs and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The relationships that our key managers have cultivated within our industry make us particularly dependent upon their continued employment with us. We are dependent on the continued service of our technical employees, because of the highly technical nature of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and technologies, and the specialized nature of the regulatory approval process. Because our management team and key employees are not obligated to provide us with continued service, they could terminate their employment with us at any time without penalty.

We primarily conduct our operations at our facilities in Cambridge, Massachusetts and San Francisco, California. These regions contain the headquarters to many other biopharmaceutical companies and many academic and research institutions. Competition for skilled employees in our market, and nationally, is intense and may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified employees on acceptable terms or at all. We also face competition for employees from other companies, universities, public and private research institutions, government entities and other organizations. Our future performance will depend in large part on our continued ability to attract and retain highly qualified scientific, technical and management employees, as well as employees with expertise in clinical testing, manufacturing, governmental regulation and commercialization. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high-quality employees, the rate and success at which we can discover and develop product candidates will be limited, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to operate in foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future growth may depend, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize THB335, if approved, and any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in foreign markets for which we may rely on collaboration with third parties. We are not permitted to market or promote THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates before we receive regulatory approval from the applicable regulatory authority in that foreign market and may never receive such regulatory approval for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. To obtain separate regulatory approval in many other countries, we must comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of such countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials and commercial sales, pricing and distribution of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and we cannot predict success in these jurisdictions. If we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements in international markets and receive applicable marketing approvals, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates will be harmed and our business will be adversely affected. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Our failure to obtain approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates by regulatory authorities in another country may significantly diminish the commercial prospects of that product candidate and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, even if we obtain approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and ultimately commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in foreign markets, we would be subject to the risks and uncertainties, including the burden of complying with complex and changing foreign regulatory, tax, accounting and legal requirements and reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some foreign countries.

Our business depends on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of our information technology systems and those of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, or other vendors, contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, cyber-attacks, loss or leakage of data and other disruptions, which could result in a material disruption of our development programs, compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information, potentially exposing us to liability or otherwise adversely affecting our business.

Our business success depends on the security and efficient and uninterrupted operation of our information technology systems and we may be unable to adequately protect our information technology systems from cyber-attacks, which could result in the disclosure of confidential information, damage our reputation, and subject us to significant financial and legal exposure. We are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, infrastructure and data to operate our business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit confidential information (including but not limited to intellectual property, proprietary business information and sensitive personal information). It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We also have outsourced elements of our operations to third parties, and as a result we manage a number of third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants who have access to our confidential information. System failures or outages, including any potential disruptions due to significantly increased global demand on certain cloud-based systems due to the increased prevalence of remote work, could compromise our ability to perform these functions in a timely manner, which could harm our ability to conduct business or delay our financial reporting.

Despite the implementation of security measures, given their size and complexity and the increasing amounts of confidential information that they maintain, our internal information technology systems and those of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants are potentially vulnerable to breakdown or other damage or interruption from service interruptions, system malfunction, accidents by our employees or third party service providers, natural disasters, terrorism, war, global pandemics, and telecommunication and electrical failures, as well as security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors, contractors, consultants, business partners and/or other third parties, or from cyber-attacks or supply chain attacks by malicious third parties (including the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information), which may compromise our system infrastructure, or that of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants, or lead to data leakage. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. We may not be able to anticipate all types of security threats, nor implement preventive measures effective against all such security threats. The techniques used by cyber criminals change frequently, may not be recognized until launched and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including outside groups such as external service providers, organized crime affiliates, terrorist organizations, or hostile foreign governments or agencies. Any breach, loss or compromise of clinical trial participant personal data may also subject us to civil fines and penalties, including under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and other relevant state and federal privacy laws in the United States. If the information technology systems of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants become subject to disruptions or security breaches, we may have insufficient recourse against such third parties and we may have to expend significant resources to mitigate the impact of such an event, and to develop and implement protections to prevent future events of this nature from occurring.

While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, we cannot assure you that our data protection efforts and our investment in information technology will prevent significant breakdowns, data leakages, breaches in our systems, or those of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants, or other cyber incidents that could have a material adverse effect upon our reputation, business, operations, or financial condition. For example, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, or those of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants, it could result in a material disruption of our programs and the development of THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates could be delayed. In addition, the loss of clinical trial data for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates could result in delays in our marketing approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Furthermore, significant disruptions of our internal information technology systems or those of our third-party CROs, CDMOs, vendors and other contractors and consultants, or security breaches could result in the loss, misappropriation and/or unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of, or the prevention of access to, confidential information (including trade secrets or other intellectual property, proprietary business information and sensitive personal information), which could result in financial, legal, business and reputational harm to us.

A security breach could lead to claims by our counterparties that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our counterparties could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages.

In addition, litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect our business. Unauthorized access to our platform, systems, networks, or physical facilities could result in litigation with our counterparties. These proceedings could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business, or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our solutions and/or platform capabilities in response to such litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business. If a security breach were to occur and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our data or the data of our partners, patients or our counterparties was disrupted, we could incur significant liability, or our platform, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage with respect to security breaches or disruptions. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

Our business entails a significant risk of product liability and our ability to obtain sufficient insurance coverage could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

When we conduct clinical trials of our product candidates, we may be exposed to significant product liability risks inherent in the development, testing, manufacturing and marketing of therapeutic treatments. Product liability claims could delay or prevent completion of our development programs. If we succeed in marketing products, if approved, such claims could result in an FDA investigation of the safety and effectiveness of our products, our manufacturing processes and facilities or our marketing programs and potentially a recall of our products or more serious enforcement action, limitations on the approved indications for which they may be used or suspension or withdrawal of approvals. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may also result in decreased demand for our products, termination of clinical trial sites or entire trial programs, withdrawal of clinical trial participants, injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention, significant costs to defend the related litigation, a diversion of management’s time and our resources from our business operations, substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients, loss of revenue, the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop, and a decline in our stock price. We currently maintain general liability insurance. We may, however, need to obtain higher levels of product liability insurance for later stages of clinical development or marketing any of our product candidates. Any insurance we have or may obtain may not provide sufficient coverage against potential liabilities. Furthermore, clinical trial and product liability insurance is becoming increasingly expensive. As a result, we may be unable to obtain sufficient insurance at a reasonable cost to protect us against losses caused by product liability claims that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other illegal activity by our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners and vendors. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct that fails to comply with FDA regulations, provide true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, EMA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, comply with manufacturing standards we may establish, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. If we obtain FDA approval of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our potential exposure under these laws will increase significantly, and our costs associated with compliance with these laws will likely increase. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, including the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, loss of eligibility to obtain approvals from the FDA, EMA, or other foreign regulatory body, exclusion from participation in government contracting, healthcare reimbursement or other government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, or reputational harm.

If we do not comply with laws regulating the protection of the environment and health and human safety, our business could be affected adversely.

Our research and development activities involve the use of hazardous chemicals and materials, including radioactive materials. We are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous chemicals and materials. We believe our procedures for storing, handling and disposing these materials in our facilities comply with the relevant guidelines of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Although we believe that our safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards mandated by applicable regulations, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures, exposure to blood-borne pathogens and the handling of animals and biohazardous materials. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of these materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We may incur substantial costs to comply with, and substantial fines or penalties if we violate, any of these laws or regulations.

We, or the third parties on whom we depend, may be adversely affected by natural disasters and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Any unplanned event, such as flood, fire, explosion, earthquake, extreme weather condition, medical epidemic, power shortage, telecommunication failure or other natural or manmade accidents or incidents that result in us being unable to fully utilize our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our CDMOs, may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to operate our business, particularly on a daily basis, and have significant negative consequences on our financial and operating conditions. Extreme weather conditions or other natural disasters could further disrupt our operations and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If a natural disaster, power outage or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our headquarters, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as our research facilities or the manufacturing facilities of our CDMOs, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible, for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time, if at all.

Our employees often conduct business outside of any facilities leased by us. These locations may be subject to additional security and other risk factors due to the limited control of our employees. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place may prove inadequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar event. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. As part of our risk management policy, we maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, in the event of an accident or incident at these facilities, we cannot assure you that the amounts of insurance will be sufficient to satisfy any damages and losses. If our facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of our CDMOs, are unable to operate because of an accident or incident or for any other reason, even for a short period of time, any or all of our research and development programs may be harmed. Any business interruption could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition or results of operations.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act may affect us, and certain aspects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act could be repealed or modified under proposed legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the CARES Act, or any other newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the CARES Act or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and we may never achieve profitability. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, as modified by the CARES Act, unused U.S. federal net operating losses generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, will not expire and may be carried forward indefinitely but the deductibility of such federal net operating losses for any year is limited to no more than 80% of the excess, if any, of current year taxable income (without regard to certain deductions) over the amount of federal net operating losses generated in tax years beginning before January 1, 2018 that are deducted in the current year. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or the CARES Act. In addition, both our current and our future unused losses and other tax attributes may be subject to limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, if we undergo, or have undergone, an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in our equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period. We have not completed a Section 382 study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our formation due to the complexity and cost associated with such a study and the fact that there may be additional ownership changes in the future. As a result, if we undergo an ownership change, our ability to use all of our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset our post-change income or taxes may be limited. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit our use of accumulated state tax attributes. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating losses is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. As a result, even if we attain profitability, we may be unable to use all or a material portion of our net operating losses and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We do not have the ability to independently conduct all aspects of our nonclinical testing or clinical trials ourselves. As a result, we are dependent on third parties to conduct our ongoing and planned nonclinical studies and clinical trials of our future product candidates. The timing of the initiation and completion of these trials will therefore be partially controlled by such third parties and may result in delays to our development programs. Specifically, we expect CROs, clinical investigators and consultants to play a significant role in the conduct of these trials and the subsequent collection and analysis of data. However, these CROs and other third parties are not our employees, and we will not be able to control all aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each clinical trial is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal, regulatory and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs and other third parties does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with good clinical practices, or GCP, requirements, which are regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA for product candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, clinical trial investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or any of our CROs or clinical trial sites fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that, upon inspection, the FDA will determine that our clinical trials comply with GCPs. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with product produced under cGMP regulations. Our failure, or the failure of third parties on whom we rely, to comply with these regulations may require us to stop and/or repeat clinical trials, which would delay the marketing approval process.

There is no guarantee that any such CROs, clinical trial investigators or other third parties on which we rely will devote adequate time and resources to our development activities or perform as contractually required. If any of these third parties fail to meet expected deadlines, adhere to our clinical protocols or meet regulatory requirements, otherwise perform in a substandard manner, or terminate their engagements with us, the timelines for our development programs may be extended or delayed or our development activities may be suspended or terminated. If our clinical trial site terminates for any reason, we may experience the loss of follow-up information on patients enrolled in such clinical trial unless we are able to transfer those patients to another qualified clinical trial site, which may be difficult or impossible.

Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other product development activities that could harm our competitive position. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, marketing approvals for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, commercialize our products, if approved.

We may, in the future, enter into collaborations with third parties for the discovery, development and commercialization of product candidates, if approved. If those collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

We may seek third-party collaborators for the development and commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approved, on a select basis, including potentially in specific foreign jurisdictions. We have not entered into any collaborations to date. Our likely collaborators for any future collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. We will face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Our ability to reach a definitive agreement for a future collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the future collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of our business.

If we do enter into any such arrangements with any third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our future collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our future collaborators’ abilities and efforts to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. Collaborations with future collaborators involving THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates would pose numerous risks to us, including the following:

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collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations and may not perform their obligations as expected;

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collaborators may de-emphasize or not pursue development and commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborators’ strategic focus, including as a result of a sale or disposition of a business unit or development function, or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities;

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collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

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collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours;

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a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to multiple products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of our product, if approved, relative to other products;

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collaborators may not properly obtain, maintain, defend or enforce our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information and intellectual property in such a way as to invite litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information and intellectual property or expose us to potential litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings;

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disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or, if approved, commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;

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collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or, if approved, commercialization of the applicable product candidates;

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collaboration agreements may not lead to development or, if approved, commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all; and

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if a future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or, if approved, commercialization program could be delayed, diminished or terminated.

If we establish one or more collaborations, all of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval and, if approved, commercialization described above would also apply to the activities of any such future collaborators.

We rely on third-party manufacturers and suppliers, including foreign manufacturers, to supply components of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. The loss of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers, or our or their failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements or to supply sufficient quantities at acceptable quality levels or prices, or at all, would materially and adversely affect our business.

We do not own or operate facilities for drug manufacturing, storage, distribution or quality testing. We currently rely, and may continue to rely, on CDMOs, including in the United States, China and Europe, to manufacture bulk drug substances, drug products, raw materials, samples, components, or other materials and reports. Reliance on CDMOs may expose us to different risks than if we were to manufacture product candidates ourselves. There can be no assurance that our nonclinical and clinical development product supplies will not be limited, interrupted, terminated or of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In particular, any replacement of our CDMOs could require significant effort and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified replacements.

The manufacturing process for a product candidate is subject to FDA, EMA and other foreign regulatory authority review. We, and our suppliers and manufacturers, must meet applicable manufacturing requirements and undergo rigorous facility and process validation tests required by regulatory authorities in order to comply with regulatory standards, such as current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMPs. Securing marketing approval also requires the submission of information about the product manufacturing process to, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the FDA, EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities. If our contract manufacturers are unable to maintain a compliance status acceptable to the FDA, EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities, THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may not be approved. If our contract manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, EMA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, we may not be able to rely on their manufacturing facilities for the manufacture of components of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Moreover, although we do not control the manufacturing process at our contract manufacturers and are completely dependent on them for compliance with current regulatory requirements, we are nonetheless responsible for ensuring that THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are manufactured in accordance with applicable laws and regulatory requirements. In the event that any of our manufacturers fails to comply with such requirements or to perform its obligations in relation to quality, timing or otherwise, or if our supply of components or other materials becomes limited or interrupted for other reasons, we may be forced to enter into an agreement with another third party, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In some cases, the technical skills or technology required to manufacture THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original contract manufacturer and we may have difficulty transferring the manufacturing of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates to another third party. These factors would increase our reliance on such manufacturer or require us to obtain a license from such manufacturer in order to enable us, or to have another third party, manufacture THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. If we are required to change manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations and guidelines, and we may be required to repeat some of the development program. The delays associated with the verification of a new manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates in a timely manner or within budget.

We expect to continue to rely on CDMOs if we receive regulatory approval for any product candidate. To the extent that we have existing, or enter into future, manufacturing arrangements with third parties, we will depend on these third parties to perform their obligations in a timely manner consistent with contractual and regulatory requirements, including those related to quality control and assurance. Any manufacturing facilities used to produce THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates will be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA, EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities, including for continued compliance with cGMP requirements, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents. If we are unable to obtain or maintain third-party manufacturing for product candidates, or to do so on commercially reasonable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, if approves. Our or a third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements, to comply with cGMPs or to maintain a compliance status acceptable to the FDA, EMA or other foreign regulatory authorities could adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including:

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an inability to initiate or continue clinical trials of product candidates under development;

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delay in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, if any, for product candidates;

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loss of the cooperation of future collaborators;

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subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

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requirements to cease distribution or to recall batches of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates; and

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in the event of approval to market and commercialize a product candidate, an inability to meet commercial demands for our products.

Further, for some of our contract manufacturing, we rely on third parties located in China, and we expect to continue to use such third-party manufacturers for such purposes. For any activities conducted in China, we are exposed to the possibility of product supply disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the U.S. or Chinese governments, political unrest or unstable economic conditions in China. Any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as export controls, capital controls or tariffs, new legislation or regulations, renegotiation of existing trade agreements, or any retaliatory trade actions due to recent trade tension, may impede, delay, limit, or increase the cost of manufacturing our product candidates. Such events could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, our contract manufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes or unstable political environments. If our contract manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, our ability to provide THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates to patients in nonclinical and clinical trials, or to provide products for treatment of patients, if approved and commercialized, would be jeopardized.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patents and other forms of intellectual property rights, including in-licenses of intellectual property rights of others, for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, as well as our ability to preserve our trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing upon our proprietary rights and to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. Currently, our intellectual property protection includes patent applications owned by us and patents and patent applications that we have in-licensed from Novartis under the Novartis Agreement. We may not be able to apply for patents on certain aspects of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in a timely fashion or at all. Further, we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain, enforce and license any patents that may issue from such patent applications, at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

There may be circumstances where we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of all patent applications that we license from third parties, or to maintain and/or enforce the rights to patents licensed from third parties, in which case, we will be dependent on our licensors to obtain, maintain and enforce patent protection for our licensed intellectual property. Our licensors may not successfully prosecute the patent applications that are licensed to us and even if patents are issued in respect of these patent applications, our licensors may fail to maintain these patents or may determine not to pursue litigation against other companies that are infringing these patents. In other words, such licensed patents and patent applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Further, we cannot be certain that such activities related to the preparation, filing, prosecution, maintenance and/or enforcement of the licensed patent rights by licensors have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patent rights. We may have limited control over the manner in which our licensors initiate an infringement proceeding against a third-party infringer of the licensed patent rights, or defend certain of the licensed patent rights. It is possible that the licensor’s infringement proceeding or defense activities with respect to the licensed patent rights may be less vigorous than had we conducted them ourselves. In the event our licensors fail to adequately pursue and maintain patent protection for the licensed patents and patent applications they control, and to timely cede control of such prosecution and/or enforcement to us, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

Future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technology or from developing competing products and technology. There is no guarantee that any of our pending patent applications will result in issued or granted patents, that any of our future issued or granted patents will not later be found to be invalid or unenforceable or that any future issued or granted patents will include claims that are sufficiently broad to cover THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or to provide meaningful protection from our competitors. Moreover, the patent position of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain because it involves complex legal and factual questions. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our current and future proprietary technology and product candidates are covered by valid and enforceable patents, or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. If third parties disclose or misappropriate our proprietary rights, it may materially and adversely affect our position in the market.

Our pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless and until a patent issues from such applications. Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, currently, the first to file a patent application is generally entitled to the patent. However, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to invent was entitled to the patent. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a large number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case. The standards applied by the USPTO and foreign patent offices in granting patents are not always applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claims allowable in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical patents. As such, we do not know the degree of future protection that we will have on our proprietary products and technology. The process of obtaining patents is time consuming, expensive and sometimes unpredictable.

Once granted, for a given period after allowance or grant patents may remain open to opposition, interference, re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, nullification, or derivation action in court or before patent offices or similar proceedings, during which time third parties can raise objections against such initial grant. Such proceedings may continue for a protracted period of time and an adverse determination in any such proceedings could reduce the scope of the allowed or granted claims thus attacked, or could result in our patents being invalidated in whole or in part, or being held unenforceable, which could allow third parties to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and compete directly with us without payment to us. In addition, there can be no assurance that:

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others will not or may not be able to make, use or sell compounds that are the same as or similar to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we own or license;

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we or our licensors, or our existing or future collaborators are the first to make the inventions covered by each of our issued patents and pending patent applications that we own or license;

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we or our licensors, or our existing or future collaborators are the first to file patent applications covering certain aspects of our inventions;

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others will not independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;

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a third party may not challenge our patents and, if challenged, a court would hold that our patents are valid, enforceable and infringed;

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any issued patents that we own or have licensed or that we may license in the future will provide us with any competitive advantages, or will not be challenged by third parties;

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we may develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

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the patents of others will not have a material or adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects; and

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our competitors do not conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have enforceable patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets.

If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future product candidates.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent protection for certain aspects of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, we also consider trade secrets, including confidential and unpatented know-how, important to the maintenance of our competitive position. Our reliance on third parties requires us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed. We seek to protect trade secrets and confidential and unpatented know-how, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to such knowledge, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors and other third parties. We also enter into confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees and consultants that obligate them to maintain confidentiality and assign their inventions to us. Despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we breach our license agreements, it could have a material adverse effect on our commercialization efforts for any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

We are party to a license agreement, the Novartis Agreement, that enable us to utilize third-party intellectual property in the development of our prior product candidate, THB001, and our current product candidate, THB335. We may in the future enter into more such license agreements with third parties under which we license the use, development and commercialization rights to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or technology from third parties.

These intellectual property license agreements may require us to comply with various obligations, including diligence obligations such as development and commercialization obligations, as well as potential royalty and milestone payments and other obligations. If we fail to comply with our obligations under any of these license agreements, use the licensed intellectual property in an unauthorized manner, we are subject to bankruptcy-related proceedings or otherwise materially breach any of these license agreements, the terms of the license granted may be materially modified, such as by rendering currently exclusive licenses non-exclusive, or it may give our licensors the right to terminate the applicable license agreement, in whole or in part. Generally, the loss of or termination of our rights under the Novartis Agreement, or any other licenses we may acquire in the future, could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may also, in the future, enter into license agreements with third parties under which we are a sublicensee. If our sublicensor fails to comply with its obligations under its upstream license agreement with its licensor, the licensor may have the right to terminate the upstream license, which may result in termination of our sublicense. If this were to occur, we would no longer have rights to the applicable intellectual property unless we are able to secure our own direct license with the owner of the relevant rights, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, or at all, which may impact our ability to continue to develop and commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates incorporating the relevant intellectual property.

Licensing of intellectual property is of critical importance to our business and involves complex legal, business and scientific issues. Disputes may arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license agreement, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

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whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

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our right to sublicense patent and other intellectual property rights to third parties under collaborative development relationships;

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our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

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our right to transfer or assign the license;

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the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and

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whether and the extent to which inventors are able to contest the assignment of their rights to our licensors.

If disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed or license in the future prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on acceptable terms or at all, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have material adverse effect on our business. In addition, if disputes arise as to ownership of licensed intellectual property, our ability to pursue or enforce the licensed patent rights may be jeopardized. If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect this intellectual property, our ability to commercialize our products could suffer. Further, certain of our future license agreements with third parties may limit or delay our ability to consummate certain transactions, may impact the value of those transactions or may limit our ability to pursue certain activities (e.g., we may in the future enter into license agreements that are not assignable or transferable, or that require the licensor’s express consent in order for an assignment or transfer to take place).

Our intellectual property licensed from various third parties may be subject to retained rights.

Licensors often retain certain rights under license agreements, including the right to use the underlying licensed intellectual property for non-commercial academic and research use, to publish general scientific findings from research related to the licensed intellectual property, and to make customary scientific and scholarly disclosures of information relating to the licensed intellectual property. It is difficult to monitor whether licensors limit their use of the licensed intellectual property to these uses, and we could incur substantial expenses to enforce our rights to our licensed intellectual property in the event of misuse.

In addition, the United States federal government retains certain rights in inventions produced with its financial assistance under the Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act, or the Bayh-Dole Act. The federal government retains a “nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license” for its own benefit. The Bayh-Dole Act also provides federal agencies with “march-in rights.” March-in rights allow the government, in specified circumstances, to require the contractor or successors in title to the patent to grant a “nonexclusive, partially exclusive, or exclusive license” to a “responsible applicant or applicants.” If the patent owner refuses to do so, the government may grant the license itself. In the future, we may need to collaborate with academic institutions to accelerate our research or development with respect to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. While we try to avoid engaging our university partners in projects in which there is a risk that federal funds may be commingled, we cannot guarantee that any co-developed intellectual property will be free from government rights pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act. If, in the future, we co-own or license intellectual property which is critical to our business that is developed in whole or in part with federal funds subject to the Bayh-Dole Act, our ability to enforce or otherwise exploit such licensed intellectual property may be adversely affected.

Our strategy of obtaining rights to key technologies through in-licenses may not be successful.

We may seek to expand our product candidate pipeline in part by in-licensing the rights to key technologies. The future growth of our business will depend in part on our ability to in-license or otherwise acquire the rights to additional product candidates or technologies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to in-license or acquire the rights to any product candidates or technologies from third parties on acceptable terms or at all. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology.

The in-licensing and acquisition of these technologies is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire product candidates or technologies that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to license rights to us. Furthermore, we may be unable to identify suitable product candidates or technologies within our area of focus. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to suitable product candidates or technologies, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.

Other companies or organizations may challenge our or our licensors’ patent rights or may assert patent rights that prevent us from developing and commercializing our products.

Oral KIT inhibitor therapies for the treatment of mast cell-mediated mast cell driven inflammatory disease are a relatively new scientific field. In addition to patent applications that we own or in-license to KIT inhibitor therapies, there are pending patent applications by others in the United States and in key markets around the world that claim many different methods, compositions and processes relating to the discovery, development and manufacture of small-molecule KIT inhibitor-based and other therapeutics.

As the field of small-molecule KIT inhibitor-based therapeutics continues to mature, patent applications are being processed by national patent offices around the world. There is uncertainty about which patents will issue and, if they do, as to when, to whom, and with what claims. In addition, third parties may attempt to invalidate our intellectual property rights. Even if our rights are not directly challenged, disputes could lead to the weakening of our intellectual property rights. Our defense against any attempt by third parties to circumvent or invalidate our intellectual property rights could be costly to us, could require significant time and attention of our management and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects or our ability to successfully compete. If we are found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing or commercializing the infringing product candidate or product.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing patents covering our technology in the United States and in other jurisdictions worldwide would be extremely costly, and our or our licensors’ or collaborators’ intellectual property rights may not exist in some countries outside the United States or may be less extensive in some countries than in the United States. In jurisdictions where we or our licensors or collaborators have not obtained patent protection, competitors may seek to use our or our licensors’ or collaborators’ technology to develop competing products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but where it is more difficult to enforce a patent as compared to the United States. Competitor products may compete with our future products in jurisdictions where we do not have issued or granted patents or where our or our licensors’ or collaborators’ issued or granted patent claims or other intellectual property rights are not sufficient to prevent competitor activities in these jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, make it difficult to enforce patents and such countries may not recognize other types of intellectual property protection, particularly relating to pharmaceuticals or biopharmaceuticals. This could make it difficult for us or our licensors or collaborators to prevent the infringement of our or their patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our or their proprietary rights generally in certain jurisdictions. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our and our licensors’ or collaborators’ patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our licensors or collaborators. We or our licensors or collaborators may not prevail in any lawsuits that we or our licensors or collaborators initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

When we elect to pursue patent protection on an invention, we generally first file a U.S. provisional patent application (a priority filing) at the USPTO. An international patent application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, is then usually filed within twelve months after the priority filing. Based on the PCT filing, national and regional patent applications may be filed in the United States, the European Patent Office and, depending on the individual case, also in any or all of, inter alia, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Eurasia, South Africa, South Korea and other jurisdictions. We have thus far not filed for patent protection in all national and regional jurisdictions where such protection may be available. In addition, we may decide to abandon national and regional patent applications before grant. Finally, the grant proceeding of each national or regional patent office is an independent proceeding which may lead to situations in which applications might in some jurisdictions be refused by the relevant registration authorities, while granted by others. It is also quite common that, depending on the country, various scopes of patent protection may be granted on the same product candidate or technology.

The laws of some jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws in the United States, and many companies have encountered significant difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in such jurisdictions. If we or our licensors or collaborators encounter difficulties in protecting, or are otherwise precluded from effectively protecting, the intellectual property rights important for our business in such jurisdictions, the value of these rights may be diminished and we may face additional competition from others in those jurisdictions. Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such a patent. If we or any of our licensors or collaborators are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position in the relevant jurisdiction may be impaired and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

We, our licensors or collaborators, or any future strategic partners may need to resort to litigation to protect or enforce our patents, if and when granted, or other proprietary rights, all of which could be costly, time consuming, delay or prevent the development and commercialization of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, or put our patents, if and when granted, and other proprietary rights at risk.

Competitors may infringe our patents, if and when granted, or other intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products or our technology, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, lack of adequate written description, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that an individual connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity or unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on one or more of our products or certain aspects of our platform technology. Such a loss of patent protection could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the inventorship or priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or if a non-exclusive license is offered and our competitors gain access to the same technology. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates to market. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Patents and other intellectual property rights will not protect our technology if competitors design around our protected technology without legally infringing our patents or other intellectual property rights.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, and we, our licensors or collaborators, or any future strategic partners may become subject to third party claims or litigation alleging infringement of patents or other proprietary rights or seeking to invalidate patents or other proprietary rights. We might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

We, our licensors or collaborators, or any future strategic partners, may be subject to third-party claims for infringement or misappropriation of patent or other proprietary rights. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, derivations, post-grant reviews, oppositions and inter partes review proceedings before the USPTO, and corresponding foreign patent offices. There may be issued patents and pending patent applications that claim aspects of our targets or THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates and modifications that we may need to apply to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. There may be issued patents that claim KIT inhibitors which may be relevant to the products we wish to develop. Thus, it is possible that one or more organizations will hold patent rights to which we will need a license. If those organizations refuse to grant us a license to such patent rights on reasonable terms, we may not be able to market products or perform research and development or other activities covered by these patents, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we, our licensors or collaborators, or any future strategic partners are found to infringe a third-party patent or other intellectual property rights, we could be required to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we or they are found to have infringed willfully. In addition, we, our licensors or collaborators, or any future strategic partners may choose to seek, or be required to seek, a license from a third party, which may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Even if a license can be obtained on acceptable terms, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could give our competitors access to the same technology or intellectual property rights licensed to us. If we fail to obtain a required license, we or our existing or future collaborators may be unable to effectively market product candidates based on our technology, which could limit our ability to generate revenue or achieve profitability and possibly prevent us from generating revenue sufficient to sustain our operations. In addition, we may find it necessary to pursue claims or initiate lawsuits to protect or enforce our patent or other intellectual property rights. The cost to us in defending or initiating any litigation or other proceeding relating to patent or other proprietary rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial, and litigation could divert our management’s attention. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could delay our research and development efforts and limit our ability to continue our operations.

Our competitive position may suffer if patents issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights cover our products or product candidates or elements thereof, or our manufacture or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or product candidates until such patents expire or unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned, or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may be issued patents of which we are not aware, held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. There also may be pending patent applications of which we are not aware that may result in issued patents, which could be alleged to be infringed by THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, including potentially treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, and we may be forced to abandon THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, in certain situations, a U.S. patent application can remain confidential until the patent application issues as a U.S. patent. International patent applications and parallel patent applications in the United States and elsewhere are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our products could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our products or the use of our products. Third-party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in marketing our products. Parties making claims against us may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have material adverse effect on our ability to raise additional funds or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing THB335 or our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign product candidates so that we no longer infringe the third-party intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Intellectual property litigation could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our employees from their normal responsibilities.

Litigation and other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims, with or without merit, are unpredictable and generally expensive and time consuming and are likely to divert significant resources from our core business, including distracting our technical and management employees from their normal responsibilities. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Moreover, such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities.

We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating or from successfully challenging our intellectual property rights. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may be subject to claims that we or our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of our employees’ or consultants’ former employers or their clients. These claims may be costly to defend and if we do not successfully do so, we may be required to pay monetary damages and may lose valuable intellectual property rights or employees.

Many of our employees, including our management, were previously employed at biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or employees. A loss of key research employees or their work product could hamper our ability to develop and ultimately commercialize, or prevent us from developing and commercializing, THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, which could severely harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Patent terms may be insufficient to protect our competitive position on THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various patent term adjustments or extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We have systems in place to remind us to pay these fees, and we employ an outside firm and/or rely on our outside counsel to pay these fees due to the USPTO and non-U.S. governmental patent agencies. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We employ reputable law firms and other professionals to help us comply, and in many cases an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we do not obtain patent term extension and data exclusivity for any product candidates we may develop, our business may be harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of any product candidates we may develop and our technology, our U.S. patent or one or more U.S. patents that may issue in the future based on a patent application that we license or may own may be eligible for limited patent term extension under Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent extension term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent may be extended and only those claims covering the approved product, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. The application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent for which extension is sought and within 60 days of FDA approval. A patent that covers multiple products for which approval is sought can only be extended in connection with one of the approvals. However, we may not be granted an extension because of, for example, failing to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. In addition, to the extent we wish to pursue patent term extension based on a patent that we in-license from a third party, we would need the cooperation of that third party. If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Changes in U.S. patent and ex-U.S. patent laws could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States or in other jurisdictions could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. In the United States, numerous recent changes to the patent laws and proposed changes to the rules of the USPTO may have a significant impact on our ability to protect our technology and enforce our intellectual property rights. For example, the America Invents Act, involved significant changes in patent legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, some of which cases either narrow the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weaken the rights of patent owners in certain situations. For example, the decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. precludes a claim to a nucleic acid having a stated nucleotide sequence that is identical to a sequence found in nature and unmodified. Moreover, in 2012, the USPTO issued a guidance memo to patent examiners indicating that process claims directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon or a naturally occurring relation or correlation that do not include additional elements or steps that integrate the natural principle into the claimed invention such that the natural principle is practically applied and the claim amounts to significantly more than the natural principle itself should be rejected as directed to patent-ineligible subject matter. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once granted. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, and similar legislative and regulatory bodies in other countries in which may pursue patent protection, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways, particularly with respect to pharmaceutical patent protection, that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

THB335 and any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are or will be subject to extensive governmental regulations relating to, among other things, research, testing, development, manufacturing, approval, recordkeeping, reporting, labeling, storage, packaging, advertising and promotion, pricing, post-approval monitoring, marketing, sale and distribution of drugs. Rigorous nonclinical testing and clinical trials and an extensive regulatory approval process are required to be completed successfully in the United States and in many foreign jurisdictions before a new drug can be marketed. Satisfaction of these and other regulatory requirements is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. It is possible that none of the product candidates we may develop will obtain the regulatory approvals necessary for us to begin selling them.

We have no prior experience in conducting and managing the clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approvals, including approval by the FDA. The time required to obtain FDA and other approvals is unpredictable but typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials, depending upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidate. The standards that the FDA and its foreign counterparts use when regulating us require judgment and can change, which makes it difficult to predict with certainty their application. Any analysis we perform of data from nonclinical and clinical activities is subject to confirmation and interpretation by regulatory authorities, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. We may also encounter unexpected delays or increased costs due to new government regulations, for example, from future legislation or administrative action, or from changes in FDA policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and FDA regulatory review. Such disruptions could divert healthcare resources away from, or materially delay review by, the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory agencies. It is unknown how long these disruptions could continue, were they to occur. Any elongation or de-prioritization of nonclinical studies or clinical trials or delay in regulatory review resulting from such disruptions could materially affect the development and study of any future product candidates. It is impossible to predict whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether FDA or foreign regulations, guidance or interpretations will be changed, or the impact of such changes, if any.

Further, the FDA and its foreign counterparts may respond to any NDA that we may submit by defining requirements that we do not anticipate. Such responses could delay clinical development of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

Any delay or failure in obtaining required approvals could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues from the particular product candidate for which we are seeking approval. Furthermore, any regulatory approval to market a product may be subject to limitations on the approved uses for which we may market the product or on the labeling or other restrictions.

We are also subject to or may in the future become subject to numerous foreign regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the conduct of clinical trials, manufacturing and marketing authorization, pricing and third-party reimbursement. The foreign regulatory approval process varies among countries and may include all of the risks associated with the FDA approval process described above, as well as risks attributable to the satisfaction of local regulations in foreign jurisdictions. Moreover, the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. FDA approval does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities outside the United States and vice versa. Any delay or failure to obtain U.S. or foreign regulatory approval for a product candidate could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense. Additionally, THB335 or any future product candidates, if approved, could be subject to labeling and other restrictions and market withdrawal. We may also be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or experience unanticipated problems with our products.

Any regulatory approvals that we obtain for THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may also be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which a product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate.

In addition, if the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority approves any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, post-approval monitoring and adverse event reporting, storage, import, export, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. The FDA has significant post-market authority, including the authority to require labeling changes based on new safety information and to require post-market studies or clinical trials to evaluate safety risks related to the use of a product or to require withdrawal of the product from the market. The FDA also has the authority to require a REMS after approval, which may impose further requirements or restrictions on the distribution or use of an approved drug. The manufacturing facilities we use to make an oral future KIT inhibitor product, if any, will also be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA and other regulatory agencies, including for continued compliance with cGMP requirements. The discovery of any new or previously unknown problems with our CDMOs, manufacturing processes or facilities may result in restrictions on the product, manufacturer or facility, including withdrawal of the product from the market. If we rely on CDMOs, we will not have control over compliance with applicable rules and regulations by such manufacturers. Any product promotion and advertising will also be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding use of their products. If we promote THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in a manner inconsistent with FDA-approved labeling or otherwise not in compliance with FDA regulations, we may be subject to enforcement action. Moreover, while we believe that THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates may provide better safety or effectiveness as compared to approved products, if we do not study THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates in head-to-head trials with those products, we will not be able to make comparative claims for our products, if approved. If we or our, manufacturers or service providers fail to comply with applicable continuing regulatory requirements in the United States or foreign jurisdictions in which we seek to market our products, we or they may be subject to, among other things, fines, warning letters, holds on clinical trials, delay of approval or refusal by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory bodies to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval, product recalls and seizures, administrative detention of products, refusal to permit the import or export of products, operating restrictions, injunction, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

Subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with our CDMOs or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:

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restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, withdrawal of the product from the market or voluntary or mandatory product recalls;

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fines, warning or untitled letters or holds on clinical trials;

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refusal by the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications filed by us or our strategic partners;

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suspension or revocation of product license approvals;

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product seizure or detention or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability, which would adversely affect our business.

We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative or executive action, either in the United States or abroad. Changes in FDA staffing could result in delays in the FDA’s responsiveness or in its ability to review submissions or applications, issue regulations or guidance, or implement or enforce regulatory requirements in a timely fashion or at all. Similar consequences would also result in the event of another significant shutdown of the federal government such as the one that occurred from December 22, 2018 through January 25, 2019. It is difficult to predict how these requirements will be implemented, and the extent to which they will impact the FDA’s ability to exercise its regulatory authority. If any legislation, executive orders, or lapses in agency funding impose constraints on the FDA’s ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted.

Our operations and relationships with healthcare providers, healthcare organizations, customers and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-bribery, anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, transparency and other healthcare and privacy laws and regulations, which could expose us to, among other things, enforcement actions, criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens and diminished profits and future earnings.

Our current and future arrangements with healthcare providers, healthcare organizations, third-party payors and customers expose us to broadly applicable anti-bribery, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research as well as market, sell and distribute THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. In addition, we may be subject to patient data privacy and security regulation by the U.S. federal government and the states and the foreign governments in which we conduct our business. Restrictions under applicable federal and state anti-bribery and healthcare laws and regulations include the following:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, individuals and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal and state healthcare program such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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the federal criminal and civil false claims and civil monetary penalties laws, including the federal False Claims Act, which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions against individuals or entities, prohibits, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, may also violate false claims laws. Moreover, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act;

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HIPAA, which prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services; similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their respective implementing regulations, which impose obligations on certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as their business associates and their covered subcontractors that perform certain services involving the storage, use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, including mandatory contractual terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information, and require notification to affected individuals and regulatory authorities of certain breaches of security of individually identifiable health information;

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state privacy laws and regulations that impose restrictive requirements regulating the use and disclosure of health information and other sensitive personal information that is not subject to HIPAA. For example, in June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (“CPRA”) which gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, restrict processing of sensitive personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used, and provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action that may lead to an increased probability for data breach litigation, all of which will result in increased compliance costs and potential liability. The CPRA also created a new privacy regulator called the California Privacy Protection Agency, which is charged with enforcement as well as drafting and promulgating new privacy regulations. Following California’s lead, several other states enacted privacy laws that have taken effect in 2023 and 2024 to date: the Colorado Privacy Act, the Connecticut Personal Data Privacy and Online Monitoring Act, the Utah Consumer Privacy Act, the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, the Florida Digital Bill of Rights, Oregon’s protections for the personal data of consumers enacted through SB 619, and the Texas Data Privacy and Security Act. Additional state privacy laws are to take effect in the second half of 2024 and beyond. In addition, a comprehensive federal privacy bill, which includes a private right of action for violations, has been proposed and is under review by the House of Representatives;

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the federal legislation commonly referred to as Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the ACA, and its implementing regulations, which requires certain manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with certain exceptions, to report annually to CMS information related to certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain other health care professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by the physicians described above and their immediate family members, with the information made publicly available on a searchable website;

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analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, that may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; and

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certain state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and drug pricing information, state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Efforts to ensure that our current and future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could involve substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any such requirements, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, loss of eligibility to obtain approvals from the FDA, exclusion from participation in government contracting, healthcare reimbursement or other government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, or reputational harm, any of which could adversely affect our financial results.

These risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for an alleged or suspected violation could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and could divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business, even if our defense is successful. In addition, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable laws and regulations may be costly to us in terms of money, time and resources.

We are subject to stringent and changing obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse business consequences.

In the ordinary course of business, we process personal data and other sensitive information, including our proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, data we collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials, and other sensitive data. Our data processing activities subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contracts and other obligations that govern the processing of personal data by us and on our behalf.

In the United States, federal, state and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws and consumer protection laws. For example, HIPAA, as amended by HITECH, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. At the state level, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, or CCPA, imposes obligations on businesses to which it applies. These obligations include, but are not limited to, providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording California residents certain rights related to their personal data. Although the CCPA exempts some data processed in the context of clinical trials, the CCPA could increase compliance costs and potential liability. In addition, the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, or CPRA, which went into effect on January 1, 2023, imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and significantly modifies the CCPA, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that is vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and CPRA. Virginia’s Consumer Data Protection Act, which took effect on January 1, 2023, requires businesses subject to the legislation to conduct data protection assessments in certain circumstances and requires opt-in consent from consumers to acquire and process their sensitive personal information, which includes information revealing a consumer’s physical and mental health diagnosis and genetic and biometric information that can identify a consumer. In addition, Colorado enacted the Colorado Privacy Act, and Connecticut enacted the Connecticut Data Privacy Act, each of which took effect on July 1, 2023, and Utah enacted the Consumer Privacy Act, which became effective on December 31, 2023, and each of these laws may increase the complexity, variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risks, and could require increased compliance costs and changes in business practices and policies. Other states have also enacted, proposed, or are considering proposing, data privacy laws, which could further complicate compliance efforts, increase our potential liability and adversely affect our business.

Outside the United States, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR, and the United Kingdom’s GDPR, or UK GDPR, impose strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals. For example, under the EU GDPR, government regulators may impose temporary or definitive bans on data processing, as well as fines of up to 20 million euros or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. Further, individuals may initiate litigation related to our processing of their personal data. Certain foreign jurisdictions have enacted data localization laws and cross-border personal data transfer laws, which could make it more difficult to transfer information across jurisdictions (such as transferring or receiving personal data that originates in the EU).

Although we endeavor to comply with all applicable data privacy and security obligations, these obligations are quickly changing, creating some uncertainty as to how to comply. Further, we may at times fail (or be perceived to have failed) to have complied and could face significant consequences. These consequences may include, but are not limited to, government enforcement actions (e.g., investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections and similar); litigation (including class-related claims); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; bans on processing personal data; orders to destroy or not use personal data; and imprisonment of company officials.

We may face difficulties from healthcare legislative and regulatory reform measures.

Existing laws and regulatory policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained, or may face penalties for any approved products, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs, including costs of pharmaceuticals. There has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set prices for their products, which has resulted in several presidential executive orders, Congressional inquiries, and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare and Medicaid, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For example, on August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 imposed, subject to certain temporary suspension periods, 2% reductions in Medicare payments to providers per fiscal year starting April 1, 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2031, unless additional Congressional action is taken. In December 2020, CMS issued a final rule implementing significant manufacturer price reporting changes under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, including an alternative rebate calculation for line extensions that is tied to the price increases of the original drug, and Best Price reporting related to certain value-based purchasing arrangements. Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, effective January 1, 2024, the statutory cap on Medicaid Drug Rebate Program rebates that manufacturers pay to state Medicaid programs is eliminated. Elimination of this cap may, in some cases, require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than they receive on the sale of products.

Recently, several healthcare reform initiatives culminated in the enactment of the Inflation Reduction Act, or IRA, in August 2022, which, among other things, allows HHS to directly negotiate the selling price of a statutorily specified number of drugs and biologics each year that CMS reimburses under Medicare Part B and Part D. Only high-expenditure single-source drugs that have been approved for at least 7 years (11 years for single-source biologics) are eligible to be selected for negotiation by CMS, with the negotiated price taking effect two years after the selection year. Negotiations for Medicare Part D products begin in 2024 with the negotiated price taking effect in 2026, and negotiations for Medicare Part B products begin in 2026 with the negotiated price taking effect in 2028. In August 2023, HHS announced the ten Medicare Part D drugs and biologics that it selected for negotiations. HHS will announce the negotiated maximum fair prices by September 1, 2024. This price cap, which cannot exceed a statutory ceiling price, will come into effect on January 1, 2026, and will represent a significant discount from average prices to wholesalers and direct purchasers. The IRA also imposes rebates on Medicare Part D and Part B drugs whose prices have increased at a rate greater than the rate of inflation. In addition, the law eliminates the “donut hole” under Medicare Part D beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost and requiring manufacturers to subsidize, through a newly established manufacturer discount program, 10% of Part D enrollees’ prescription costs for brand drugs below the out-of-pocket maximum, and 20% once the out-of-pocket maximum has been reached. The IRA also extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in ACA marketplaces through plan year 2025. The IRA permits the Secretary of HHS to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. Manufacturers that fail to comply with the IRA may be subject to various penalties, including significant civil monetary penalties. These provisions may be subject to legal challenges. For example, the provisions related to the negotiation of selling prices of high-expenditure single-source drugs and biologics have been challenged in multiple lawsuits brought by pharmaceutical manufacturers. The outcome of these lawsuits is uncertain, and some IRA drug discount provisions have not been challenged in litigation. Thus, while it is unclear how the IRA will be implemented, it will likely have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the pricing of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates.

At the state level, legislatures are increasingly enacting laws and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including restrictions or prohibitions on certain marketing practices, reporting of specified categories of remuneration provided to health care practitioners, and reporting and justification of price increases greater than a specified level. In some cases, states have designed programs to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing, though the federal government has not yet approved any such plans. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for pharmaceuticals and other healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or companion diagnostics or additional pricing pressures.

We expect that other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our products.

In addition, three decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court in July 2024 may lead to an increase in litigation against regulatory agencies that could create uncertainty and thus negatively impact our business. The first decision overturned established precedent that required courts to defer to regulatory agencies’ interpretations of ambiguous statutory language. The second decision overturned regulatory agencies’ ability to impose civil penalties in administrative proceedings. The third decision extended the statute of limitations within which entities may challenge agency actions. These cases may result in increased litigation by industry against regulatory agencies and impact how such agencies choose to pursue enforcement and compliance actions. However, the specific, lasting effects of these decisions, which may vary within different judicial districts and circuits, is unknown. We also cannot predict the extent to which FDA and SEC regulations, policies, and decisions may become subject to increasing legal challenges, delays, and changes.

The regulations that govern regulatory approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new drugs vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a drug before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription biopharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if THB335 or any of our oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which coverage and adequate reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from third-party payors including government authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other organizations. Patients who are provided medical treatment for their conditions generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their treatment. Coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors are critical to new product acceptance. Even if we succeed in bringing one or more products to the market, these products may not be considered cost-effective, and the amount reimbursed for any products may be insufficient to allow us to sell our products on a competitive basis. Because our programs are in the early stages of development, we are unable at this time to determine their cost effectiveness or the likely level or method of coverage and reimbursement. Increasingly, the third-party payors who reimburse patients or healthcare providers, such as government and private insurance plans, are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices, and are seeking to reduce the prices charged or the amounts reimbursed for biopharmaceutical products. If the price we are able to charge for any products we develop, or the coverage and reimbursement provided for such products, is inadequate in light of our development and other costs, our return on investment could be affected adversely.

There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved drugs, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the drug is approved by the FDA or similar foreign regulatory authorities. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any drug or therapeutic biologic will be reimbursed in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution.

Interim reimbursement levels for new drugs, if applicable, may also be insufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may be based on payments allowed for lower cost drugs that are already reimbursed, may be incorporated into existing payments for other services and may reflect budgetary constraints or imperfections in Medicare data.

Net prices for drugs may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of drugs from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. For example, the FDA released a final rule in September 2020 providing guidance for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada, and FDA authorized the first such plan in Florida in January 2024. Further, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement exists in the United States, and coverage and reimbursement can differ significantly from payor to payor. As a result, obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval of a product from a third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to each payor supporting scientific, clinical and cost effectiveness data for the use of our products on a payor-by-payor basis, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. There is significant uncertainty related to the insurance coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement rates, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement rates from both government-funded and private payors for new drugs that we develop and for which we obtain regulatory approval could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Export controls and trade sanctions laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit altogether the provision, sale, or supply of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates to certain governments, persons, entities, countries and territories, including those that are the target of comprehensive sanctions or an embargo. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents and contractors, from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties to sell our products outside the United States, to conduct clinical trials, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, or other partners even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

Governments outside the United States tend to impose strict price controls, which may adversely affect our revenue, if any.

In some countries, particularly member states of the European Union, or EU, the pricing of prescription drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used by various EU member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member states, can further reduce prices. To obtain coverage and reimbursement or pricing approvals in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates to other available therapies in order to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of any product candidate approved for marketing is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

An active and liquid trading market for our common stock may never be sustained and you may not be able to resell your shares of common stock at or above the purchase price, if at all.

An active trading market for our shares may not be sustained. The market value of our common stock may decline. As a result of these and other factors, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the price you paid for them, if at all. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. The lack of an active market may also reduce the fair market value of your shares. Furthermore, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic collaborations or acquire companies or products by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly or may fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, each of which may cause our stock price to fluctuate or decline.

We expect our operating results to be subject to quarterly fluctuations. Our net loss and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including:

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variations in the level of expense related to the ongoing development of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor development programs;

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results of nonclinical and future clinical trials, or the addition or termination of future clinical trials or funding support by us, or existing or future collaborators or licensing partners;

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our execution of any additional collaboration, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under existing or future arrangements or the termination or modification of any such existing or future arrangements;

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any intellectual property infringement lawsuit or opposition, interference or cancellation proceeding in which we may become involved;

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additions and departures of key employees;

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strategic decisions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions, divestitures, spin-offs, joint ventures, strategic investments or changes in business strategy;

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if THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates receives regulatory approval, the terms of such approval and market acceptance and demand for such product candidates;

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regulatory developments affecting THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates or those of our competitors; and

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changes in general market and economic conditions.

If our quarterly or annual operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly or annual fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our common stock to fluctuate substantially. We believe that quarterly comparisons of our financial results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which we cannot control, including without limitation as a result of the ongoing economic instability. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their common stock at or above the price initially paid for the stock. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section and the following:

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results of nonclinical studies and future clinical trials of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, or those of our competitors or our existing or future collaborators;

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regulatory or legal developments in the United States or other countries, especially changes in laws or regulations applicable to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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the success or failure of competitive products or technologies;

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introductions and announcements of new product candidates by us, any future commercialization partners, or our competitors, and the timing of these introductions or announcements;

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actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates, clinical studies, and, if approved, manufacturing process or sales and marketing terms;

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actual or anticipated variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

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the success of our efforts to acquire or in-license additional technologies or product candidates;

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developments concerning any future collaborations, including but not limited to those with development and commercialization partners of THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates are approved;

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market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;

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announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures or capital commitments;

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developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for THB335 or any oral future KIT inhibitor product candidates;

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our ability or inability to raise additional capital and the terms on which we are able to raise it, if at all;

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the recruitment or departure of key employees;

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changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

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actual or anticipated changes in earnings estimates, development timelines or changes in stock market analyst recommendations regarding our common stock, other comparable companies or our industry generally;

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our failure or the failure of our competitors to meet analysts’ projections or guidance that we or our competitors may give to the market;

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fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

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announcement and expectation of additional financing efforts;

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speculation in the press or investment community;

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fluctuations of trading volume of our common stock;

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sales of our common stock by us, insiders or our stockholders;

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the concentrated ownership of our common stock;

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expiration of market stand-off or lock-up agreements;

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changes in accounting principles;

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actions instituted by activist shareholders or others;

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terrorist acts, acts of war or periods of widespread civil unrest;

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natural disasters and other calamities, including global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic;

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political instability, including a potential temporary federal government shutdown; and

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general economic, industry and market conditions, including changes in interest rates and inflation, market volatility, the government closure of SVB and liquidity concerns at other financial institutions, and the potential for local and/or global economic recessions.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the markets for pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have been often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the issuer. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, could have a dramatic and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

A sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell in the public market, the market price of our stock could decline significantly.

The holders of a substantial number of shares of our outstanding common stock as of June 30, 2024, have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or our stockholders. We also have registered shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity incentive plans. These shares are freely tradeable in the public market.

We cannot predict what effect, if any, sales of our shares in the public market or the availability of shares for sale will have on the market price of our common stock. However, future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon exercise of our outstanding options, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We also expect that significant additional capital may be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the sale and issuance of shares of common stock or other securities convertible into shares of common stock, our stockholders will be diluted. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares of common stock, could reduce the market price of our common stock.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our common stock and will be able to control matters subject to stockholder approval.

Based on the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of June 30, 2024, our executive officers, directors, holders of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned a substantial portion of our outstanding voting stock. The interests of these stockholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these stockholders could delay or prevent a change of control of our Company, even if such a change of control would benefit our other stockholders, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our Company or our assets and might affect the prevailing market price of our common stock. The significant concentration of stock ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock due to investors’ perception that conflicts of interest may exist or arise.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies or smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 or JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding nonbinding advisory stockholder votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not approved previously.

We could be an “emerging growth company” until December 31, 2027, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” which occurs when the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30, or if we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31, or if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three-year period before that time, in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company immediately.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an “emerging growth company” or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act, upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which adoption is required for non-emerging growth companies and the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a “smaller reporting company” if either (i) the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a “smaller reporting company” at the time we cease to be an “emerging growth company”, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a “smaller reporting company” we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, we are not required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired.

When we become an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer,” our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing, and possible remediation. To achieve compliance with Section 404 within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants and adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. This process will be time-consuming, costly and complicated.

In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, we concluded that there was a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. See “We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we do not remediate the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or if we fail to establish and maintain effective internal control, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and may lead to a decline in the market price of our common stock.” Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could prevent or delay an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our Company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by current members of our board of directors, or the Board, or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions:

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establish a classified Board so that not all members of our Board are elected at one time;

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permit only the Board to establish the number of directors and fill vacancies on the Board;

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provide that directors may only be removed “for cause” and only with the approval of two-thirds of our stockholders;

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require super-majority voting to amend some provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws;

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authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our Board could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;

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eliminate the ability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;

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prohibit stockholder action by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

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prohibit cumulative voting; and

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establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders at annual stockholder meetings.

In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.

The exclusive forum provisions in our organizational documents may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or employees, or the underwriters of any offering giving rise to such claim, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Our restated certificate of incorporation, to the fullest extent permitted by law, provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our restated certificate of incorporation, or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision does not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. It could apply, however, to a suit that falls within one or more of the categories enumerated in the exclusive forum provision.

This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, or other employees, or the underwriters of any offering giving rise to such claims, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provisions contained in our restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the Federal Forum Provision, including for all causes of action asserted against any defendant named in such complaint. For the avoidance of doubt, this provision is intended to benefit and may be enforced by us, our officers and directors, the underwriters to any offering giving rise to such complaint, and any other professional entity whose profession gives authority to a statement made by that person or entity and who has prepared or certified any part of the documents underlying the offering. Our decision to adopt a Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While federal or other state courts may not follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or may determine that the Federal Forum Provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the Federal Forum Provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court, and our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. In addition, neither the exclusive forum provision nor the Federal Forum Provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder must be brought in federal court, and our stockholders cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. These provisions may limit a stockholders’ ability to bring a claim, and may result in increased costs for a stockholder to bring such a claim, in a judicial forum of their choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, other employees or agents, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, other employees or agents.

Because we do not anticipate paying any dividends on our capital stock for the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be your sole source of gain and you may never obtain a return on your investment.

We have never declared or paid dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any dividends for the foreseeable future, if at all. In addition, any future debt financings may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future and you may never obtain a return on your investment. As a result, investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

General Risk Factors

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over the industry or securities analysts, or the content and opinions included in their reports. If no or few securities or industry analysts continue or commence coverage of us, the trading price for our common stock could be impacted negatively. In the event we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property or our stock performance, or if our nonclinical studies and clinical trials and operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of such analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause a decline in our stock price or trading volume.

We will continue to incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” or “smaller reporting company,” we will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of Nasdaq and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and other employees will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly. For example, we expect that these rules and regulations may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to incur substantial costs to maintain sufficient coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board, our Board committees or as executive officers. The increased costs may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business. Moreover, these rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We are subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement causing us to fail to make any related party transaction disclosures. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. In addition, we do not have a formal risk management program for identifying and addressing risks to our business in other areas.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general, and Nasdaq and biopharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Use of Proceeds from Public Offering of Common Stock

On September 14, 2022, our Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (Registration No. 333-267022) was declared effective by the SEC for our IPO. At the closing of the offering on September 19, 2022, we sold 12,535,000 shares of common stock, including the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to 1,635,000 additional shares of common stock, at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. The aggregate net proceeds to us from the public offering, inclusive of the over-allotment exercise and after underwriting discounts and offering expenses, were approximately $198.2 million. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Jeffries LLC and Cowen and Company, LLC acted as joint book-running managers for the offering. No offering expenses were paid directly or indirectly to any of our directors or officers (or their associates) or persons owning 10% or more of any class of our equity securities or to any other affiliates.

There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in the prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) under the Securities Act on September 15, 2022.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

On September 25, 2023, Natalie Holles, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, entered into a pre-arranged written stock sale plan dated September 25, 2023 in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 (the “Holles 10b5-1 Plan”) under the Exchange Act, for the sale of shares of the Company’s common stock. The Holles 10b5-1 Plan was entered into during an open trading window in accordance with the Company’s insider trading policy and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Holles 10b5-1 Plan provided for the potential sale of up to 225,180 shares of the Company’s common stock, including upon the exercise of vested stock options for shares of the Company’s common stock, so long as the market price of the Company’s common stock is higher than certain minimum threshold prices specified in the Holles 10b5-1 Plan, between $12.15 and $22.11. On May 17, 2024, the Holles 10b5-1 Plan was terminated.

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit Number	Description	Form	File No.	Exhibit	Filing Date	Filed herewith
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.1*	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
32.2*	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.					X
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Third Harmonic Bio, Inc.

Date: August 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Natalie Holles
		Natalie Holles
		Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)



Date: August 8, 2024	By:	/s/ Christopher M. Murphy
		Christopher M. Murphy
		Chief Financial and Business Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION of principal executive officer PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) OR
15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Natalie Holles, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Third Harmonic Bio, Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2024

/s/ Natalie Holles
Natalie Holles

Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION of principal financial and accounting officer PURSUANT TO RULE

13a-14(a) OR 15d-14(a) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher M. Murphy, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Third Harmonic Bio, Inc.;

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 8, 2024

/s/ Christopher M. Murphy
Christopher M. Murphy
Chief Financial and Business Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Natalie Holles, Chief Executive Officer of Third Harmonic Bio, Inc. (the "Company"), do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Company for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the "Report") fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: August 8, 2024

/s/ Natalie Holles
Natalie Holles

Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL AND ACCOUNTING OFFICER PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Christopher M. Murphy Chief Financial and Business Officer of Third Harmonic Bio, Inc. (the "Company"), do hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

2. the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Dated: August 8, 2024

/s/ Christopher M. Murphy
Christopher M. Murphy
Chief Financial and Business Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Document and Entity Information - shares	6 Months Ended
Document and Entity Information - shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Aug. 02, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Entity Registrant Name	THIRD HARMONIC BIO, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0001923840
Entity File Number	001-41498
Entity Tax Identification Number	83-4553503
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Emerging Growth Company	true
Entity Ex Transition Period	false
Entity Address, Address Line One	1700 Montgomery Street
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 210
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address City Or Town	San Francisco
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94111
City Area Code	209
Local Phone Number	727-2457
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		41,097,512
Trading Symbol	THRD
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 255,331	$ 269,070
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	5,898	3,376
Total current assets	261,229	272,446
Restricted cash	453	453
Property and equipment, net	145	169
Right of use asset	3,410	3,763
Other assets, noncurrent	620	880
Total assets	265,857	277,711
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	1,439	1,838
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	4,112	2,835
Operating lease liability, current	801	745
Total current liabilities	6,352	5,418
Operating lease liability, noncurrent	2,791	3,208
Total liabilities	9,143	8,626
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024; 40,104,937 and 40,703,449 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2024, respectively	4	4
Additional paid-in capital	389,493	383,301
Accumulated deficit	(132,783)	(114,220)
Total stockholders' equity	256,714	269,085
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 265,857	$ 277,711

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited) (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock issued (in shares)	40,703,449	40,104,937
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	40,703,449	40,104,937

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 8,394	$ 5,340	$ 14,620	$ 12,077
General and administrative	5,676	5,374	10,740	10,625
Total operating expenses	14,070	10,714	25,360	22,702
Loss from operations	14,070	10,714	25,360	22,702
Other income, net:
Interest income	(3,364)	(3,158)	(6,797)	(6,063)
Other (income) expense	1	4	0	6
Total other income, net	(3,363)	(3,154)	(6,797)	(6,057)
Net loss	$ 10,707	$ 7,560	$ 18,563	$ 16,645
Net loss per share of common stock, basic	$ 0.26	$ 0.19	$ 0.46	$ 0.42
Net loss per share of common stock, diluted	$ 0.26	$ 0.19	$ 0.46	$ 0.42
Weighted-average number of common stock outstanding, basic	40,555,518	39,570,464	40,384,338	39,504,882
Weighted-average number of common stock outstanding, diluted	40,555,518	39,570,464	40,384,338	39,504,882

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 289,068	$ 4	$ 372,460	$ (83,396)
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022		39,377,222
Vesting of restricted stock	0	$ 0	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock, shares		107,181
Stock-based compensation expense	2,682	$ 0	2,682	0
Net loss	(9,085)	0	0	(9,085)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	282,665	$ 4	375,142	(92,481)
Ending balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2023		39,484,403
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	289,068	$ 4	372,460	(83,396)
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2022		39,377,222
Net loss	(16,645)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	278,008	$ 4	378,045	(100,041)
Ending balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2023		39,628,764
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	282,665	$ 4	375,142	(92,481)
Beginning balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2023		39,484,403
Vesting of restricted stock	0	$ 0	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock, shares		107,093
Stock-based compensation expense	2,845	$ 0	2,845	0
Exercise of stock options	58	$ 0	58	0
Exercise of stock options, shares		37,268
Net loss	(7,560)	$ 0	0	(7,560)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	278,008	$ 4	378,045	(100,041)
Ending balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2023		39,628,764
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	269,085	$ 4	383,301	(114,220)
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2023		40,104,937
Vesting of restricted stock	0	$ 0	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock, shares		82,339
Stock-based compensation expense	2,223	$ 0	2,223	0
Exercise of stock options	49	$ 0	49	0
Exercise of stock options, shares		65,592
Net loss	(7,856)	$ 0	0	(7,856)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2024	263,501	$ 4	385,573	(122,076)
Ending balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2024		40,252,868
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2023	269,085	$ 4	383,301	(114,220)
Beginning balance, shares at Dec. 31, 2023		40,104,937
Net loss	(18,563)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	256,714	$ 4	389,493	(132,783)
Ending balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2024		40,703,449
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2024	263,501	$ 4	385,573	(122,076)
Beginning balance, shares at Mar. 31, 2024		40,252,868
Vesting of restricted stock	0	$ 0	0	0
Vesting of restricted stock, shares		80,643
Stock-based compensation expense	2,608	$ 0	2,608	0
Exercise of stock options	1,312	$ 0	1,312	0
Exercise of stock options, shares		369,938
Net loss	(10,707)	$ 0	0	(10,707)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2024	$ 256,714	$ 4	$ 389,493	$ (132,783)
Ending balance, shares at Jun. 30, 2024		40,703,449

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (18,563)	$ (16,645)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Stock-based compensation expense	4,831	5,527
Depreciation expense	24	10
Noncash operating lease expense	353	230
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(2,522)	1,725
Other assets	310	311
Accounts payable	(399)	(744)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	1,227	(994)
Operating lease liabilities	(361)	(55)
Net cash used in operating activities	(15,100)	(10,635)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	0	(168)
Net cash used in investing activities	0	(168)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	1,361	58
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,361	58
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(13,739)	(10,745)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	269,523	289,318
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	255,784	278,573
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows:
Offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$ 50	$ 0

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income (Loss)	$ (10,707)	$ (7,856)	$ (7,560)	$ (9,085)	$ (18,563)	$ (16,645)

Insider Trading Arrangements	6 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Jun. 30, 2024 shares
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Material Terms of Trading Arrangement	On September 25, 2023, Natalie Holles, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, entered into a pre-arranged written stock sale plan dated September 25, 2023 in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 (the “Holles 10b5-1 Plan”) under the Exchange Act, for the sale of shares of the Company’s common stock. The Holles 10b5-1 Plan was entered into during an open trading window in accordance with the Company’s insider trading policy and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act. The Holles 10b5-1 Plan provided for the potential sale of up to 225,180 shares of the Company’s common stock, including upon the exercise of vested stock options for shares of the Company’s common stock, so long as the market price of the Company’s common stock is higher than certain minimum threshold prices specified in the Holles 10b5-1 Plan, between $12.15 and $22.11. On May 17, 2024, the Holles 10b5-1 Plan was terminated.
Natalie Holles
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Name	Natalie Holles
Title	Chief Executive Officer
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	true
Adoption Date	September 25, 2023
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	true
Termination Date	May 17, 2024
Aggregate Available	225,180

Nature of the Business

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Nature of the Business

1. Nature of the Business

Liquidity

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Fair Value Measurements

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


			December 31, 2023
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	140,093	$	140,093	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		125,841		125,841		—		—
Total financial assets	$	265,934	$	265,934	$	—	$	—


			June 30, 2024
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	122,000	$	122,000	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		127,932		127,932		—		—
Total financial assets	$	249,932	$	249,932	$	—	$	—

Property, Plant and Equipment

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property, Plant and Equipment

4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023			June 30, 2024
Leasehold improvement	$	109		$	109
Office furniture		44			44
Computer equipment		51			51
Property, plant and equipment, gross		204			204
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(35	)		(59	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	169		$	145

Depreciation expense was immaterial for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024, which has been recorded within general and administrative expenses.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

5. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024
Accrued research and development expenses	$	169	$	1,516
Employee compensation and related benefits		2,232		2,186
Professional fees		394		385
Other		40		25
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	2,835	$	4,112

Novartis Agreement

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

License Agreement [Abstract]

Novartis Agreement

6. Novartis Agreement

Stockholder's Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Stockholder's Equity

7. Stockholder's Equity

Common stock

Undesignated preferred stock

Stock-Based Compensation

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

8. Stock-Based Compensation

2019 Stock Incentive Plan

2022 Plan

Shares that are expired terminated, surrendered or cancelled under the 2022 Plan without having been fully exercised will be available for future awards.

Stock Options

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options awarded to employees, were as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Expected term (in years)	5.2-7.0		5.5-7.0
Expected volatility	85.7-88.2%		84.8-87.5%
Risk-free interest rate	3.6-4.2%		4-4.6%
Expected dividend yield		—		—

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Exercise Price			Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		3,953,149			$	4.16		8.7		$	26,906
Granted		2,270,300				11.94
Exercised		(435,530	)			3.13
Forfeited or cancelled		(344,108	)			4.20
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024		5,443,811			$	7.49		8.9		$	30,833
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024		1,435,477			$	4.73		8.3		$	11,875
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024		4,008,334			$	8.48		9.1		$	18,958

The total fair value of options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $4.0 million.

Repricing of Stock Options

Restricted Common Stock Awards

A summary of the activity of the restricted common stock since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested at December 31, 2023		543,869		$	1.42
Granted		—			—
Vested		(162,982	)		1.38
Cancelled or forfeited		—			—
Unvested at June 30, 2024		380,887		$	1.43

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Research and development	$	1,055	$	1,011	$	2,073	$	1,748
General and administrative		1,790		1,597		3,454		3,083
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,845	$	2,608	$	5,527	$	4,831

Net Loss Per Share

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Loss Per Share

9. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Numerator:
Net loss	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share, basic and diluted		39,570,464		40,555,518		39,504,882		40,384,338
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	0.19	$	0.26	$	0.42	$	0.46


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Options to purchase common stock		5,010,749		5,443,811
Unvested restricted stock		750,718		380,887
Total		5,761,467		5,824,698

Leases

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

10. Leases

Operating Leases for Office Space


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Lease Cost:
Operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548
Total operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548

Variable operating lease costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 were immaterial.

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


2024 (remaining)	$	559
2025		1,145
2026		1,176
2027		1,207
Thereafter		238
Total lease payments		4,325
Less: interest		(733	)
Total lease liability	$	3,592

Commitments and Contingencies

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

Related Party Transactions

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Related Party Transactions

12. Related Party Transactions

Novartis

CEO Promissory Note

Employee Benefit Plans	6 Months Ended
Employee Benefit Plans	Jun. 30, 2024
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Employee Benefit Plans	13. Employee Benefit Plans Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted a 401(k) Plan for its employees, which is designed to be qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Eligible employees are permitted to contribute to the 401(k) Plan within statutory and 401(k) Plan limits. Since inception of the plan and through the six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company has not made any contributions to the 401(k) Plan.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Unaudited Interim Financial Information	Unaudited Interim Financial Information The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, for interim financial reporting and as required by Regulation S-X, Rule 10-01. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024 are unaudited. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 26, 2024. The results for the six months ended June 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024, any other interim periods, or any future year or period.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted	Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, or ASU 2023-09, to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The enhancement will provide information to better assess how an entity's operations and related tax disclosures, including total income taxes paid, to evaluate income tax risks and opportunities. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No. 2023-09 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB, issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, or ASU 2023-07, to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements. The amendment introduced new requirements to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker, or CODM, and extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods. Entities with a single reportable segment must apply ASC 280 in its entirety, are permitted to report more than one measure of segment profit or loss under certain conditions and are required to disclose the title and position of the CODM. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ASU No. 2023-07 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-02, Codification Improvements, Amendments to Remove References to the Concept Statements, or ASU 2024-02. The amendments apply to all reporting entities within the scope of the affected accounting guidance, but in most instances the references removed are extraneous and not required to understand or apply the guidance. Generally, the amendments in ASU 2024-02 are not intended to result in significant accounting changes for most entities. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU No. 2024-02 will have on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Financial Assets Measured at Fair Value

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):


			December 31, 2023
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	140,093	$	140,093	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		125,841		125,841		—		—
Total financial assets	$	265,934	$	265,934	$	—	$	—


			June 30, 2024
Description	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Money market funds	$	122,000	$	122,000	$	—	$	—
U.S. treasury securities		127,932		127,932		—		—
Total financial assets	$	249,932	$	249,932	$	—	$	—

Property, Plant and Equipment (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023			June 30, 2024
Leasehold improvement	$	109		$	109
Office furniture		44			44
Computer equipment		51			51
Property, plant and equipment, gross		204			204
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(35	)		(59	)
Property, plant and equipment, net	$	169		$	145

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024
Accrued research and development expenses	$	169	$	1,516
Employee compensation and related benefits		2,232		2,186
Professional fees		394		385
Other		40		25
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	2,835	$	4,112

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Summary of Stock Options Valuation Assumptions

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options awarded to employees, were as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2024:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Expected term (in years)	5.2-7.0		5.5-7.0
Expected volatility	85.7-88.2%		84.8-87.5%
Risk-free interest rate	3.6-4.2%		4-4.6%
Expected dividend yield		—		—

Summary of Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Exercise Price			Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2023		3,953,149			$	4.16		8.7		$	26,906
Granted		2,270,300				11.94
Exercised		(435,530	)			3.13
Forfeited or cancelled		(344,108	)			4.20
Outstanding as of June 30, 2024		5,443,811			$	7.49		8.9		$	30,833
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024		1,435,477			$	4.73		8.3		$	11,875
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024		4,008,334			$	8.48		9.1		$	18,958

Summary of Restricted Common Stock Activity

A summary of the activity of the restricted common stock since December 31, 2023:


	Number of Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Unvested at December 31, 2023		543,869		$	1.42
Granted		—			—
Vested		(162,982	)		1.38
Cancelled or forfeited		—			—
Unvested at June 30, 2024		380,887		$	1.43

Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Research and development	$	1,055	$	1,011	$	2,073	$	1,748
General and administrative		1,790		1,597		3,454		3,083
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	2,845	$	2,608	$	5,527	$	4,831

Net Loss Per Share (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of the Company’s basic and diluted net loss per share for the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Numerator:
Net loss	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	$	7,560	$	10,707	$	16,645	$	18,563
Denominator:
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share, basic and diluted		39,570,464		40,555,518		39,504,882		40,384,338
Net loss per share of common stock, basic and diluted	$	0.19	$	0.26	$	0.42	$	0.46

Schedule of Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stockholders Anti-dilutive Effect


	Three and Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024
Options to purchase common stock		5,010,749		5,443,811
Unvested restricted stock		750,718		380,887
Total		5,761,467		5,824,698

Leases (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Operating Lease Cost


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2023		2024		2023		2024
Lease Cost:
Operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548
Total operating lease cost	$	274	$	274	$	548	$	548

Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities

Maturities of operating lease liabilities at June 30, 2024 are as follows (in thousands):


2024 (remaining)	$	559
2025		1,145
2026		1,176
2027		1,207
Thereafter		238
Total lease payments		4,325
Less: interest		(733	)
Total lease liability	$	3,592

Nature of the Business - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net loss	$ (10,707)	$ (7,856)	$ (7,560)	$ (9,085)	$ (18,563)	$ (16,645)
Accumulated deficit	132,783				132,783		$ 114,220
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 255,331				255,331		$ 269,070
IPO
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Net loss					$ (18,600)	$ (16,600)

Fair Value Measurements - Schedule of Financial Assets Measured at Fair Value (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	$ 249,932,000	$ 265,934,000
Total financial liabilities	0	0
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	249,932,000	265,934,000
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	0	0
Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	0	0
Money Market Funds
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	122,000,000	140,093,000
Money Market Funds \| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	122,000,000	140,093,000
Money Market Funds \| Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	0	0
Money Market Funds \| Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	0	0
US treasury securities
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	127,932,000	125,841,000
US treasury securities \| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	127,932,000	125,841,000
US treasury securities \| Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	0	0
US treasury securities \| Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Total financial assets	$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Line Items]
Fair value measurement of financial liabilities	$ 0	$ 0
Investment, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]	Cash and Cash Equivalents [Member]
Transfers or reclassifications between fair value measurement levels of assets	$ 0	$ 0
Transfers or reclassifications between fair value measurement levels of liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

Property, Plant and Equipment - Schedule of Property, Plant and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 204	$ 204
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(59)	(35)
Property, plant and equipment, net	145	169
Leasehold improvement
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	109	109
Office furniture
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	44	44
Computer equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 51	$ 51

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities - Schedule of Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued research and development expenses	$ 1,516	$ 169
Employee compensation and related benefits	2,186	2,232
Professional fees	385	394
Other	25	40
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$ 4,112	$ 2,835

Novartis Agreement - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions			6 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2021 USD ($)	Jun. 28, 2019 USD ($) License shares	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) License	Dec. 31, 2023 shares	Feb. 24, 2021 shares	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
License Agreement [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued \| shares				0
Novartis Agreement \| Novartis
License Agreement [Line Items]
Number of licensed Product \| License		1
Upfront cash payment		$ 0.4
Total initial consideration transferred		3.4
Aggregate milestone payments		231.7
Number of development milestone payments \| License			2
Development milestone payments			$ 1.0
Milestone payments achieved and paid						$ 0.6	$ 0.4
Novartis Agreement \| Novartis \| Research and Development Expense
License Agreement [Line Items]
Initial fair value of anti-dilution right liability		$ 1.0
Novartis Agreement \| Series A-1 Preferred Stock \| Maximum
License Agreement [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued \| shares		6,383,142
Novartis Agreement \| Series A-1 Preferred Stock \| Novartis
License Agreement [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued \| shares		3,449,808
Fair value of stock		$ 3.0
Ownership interest		15.00%
Licensing milestone in sales of equity securities	$ 30.0	$ 30.0
Novartis Agreement \| Series A-1 Preferred Stock \| Novartis \| Minimum
License Agreement [Line Items]
Licensing milestone in sales of equity securities		$ 30.0
Novartis Agreement \| Series A-1 Preferred Stock \| Novartis \| Maximum
License Agreement [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares issued \| shares					5,970,000

Stockholder's Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		6 Months Ended
	Sep. 19, 2022	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Common Stock, Shares Authorized		500,000,000	500,000,000
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share		$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock voting rights		one vote for each share
Common stock, cash dividends declared		$ 0
Preferred stock, Par Value		$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Undesignated preferred shares issued			0
Preferred shares outstanding		0
Maximum [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Undesignated preferred stock, authorized		10,000,000	10,000,000
IPO
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Initial public offering, Shares	12,535,000
Public offering price	$ 17
Proceeds from issuing shares	$ 198.2
Offering costs	$ 2.3
Conversion of convertible preferred stock into common stock	21,967,316
Over allotment \| Maximum [Member]
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Initial public offering, Shares	1,635,000

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands				3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Mar. 21, 2023	Aug. 22, 2022	Aug. 09, 2021	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023	Mar. 06, 2023	Sep. 19, 2022	Sep. 14, 2022
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock-based compensation expense				$ 2,608	$ 2,845	$ 4,831	$ 5,527
CEO Promissory Note
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period						3 years
Special bonus paid		$ 1,900
Award vesting description						subject to a three-year vesting schedule with six-month cliffs
Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period						3 months
Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Weighted-average grant date fair value per share of stock options						$ 8.9
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options				$ 29,600		$ 29,600
Unrecognized stock based compensation expense period of recognition						3 years
Fair value of options vested						$ 4,000
Outstanding stock options to purchase common stock				5,443,811		5,443,811		3,953,149
Repriced of exercise price	$ 4.2
Number of options included in repricing	3,085,468
Total incremental stock-based compensation expense associated with modification of options	$ 2,100
Restricted Stock
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period						4 years
Unrecognized stock based compensation expense period of recognition						1 year 1 month 6 days
Stock-based compensation expense						$ 200
Share price				$ 0.0001		$ 0.0001
Remaining unrecognized expense		1,000
Weighted average grant date fair value						$ 0
Granted in period						0
Aggregate fair value of restricted stock awards vested						$ 200
Unrecognized expense				$ 400		$ 400
Restricted Stock \| Promissory Note
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exchangeable value of shares purchased			$ 1,800
Restricted Stock \| Chief Executive Officer [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share price			$ 1.44
Number of shares purchased			1,218,836
Special bonus paid		$ 1,900
Contingency period						12 months
Restricted Stock \| Chief Executive Officer [Member] \| Promissory Note
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Accrued Interest Rate			0.76%
2019 Stock Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of common stock issuable under plan										5,317,559
Conversion of outstanding shares of preferred stock										283,808	283,808
Number of shares transferred				283,808		283,808
2022 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Shares reserved for future issuance				4,710,545		4,710,545
Maximum \| 2022 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Percentage of annual increase in number of shares to classes of common stock under plan						5.00%
Exercise price per share of stock options as percentage of fair market value of common stock						100.00%
Stock option expiration period						10 years
Minimum \| Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Exercise price									$ 8.61

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Options Valuation Assumptions (Details)	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Maximum \| Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	7 years	7 years
Expected volatility	87.50%	88.20%
Risk-free interest rate	4.60%	4.20%
Minimum \| Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	5 years 6 months	5 years 2 months 12 days
Expected volatility	84.80%	85.70%
Risk-free interest rate	4.00%	3.60%

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock Option Activity (Details) - Stock Options $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Beginning balance \| shares	3,953,149
Shares, Granted \| shares	2,270,300
Exercised \| shares	(435,530)
Forfeited or cancelled \| shares	(344,108)
Ending balance \| shares	5,443,811	3,953,149
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024 \| shares	1,435,477
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024 \| shares	4,008,334
Beginning balance \| $ / shares	$ 4.16
Granted \| $ / shares	11.94
Exercised \| $ / shares	3.13
Forfeited or cancelled \| $ / shares	4.2
Ending balance \| $ / shares	7.49	$ 4.16
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024 \| $ / shares	4.73
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024 \| $ / shares	$ 8.48
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	8 years 10 months 24 days	8 years 8 months 12 days
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024	8 years 3 months 18 days
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024	9 years 1 month 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value \| $	$ 30,833	$ 26,906
Options vested and exercisable as of June 30, 2024 \| $	11,875
Options unvested as of June 30, 2024 \| $	$ 18,958

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Restricted Common Stock Activity (Details) - Restricted Stock	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 $ / shares shares
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Beginning balance \| shares	543,869
Granted \| shares	0
Vested \| shares	(162,982)
Cancelled or forfeited \| shares	0
Ending balance \| shares	380,887
Beginning balance \| $ / shares	$ 1.42
Granted \| $ / shares	0
Vested \| $ / shares	1.38
Cancelled or forfeited \| $ / shares	0
Ending balance \| $ / shares	$ 1.43

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of Stock-Based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 2,608	$ 2,845	$ 4,831	$ 5,527
Research and Development Expense
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,011	1,055	1,748	2,073
General and Administrative
Employee Service Share Based Compensation Allocation Of Recognized Period Costs [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 1,597	$ 1,790	$ 3,083	$ 3,454

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended				6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Mar. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net loss	$ 10,707	$ 7,856	$ 7,560	$ 9,085	$ 18,563	$ 16,645
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic	10,707		7,560		18,563	16,645
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted	$ 10,707		$ 7,560		$ 18,563	$ 16,645
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share, basic	40,555,518		39,570,464		40,384,338	39,504,882
Weighted-average number of common shares used in net loss per share, diluted	40,555,518		39,570,464		40,384,338	39,504,882
Net loss per share of common stock, basic	$ 0.26		$ 0.19		$ 0.46	$ 0.42
Net loss per share of common stock, diluted	$ 0.26		$ 0.19		$ 0.46	$ 0.42

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule of Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share of Common Stockholders Anti-dilutive Effect (Details) - shares	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti diluted effect of diluted net loss per share	5,824,698	5,761,467	5,824,698	5,761,467
Options to purchase common stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti diluted effect of diluted net loss per share	5,443,811	5,010,749	5,443,811	5,010,749
Unvested Restricted Stock
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Anti diluted effect of diluted net loss per share	380,887	750,718	380,887	750,718

Leases - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Leases - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions	Oct. 31, 2022 ft²	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Leases [Line Items]
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities \| $		$ 0.3	$ 0.3	$ 0.6	$ 0.3
130 Prospect Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Leases [Line Items]
Area of land	10,356
Lease commencement date	Dec. 01, 2022
Initial lease term	63 months
Lease expiring date	Feb. 29, 2028
1700 Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California
Leases [Line Items]
Area of land	4,703
Lease commencement date	Dec. 20, 2022
Initial lease term	63 months
Lease expiring date	Feb. 20, 2028

Leases - Components of Operating Lease Cost (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Lease, Cost [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 274	$ 274	$ 548	$ 548
Total operating lease cost	$ 274	$ 274	$ 548	$ 548

Leases - Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities (Details) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)
Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, to be Paid, Fiscal Year Maturity [Abstract]
2024 (remaining)	$ 559
2025	1,145
2026	1,176
2027	1,207
Thereafter	238
Total lease payments	4,325
Less: interest	(733)
Total lease liability	$ 3,592

Related Party Transactions - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions			6 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 22, 2022	Aug. 09, 2021	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Common stock issued (in shares)			40,703,449	40,104,937
Novartis \| Minimum
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Outstanding stock percentage			5.00%	5.00%
CEO Promissory Note
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Promissory note agreement amount		$ 1.8
Common stock issued (in shares)		1,218,836
Interest rate of promissory note		0.76%
Special bonus paid	$ 1.9
Vesting period			3 years
Award vesting description			subject to a three-year vesting schedule with six-month cliffs

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