IEHC IEH Corporation (PK)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number: 0-5278

IEH Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (718) 492-4440

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on September 30, 2022, based on a closing price of $10.50 was $12,929,000.

As of October 6, 2023, the registrant had 2,370,251 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IEH CORPORATION

Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act and Section 27A of the Securities Act. Any statements contained in this report that are not statements of historical fact may be forward-looking statements. When we use the words “anticipates,” “plans,” “estimates,” “expects,” “believes,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “will” and similar expressions, we are identifying forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future financial events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factor Summary” below, “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A, and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and may include statements related to, among other things: macroeconomic factors, including inflationary pressures, supply shortages and recessionary pressures; accounting estimates and assumptions; pricing pressures on our product caused by competition; the risk that our products will not gain market acceptance; our ability to obtain additional financing; our ability to successfully prevent our registration with the SEC from being suspended or revoked and to timely file our SEC reports; our ability to operate our accounting system and material weaknesses identified in connection with our migration to such accounting system; our ability to protect intellectual property; our ability to integrate our satellite facility into our operations; and our ability to attract and retain key employees. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance and you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Our actual results may differ materially from those projected in any forward-looking statements, as they will depend on many factors about which we are unsure, including many factors beyond our control.

Except as may be required by applicable law, we do not undertake or intend to update or revise our forward-looking statements, and we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements contained in this report as a result of new information or future events or developments. Thus, you should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. You should carefully review and consider the various disclosures we make in this report and our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) that attempt to advise interested parties of the risks, uncertainties and other factors that may affect our business.

Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results and events anticipated or implied by such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

IEH CORPORATION

PART I

IEH Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “IEH” or the “Company”) began operations in New York, New York in 1941 and was incorporated as a New York corporation in March 1943, when Louis Offerman founded L. Offerman Tool & Die with his two sons, Bernard and Seymour.

In the late 1960’s, IEH bought a license to manufacture HYPERBOLOID sockets, and began making printed circuit board (“PCB”) connectors for the defense and aerospace industries, in accordance with the MIL-DTL-55302 military specification.  We have been making these connectors and variations of them ever since, and today, we are one of the leaders in HYPERBOLOID connectors and contacts.

In use for nearly 50 years under demanding conditions, HYPERBOLOID technology has proven itself to be the leading design for integrity and reliability. On avionics platforms, military and commercial aerospace equipment, engine control systems, missiles and torpedoes, vehicular electronics, satellites and rocket launchers, medical devices, industrial and environmental controls, test equipment, pin grid array (“PGA”) sockets and countless other rugged applications, HYPERBOLOID aims to be the highest reliability connector available.

At IEH, we design and manufacture HYPERBOLOID connectors that not only accommodate, but exceed military and aerospace specification standards. Years after inception, our HYPERBOLOID solutions continue to prove their reliability and benefits. Our engineers have long provided reliable and innovative HYPERBOLOID interconnect solutions for defense, commercial, aerospace and medical use.

We are a family managed business, as Louis’ great-grandson David is the President and Chief Executive Officer, and we believe that we still manufacture the highest quality products for the most demanding environments. But most importantly, we are always looking ahead. We are committed to developing new technology that meets the demands of our fast-paced customers, and we are steadfast about always exceeding our customers’ expectations.

IEH serves customers in the United States and internationally. Our customers include defense contractors, commercial aerospace equipment manufacturers, medical device manufacturers, oil and gas exploration firms, and commercial space launch companies. We sell both directly and through distributors.  We maintain a Military Specification QPL (Qualified Product Listing), and an ISO (International Standards Organization) 9001:2015 Certification.

For the fiscal years ending March 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately 56.3% and 59.1%, respectively, of the Company’s sales were for defense applications, 25.7% and 14.7%, respectively, for commercial aerospace, and 18.0% and 26.2%, respectively, for the remainder for commercial space launch, medical, oil and gas and industrial markets.

New Product Development:

IEH continues to expand the scope and range of its PCB connector offerings. We have also increased the breadth of our products by introducing high-speed connectors for data transmission, as well as hybrid power/signal connectors.  New product developments are primarily driven by customer demand. IEH also continues to specialize in custom interconnects designed specifically for customer applications.  Our engineers work in conjunction with customer engineers to create, refine and manufacture connectors and interconnect solutions that meet their specific, demanding needs.  IEH engineers are renowned for their flexibility and creativity in solving customer interconnect challenges and providing innovative solutions.

Marketing and Sales:

The market for connectors and interconnect devices, domestic and worldwide, is highly fragmented as a result of the manufacture by many companies of a multitude of different types and varieties of connectors and interconnects. For example, connectors include: printed wiring board, rectangular I/O, circular, planar (“IOC”) RF coaxial, IC socket and fiber optic. The Company has been servicing a niche in the market by manufacturing connectors containing HYPERBOLOID contact designs in the printed wiring board style of connectors.

The Company is continuously experimenting with innovative connection designs, which may cause it to alter its marketing plans in the future if a market should develop for any of its current or future innovative designs. The Company is continually reviewing product lines being sold in the connector and interconnect marketplace. We are committed to expanding our product offering and we consider that many of our current or future custom designs will become product lines.

The Company’s products are marketed to Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”) directly and through authorized representatives and distributors serving primarily the Defense, Aerospace, Medical, Space, Industrial, Test Equipment and Commercial Electronics markets. The Company is also involved in developing new connectors for specific uses, which result from changes in technology. The Company assists customers in the development and design of connectors for specific customer applications. This service is marketed to customers who require the development of connectors and interconnection devices specially designed to accommodate the customers’ own products.

The Company is primarily a manufacturer and its products are essentially basic components of larger assemblies of finished goods. During the year ended March 31, 2023, there were no individual customers whose revenues were 10% or more of the Company’s net revenues. During the year ended March 31, 2022, approximately 37.1% of the Company’s total net sales represented three customers, and consisted individually of 12.5%, 12.3% and 12.3% of net revenues.

The Company currently employs 22 independent sales organizations to market its products in all regions in the United States as well as in Canada, the European Union (“EU”), Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. These independent sales representatives also promote the product lines of other electronics manufacturers; however, they do not promote the product lines of manufacturers which compete directly with the Company’s products. These sales representatives accounted for approximately 75% of the Company’s net sales for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 (with the balance of Company net sales being generated via direct customer contact).

International sales accounted for approximately 14.8% and 23.8% of net sales for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Approximately 39.8% and 68.2% of the aforementioned international net sales for fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, represent sales to customers located in China.

We also market our products and capabilities through our website, www.iehcorp.com. Our product series HBH Hybrid Power/Signal HYPERBOLOID Connectors, has a configuration tool that allows users to build their own hybrid connector and download 3D models to incorporate into their modules. 

Backlog of Orders/Capital Requirements:

Our customers typically enter into supply arrangements for the purchase of our products which we will produce and deliver over time. On an as-needed basis, our customers place specific production orders, and these orders are generally filled and shipped within twelve weeks. Our backlog consists of supply arrangements where the anticipated unfulfilled shipping dates are within approximately twelve months. Because of the possibility of customer changes in delivery schedules or the cancellation of orders, our backlog as of any particular date may not be indicative of revenue in any future period. The backlog amounted to approximately $13,724,000 at March 31, 2023 as compared to $7,909,000 at March 31, 2022. The increase in total backlog as of March 31, 2023 compared with the previous year is primarily due to increases in aerospace and defense customer demand, driven in large part by the recovery of commercial aviation after the earlier grounding of the Boeing 737 Max jet and the impact of COVID-19, as well as increases in orders from our defense customers.

A portion of these backlog orders are subject to cancellation or postponement of delivery dates and, therefore, no assurance can be given that actual sales will result from these orders. The Company does not foresee any problems which would prevent it from fulfilling these orders.

Forward Looking Business Trends:

Impact of COVID-19 and Other Factors:

Since early 2020, the world has been impacted by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In previous periods, COVID-19 (including its variants and mutations) and measures to prevent its spread disrupted our business in a number of ways, including strains on supply chains, and general economic conditions. Although restrictions in the United States have largely been lifted, in international markets, such as in China, there continue to be disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. If new COVID-19 variants emerge or additional governmental restrictions are imposed domestically or internationally, our business may be harmed. For example, in the future, the COVID-19 pandemic may cause reduced demand for certain products we provide. We are not able to predict the full extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial and operating results and how the COVID-19 pandemic will evolve domestically and internationally.

Additionally, our operations are subject to global economic and geopolitical risks. For example, while the Company does not have a presence in these regions, the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has impacted economic activity as well as the availability and price of raw materials and energy. The Company continues to actively monitor these factors and find ways to mitigate the impact on its operations.

For additional information on risk factors that could impact our results, please refer to “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Competition:

The design, development, manufacture and distribution of electrical connectors and interconnection devices is a highly competitive field. The Company principally competes with both large and small companies who also produce high performance connectors in printed circuits and wiring boards for high technology applications. The Company competes by adapting certain technologies to meet specific product applications, aiming to produce connectors cost-effectively, and through its production capabilities. In addition, there are many companies who offer connectors with designs similar to those utilized by the Company and are direct competitors of the Company.

The primary basis upon which the Company competes is product performance and production capabilities. The Company usually receives job orders after submitting bids pursuant to customer-issued specifications for connectors and interconnects. The Company’s bid can be for a new item that requires the item to perform under harsh environment requirements or it can be for a standard catalog item. The Company also offers engineering services to its customers in designing and developing connectors for specialized products and specific customer applications. This enables the Company to receive a competitive advantage over those companies who basically manufacture connectors based solely or primarily on cataloged specifications.

Some of the Company’s competitors may have greater financial resources than the Company and no assurances can be given that the Company will be able to compete effectively with these companies in the future.

Suppliers of Raw Materials and Component Parts:

The Company utilizes a variety of raw materials and manufactured component parts, which it purchases from various suppliers. These materials and components are available from numerous sources and the Company does not believe that it will have a problem obtaining such materials and parts in the future.

However, any delay in the Company’s ability to obtain necessary raw materials and component parts may affect its ability to meet customer production needs. In anticipation of such delays, the Company carries an inventory of raw materials and component parts to avoid shortages and to insure continued production. However, as global supply chains continue to be constrained, there can be no certainty that we will not be affected in the future, and we believe that there is risk that raw materials and supply chains will continue to be affected in 2024.

Additionally, inflationary pressures have been impacting virtually all aspects of our materials and suppliers, including power prices and labor costs, and are likely to impact our fiscal year 2024 results.

Human Capital Management:

Our employees are our greatest resource and an integral component to our operations. Their health, safety and well-being is a priority for us.

Talent

We are focused on sourcing, attracting, and retaining talent, especially those with technical backgrounds. We recognize and reward performance while continually working to develop, engage and retain high-performing employees. We have made significant investments to provide ongoing training and career development for our employees. We provide competitive compensation and comprehensive benefits.

As of March 31, 2023, we employed 156 people of which 154 are full-time employees. Most of the employees engaged in manufacturing and testing activities are covered by a collective bargaining agreement with the United Auto Workers of America, Local 259 (the “Union”), which expires on March 31, 2024. The Company believes that it has a good relationship with its employees and the Union and has not experienced any significant work stoppages or other labor problems.

Diversity and Inclusion

We treat each other with respect and value each individual’s unique perspective and background. We are committed to a culture where everyone belongs and diversity and inclusion drives business results. Diversity is crucial to our ongoing success to manage our business.

Safety/Health and Wellness

We are committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment for our employees. Aligned with our values, we strive to continuously monitor our work environment to keep our employees safe. We have an open-door policy for all employees to report concerns or safety issues. Our commitment to employee safety also includes ongoing safety communications with safety topics and providing safety training.

Governmental Regulations:

The Company is subject to federal regulations, principally under the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSHA”) and the Defense Supply Command Columbus (“DSCC”).

OSHA provides federal guidelines and specifications to companies in order to insure the health and safety of employees.

DSCC oversees the quality and specifications of products and components manufactured and sold to the government and the defense industry. DSCC’s primary customer is the U.S. military. Many of our products appear on the DSCC Qualified Products Listing (“QPL”). To remain qualified, the Company submits its products to an outside testing laboratory which performs all required testing. After review by the Company of the testing results the data is then submitted to the DSCC. The Company and its products are only approved and remain on the QPL if the Company has passed all testing requirements. Although DSCC continuously requires suppliers to meet changing specifications, the Company has not encountered any significant problems meeting such specifications and its products have, in the past, been approved. The Company is unaware of any changes in the Government’s regulations which are expected to materially affect the Company’s business.

Available Information

Our website is www.iehcorp.com. On our website we make available at no cost our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report on Form 10-K.

In evaluating our company and our business, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The occurrence of one or more of the events or circumstances described in these risk factors, alone or in combination with other events or circumstances, may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, revenue, financial condition, results of operations or future prospects, in which case the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment. The material and other risks and uncertainties summarized in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and described below are not intended to be exhaustive and are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including the risks described below. See the section titled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”.

Risks Related to Our Business:

We operate in a niche industry and our business results may vary from year to year depending upon, among other things, the nature of the ordering cycle of our products which makes it hard to predict demand for our business and may adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We manufacture PCB connector offerings for specialized applications and our customers include defense contractors, commercial aerospace equipment manufacturers, medical device manufacturers, oil and gas exploration firms, and commercial space launch companies. Our products are typically a small part in a larger end product used by our customers. Supply shortages or other factors impacting third party suppliers that supply different parts to our customers for use in the same end product in which our product is used can impact demand for our products. For example, we believe that recent supply shortages for parts produced by other manufacturers in the end product in which our product is used has caused delays in ordering our products. In addition, due to the specialized nature of our products, we often manufacture limited quantities of our products. Since we are producing customized products in smaller quantities, we are not able to achieve economies of scale, we are unable to obtain bulk discounts on our orders for raw materials and sometimes the fulfillment of the supply of the raw materials used in our products is delayed because our suppliers may prioritize larger orders. All of these factors may have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

In addition, the ultimate end product in which our products are used have long and irregular ordering cycles which may cause our business results to vary year to year. For example, some of our products are used in airplanes which often are operable for about thirty years and thus are replaced over longer time horizons than many other products and are susceptible to changes in the demand for travel. The ordering cycle for our customers is often irregular and hard to predict. For example, our sales have declined, generally on a quarter over quarter basis, from the quarter ended September 30, 2020 through the quarter ended March 31, 2023, and we are unable to predict if or when they will increase in the future. This makes it difficult for us to anticipate when demand increases will occur and adjust our business and ordering to accommodate fluctuations in demand. If we are not able to ramp production up or down quickly enough in response to rapid changes in demand, we may not be able to effectively manage our costs, which could negatively impact operating results, and we may lose sales and market share.

The loss of certain substantial customers could materially and adversely affect us.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, there were no individual customers whose revenues were 10% or more of the Company’s net revenues. During the year ended March 31, 2022, approximately 37.1% of the Company’s total net sales were from three customers, and consisted individually of 12.5%, 12.3% and 12.3% of our total net sales for the year. We believe that the loss of one or more of our larger customers could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.  We have experienced significant concentrations of customers in prior years. Furthermore, factors that negatively impact the businesses of our major customers could materially and adversely affect us even if the customer represents a relatively small part of our net sales.

We may need additional funding in the future and if we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our production or business efforts.

Although we have enough working capital in the short term, we may need to raise additional funding in connection with our continuing operations through the debt or equity markets in the future. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our business efforts. Any capital raising efforts would also be impacted by our administrative proceeding with the SEC pursuant to Exchange Act section 12(j), and whether the SEC suspends for up to twelve months, or revokes, the registration of our securities. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our business. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Additionally, market volatility resulting from macroeconomic conditions or other factors could also adversely impact our ability to access capital as and when needed. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our stockholders and may decrease our stock price. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell, or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with partners or others and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our intellectual property or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially affected.

Our failure to prepare and timely file our periodic reports with the SEC limits our access to the public markets to raise debt or equity capital.

We did not file our Quarterly and Annual Reports for the years ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021 and the related quarterly periods until we filed a Form 10-K for these periods on June 22, 2023. The Quarterly and Annual reports for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 and the related quarterly periods were not filed until October 6, 2023. Thus, we have not remained current in our reporting requirements with the SEC. We are not currently eligible to use a registration statement on Form S-3 that would allow us to continuously incorporate by reference our SEC reports into the registration statement, or to use “shelf” registration statements to conduct offerings, until approximately one year from the date we regain and maintain status as a current filer. If we wish to pursue an offering now, we would be required to conduct the offering on an exempt basis, such as in accordance with Rule 144A, or file a registration statement on Form S-1. Using a Form S-1 registration statement for a public offering would likely take significantly longer than using a registration statement on Form S-3 and increase our transaction costs, and could, to the extent we are not able to conduct offerings using alternative methods, adversely impact our ability to raise capital or complete acquisitions of other companies in a timely manner.

The Company may have limited intellectual property protection.

The Company possesses certain proprietary intellectual property, including but not limited to, trade secrets, know-how and proprietary processes. The Company relies on this intellectual property, know-how and other proprietary information, and requires employees, consultants and suppliers to sign confidentiality agreements. However, these confidentiality agreements may be breached, and the Company may not have adequate remedies for such breaches. Third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information without infringing upon any proprietary technology. Third parties may otherwise gain access to proprietary information and adopt it in a competitive manner. Any loss of intellectual property protection may have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations or prospects.

We are a niche manufacturer of highly engineered products that are high value/short run, using a unique mix of labor and capital equipment.

Our engineers provide HYPERBOLOID interconnect solutions for defense, commercial, aerospace and medical use. Our products are specialized and require special equipment and skilled workers to operate our machinery. Our reliance on our skilled labor and capital equipment subjects us to a number of risks that could negatively affect our ability to manufacture our products and harm our business, including interruption of supply. We expect our overall reliance on our mix of labor and capital equipment to continue. Any significant delay or interruption in our mix of labor and capital equipment could impair our ability to meet the demand of our customers and could harm our business. With changes in demand, labor costs, and capital equipment costs, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the labor and capital equipment mix and therefore maintain our margins.

A significant design, manufacturing or supplier quality issue could adversely affect profitability. 

As a manufacturer of highly engineered products, the performance, reliability and productivity of the Company’s products are some of its competitive advantages. While the Company prides itself on implementing procedures to ensure the quality and performance of its products and suppliers, a significant quality or product issue, whether due to design, performance, manufacturing or supplier quality issue, could lead to scrapping of raw materials, finished goods or returned products, the deterioration in a customer relationship, or other action that could adversely affect costs, future sales and profitability.

In December 2021, we opened a secondary facility in Allentown, PA and if we are unable to successfully achieve the planned volume and operating capacity in this facility, our manufacturing and business could be adversely impacted.

In December 2021, we opened a new manufacturing facility in Allentown, PA. We have commenced operations and have initially staffed and equipped the facility for targeted levels of production. We expect to continue to add staff and equipment within the facility as we target higher levels of production at the facility. We will need to hire additional personnel to staff and maintain this facility with the technical qualifications to do so. Labor is subject to external factors that are beyond our control, including our industry’s competitive market for skilled workers. Cost, inflation and workforce participation rates are additional factors that could impact our ability to effectively hire additional staffing. The failure to achieve targeted levels of production at the facility and the failure to successfully hire and train qualified personnel for the new facility could seriously harm our business and prospects. In addition, ramping up production at the new facility is time intensive, costly and inefficient. If we are unable to successfully ramp up and operate at targeted levels, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected.

A shortage of availability or an increase in the cost of raw materials and other resources may adversely impact our ability to manufacture our products at cost effective prices and thus may negatively impact profit margins.

Our results of operations may be materially adversely impacted by difficulties in obtaining raw materials, supplies, power, labor and any other items needed for the production of our products, as well as by the effects of quality deviations in raw materials and the effects of significant fluctuations in the prices. Many of these materials and components are produced by a limited number of suppliers and their availability to us may be constrained by supplier capacity. In 2021, pandemic-related issues created port congestion and intermittent supplier shutdowns and delays, resulting in additional expenses and increasing prices of raw materials generally.  In recent periods, we have seen the impacts of inflation drive up costs of materials and labor significantly. Any material disruption to or continuing increases in prices of our raw materials and other resources could materially adversely affect our financial results.  Profit margins will be materially and adversely impacted if we are not able to reduce our costs of production, introduce technological innovations, or pass through cost increases to customers.

We may be subject to work stoppages at our facilities or those of our principal customers and suppliers, which could seriously impact the profitability of our business.

Our unionized workforce and those of our customers and suppliers may experience work stoppages during collective bargaining agreement negotiations. In the future, if we are unable to negotiate an acceptable new agreement with the union, upon expiration of the existing contract, we could experience a strike or work stoppage. Contingency plans have been developed that would allow production to continue in the event of a strike.

Our success is dependent on the performance of our management and the cooperation, performance and retention of our executive officers and key employees.

Our business and operations are substantially dependent on the performance of our senior management team and executive officers. If our management team is unable to perform it may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. We do not maintain “key person” life insurance on any of our executive officers. The loss of one or several key employees could seriously harm our business. Any reorganization or reduction in the size of our employee base could harm our ability to attract and retain other valuable employees critical to the success of our business.

If we lose key personnel or fail to integrate replacement personnel successfully, our ability to manage our business could be impaired.

Our future success depends upon the continued service of our key management, technical, sales, finance, and other critical personnel. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain them. The loss of any key employee could result in significant disruptions to our operations, including adversely affecting the timeliness of product releases, the successful implementation and completion of Company initiatives, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting, and the results of our operations. In addition, hiring, training, and successfully integrating replacement sales and other personnel could be time consuming, may cause additional disruptions to our operations, and may be unsuccessful, which could negatively impact future revenues.

We are a small business that competes globally in a competitive industry that is highly fragmented.

The market for connectors and interconnect devices, domestic and worldwide, is highly fragmented as a result of the manufacture by many companies of a multitude of different types and varieties of connectors and interconnects. The Company has been servicing a niche in the market by manufacturing connectors containing HYPERBOLOID contact designs in the printed wiring board style of connectors. The connector and interconnect device industry is competitive and fragmented and includes numerous small organizations capable of competing in the markets we target. Although large companies tend to not compete directly with us due to the customized and small batch nature of our business, large companies compete in adjacent industries and possess substantially greater financial and other resources than we do. Larger competitors’ greater resources could allow those competitors to compete more effectively than we can. Our competitors have successfully built their names in the industry in which we compete. These various competitors may be able to offer products more competitively priced and more widely available than our offerings, and also have greater resources to acquire members and suppliers than us. Failure to compete in the industry in which we operate would adversely affect our results of operations.

Our results of operations and financial condition have been and may in the future be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Occurrences of epidemics or pandemics, depending on their scale, may cause different degrees of disruption to the regional, state and local economies in which we offer our products. The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in customer behavior, as well as economic disruptions. Although consumer activity has improved since the start of the pandemic and government restrictions have been lifted in the United States, recovery varies globally and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects continue to evolve. Supply chain issues, inflationary pressures, the emergence of new variants and the reinstatement and subsequent lifting of restrictions and health and safety related measures in response to the emergence of new variants have contributed in the past to the volatility of ongoing recovery. We are unable to predict the future path or impact of any global or regional COVID-19 resurgences, including existing or future variants, or other public health crises. The reinstatement and subsequent lifting of these measures may occur periodically, which could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition, as well as the business, operations and financial conditions of our customers and suppliers.

Accounting Related Risks and Other Factors:

Management identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Such weaknesses may lead to additional risks and uncertainties, including stockholder lawsuits or other actions, loss of investor confidence and negative impacts on our stock price. Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in our failure to accurately or timely report our financial condition or results of operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules that govern public companies. In particular, we are required to certify our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires us to furnish annually a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2023 and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2023, as certain of the Company’s controls associated with reconciliations of inventory and cost of products sold were not operating effectively. Further, the Company has not fully established an effective control environment due to the ineffective design and implementation of Information Technology General Controls (“ITGC”). The Company’s ITGC deficiencies included improperly designed controls pertaining to change management and user access rights over systems that are critical to the Company’s system of financial reporting. We have taken and continue to take remedial steps to improve our internal control over financial reporting. For further discussion of the material weaknesses identified and our remedial efforts, see Item 9A, Controls and Procedures.

Management is working to remediate the identified material weaknesses. Remediation efforts place a significant burden on management and add increased pressure to our financial resources and processes. We may not be able to fully remediate these material weaknesses until additional steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date and plan to take will be sufficient to remediate the material weaknesses we identified or avoid the identification of additional material weaknesses in the future. If we are unable to successfully remediate our existing material weaknesses or any additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that may be identified in the future in a timely manner, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected; our liquidity, our access to capital markets, the perceptions of our creditworthiness and our ability to complete acquisitions may be adversely affected; we may be unable to maintain or regain compliance with applicable securities laws, applicable listing requirements and other requirements; we may be subject to regulatory investigations and penalties; investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting; our reputation may be harmed; we may suffer defaults, accelerations or cross-accelerations under our debt instruments or derivative arrangements to the extent we are unable to obtain additional waivers from the required creditors or counterparties or are unable to cure any breaches; and our stock price may decline.

Moreover, because of the inherent limitations of any control system, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis, or at all. If we are unable to provide reliable and timely financial reports in the future, our business and reputation may be further harmed. Restated financial statements and failures in internal control may also cause us to fail to meet reporting obligations, negatively affect investor and customer confidence in our management and the accuracy of our financial statements and disclosures, result in events of default under our banking agreements, or result in adverse publicity and concerns from investors and customers, any of which could have a negative effect on the price of our common stock, subject us to regulatory investigations and penalties or stockholder litigation, and have a material adverse impact on our business and financial condition.

Efforts to comply with the applicable provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may adversely affect us and the market price of our common stock.

Under current SEC rules, we are required to report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We are required to review on an annual basis our internal control over financial reporting, and on a quarterly and annual basis to evaluate and disclose changes in our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, we expect to incur additional expenses that may negatively impact our financial performance. This process also results in a diversion of management’s time and attention. We cannot be certain as to the timing of completion of our evaluation, testing and remediation actions or the impact of the same on our operations, and we may not be able to ensure that the process is effective or that our internal control over financial reporting is or will be effective in a timely manner. In the event that we are unable to maintain or achieve compliance with the applicable provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules, we and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

We identified certain misstatements to our previously issued financial statements and have restated the financial statements described below, which has exposed us to a number of additional risks and uncertainties.

On June 22, 2023, we filed our Form 10-K for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Included therein, we reported that we had restated our previously issued audited financial statements for the year ended March 31, 2020 and our interim financial statements for the quarterly periods ended September 27, 2019 and December 31, 2019. We further reported that these restatements were in connection with the Company’s migration to its then new accounting system, including the reconciliation of the old and new systems.

As a result of the misstatements and the restatement, we have become subject to a number of additional risks and uncertainties and unanticipated costs for accounting, legal and other fees and expenses, including risks of lawsuits. Any actions, lawsuits or other legal proceedings related to the misstatements or the restatement could result in reputational harm, legal defense and other costs, regardless of the outcome of the lawsuit or proceeding. In addition, we continue to be at risk for loss of investor confidence, loss of key employees, changes in management or our board of directors and other reputational issues, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our ongoing efforts to remediate our internal control weaknesses may continue to divert management from the operation of our business. The absence of timely and accurate financial information has hindered and may in the future hinder our ability to effectively manage our business.

The Board of Directors, members of management, and our accounting and other staff previously has spent significant time on the restatement and remediation and will continue to spend significant time on remediation of internal control over our financial reporting. These resources have been, and will likely continue to be, diverted from the strategic and day-to-day management of our business and may have an adverse effect on our ability to accomplish our strategic objectives.

We may face litigation and regulatory action relating to the restatement of our financial statements.

We cannot ensure that litigation or other claims by shareholders will not be brought in the future arising out of the restatement of our financial statements. We may also be subject to further examinations, investigations, proceedings and orders by regulatory authorities, including a cease and desist order, suspension of trading of our securities, delisting of our securities and/or the assessment of possible civil monetary penalties. Any such further actions could be expensive and damaging to our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant expenses related to the restatement and remediation of deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures, and any resulting litigation.

We have devoted and expect to continue to devote substantial internal and external resources towards remediation efforts relating to the restatement of our financial statements, the management review process and other efforts to implement effective internal controls. Because of these efforts, we have incurred and expect that we will continue to incur significant fees and expenses for legal, accounting, financial and other consulting and professional services, as well as the implementation and maintenance of systems and processes that will need to be updated, supplemented or replaced. As described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have taken a number of steps in order to strengthen our accounting function so as to allow us to be able to provide timely and accurate financial reporting. However, we cannot assure you that these steps will be successful. To the extent these steps are not successful, we could be required to incur significant additional time and expense. The expenses we are incurring in this regard, as well as the substantial time devoted by our management towards identifying and addressing the internal control deficiencies, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

RISKS RELATED TO THE COMPANY’S EFFORTS TO BECOME CURRENT IN ITS PERIODIC REPORTING AND BEING A PUBLIC COMPANY

As a result of the Company’s late periodic filings, the SEC instituted an administrative proceeding pursuant to Section 12(j) of the Exchange Act to determine whether it is appropriate to suspend for up to twelve months or revoke the registration of the Company’s common stock. Although we have filed an answer to the Order, conducted a prehearing conference with the SEC’s staff, and filed an Opposition Brief to the SEC Division of Enforcement’s Motion for Summary Disposition, the ultimate outcome of the administrative proceeding may be adverse to the Company, and may result in the suspension or revocation of the registration of our common stock.

The Company is currently delinquent in its periodic reporting obligations and as a result the SEC instituted administrative proceedings on August 17, 2022 (the “Order”) pursuant to Section 12(j) of the Exchange Act to suspend or revoke the registration of our common stock. On October 3, 2022, we filed an answer to the Order and on October 13, 2022, we conducted a prehearing conference with SEC staff in the Division of Enforcement. On March 1, 2023 the SEC’s Division of Enforcement filed a Motion for Summary Disposition, on March 15, 2023, IEH filed an opposition brief to the SEC Division of Enforcement’s Motion for Summary Disposition, and on March 29, 2023, the SEC’s Division of Enforcement filed a Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Disposition. The Commission will issue a decision on the basis of the record in the proceeding. The Company cannot at this time predict the timing of a decision by the Commission or the outcome of such decision. Although the Company continues to make progress towards completion of its periodic reports and intends to vigorously defend against the allegations in the Order to avoid possible suspension or revocation of the registration of its common stock, if the SEC issues a final order to suspend or revoke the registration of the Company’s common stock, brokers, dealers and other market participants would be prohibited from buying, selling, making a market in, publishing quotations of, or otherwise effecting transactions with respect to, such common stock until, in the case of suspension, the lifting of such suspension, or, in the case of a revocation, the Company files a new registration statement with the SEC under the Exchange Act and that registration statement is declared effective. As a result, public trading of the Company’s common stock would cease and investors would find it extraordinarily difficult to acquire or dispose of the Company’s common stock or obtain accurate price quotations for the Company’s common stock, which could result in a significant decline in the value of the Company’s stock. In addition, the Company’s business may be adversely impacted, including, without limitation, an adverse impact on the Company’s ability to issue stock to raise equity capital, engage in business combinations or provide employee incentives.

The Company faces challenges in producing accurate financial statements and periodic reports as required on a timely basis.

As discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we have identified material weaknesses in our accounting systems, processes and procedures in connection with the accounting for inventory and cost of products sold. Ultimately, there have been a number of issues with the SAP System, including system design and implementation issues as well as utilization issues. As a result, the Company has hired a number of third party consultants and additional personnel and enhanced many aspects of its accounting procedures. Although the Company believes it has discovered and made improvements to its critical inventory accounting systems, the Company is still in the process of making further refinements in these complex systems and making system and process changes to improve system utilization. The Company continues to have material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting and, as a result, cannot assure you that the Company will not experience additional errors or delays with respect to the preparation of its financial statements and its periodic reports in the future.

In addition, as previously noted, the Company has engaged outside consulting firms and other external consultants to assist its finance organization in completing the preparation of its financial statements, and preparing this Annual Report and other periodic reports. The Company relies heavily on these third party consultants who assist in the preparation of financial statements, including extracting financial data from our SAP System, and the timely filing of periodic reports with the SEC. If our third party consultants are unable to provide the Company with the necessary assistance and financial information in a timely manner, the Company will be unable to file its periodic reports when due. In addition, replacing these consultants with new employees may result in the loss of important institutional knowledge or otherwise create transitional issues that could delay the preparation of financial statements and periodic reports. If we are unable to rely on our third party consultants in the future or we do not receive their assistance in a timely manner, we may in the future have delays in reporting which could adversely affect our business.

Potential for future errors in the application of accounting rules and pronouncements.

The completion of the audits of our financial statements involved significant review and analyses, including highly technical analyses of data and business practices and the extraction of data from the SAP System. Given the complexity and scope of this process, and despite the extensive time, effort and expense that went into it, additional accounting errors may in the future come to light in these or other areas that may result in future restatements.

Efforts by the Company to become current in its periodic reporting obligations have required diversion of management’s attention from business operations, led to concerns on the part of investors about the financial condition of the Company and potential loss of business opportunities and resulted in the incurrence of substantial expenses.

Since discovering the issues with the Company’s previously reported financials in connection with the Company’s transition to the SAP System and the Company’s recognition of related material weaknesses in its systems of internal control regarding the accounting for inventory and cost of product sold, the Company’s management, including its finance and accounting personnel, has devoted and continue to devote substantial time, effort and resources to its efforts to become current in its periodic reporting obligations, in addition to performing its day-to-day duties. These efforts and the exigent circumstances have diverted and may continue to divert, management’s attention away from our business. In addition, the delay in the completion of the Company’s periodic reports and the financial condition of the Company have caused concerns on the part of investors and may have resulted in the loss of potential business opportunities or declines in the value of the Company’s common stock.

In addition, to assist their respective finance and accounting teams, the Company engaged outside accounting consulting firms and other external consultants to assist in the preparation of financial statements and periodic reports and has incurred and continues to incur substantial expenses for their services, in addition to incurring substantial expenses for external legal, tax and other professional services.

The staff of the SEC may review the periodic reports of the Company and may request amendments of financial information or other disclosures.

Following its review of periodic reports (including, but not limited to, this Annual Report) filed with the SEC, the staff of the SEC may request that the Company make additional changes to its reporting of financial information contained in such periodic reports, potentially requiring amendments to our financial information or other disclosure.

Any further amendments to the financial information of the Company, among other things:

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect its ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company listed in the U.S., we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and any rules promulgated thereunder. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage being a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. Operating a public company requires significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. For example, the requirements of these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight is required and, as a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns. The costs of compliance with public company reporting requirements and our potential failure to satisfy these requirements could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.

In order to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we may need to hire additional qualified accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience.

As a public company, we need to establish and maintain effective disclosure and financial controls and adhere to certain corporate governance practices. We may need to hire additional accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge, and it may be difficult to recruit and retain such personnel. Even if we are able to hire appropriate personnel, our existing operating expenses and operations will be impacted by the direct costs of their employment and the indirect consequences related to the diversion of management resources from other business concerns.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

Our stock price is volatile and could decline; there is currently a limited trading market for our common stock and we cannot predict how liquid the market might become.

There has been a limited trading market for our common stock and we cannot predict how liquid the market for our common stock might become. On September 28, 2021 our stock began trading in accordance with the OTC Pink Sheet No Information tier. Broker dealer firms are not able to provide stock quotes for IEH’s common stock and transactions are limited to the “Expert” market. The quotation of our common stock on the OTC Pink Sheets does not assure that a meaningful, consistent and liquid trading market exists. The market price for our common stock is subject to volatility and holders of our common stock may be unable to resell their shares at or near their original purchase price, or at any price. In the absence of an active trading market, investors may have difficulty buying and selling, or obtaining market quotations for our common stock; market visibility for our common stock may be limited; and a lack of visibility for our common stock may have a depressive effect on the market for our common stock. While we intend to regain listing on an actively traded platform, there can be no assurance that we will be successful.

The price of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile. For example, our stock price during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 traded as low as $6.20 and as high as $12.50 per share and during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, our stock price traded as low as $11.95 per share and as high as $18.25 per share. Fluctuations may be exaggerated since the trading volume is and would likely be volatile, limited, and sporadic. These fluctuations may or may not be based upon any business or operating results. We cannot assure you that your investment in our common stock will not decline.

Except for a single dividend declared and paid in 2017, we have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

Except for a single dividend declared and paid in 2017, we have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

The Offerman family has substantial influence over our management and policies, and their interests may conflict with ours or yours in the future.

Gail Offerman and Dave Offerman, our Chief Executive Officer, (the “Offerman Investors”) beneficially own approximately 46.7% of our common stock as of October 6, 2023, and will generally vote together as a single class on matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders. As a result, the Offerman Investors may exert substantial influence on other actions requiring a shareholder vote, potentially in a manner that you do not support, including the election and removal of directors and the approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, the ownership of such stockholders could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of us, and consequently, adversely affect the price of our common stock. In addition, the Offerman Investors and their affiliates exercise significant influence over the operations of our Company because the Company has been a business led by the Offerman family for generations. These stockholders may make decisions that are adverse to your interests.

We have reduced disclosure and governance requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies, which could result in our common stock being less attractive to investors.

We have a public float of less than $250 million and therefore qualify as a smaller reporting company under the rules of the SEC. As a smaller reporting company, we are able to take advantage of reduced disclosure requirements, such as simplified executive compensation disclosures, exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting and reduced financial statement disclosure requirements in our SEC filings. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company may make it harder for our investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive due to our reliance on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be volatile.

There are risks related to the implementation of our perpetual accounting system.

Since 2020, we have been operating on a new perpetual accounting system, SAP’s Business One system along with an add-on inventory and production module, Beas Manufacturing (“New SAP System”) in order to improve our financial reporting. Since implementation, we have been engaged in a multi-year process to refine the functionality of the New SAP System, most significantly around the accounting for inventory and costs of products sold. We have identified the causes of the errors that led to the restatement of previously reported financials and have made enhancements to the New SAP System to remediate those causes. There remains further work to improve and optimize the New SAP System, and that work is ongoing. Any significant deficiency in the design and implementation of the SAP System could negatively impact our financial data and may result in inaccurate financials or delays in our periodic reports with the SEC, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to General Economic Conditions and Other Factors:

Changes in general economic conditions, geopolitical conditions, U.S. trade policies and other factors beyond the Company’s control may adversely impact our business and operating results.

The Company’s operations and performance depend significantly on global, regional and U.S. economic and geopolitical conditions. The United States has from time to time experienced challenging economic conditions, including in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the global financial markets have recently undergone and may continue to experience significant volatility and disruption. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by changes in consumer confidence, levels of unemployment, inflation, interest rates, tax rates and general uncertainty regarding the overall future economic environment. A recession or slowdown in the economy may cause a decline in demand for our products and have a negative impact on our business.

We are also impacted by changes in trade policy. In recent years, there has been discussion and dialogue regarding potential significant changes to U.S. trade policies, legislation, treaties and tariffs. Changes to current policies by the U.S. or other governments could affect our business, including potentially through increased import tariffs and other influences on U.S. trade relations with other countries. The imposition of additional tariffs or other trade barriers could increase our costs in certain markets, and may cause our customers to find alternative sourcing. In addition, other countries may change their own policies on business and foreign investment in companies in their respective countries. Additionally, it is possible that U.S. policy changes and uncertainty about such changes could increase market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations. Market volatility and currency exchange rate fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. As a result of these dynamics, we cannot predict the impact to our business of any future changes to the U.S.’s trading relationships.

A number of other economic and geopolitical factors both in the United States and abroad could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, such as:

The global nature of our operations exposes us to numerous risks that could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We serve customers in the United States and abroad, with a sales presence in over 40 countries. Sales outside of the United States are subject to various risks that may not be present or as significant for our U.S. operations. Economic uncertainty in some of the geographic regions in which we sell our products could result in the disruption of commerce and negatively impact cash flows from our operations in those areas. Risks inherent in our international operations include, among others:

If we are unable to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks, it could have a material and adverse effect on our business, our results of operations and financial condition.

We are the primary source for various commercial and aerospace applications in China. There is always a risk of being second sourced by domestic manufacturers, and trade tensions or nationalizing supply chains adversely impacting our business.

Sales to customers located outside the U.S. accounted for approximately 14.8% and 23.8% of our revenue in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. Of these amounts, approximately 39.8% and 68.2% were attributable to sales to customers located in China in the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. We expect that revenue from international sales to China will continue to be a significant part of our total revenue. Any weakness in the Chinese economy could result in a decrease in demand for consumer products that contain our products, which could materially and adversely affect our business. In addition, there is a risk that manufacturers in China may compete with us and replace us. The imposition by the U.S. of tariffs on goods imported from China, countermeasures imposed by China in response, U.S. export restrictions on sales of products to China and other government actions that restrict or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell our products to Chinese customers may have a material impact on our business. In addition, we may be subject to rules and regulations of the PRC or the jurisdiction of other governmental agencies in the PRC that may adversely affect our rights and obligations. In the event of a dispute, we will likely be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign courts.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could adversely affect our business and the value of our securities.

The value of our securities will be indirectly affected by the foreign exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and RMB and between those currencies and other currencies in which our sales may be denominated. Appreciation or depreciation in the value of the RMB relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations.

To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions. While we may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these transactions may be limited, and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our foreign currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currencies. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

If relations between the U.S. and China worsen, our business could be adversely affected by the trade war and investors may be unwilling to hold or buy our stock and our stock price may decrease.

At various times during recent years, the U.S. and China have had significant disagreements over political and economic issues. Controversies may arise in the future between these two countries. Any political or trade controversies between the U.S. and China, whether or not directly related to our business, could reduce the price of our common stock. These controversies also could make it more difficult for us to sell our products to our customers in China. The international trade policies of China and the U.S. could adversely affect our business, and the imposition of trade sanctions relating to import and export of goods, taxes, tariffs and duties and other charges on imports from China or exports to China. Due to an increase in tariffs imposed by China on products from the U.S., some of our customers might seek alternatives, which could have a negative impact on our sales as we mainly sell our own products to customers in China. In order to avoid these tariffs, the market has shifted towards an uncertain era including sourcing from other countries. Our sales during this stage may also be negatively impacted by this shift in behavior.

Changes in defense expenditures may reduce the Company’s sales.

Approximately 56.3% and 59.1% of the Company’s net revenues for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively, came from sales to the defense market. The Company participates in a broad spectrum of defense programs. Accordingly, the Company’s sales are affected by changes in the defense budgets and policies of the U.S. government. A significant decline in U.S. government defense expenditures for programs in which we participate could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. U.S. government expenditures are also subject to political and budgetary fluctuations and constraints, which may result in significant unexpected changes in levels of demand for our products.

We may be adversely affected by natural disasters, pandemics and other catastrophic events and by man-made problems such as terrorism that could disrupt our business operations, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious disaster.

Our business operations are located in Brooklyn, New York and Allentown, PA. If a disaster, power outage, computer hacking, or other event occurred that prevented us from using all or a significant portion of our facilities, that damaged critical infrastructure, such as enterprise financial systems, IT systems, manufacturing resource planning or enterprise quality systems, or that otherwise disrupted operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. As an example, the New York City area was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and, due to safety considerations for our employees and government restrictions, including stay-at-home orders, certain of our employees worked from home for an extended period of time. In addition, our suppliers’ facilities are located in locations susceptible to natural disasters or similar events, such as tornadoes, fires, explosions or large-scale accidents or power outages, or IT threats, pandemics, acts of terrorism and other geo-political unrest, which could severely disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects. All of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if we do not implement a disaster recovery plan or our partners’ or manufacturers’ disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. To the extent that any of the above should result in delays in the manufacture or distribution of our products, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects would suffer.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of system failures, cyber-attacks or a deficiency in our cyber-security.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war, artificial intelligence related cyber-attacks, and telecommunication and electrical failures. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber-terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. If such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations.

None.

The Company renewed its lease for its manufacturing facility located at 140 58^th Street, Suite 8E, Brooklyn, New York on December 1, 2020, and entered into a 120 month lease agreement extension, running through November 30, 2030. The lease is approximately 20,400 square feet of space, of which it is estimated that 6,000 square feet are used as executive, sales and administrative offices and 14,400 square feet are used for its manufacturing, testing and plating operations. The basic minimum annual rental payments remaining on this lease is $2,325,237 as of March 31, 2023.

The Company entered into a lease on January 29, 2021 for a building at 200 Cascade Drive, Bldg. 2, Suite H, Allentown, PA 18109 running through March 30, 2028. The lease is approximately 28,800 square feet of space, of which it is estimated that 4,800 square feet are used as executive and administrative offices and 24,000 square feet are used for its manufacturing and testing operations. The basic minimum annual rental payments remaining on this lease is $1,256,346 as of March 31, 2023.

There are no legal proceedings that have occurred within the past year concerning our directors, or control persons which involved a criminal conviction, a criminal proceeding, an administrative or civil proceeding limiting one’s participation in the securities or banking industries, or a finding of securities or commodities law violations.

On August 17, 2022, the SEC issued an Order Instituting Administrative Proceedings and Notice of Hearing pursuant to Section 12(j) of the Exchange Act. The stated purpose of the administrative proceeding is for the Commission to determine whether it is necessary and appropriate for the protection of investors to suspend for a period not exceeding twelve months, or revoke the registration of each class of securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act of the Company. The Company filed an Answer in the proceeding on October 3, 2022 and on October 13, 2022 we conducted a prehearing conference with SEC staff in the Division of Enforcement. On March 1, 2023 the SEC’s Division of Enforcement filed a Motion for Summary Disposition, on March 15, 2023, IEH filed an opposition brief to the SEC Division of Enforcement’s Motion for Summary Disposition, and on March 29, 2023, the SEC’s Division of Enforcement filed a Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Disposition. The Commission will issue a decision on the basis of the record in the proceeding.

Not applicable.

IEH CORPORATION

PART II

Principal Market:

Beginning on September 28, 2021, as a result of the SEC’s amendments to Exchange Act Rule 15c2-11 which requires listed companies to be current in their SEC periodic reports or provide alternative information, trading in the Company’s shares of common stock is in accordance with the OTC Pink Sheet No Information tier and transactions are limited to the “Expert” market. As a result, broker dealer firms are not able to provide stock quotes for the Company’s common stock. Persons who hold our common stock or wish to purchase our common stock will have to contact their brokers directly in order to buy or sell shares. Prior to September 28, 2021, on March 22, 2019, the Company’s shares of common stock (the “common stock”) commenced trading exclusively on the OTCQX Marketplace. Prior to March 22, 2019, the common stock was traded exclusively on the OTCQB Marketplace commencing on March 17, 2017. The shares are quoted under the ticker symbol “IEHC”. Investors are able to view real-time quotes at http://www.otcmarkets.com. Because we are quoted on the OTC Pink Sheet, our common stock may be less liquid, receive less coverage by security analysts and news media, and generate lower prices than might otherwise be obtained if it were listed on a national securities exchange.

Market Information:

The range of high and low bid prices for the Company’s common stock, for the periods indicated, are set forth below as reported by the OTC Markets. The table below provides the high and low bid prices of the common stock during the periods indicated. These prices represent quotations between dealers without adjustment for retail mark-up, markdown or commission and may not represent actual transactions.

Holders:

The number of record holders of the Company’s common stock as of September 29, 2023 was 187. Such number of record owners was determined from the Company’s shareholder records, and does not include the beneficial owners of the Company’s common stock whose shares are held in the names of various security holders, dealers and clearing agencies.

Dividends:

Except for a single cash dividend declared and paid in 2017, we have never declared or paid a regular, quarterly cash dividend on our Common Stock, and we do not expect to pay any regular, quarterly cash dividend on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future. Payment of future dividends, if any, on our Common Stock will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, anticipated cash needs, and plans for expansion.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities:

None.

Not Applicable.

Statements contained in this report, which are not historical facts, may be considered forward-looking information with respect to plans, projections, or future performance of the Company as defined under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “anticipate,” “believe”, “estimate”, “expect,” “objective,” and think” or similar expressions used herein are intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements are based on the Company’s current views and assumptions and involve risks and uncertainties that include, among other things, the performance of the Company’s business, actions of competitors, changes in laws and regulations, including accounting standards, employee relations, customer demand, prices of purchased raw materials and parts, domestic economic conditions, and foreign economic conditions, including currency rate fluctuations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements and related footnotes included elsewhere in this report, which provide additional information concerning the Company’s financial activities and condition.

Overview of Business:

The Company designs, develops and manufactures printed circuit board connectors and custom interconnects for high performance applications.

All of our connectors utilize the HYPERBOLOID contact design, a rugged, high-reliability contact system ideally suited for high-stress environments. We believe we are the only independent producer of HYPERBOLOID printed circuit board connectors in the United States.

Our customers consist of OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) and distributors who resell our products to OEMs. We sell our products directly and through 22 independent sales representatives and distributors located in all regions of the United States, Canada, the European Union, Southeast Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East.

The customers we service are in the Defense, Aerospace, Space, Medical, Oil and Gas, Industrial, Test Equipment and Commercial Electronics markets. We appear on the Military Qualified Product Listing (“QPL”) MIL-DTL-55302 and supply customer requested modifications to this specification. Our offering of “QPL” items has been expanded to include additional products.

The customers we service by industry as a percentage of total revenue is provided below:

We are exposed to and impacted by macroeconomic factors and U.S., state and local government policies. Current general economic conditions, including the current levels of inflation, have created uncertainties, resulting in market volatility. We have adopted particular measures to protect our employees at our manufacturing operations in Brooklyn, New York, and Allentown, PA, and we expect to execute on our contracts through carefully designed arrangements.

Worldwide Supply Chain Disruptions

Worldwide supply chain disruptions, which were initially brought about by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, have persisted despite the recovery in the global economy and financial markets. The Company has experienced longer lead times for raw materials and has experienced raw material cost increases compared to prior fiscal years. These and other issues resulting from worldwide supply chain disruptions, including the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, have stabilized but are expected to continue to some degree into fiscal 2024 and could continue to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results and financial condition. The precise financial impact and duration, however, cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Future events and their effects cannot be determined with absolute certainty. Therefore, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Actual results inevitably will differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the financial statements. The most significant accounting estimates inherent in the preparation of our financial statements include estimates associated with revenue recognition, valuation of inventories, accounting for income taxes and stock-based compensation expense.

Our financial position, results of operations and cash flows are impacted by the accounting policies we have adopted. In order to get a full understanding of our financial statements, one must have a clear understanding of the accounting policies employed. A summary of our critical accounting policies is presented within the footnotes in the financial statements presented within this Annual Report.

Revenue Recognition

Pursuant to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, revenue represents the amount received or receivable for goods and services supplied by the Company to its customers. The Company recognizes revenue and the related cost of products sold when the performance obligations are satisfied. The performance obligations are typically satisfied upon shipment of physical goods. In addition to the satisfaction of the performance obligations, the following conditions are required for revenue recognition: an arrangement exists, there is a fixed price, and collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company does not offer any discounts, credits or other sales incentives. Historically, the Company believes that it has no collection issues with its customer base. The Company’s policy with respect to customer returns and allowances as well as product warranty is as follows:

The Company may accept a return of defective product within one year from shipment for repair or replacement at the Company’s option. If the product is repairable, the Company at its own cost, will repair and return it to the customer. If unrepairable, the Company will replace the defective product with a new item. The cost of defective products is immaterial at this time. Billing terms vary by customer and product but generally do not exceed 30 days.

The Company provides engineering services as part of the relationship with its customers in developing the custom product. The Company is not obligated to provide such engineering service to its customers. The Company does not invoice its customers separately for these services.

The Company records a liability when receiving cash in advance of delivering goods or services to the customer. This liability is offset against the receivable recognized when those goods or services are delivered. Deposits from customers were $20,639 and $97,885, as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Valuation of Inventories

Raw materials are stated at the average cost on a first-in first-out basis which does not exceed net realizable value. Finished goods and work in process are valued at the lower of actual cost, determined on a specific identification basis, or the net realizable value of each product. The Company estimates which materials may be obsolete and which products in work in process or finished goods may be sold at less than cost, and adjusts their inventory value accordingly.

Accounting for Income Taxes

The Company’s current provision for income taxes is based upon its estimated taxable income in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates, after considering the impact on taxable income of temporary and permanent differences resulting from different treatment of items for tax and financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and any operating loss or tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income in those periods in which temporary differences become deductible. Should management determine that it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets would be established in the period such determination was made.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized in the statement of operations is based on options ultimately expected to vest. We chose the straight-line method of allocating compensation cost over the requisite service period of the related award in accordance with the authoritative guidance. The expected term of options granted to employees is calculated using the simplified method, which represents the average of the contractual term of the option and the weighted-average vesting period of the option, which, for options granted in fiscal 2023 and 2022, resulted in an expected term of approximately five years. We used our historical volatility to estimate expected volatility in fiscal 2023 and 2022. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding to the expected life of the options. The dividend yield is 0% based on the fact that we have no present intention to pay dividends. Determining some of these assumptions requires significant judgment and changes to these assumptions could result in a significant change to the calculation of stock-based compensation in future periods.

Results of Operations:

Annual Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

Revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was $19,136,890, reflecting a decrease of $5,128,699, or 21.1%, as compared to $24,265,589 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease in revenues for fiscal year 2023 compared to fiscal year 2022 was primarily due to a softness in orders from our defense and space customers. Our revenues continue to be negatively impacted by reduced government spending in these sectors for programs in which we participate. The decline in defense and space customer revenue was offset somewhat by increases in commercial aerospace revenues. We are seeing increases in commercial aerospace, generally, as consumer aviation traffic has been returning to pre COVID-19 levels, and from the Boeing 737-Max program, in particular, as Boeing has resumed its production after having earlier grounded the production of this aerospace program.

Cost of products sold for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was $18,395,865 reflecting a decrease of $932,384, or 4.8%, as compared to $19,328,249 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was principally attributable to the 21.1% decrease in revenue, offset by the increase in our cost of products sold, especially in light of declining revenues, which reflects the additional costs we have incurred in staffing the Pennsylvania location, the costs of maintaining our highly trained labor force through periods of reduced production and the impacts of inflation.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was $5,519,278, reflecting an increase of $480,206, or 9.5%, as compared to $5,039,072 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in legal and accounting fees of $701,917 partially offset by a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $383,083.

Depreciation and amortization for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was $1,034,559, reflecting an increase of $197,358, or 23.6%, as compared to $837,201 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The increase was principally attributable to an increase in capitalized leasehold improvements related to our new Pennsylvania facility, as well as increases in capitalized molds and dies for new products.

Total other income (expense) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was income of $116,268, reflecting a decrease of $2,098,153, as compared to income of $2,214,421 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to the debt forgiveness income recognized from the forgiveness of the PPP loan of $2,103,885 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

(Provision for) benefit from income taxes for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was a provision of $806,380, as compared to a benefit of $162,646 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The change was primarily attributable to fully impairing the deferred income tax assets, net. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we determined to record a full valuation allowance on our deferred income tax assets, net. As such, during the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded a full valuation allowance for the opening period deferred income tax asset, net and then beginning on June 30, 2022, recorded an adjustment to fully impair any increase in the deferred income tax asset, net. As such, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, the effect of recording a full valuation allowance resulted in an income tax provision of $806,380.

Liquidity and Capital Resources:

Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are working capital, inventory, capital expenditures, public company costs and general corporate needs. We expect these needs to continue as we further develop and grow our business. For the year ended March 31, 2023, our primary sources of liquidity came from existing cash. Based on our current plans and business conditions, we believe that existing cash, together with cash generated from operations will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements, and we are not aware of any trends or demands, commitments, events or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to result in a decrease in liquidity of our assets. We may require additional capital to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances and in either the short-term or long-term may determine to engage in equity or debt financings or enter into credit facilities for other reasons. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. In particular, inflationary pressures and interest rates, the 2023 banking crisis and the conflict between Russia and Ukraine have resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant disruption and volatility in the global financial markets, reducing our ability to access capital. If we are unable to raise additional funds when or on the terms desired, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

As of March 31, 2023, our cash balance was $8,344,706. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, we recorded a net loss of $6,502,924. As of March 31, 2023, we had working capital of $20,303,090.

Our principal source of liquidity is cash flows generated by operating activities and cash reserves.

Cash Flow Activities for the Years Ended March 31, 2023 Compared to the Year Ended March 31, 2022

The following table summarizes our cash flow activities for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities was ($3,785,051) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $5,199,544, as compared to $1,414,493 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The period over period decrease in cash from operating activities of $5,199,544 was primarily due to the decrease in net (loss) income of $7,941,058 (as adjusted for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 non-cash gain of $2,103,885 on forgiveness of debt, a decrease in net income (loss) of $5,837,173), offset principally by the non-cash charge to fully impair the deferred income tax asset, net.

Net cash used in investing activities was $545,514 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, a decrease of $2,101,250, as compared to a use of $2,646,764 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was due to a reduction in purchases of leasehold improvement related to our new Pennsylvania facility.

There were no financing activities during either fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 or 2022.

PPP Loan and Note

On April 13, 2020, the Company entered into an unsecured note (the “PPP Note”) evidencing an unsecured loan (“PPP Loan”) in the principal amount of $2,103,885 pursuant to the Payment Protection Program (“PPP”) under the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”).

On April 21, 2021, the Company received notice that the PPP Loan was forgiven. The Company recorded the forgiveness of the principal balance of $2,103,885 as debt forgiveness income in the quarter ended June 30, 2021.

Backlog of Orders

Our customers typically enter into supply arrangements for the purchase of our products which we will produce and deliver over time. On an as-needed basis, our customers place specific production orders, and these orders are generally filled and shipped within twelve weeks. Our backlog consists of supply arrangements where the anticipated unfulfilled shipping dates are within approximately twelve months. Because of the possibility of customer changes in delivery schedules or the cancellation of orders, our backlog as of any particular date may not be indicative of revenue in any future period. The backlog amounted to approximately $13,724,000 at March 31, 2023 as compared to $7,909,000 at March 31, 2022. The increase in total backlog as of March 31, 2023 compared with the previous years is primarily due to increases in aerospace and defense customer demand, driven in large part by the recovery of commercial aviation after the earlier grounding of the Boeing 737 Max jet and the impact of COVID-19, as well as increases in orders from our defense customers.

A portion of these backlog orders are subject to cancellation or postponement of delivery dates and, therefore, no assurance can be given that actual sales will result from these orders. The Company does not foresee any problems which would prevent it from fulfilling these orders.

Inflation

In the opinion of management, inflation has begun to impact the costs of our operations and depending upon the current duration and degree of higher inflation levels, is expected to have an impact upon our operations in the future. Management will continue to monitor inflation and evaluate the possible future effects of inflation on our business and operations.

Not required.

See our audited Financial Statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 which follows Item 16 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

None.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in paragraph (e) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act) designed to ensure that the information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified under the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. As required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer (our principal executive officer) and our Chief Financial Officer (our principal financial officer) carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023.

Management has used the framework set forth in the report entitled Internal Control—Integrated Framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), known as COSO, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The following material weaknesses have been identified:

As of March 31, 2023, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer concluded that our internal over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures were not effective based upon the identified material weaknesses noted above.

Management is actively engaged in the planning for and implementation of remediation efforts to address the identified material weaknesses. The remediation plan includes (i) the engaging of additional experienced financial resources, (ii) the development and implementation of enhanced controls designed to evaluate the appropriateness of policies and procedures, (iii) the implementation of review and monitoring of transactions to ensure compliance with the new policies and procedures, (iv) improvements in the design and implementation of enhanced monitoring of ITGC controls, and (v) the enhanced training of personnel.

(b) Management’s Report on Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving their objectives. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgement and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Due to their inherent limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. It is possible to design safeguards to reduce, but not eliminate, this risk. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for our company.

Mitigation Steps

In order to address the material weaknesses stated above, Management undertook the following mitigation steps:

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements or fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to SEC rules, which permit us to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors or all instances of fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of its inherent limitations, internal controls over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

(c) Changes in Internal Controls Over Financial Reporting

Except as described above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) identified in connection with the evaluation of our internal controls that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal controls over financial reporting.

None.

Not Applicable.

IEH CORPORATION

PART III

Executive Officers and Directors

As of March 31, 2023, the executive officers and directors of the Company are as follows:

IEH’s Certificate of Incorporation provides that the directors of the Company are to be elected in two (2) classes; each class to be elected to a staggered two (2) year term and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. As of March 31, 2023, the Board of Directors consisted of six (6) members divided into two classes with three Class I Members (Mr. Hugel, Ms. Marciano and Mr. Rosenfeld) and three Class II Members (Mr. David Offerman, Mr. Gottlieb and Mr. Chafetz). Effective August 1, 2023, John P. Spiezio was elected to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Dr. Sonia Marciano. All officers are elected by and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

David Offerman. On March 26, 2017, Mr. Offerman was elected to the positions of Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer. David succeeded his late father, Michael Offerman, who passed away on March 24, 2017. David Offerman has been a member of IEH’s Board of Directors since July 15, 2016. Prior to March 24, 2017, he was the Vice President – Sales and Marketing of the Company. He joined the Company in September 2004 as the National Sales Manager and was appointed to Vice President – Sales and Marketing in April 2011. Prior to joining IEH, Mr. Offerman worked as an account executive and sales manager in the telecommunication industry.

Mr. Offerman graduated from the University of Michigan in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts in film and communications. In 2016, he received an MBA from the NYU Stern School of Business with a concentration in leadership and management. We believe Mr. Offerman’s expertise in manufacturing, sales and strategy along with his extensive experience, qualifications, attributes and skills make him well qualified to serve as a director of our Company.

William H. Craig. On August 27, 2020, the Company appointed William H. Craig as its Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. His appointment became effective on the next business day following the Company filing its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and upon the official retirement date of the then current Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, Robert Knoth. From March 2012 to March 2020, Mr. Craig served as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Tarantin Industries, Inc., a family owned industrial distributor based in Freehold, NJ with operations in the eastern third of the U.S. From October 2007 to September 2011, Mr. Craig served as Chief Financial Officer of Fifth Street Capital, Inc., an externally managed closed end non-diversified Regulated Investment Company operating as a Business Development Company and based in White Plains, NY. From March 2005 to September 2007, he was the executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Vital Signs, Inc., a medical device manufacturer based in the United States with global operations. Vital Signs, headquartered in Totowa, NJ, is a NASDAQ listed company (VITL). From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Craig served as the Executive Vice President of Finance and Administration and Chief Financial Officer of Matheson Tri- Gas, Inc., an industrial specialty gas company with global operations including 20 significant plants in the U.S., nearly 100 retail outlets and production/marketing joint ventures in Europe and Asia. From 1997 to 1999, he served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Empire of Carolina, an AMEX-listed consumer products company.

On September 21, 2022, the Company entered into a new employment agreement with Mr. Craig effective as of July 1, 2022 and such agreement would have expired on June 30, 2027. Mr. Craig resigned his employment with the Company, effective May 17, 2023.

Subrata Purkayastha. On May 19, 2023, the Company appointed Subrata Purkayastha as its Interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer. Ms. Purkayastha’s appointment became effective on May 19, 2023. Ms. Purkayastha has served as Controller of the Company since November 2021. Prior to joining the Company, from January 2019 to May 2021, Ms. Purkayastha served as Controller of Sprouts Foods, Inc., a producer and distributor of premium organic foods intended for babies and toddlers. From July 2017 to January 2019, Ms. Purkayastha served as Accounting Manager at Sprouts Foods, Inc. where she provided timely and accurate financial reporting to the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer and private equity partners. Prior to Sprout Foods Inc., from July 2015 to June 2017, Ms. Purkayastha served as Accounting Manager of Champions Oncology, Inc., a publicly-traded company engaged in the development of advanced technology solutions and services to personalize the development of oncology drug development. Ms. Purkayastha holds a Bachelor of Science in Accounting from Carson-Newman University in Jefferson City, Tennessee and also received a Masters in Arts degree with a focus in International Banking and Finance from Fordham University. Ms. Purkayastha is also a Certified Public Accountant.

Effective on June 1, 2023, the Company entered into a new employment agreement with Ms. Purkayastha and such agreement expires on November 30, 2023.

Allen Gottlieb. Mr. Gottlieb has been a board member since 1992. He has a BS from NYU in Accounting and Finance, and an LL.B. and JD from Brooklyn Law School. He currently operates his own firm specializing in Labor Relations and Human Resources consulting. He also has extensive entrepreneurial experience in manufacturing, distribution, logistics, and hospitality, in both domestic and international markets. The company believes that his broad experience as well as his knowledge of IEH qualifies him to serve as a director of our Company.

Gerald Chafetz. Mr. Chafetz has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2009. He is President of GEC Enterprises, LLC since 2011. GEC Enterprises, LLC is a property management company headquartered in Rockville Centre, New York. He was previously President of Capitol City Companies. Prior to founding Capitol City Companies, he had an extended 22-year executive career in the textile industry with several knitwear and high fashion manufacturers, including Arista Knitwear, Berwick Fashion Knitwear and Beged-or Knitwear. Mr. Chafetz graduated from the University of Hartford in 1965 with a Bachelor of Science degree in business. We believe Mr. Chafetz’s expertise in executive management and manufacturing along with his extensive experience, qualifications, attributes and skills make him well qualified to serve as a director of our Company.

Eric C. Hugel, CPA, CFA. Eric C. Hugel has been a member of IEH’s Board of Directors since July 15, 2016. Since May 2023, he has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Americraft Marine Group LLC, a company with the mission to support and strengthen the U.S. shipbuilding industry and infrastructure. From July 2014 to May 2023, Mr. Hugel served as the Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Hugel Corporation, an online retailer. From March 2013 to February 2014, Mr. Hugel held the position of Senior Institutional Specialist in U.S. Fundamental Equity Research Analyst at McGraw Hill Financial – S&P Capital IQ providing investment advisory services. In particular he provided research and analysis in the U.S. aerospace and defense and industrial conglomerates sectors. From July 2002 through June 2012 he was a managing director at Stephens Inc. providing investment research and analytical services in the U.S. aerospace and defenses sectors. Mr. Hugel graduated from Lehigh University in 1993 with a Bachelor of Science in accounting. We believe Mr. Hugel’s expertise in manufacturing in the aerospace industry and finance along with his extensive experience, qualifications, attributes and skills make him well qualified to serve as a director of our Company.

Dr. Sonia Marciano. Dr. Sonia Marciano was a member of IEH’s Board of Directors from July 15, 2016 until July 31, 2023. She is a clinical professor at the NYU Stern School of Business since July 2007 where she teaches courses and manages academic programs. She graduated from the University of Chicago in 1984 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 2000, Dr. Marciano received from the University of Chicago her MBA in Economics and Finance and her PhD in Business Economics. We believe Dr. Marciano’s expertise in corporate strategy along with her extensive experience, qualifications, attributes and skills made her well qualified to serve as a director of our Company.

Dr. Marciano resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors, effective July 31, 2023.

Michael E. Rosenfeld has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2018. He is a co-founder, Principal, and Chief Operating Officer of Olive Tree Holdings, a mission driven private investment company headquartered in New York City, Atlanta, and Houston specializing in the acquisition, management and transformation of multifamily communities across dynamically growing markets within the U.S. With vertically integrated asset management, property management, construction, technology, and marketing services, Olive Tree Holdings devises 360-degree business plans to dramatically increase the value of its invested assets while creating a higher standard of living for its residents. To date, the firm has a lifetime portfolio value of $2 billion, has acquired and transformed 16,000 units of workforce and affordable housing across 8 states. From 2013-2016 he was Vice President and Chief of Staff at Bert E. Brodsky & Associates, Inc., a private investment firm with a diverse portfolio of companies across several industries. Prior to that from 2006-2013, he served as Vice President of Business Development of Mobile Health Management Services, Inc., a subsidiary of Bert Brodsky & Associates, Inc. Mr. Rosenfeld received his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Emory University in 2006, and his Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Corporate Finance from the New York University Stern School of Business in 2016. We believe Mr. Rosenfeld’s expertise in finance and accounting along with his extensive experience, qualifications, attributes and skills make him well qualified to serve as a director of our Company.

John P. Spiezio, appointed on August 1, 2023, has extensive experience in the aerospace and defense industries. After studying Economics, Computer Science, and Mathematics at Marquette University, he returned to New York and began his 33-year career as the third-generation leader at Hicksville Machine Works, Inc. (“HMW”), a supplier to prime aerospace & defense contractors throughout North America and Europe as well as the Department of Defense directly. Over that time he gained extensive experience in operations, business development, and governance of a business operating in this specialized industry. After HMW was sold in 2019, Mr. Spiezio worked, from March 2019 to April 2021, for a private equity firm engaged in building a vertically integrated company that could produce and supply entire integrated systems to the aerospace and defense industries. Mr. Spiezio serves on the corporate boards of MicroMetl Corporation and GRC Reality. Mr. Spiezio is also currently the Chairman of ADDAPT, an industry group focused on defense and aerospace suppliers based in New York State.

Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s directors and officers and persons who own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of a registered class of the Company’s common stock, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of our common stock.

Officers, directors and greater than 10% shareholders are required to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) reports that they file. Based solely on review of the copies of such reports received by the Company, the Company believes that filing requirements applicable to officers, directors and 10% shareholders were complied with during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Director Independence; Meetings of Directors; Corporate Governance; Committees of the Board 

Our Board of Directors currently consists of six individuals. Five of our directors are “independent” as defined in the Marketplace Rules of The NASDAQ Stock Market. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, our Board of Directors held six meetings, the Audit Committee met on one occasion to discuss the Company’s progress in preparing its updated Form 10-K and 10-Qs, and the Compensation Committee met on one occasion.

During the fiscal year ended March 29, 2019, our Board of Directors approved the formation of an audit committee and a compensation committee, and each committee would initially have three (3) members consisting of independent directors. The Board nominated the following directors to each such committee: (i) Audit Committee – Eric Hugel (Chair), Allen Gottlieb and Michael E. Rosenfeld; and (ii) Compensation Committee – Gerald Chafetz (Chair), Michael E. Rosenfeld and Dr. Sonia Marciano. Each of these Board committees has a written charter approved by the Board of Directors. Each of the charters of these Board committees is available on the Company’s website, www.iehcorp.com (click on “Investors”, then on “Corporate Governance”.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, a general description of the duties of the committees were as follows:

Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee acts to: (i) review with management the finances, financial condition and interim financial statements of the Company; (ii) review with our independent registered public accounting firm the quarterly and year-end financial statements; (iii) review implementation with the independent registered public accounting firm and management any action recommended by the independent registered public accounting firm; and (iv) engage, retain and terminate our independent registered public accounting firm. Mr. Hugel, the Chair of the Audit Committee was also designated as our Audit Committee Financial Expert. On August 1, 2023, the board appointed Mr. John P. Speizio to its Audit Committee.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, all of the members of our Audit Committee were “independent” within the definition of that term as provided by NASDAQ rules.

Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee acts to: (i) review, approve and administer compensation arrangements for our executive officers; (ii) administer our equity-based compensation plans, (iii) establish and review general policies relating to the compensation and benefits of our executive officers and other personnel, (iv) evaluate the relationship between executive officer compensation policies and practices and corporate risk management to confirm those policies and practices do not incentivize excessive risk-taking, and (iv) evaluate and make recommendations to our Board of Directors regarding the compensation of our non-employee directors.

Security holder recommendations of director nominees. The Board did not adopt any modifications to the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees to its Board of Directors.

Code of Ethics. The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics, which has been made available on its website https://www.iehcorp.com/ethics-code

The following table sets forth below the summary compensation paid or accrued by the Company during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively, for the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer:

David Offerman – Employment Agreement

On July 29, 2019, IEH entered into an employment agreement with David Offerman, its Chief Executive Officer and President. The employment agreement with Mr. Offerman is effective as of July 29, 2019 and will expire on December 31, 2024. Under the employment agreement, Mr. Offerman receives a base salary of $395,000 per annum and is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 100% of base salary for each fiscal year of employment based on performance targets and other key objectives established by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.

During the term of the employment agreement, he is also eligible to receive equity or performance awards pursuant to any long-term incentive compensation plan adopted by the Compensation Committee.

In the event of the termination of Mr. Offerman’s employment by us without “cause” or by him for “good reason”, as such terms are defined in the employment agreement, he would be entitled to: (a) a severance payment of 36 months of base salary; (b) continued participation in our health and welfare plans for up to 24 months; and (c) all accrued but unpaid compensation. Further, under the employment agreement, if within the three (3) year period of a “change in control” (as defined in the employment agreement) either Mr. Offerman’s employment is terminated, or his title, position or responsibilities are materially reduced and he terminates his employment, the Company shall pay and/or provide to him substantially the same compensation and benefits as if his termination was without “cause” or for “good reason”, subject to limitation to avoid the imposition of the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) if such payments would constitute an “excess parachute payment” as defined in Section 280G of the Code. Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Offerman is subject to customary confidentiality, non-solicitation of employees and non-competition obligations that survive the termination of such agreement.

William H. Craig – Employment Agreement

On August 27, 2020, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Craig. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Craig’s appointment as its Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer became effective on the next business day following the Company filing its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and upon the official retirement date of the then current Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer, Robert Knoth (“Effective Date”). From June 24, 2020 and up to the Effective Date, Mr. Craig served as a consultant to the Company. Under the initial agreement, Mr. Craig received a base salary of $225,000 per annum.

On September 21, 2022, the Company entered into a new employment agreement with Mr. Craig. The new employment agreement with Mr. Craig was effective as of July 1, 2022 and would have expired on June 30, 2027. Under the new employment agreement, Mr. Craig was to continue to serve as the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of IEH and receive a base salary of $247,200 per annum and be eligible to receive an annual bonus for each fiscal year of employment based on performance targets and other key objectives established by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. During the term of the agreement, Mr. Craig was also eligible to receive equity or performance awards pursuant to any long-term incentive compensation plan adopted by the Committee or the Board of Directors. Mr. Craig was also able to receive cash bonuses in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors for each fiscal year of employment and based on performance targets and other key objectives established by the Compensation Committee. The new agreement further provided for the payment of severance pay and continued participation in health and welfare plans for up to 24 months in the case of termination without cause or a change of control of the company. Mr. Craig is subject to customary confidentiality and non-compete obligations that survive the termination of the agreement. Mr. Craig resigned his employment with the Company, effective May 17, 2023.

Subrata Purkayastha – Employment Agreement

On June 1, 2023, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Ms. Purkayastha to serve as the Company’s Interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer.

The employment agreement with Ms. Purkayastha was effective as of June 1, 2023 and will expire on November 30, 2023. Under the employment agreement, Ms. Purkayastha will receive a base salary of $200,000 per annum and be eligible to receive a bonus based on performance targets and other key objectives established by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company. The agreement further provides for the payment of severance pay and continued participation in health and welfare plans for up to 6 months in the case of termination without cause. Ms. Purkayastha is subject to customary confidentiality and non-compete obligations that survive the termination of the agreement.

Cash Bonus Plan

In 1987, the Company adopted a cash bonus plan (the “Cash Bonus Plan”) for non-union, management and administration staff. Unless otherwise approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, contributions to the Cash Bonus Plan are made by the Company only when the Company is profitable for the fiscal year. As of March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s accrued bonus was $354,250 and $408,000, respectively. Bonus expense recorded for each of the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was $82,901 and $402,000, respectively. The Company paid the bonus earned during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 of $354,250 in June 2023 and the bonus earned during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 of $137,750, in June 2022, respectively. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, the Company determined that bonuses accrued for the senior leadership team for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 in the amount of $270,250 were reversed and not paid.

Stock Option Plans

On November 18, 2020, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) for submission to shareholders at the next Annual Meeting. On December 16, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the adoption of the 2020 Plan, which provides for options and restricted stock awards to purchase up to 750,000 shares of Common Stock to award in the future as employee incentive compensation to employees, management and directors of the Company.

Options granted to employees under the 2020 Plan may be designated as options which qualify for incentive stock option treatment under Section 422A of the Internal Revenue Code, or options which do not qualify (non-qualified stock options).

Under the 2020 Plan, the exercise price of an option designated as an incentive stock option shall not be less than the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the day the option is granted. In the event an option designated as an incentive stock option is granted to a ten percent (10%) shareholder, such exercise price shall be at least 110 percent (110%) of the fair market value or the Company’s common stock and the option must not be exercisable after the expiration of ten years from the day of the grant. The 2020 Plan also provides that holders of options that wish to pay for the exercise price of their options with shares of the Company’s common stock must have beneficially owned such stock for at least nine months prior to the exercise date.

Exercise prices of non-incentive stock options not may be less than the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate fair market value of shares subject to options granted to a participants(s), which are designated as incentive stock options, and which become exercisable in any calendar year, shall not exceed $100,000.

Outstanding Equity Awards as of March 31, 2023

The following table sets forth certain information regarding outstanding equity awards granted to our named executive officers that remain outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

Non-Employee Director Equity Awards

The following table sets forth certain information regarding outstanding equity awards granted to our non-employee directors that remain outstanding as of March 31, 2023.

Non-Employee Director Compensation

The following table sets forth the compensation (cash and equity) received by our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Through March 31, 2023, non-executive directors were compensated through an annual director fee of $5,000, payable quarterly. Each director also received an annual fee of $5,000 for service on each committee, payable quarterly. The chairman of each committee received an additional annual fee of $2,500, payable quarterly.

Effective after March 31, 2023, non-executive directors were compensated through an annual director fee of $10,000, payable quarterly. Each director shall also receive an annual fee of $5,000 for service on each committee, payable quarterly. The chairman of each committee shall receive an additional annual fee of $2,500, payable quarterly.

The following table sets forth certain information as of October 6, 2023 with respect to: (i) the persons (including any “group” as that term is used in Section 13(d)(3) of the Exchange Act), known by the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than five percent (5%) of any class of the Company’s voting securities; (ii) each Named Executive Officer and Director who owns common stock in the Company; and (iii) all Executive Officers and Directors as a group. As of October 6, 2023, there were 2,370,251 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. The figures stated below are based upon Schedule 13Ds, Schedule 13D/As, Form 3s and Form 4s filed with the SEC by the named persons.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the ownership of our common stock as of October 6, 2023 by:

We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the SEC. Under these rules, beneficial ownership includes any shares of common stock as to which the individual or entity has sole or shared voting power or investment power. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by an individual or entity and the percentage ownership of that person, shares of common stock subject to options held by such person that are currently exercisable or will become exercisable within 60 days of October 6, 2023 are considered outstanding, although these shares are not considered outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

Unless otherwise indicated, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o IEH Corporation, 140 58^th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11220.

Each of the stockholders listed has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by the stockholder unless noted otherwise, subject to community property laws where applicable.

All shares set forth above are owned directly by the named individual unless otherwise stated.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information as of March 31, 2023, regarding shares of common stock that may be issued under the Company’s equity compensation plans (the “Equity Plan”). Information is included for both equity compensation plans approved by the Company’s stockholders and not approved by the Company’s stockholders.

Other than the employment terms for its executive officers as described elsewhere in this Form 10-K, and as described below, there have been no related party transactions that are required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404. Messrs. Gottlieb, Chafetz, Hugel, Rosenfeld, Spiezio, and Ms. Marciano are deemed independent directors of the Company pursuant to the SEC rules and regulations.

On June 29, 2023, the Board of Directors engaged Marcum LLP (“Marcum LLP”) (PCAOB ID: 688) as the independent auditor of IEH for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

Audit Fees. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, IEH audit fees were $386,000 and $142,500 to Marcum LLP for fees related to the audit of its financial statements, respectively.

Audit Related Fees. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, $0 and $0 were paid.

Tax Fees. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, $10,558 and $8,250 were paid for tax related services, respectively.

All Other Fees. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, IEH did not pay any other fees for services to its independent auditor.

The Board of Directors has determined that the services provided by Marcum LLP and the fees paid to it for such services during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, have not compromised the independence of Marcum LLP and has been approved by the Audit Committee.

IEH CORPORATION

PART IV

All schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

(b) Exhibits

The exhibits filed as part of this annual Report on Form 10-K are set forth on the Exhibit Index, which Exhibit Index is incorporated herein by reference.

EXHIBIT INDEX

None.

IEH CORPORATION

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, IEH Corporation has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: October 6, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.