Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
First National Corporation makes forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding profitability, liquidity, adequacy of capital, allowance for loan losses, interest rate sensitivity, market risk, growth strategy, and financial and other goals. The words “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “anticipates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” or other similar words or terms are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to significant uncertainties because they are based upon or are affected by factors including:
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the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including its potential adverse effect on economic conditions and the Company's employees, customers, credit quality, and financial performance;
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general business conditions, as well as conditions within the financial markets;
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general economic conditions, including unemployment levels and slowdowns in economic growth;
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the Company’s branch and market expansions, technology initiatives and other strategic initiatives;
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the impact of competition from banks and non-banks, including financial technology companies (Fintech);
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the composition of the loan and deposit portfolio, including the types of accounts and customers, may change, which could impact the amount of net interest income and noninterest income in future periods, including revenue from service charges on deposits;
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limited availability of financing or inability to raise capital;
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reliance on third parties for key services;
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the Company’s credit standards and its on-going credit assessment processes might not protect it from significant credit losses;
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the quality of the loan portfolio and the value of the collateral securing those loans;
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demand for loan products;
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deposit flows;
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the level of net charge-offs on loans and the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses;
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the concentration in loans secured by real estate may adversely affect earnings due to changes in the real estate markets;
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the value of securities held in the Company's investment portfolio;
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legislative or regulatory changes or actions, including the effects of changes in tax laws;
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accounting principles, policies and guidelines and elections made by the Company thereunder;
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cyber threats, attacks or events;
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the ability to maintain adequate liquidity by retaining deposit customers and secondary funding sources, especially if the Company’s reputation would become damaged;
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monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board, and the effect of those policies on interest rates and business in the Company's markets;
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changes in interest rates could have a negative impact on the Company’s net interest income and an unfavorable impact on the Company’s customers’ ability to repay loans; and
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other factors identified in Item 1A. Risk Factors of the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2019.
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Because of these and other uncertainties, actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. In addition, past results of operations do not necessarily indicate future results. The following discussion and analysis of the financial condition at March 31, 2020 and statements of income of the Company for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1, of this Form 10-Q and in Part II, Item 8, of the Form 10-K for the period ending December 31, 2019. The statements of income for the three month period ended March 31, 2020 may not be indicative of the results to be achieved for the year.
Executive Overview
The Company
First National Corporation (the Company) is the bank holding company of:
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First Bank (the Bank). The Bank owns:
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First Bank Financial Services, Inc.
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Shen-Valley Land Holdings, LLC
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First National (VA) Statutory Trust II (Trust II)
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First National (VA) Statutory Trust III (Trust III and, together with Trust II, the Trusts)
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First Bank Financial Services, Inc. invests in entities that provide title insurance and investment services. Shen-Valley Land Holdings, LLC was formed to hold other real estate owned and future office sites. The Trusts were formed for the purpose of issuing redeemable capital securities, commonly known as trust preferred securities and are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in accordance with authoritative accounting guidance because management has determined that the Trusts qualify as variable interest entities.
Products, Services, Customers and Locations
The Bank offers loan, deposit, and wealth management products and services. Loan products and services include consumer loans, residential mortgages, home equity loans, and commercial loans. Deposit products and services include checking accounts, treasury management solutions, savings accounts, money market accounts, certificates of deposit, and individual retirement accounts. Wealth management services include estate planning, investment management of assets, trustee under an agreement, trustee under a will, individual retirement accounts, and estate settlement. Customers include small and medium-sized businesses, individuals, estates, local governmental entities, and non-profit organizations. The Bank’s office locations are well-positioned in attractive markets along the Interstate 81, Interstate 66, and Interstate 64 corridors in the Shenandoah Valley, central regions of Virginia, and the city of Richmond. Within this market area, there are diverse types of industry including medical and professional services, manufacturing, retail, warehousing, Federal government, hospitality, and higher education.
The Bank’s products and services are delivered through 14 bank branch offices located throughout the Shenandoah Valley and central regions of Virginia, a loan production office, and a customer service center in a retirement village. The branch offices are comprised of 13 full service retail banking offices and one drive-through express banking office. The location and general character of these properties is further described in Part I, Item 2 of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Many of the Bank’s services are also delivered through the Bank’s mobile banking platform, its website, www.fbvirginia.com, and a network of ATMs located throughout its market area.
Revenue Sources and Expense Factors
The primary source of revenue is from net interest income earned by the Bank. Net interest income is the difference between interest income and interest expense and typically represents between 70% and 80% of the Company’s total revenue. Interest income is determined by the amount of interest-earning assets outstanding during the period and the interest rates earned on those assets. The Bank’s interest expense is a function of the amount of interest-bearing liabilities outstanding during the period and the interest rates paid. In addition to net interest income, noninterest income is the other source of revenue for the Company. Noninterest income is derived primarily from service charges on deposits, fee income from wealth management services, and ATM and check card fees.
Primary expense categories are salaries and employee benefits, which comprised 58% of noninterest expenses for the three month period ended March 31, 2020, followed by occupancy and equipment expense, which comprised 13% of noninterest expenses. Historically, the provision for loan losses has also been a primary expense of the Bank. The provision is determined by factors that include net charge-offs, asset quality, economic conditions, and loan growth. Changing economic conditions caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, or other factors beyond the Company’s control have a direct correlation with asset quality, net charge-offs, and ultimately the required provision for loan losses.
COVID-19 Pandemic Update
On March 13, 2020, President Trump declared a national emergency over the COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak. Prior to this declaration, the Bank activated its Pandemic Plan and began taking actions to protect the health of its employees and customers, while continuing to deliver essential banking services to small businesses and individuals. The Bank's actions included limiting access to banking offices and delivering a majority of its services through branch drive throughs, ATMs and mobile banking platforms. Approximately 40% of the Bank's employees have been working remotely, while social-distancing and split-shifts have been created for those employees working in the Bank’s facilities. Virtually all meetings are held using audio and/or video conference capabilities. The Company recently announced it scheduled its annual meeting of shareholders in a virtual meeting online format. In light of the measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19, the Company does not anticipate significant challenges to its ability to maintain its operating systems, internal controls over financial reporting, or business continuity plans.
In March 2020, the Company suspended future stock repurchases under its $5.0 million stock repurchase program due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. The stock repurchase program was previously announced in December 2019. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company repurchased and retired 129,035 shares at an average price paid per share of $16.05, for a total of $2.1 million. The Company will continue to update its enterprise risk assessment and capital plan as the operating environment develops. The Bank was considered well capitalized for regulatory purposes at March 31, 2020.
In response to the unknown impact of the pandemic on the economy and its customers, the Bank implemented a loan payment deferral program for individual and business customers. Customers who qualify for the program have been given the opportunity to defer monthly payments for 90 days. Approximately 27% of the Bank’s loan balances have been included in the program. There are no program fees and no late payment fees charged during the deferral period for participating loan customers. Interest income continues to accrue to the Bank during the deferral period and accrued interest receivable will be repaid prior to reduction in principal balances as payments resume.
In an effort to support local small businesses and non-profit organizations, the Bank is participating as a lender in the U.S. Small Business Administration’s (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). In the first round of funding the Bank obtained approval for 91% of the 330 loan applications it received prior to the end of funding on April 16, 2020, which totaled $52.1 million. The Bank continues to accept applications for processing in the second round of funding which was approved and signed into law on April 24, 2020. The PPP loans will have an interest rate of 1.00% and a maturity date of two years. The weighted average loan origination fee was 3.11% for all applications approved by the SBA in the first round of funding, which is expected to result in fee income of approximately $1.6 million. Based upon PPP applications received for the second round of funding, additional loan origination fee income is anticipated, but is contingent on the applications being approved by the SBA. The Bank expects to originate as much as $80.0 million of PPP loans in total, depending on customer demand. Fees are to be paid to the Bank directly by the SBA, and the revenue will be recognized over the life of the loans. The Bank did not recognize any revenue related to the program in the first quarter of 2020. Agent fees from the first round of PPP loans total $4 thousand and are expected to be paid and expensed by the Bank during the second quarter of 2020.
In light of the significant increase in unemployment claims and the stress on businesses from stay at home orders, as well as the Bank's payment deferral program, the Bank has been monitoring liquidity on a daily basis. The Bank believes it has sufficient liquidity to meet demand from its customers with on-balance sheet liquidity with cash and unencumbered securities of $133.4 million, or 16% of assets at March 31, 2020, as well as $176.9 million, or 22% of assets, of off-balance sheet liquidity that was available overnight through secured funding sources. All loans originated by the Bank under the PPP are expected to be pledged to the Federal Reserve’s new Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (PPPLF). The Bank plans to borrow funds from the PPPLF to fund PPP loans as needed at an interest rate of 0.35%.
The Bank expects the pandemic to have an unfavorable impact on the financial condition of many of its customers, and as a result, has begun the process of reassessing credit risk within its loan portfolio with the goal of mitigating the risk and minimizing potential loan charge-offs. Significant pressure is expected on several sectors of the loan portfolio, including hospitality, retail shopping and health care. Commercial real estate loans to borrowers in these sectors comprised approximately 8%, 5% and 4% of the total loan portfolio, respectively, at March 31, 2020. The magnitude of the potential decline in the Bank’s loan quality will likely depend on the length of time and extent that the Bank’s loan customers experience business interruptions from the pandemic. In addition, the Bank’s loan deferral program could delay or make it difficult to identify the extent of asset quality deterioration over the next two quarterly periods until the program ends and loan payments become due.
The Bank considered, among other things, the impact of the pandemic on the loan portfolio while determining an appropriate allowance for loan losses, and as a result, recorded a provision for loan losses of $900 thousand for the first quarter of 2020, compared to no provision for loan losses in the first quarter of the prior year. The higher provision for loan losses was primarily attributable to an increase in the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses. The general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses was increased through the adjustment of qualitative factors based on recent unfavorable changes in economic indicators. The impact of the qualitative adjustments contributed to the majority of the increase in the provision for loan losses.
Overview of Quarterly Financial Performance
Net income decreased by $556 thousand to $1.7 million, or $0.34 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $2.3 million, or $0.46 per basic and diluted share, for the same period in 2019. Return on average assets was 0.85% and return on average equity was 8.72% for the first quarter of 2020, compared to 1.21% and 13.47%, respectively, for the same period in 2019.
The $556 thousand decrease in net income for the three month period ended March 31, 2020 resulted primarily from a $900 thousand increase in provision for loan losses and a $46 thousand, or 1%, increase in noninterest expenses, compared to the same period of 2019. These unfavorable variances were partially offset by a $127 thousand, or 2%, increase in net interest income and a $114 thousand increase in noninterest income.
Net interest income increased from higher average earning asset balances, which were partially offset by a lower net interest margin. Average earning asset balances increased 6%, while the net interest margin decreased 20 basis points to 3.77% for the first quarter of 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. Noninterest income increased primarily from higher amounts of wealth management fees and fees for other customer services. Noninterest expense increased primarily from higher salaries and employee benefits expense, which was partially offset by lower FDIC assessment and other operating expenses.
Based on management's analysis and the supporting allowance for loan loss calculation, a provision for loan losses of $900 thousand was recorded during the first quarter of 2020. There was no provision for loan losses required for the first quarter of 2019. The increase in provision for loan losses was primarily attributable to an increase in the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses, which resulted from consideration of recent changes in economic indicators related to the pandemic.
For a more detailed discussion of the Company's quarterly performance, see "Net Interest Income,” “Provision for Loan Losses,” "Noninterest Income," "Noninterest Expense" and "Income Taxes" below.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This report refers to the efficiency ratio, which is computed by dividing noninterest expense, excluding net gains on disposal of premises and equipment and amortization of intangibles, by the sum of net interest income on a tax-equivalent basis and noninterest income. This is a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company believes provides investors with important information regarding operational efficiency. Such information is not prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and should not be construed as such. Management believes, however, such financial information is meaningful to the reader in understanding operating performance, but cautions that such information not be viewed as a substitute for GAAP. The Company, in referring to its net income, is referring to income under GAAP. The components of the efficiency ratio calculation are summarized in the following table (dollars in thousands).
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Efficiency Ratio
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Three Months Ended
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March 31, 2020
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March 31, 2019
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Noninterest expense
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$
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6,144
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$
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6,098
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Subtract: amortization of intangibles
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(52
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(90
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Add: gains on disposal of premises and equipment, net
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9
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—
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$
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6,101
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$
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6,008
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Tax-equivalent net interest income
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$
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7,076
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$
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6,951
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Noninterest income
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2,099
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1,985
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$
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9,175
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$
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8,936
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Efficiency ratio
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66.50
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%
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67.23
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%
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This report also refers to net interest margin, which is calculated by dividing tax equivalent net interest income by total average earning assets. Because a portion of interest income earned by the Company is nontaxable, the tax equivalent net interest income is considered in the calculation of this ratio. Tax equivalent net interest income is calculated by adding the tax benefit realized from interest income that is nontaxable to total interest income then subtracting total interest expense. The tax rate utilized in calculating the tax benefit for both 2020 and 2019 is 21%. The reconciliation of tax equivalent net interest income, which is not a measurement under GAAP, to net interest income, is reflected in the table below (in thousands).
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Reconciliation of Net Interest Income to Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income
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Three Months Ended
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March 31, 2020
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March 31, 2019
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GAAP measures:
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Interest income – loans
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$
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7,203
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$
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6,996
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Interest income – investments and other
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965
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1,027
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Interest expense – deposits
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(962
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)
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(922
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)
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Interest expense – subordinated debt
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(90
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)
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(89
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)
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Interest expense – junior subordinated debt
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(90
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)
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(111
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)
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Interest expense – other borrowings
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—
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(2
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Total net interest income
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$
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7,026
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$
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6,899
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Non-GAAP measures:
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Tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income – loans
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$
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10
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$
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11
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Tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income – municipal securities
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40
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41
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Total tax benefit realized on non-taxable interest income
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$
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50
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$
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52
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Total tax-equivalent net interest income
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$
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7,076
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$
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6,951
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Critical Accounting Policies
General
The Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within the statements is, to a significant extent, financial information that is based on measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value that is obtained either when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset, or relieving a liability. The Bank uses historical losses as one factor in determining the inherent loss that may be present in the loan portfolio. Actual losses could differ significantly from the historical factors used. In addition, GAAP itself may change from one previously acceptable method to another. Although the economics of transactions would be the same, the timing of events that would impact transactions could change.
Presented below is a discussion of those accounting policies that management believes are the most important (Critical Accounting Policies) to the portrayal and understanding of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Critical Accounting Policies require management’s most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. In the event that different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, and depending upon the severity of such changes, the possibility of materially different financial condition or results of operations is a reasonable likelihood.
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management determines that the loan balance is uncollectible. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. For further information about the Company’s loans and the allowance for loan losses, see Notes 3 and 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-Q.
The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a quarterly basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral, and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.
The Company performs regular credit reviews of the loan portfolio to review credit quality and adherence to underwriting standards. The credit reviews consist of reviews by its internal credit administration department and reviews performed by an independent third party. Upon origination, each loan is assigned a risk rating ranging from one to nine, with loans closer to one having less risk. This risk rating scale is the Company's primary credit quality indicator. The Company has various committees that review and ensure that the allowance for loans losses methodology is in accordance with GAAP and loss factors used appropriately reflect the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio.
The allowance represents an amount that, in management’s judgment, will be adequate to absorb any losses on existing loans that may become uncollectible. Management’s judgment in determining the level of the allowance is based on evaluations of the collectability of loans while taking into consideration such factors as trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions that may affect a borrower’s ability to repay and the value of the collateral, overall portfolio quality, and review of specific potential losses. The evaluation also considers the following risk characteristics of each loan portfolio class:
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1-4 family residential mortgage loans carry risks associated with the continued creditworthiness of the borrower and changes in the value of the collateral.
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Real estate construction and land development loans carry risks that the project may not be finished according to schedule, the project may not be finished according to budget, and the value of the collateral may, at any point in time, be less than the principal amount of the loan. Construction loans also bear the risk that the general contractor, who may or may not be a loan customer, may be unable to finish the construction project as planned because of financial pressure or other factors unrelated to the project.
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Other real estate loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business or a real estate project, in addition to other risks associated with the ownership of real estate, because repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business or project.
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Commercial and industrial loans carry risks associated with the successful operation of a business because repayment of these loans may be dependent upon the profitability and cash flows of the business. In addition, there is risk associated with the value of collateral other than real estate which may depreciate over time and cannot be appraised with as much reliability.
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Consumer and other loans carry risk associated with the continued creditworthiness of the borrower and the value of the collateral, if any. Consumer loans are typically either unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. These loans are also likely to be immediately and adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, personal bankruptcy, or other changes in circumstances. Other loans included in this category include loans to states and political subdivisions.
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The allowance for loan losses consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired, and is established when the discounted cash flows, fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell, or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. For collateral dependent loans, an updated appraisal is ordered if a current one is not on file. Appraisals are typically performed by independent third-party appraisers with relevant industry experience. Adjustments to the appraised value may be made based on recent sales of like properties or general market conditions among other considerations.
The general component covers loans that are not considered impaired and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The historical loss experience is calculated by loan type and uses an average loss rate during the preceding twelve quarters. The qualitative factors are assigned by management based on delinquencies and asset quality, national and local economic trends, effects of the changes in the value of underlying collateral, trends in volume and nature of loans, effects of changes in the lending policy, the experience and depth of management, concentrations of credit, quality of the loan review system, and the effect of external factors such as competition and regulatory requirements. The factors assigned differ by loan type. The general allowance estimates losses whose impact on the portfolio has yet to be recognized by a specific allowance. Allowance factors and the overall size of the allowance may change from period to period based on management’s assessment of the above described factors and the relative weights given to each factor. For further information regarding the allowance for loan losses, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-Q.
Lending Policies
General
In an effort to manage risk, the Bank’s loan policy gives loan amount approval limits to individual loan officers based on their position within the Bank and level of experience. The Management Loan Committee can approve new loans up to their authority. The Board Loan Committee approves all loans which exceed the authority of the Management Loan Committee. The full Board of Directors must approve loans which exceed the authority of the Board Loan Committee, up to the Bank’s legal lending limit. The Board Loan Committee currently consists of five directors, four of which are non-management directors. The Board Loan Committee approves the Bank’s Loan Policy and reviews risk management reports, including watch list reports and concentrations of credit. The Board Loan Committee meets on a monthly basis and the Chairman of the Committee then reports to the Board of Directors.
Residential loan originations are primarily generated by mortgage loan officer solicitations and referrals by employees, real estate professionals, and customers. Commercial real estate loan originations and commercial and industrial loan originations are primarily obtained through direct solicitation and additional business from existing customers. All completed loan applications are reviewed by the Bank’s loan officers. As part of the application process, information is obtained concerning the income, financial condition, employment, and credit history of the applicant. The Bank also participates in commercial real estate loans and commercial and industrial loans originated by other financial institutions that are typically outside its market area. In addition, the Bank has purchased consumer loans originated by other financial institutions that are typically outside its market area. Loan quality is analyzed based on the Bank’s experience and credit underwriting guidelines depending on the type of loan involved. Except for loan participations with other financial institutions, real estate collateral is valued by independent appraisers who have been pre-approved by the Board Loan Committee.
As part of the ongoing monitoring of the credit quality of the Company’s loan portfolio, certain appraisals are analyzed by management or by an outsourced appraisal review specialist throughout the year in order to ensure standards of quality are met. The Company also obtains an independent review of loans within the portfolio on an annual basis to analyze loan risk ratings and validate specific reserves on impaired loans.
In the normal course of business, the Bank makes various commitments and incurs certain contingent liabilities which are disclosed but not reflected in its financial statements, including commitments to extend credit. At March 31, 2020, commitments to extend credit, stand-by letters of credit, and rate lock commitments totaled $105.9 million.
Construction and Land Development Lending
The Bank makes local construction loans, including residential and land acquisition and development loans. These loans are secured by the property under construction and the underlying land for which the loan was obtained. The majority of these loans mature in one year. Construction lending entails significant additional risks, compared with residential mortgage lending. Construction and land development loans sometimes involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Another risk involved in construction and land development lending is the fact that loan funds are advanced upon the security of the land or property under construction, which value is estimated based on the completion of construction. Thus, there is risk associated with failure to complete construction and potential cost overruns. To mitigate the risks associated with this type of lending, the Bank generally limits loan amounts relative to the appraised value and/or cost of the collateral, analyzes the cost of the project and the creditworthiness of its borrowers, and monitors construction progress. The Bank typically obtains a first lien on the property as security for its construction loans, typically requires personal guarantees from the borrower’s principal owners, and typically monitors the progress of the construction project during the draw period.
1-4 Family Residential Real Estate Lending
1-4 family residential lending activity may be generated by Bank loan officer solicitations and referrals by real estate professionals and existing or new bank customers. Loan applications are taken by a Bank loan officer. As part of the application process, information is gathered concerning income, employment, and credit history of the applicant. Residential mortgage loans generally are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make payments from employment and other income and are secured by real estate whose value tends to be readily ascertainable. In addition to the Bank’s underwriting standards, loan quality may be analyzed based on guidelines issued by a secondary market investor. The valuation of residential collateral is generally provided by independent fee appraisers who have been approved by the Board Loan Committee. In addition to originating mortgage loans with the intent to sell to correspondent lenders or broker to wholesale lenders, the Bank also originates and retains certain mortgage loans in its loan portfolio.
Commercial Real Estate Lending
Commercial real estate loans are secured by various types of commercial real estate typically in the Bank’s market area, including multi-family residential buildings, office and retail buildings, hotels, industrial buildings, and religious facilities. Commercial real estate loan originations are primarily obtained through direct solicitation of customers and potential customers. The valuation of commercial real estate collateral is provided by independent appraisers who have been approved by the Board Loan Committee. Commercial real estate lending entails significant additional risk, compared with residential mortgage lending. Commercial real estate loans typically involve larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Additionally, the payment experience on loans secured by income producing properties is typically dependent on the successful operation of a business or a real estate project and thus may be subject, to a greater extent, to adverse conditions in the real estate market or in the economy in general. The Bank’s commercial real estate loan underwriting criteria require an examination of debt service coverage ratios, the borrower’s creditworthiness, prior credit history, and reputation. The Bank typically requires personal guarantees of the borrowers’ principal owners and considers the valuation of the real estate collateral.
Commercial and Industrial Lending
Commercial and industrial loans generally have a higher degree of risk than loans secured by real estate, but typically have higher yields. Commercial and industrial loans typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from cash flow from its business. The loans may be unsecured or secured by business assets, such as accounts receivable, equipment, and inventory. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans is substantially dependent on the success of the business itself. Furthermore, any collateral for commercial business loans may depreciate over time and generally cannot be appraised with as much reliability as real estate.
Consumer Lending
Loans to individual borrowers may be secured or unsecured, and include unsecured consumer loans and lines of credit, automobile loans, deposit account loans, and installment and demand loans. These consumer loans may entail greater risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans which are unsecured or secured by rapidly depreciating assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss, or depreciation. Consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness, or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.
The underwriting standards employed by the Bank for consumer loans include a determination of the applicant’s payment history on other debts and an assessment of ability to meet existing obligations and payments on a proposed loan. The stability of the applicant’s monthly income may be determined by verification of gross monthly income from primary employment, and additionally from any verifiable secondary income.
Also included in this category are loans purchased through a third-party lending program. These portfolios include consumer loans and carry risks associated with the borrower, changes in the economic environment, and the vendor itself. The Company manages these risks through policies that require minimum credit scores and other underwriting requirements, robust analysis of actual performance versus expected performance, as well as ensuring compliance with the Company's vendor management program.
Results of Operations
General
Net interest income represents the primary source of earnings for the Company. Net interest income equals the amount by which interest income on interest-earning assets, predominantly loans and securities, exceeds interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, including deposits, other borrowings, subordinated debt, and junior subordinated debt. Changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as their respective yields and rates, are the components that impact the level of net interest income. The net interest margin is calculated by dividing tax-equivalent net interest income by average earning assets. The provision for loan losses, noninterest income, and noninterest expense are the other components that determine net income. Noninterest income and expense primarily consists of income from service charges on deposit accounts, revenue from wealth management services, ATM and check card income, revenue from other customer services, income from bank owned life insurance, general and administrative expenses, amortization expense, and other real estate owned expense.
Net Interest Income
For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net interest income increased $127 thousand, or 2%, to $7.0 million, compared to $6.9 million for the first quarter of 2019. The increase resulted from higher average earning asset balances, which was partially offset by a lower net interest margin. Average earning asset balances increased 6%, while the net interest margin decreased 20 basis points to 3.77%. Growth in average earning assets was led by a $30.2 million increase in average loans, net of the allowance for loan losses, followed by a $16.2 million increase in average interest-bearing deposits in banks. The decrease in the net interest margin resulted from a 23 basis point decrease in the yield on total earning assets, which was partially offset by a 3 basis point decrease in interest expense as a percent of average earning assets.
The lower yield on earning assets was attributable to a 17 basis point decrease in the yield on loans, a 21 basis point decrease in yield on securities, and an 87 basis point decrease in the yield on interest-bearing deposits in banks, which were all impacted by decreases in market rates.
The decrease in interest expense as a percent of average earning assets was attributable to lower interest rates paid on deposits and junior subordinated debt, which were also impacted by lower market rates. The decrease in cost of interest-bearing checking accounts, money market accounts and junior subordinated debt totaled 26 basis points, 10 basis points and 94 basis points, respectively.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Net Interest Income
Although there may not be a significant change in net interest income for the second quarter of 2020 when compared to the first quarter of 2020, net interest income and the net interest margin may increasingly be negatively impacted in future periods by higher levels of nonaccrual loans or non-performing assets. Net interest income and the net interest margin may also be negatively impacted by unfavorable changes in the earning asset composition and the impact of recent decreases in market rates on earning asset yields in future periods. If loan customers are not able to make their loan payments to the Bank, their loans may be placed on nonaccrual status, which would cause a reversal of accrued interest receivable and interest income on the loans, and recognition of interest income on the loans would not resume until the borrowers could once again demonstrate their ability to repay. An unfavorable change in the Company’s earning asset mix could also occur if a decrease in loan demand causes a reduction in loan balances, the Bank’s highest yielding asset category, while balances of securities and interest-bearing deposits in banks, the Bank’s lower yielding asset categories, increase.
The ability of loan customers to make loan payments and the potential of decreasing loan demand may depend on the length of time and extent the Bank’s loan customers experience business interruptions from the pandemic. The Bank recently implemented a loan payment deferral program to provide customers with temporary payment relief, which currently includes 27% of the Bank’s loan portfolio balances. The loan deferral program could delay or make it difficult to identify the extent that asset quality may worsen during the second and third quarters of 2020 until the program ends and loan customers demonstrate their ability or inability to resume loan payments.
The following tables show interest income on earning assets and related average yields as well as interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities and related average rates paid for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):
Average Balances, Income and Expenses, Yields and Rates (Taxable Equivalent Basis)
|
|
Three Months Ended
|
|
|
|
March 31, 2020
|
|
|
March 31, 2019
|
|
|
|
Average Balance
|
|
|
Interest Income/Expense
|
|
|
Yield/Rate
|
|
|
Average Balance
|
|
|
Interest Income/Expense
|
|
|
Yield/Rate
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Securities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taxable
|
|
$
|
114,273
|
|
|
$
|
670
|
|
|
|
2.36
|
%
|
|
$
|
115,089
|
|
|
$
|
737
|
|
|
|
2.60
|
%
|
Tax-exempt (1)
|
|
|
26,506
|
|
|
|
191
|
|
|
|
2.89
|
%
|
|
|
26,576
|
|
|
|
197
|
|
|
|
3.02
|
%
|
Restricted
|
|
|
1,810
|
|
|
|
26
|
|
|
|
5.84
|
%
|
|
|
1,690
|
|
|
|
24
|
|
|
|
5.84
|
%
|
Total securities
|
|
$
|
142,589
|
|
|
$
|
887
|
|
|
|
2.50
|
%
|
|
$
|
143,355
|
|
|
$
|
958
|
|
|
|
2.71
|
%
|
Loans: (2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taxable
|
|
$
|
571,758
|
|
|
$
|
7,168
|
|
|
|
5.04
|
%
|
|
$
|
541,096
|
|
|
$
|
6,955
|
|
|
|
5.21
|
%
|
Tax-exempt (1)
|
|
|
4,067
|
|
|
|
45
|
|
|
|
4.47
|
%
|
|
|
4,659
|
|
|
|
52
|
|
|
|
4.51
|
%
|
Total loans
|
|
$
|
575,825
|
|
|
$
|
7,213
|
|
|
|
5.04
|
%
|
|
$
|
545,755
|
|
|
$
|
7,007
|
|
|
|
5.21
|
%
|
Federal funds sold
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
0.15
|
%
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
%
|
Interest-bearing deposits with other institutions
|
|
|
36,753
|
|
|
|
118
|
|
|
|
1.29
|
%
|
|
|
20,580
|
|
|
|
110
|
|
|
|
2.16
|
%
|
Total earning assets
|
|
$
|
755,173
|
|
|
$
|
8,218
|
|
|
|
4.38
|
%
|
|
$
|
709,690
|
|
|
$
|
8,075
|
|
|
|
4.61
|
%
|
Less: allowance for loan losses
|
|
|
(4,874
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(4,995
|
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total non-earning assets
|
|
|
56,310
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53,215
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets
|
|
$
|
806,609
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
757,910
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest bearing deposits:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Checking
|
|
$
|
166,321
|
|
|
$
|
261
|
|
|
|
0.63
|
%
|
|
$
|
159,559
|
|
|
$
|
352
|
|
|
|
0.89
|
%
|
Regular savings
|
|
|
103,385
|
|
|
|
16
|
|
|
|
0.06
|
%
|
|
|
112,597
|
|
|
|
19
|
|
|
|
0.07
|
%
|
Money market accounts
|
|
|
133,730
|
|
|
|
357
|
|
|
|
1.07
|
%
|
|
|
101,598
|
|
|
|
293
|
|
|
|
1.17
|
%
|
Time deposits:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$100,000 and over
|
|
|
53,315
|
|
|
|
202
|
|
|
|
1.53
|
%
|
|
|
49,867
|
|
|
|
163
|
|
|
|
1.33
|
%
|
Under $100,000
|
|
|
62,333
|
|
|
|
126
|
|
|
|
0.81
|
%
|
|
|
68,775
|
|
|
|
94
|
|
|
|
0.55
|
%
|
Brokered
|
|
|
559
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
0.23
|
%
|
|
|
290
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
1.56
|
%
|
Total interest-bearing deposits
|
|
$
|
519,643
|
|
|
$
|
962
|
|
|
|
0.75
|
%
|
|
$
|
492,686
|
|
|
$
|
922
|
|
|
|
0.76
|
%
|
Federal funds purchased
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
1.60
|
%
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
%
|
Subordinated debt
|
|
|
4,985
|
|
|
|
90
|
|
|
|
7.23
|
%
|
|
|
4,967
|
|
|
|
89
|
|
|
|
7.24
|
%
|
Junior subordinated debt
|
|
|
9,279
|
|
|
|
90
|
|
|
|
3.91
|
%
|
|
|
9,279
|
|
|
|
111
|
|
|
|
4.85
|
%
|
Other borrowings
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
%
|
|
|
167
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
6.21
|
%
|
Total interest-bearing liabilities
|
|
$
|
533,910
|
|
|
$
|
1,142
|
|
|
|
0.86
|
%
|
|
$
|
507,099
|
|
|
$
|
1,124
|
|
|
|
0.90
|
%
|
Non-interest bearing liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Demand deposits
|
|
|
191,681
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
180,856
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other liabilities
|
|
|
2,359
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,866
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities
|
|
$
|
727,950
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
689,821
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shareholders’ equity
|
|
|
78,659
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
68,089
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total liabilities and Shareholders’ equity
|
|
$
|
806,609
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
757,910
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net interest income
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
7,076
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
6,951
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest rate spread
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.52
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.71
|
%
|
Cost of funds
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.63
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.66
|
%
|
Interest expense as a percent of average earning assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.61
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.64
|
%
|
Net interest margin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.77
|
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3.97
|
%
|
(1)
|
Income and yields are reported on a taxable-equivalent basis assuming a federal tax rate of 21%. The tax-equivalent adjustment was $50 and $52 thousand for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
|
(2)
|
Loans on non-accrual status are reflected in the balances.
|
Provision for Loan Losses
The provision for loan losses totaled $900 thousand for the first quarter of 2020, which resulted in a total allowance for loan losses of $5.6 million, or 0.96% of total loans, at March 31, 2020. This compares to no provision for loan losses recorded for the first quarter of 2019 and an allowance for loan losses of $4.9 million, or 0.90% of total loans one year ago. The allowance for loan losses totaled $4.9 million, or 0.86% of total loans, at December 31, 2019.
The provision for loan losses for the first quarter of 2020 was primarily attributable to an increase in the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses. The general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses was increased primarily from an adjustment to qualitative factors, which resulted from the Bank’s observation of recent unfavorable changes in economic indicators impacted by the pandemic. The qualitative factors adjustments contributed approximately $700 thousand of the provision for loan losses for the quarter. Net charge offs on loans also contributed to the provision for loan losses, which totaled $250 thousand for the first quarter of 2020, compared to $63 thousand for the same period one year ago. While the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses increased during the quarter, the specific reserve decreased by $23 thousand from improvements in collateral positions on impaired loans, principal payments received, and the resolution of certain impaired loans.
There was no provision for loan losses recorded for the first quarter of 2019 as net charge-offs on loans and an increase in the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses were offset by a decrease in the specific reserve component. The increase in the general reserve resulted primarily from the impact of loan growth, which was partially offset by improvements in the historical loss rate of the loan portfolio. There were no changes to qualitative adjustment factors during the quarter. The decrease in the specific reserve was attributable to improvements in collateral positions on impaired loans, principal payments received, and the resolution of certain impaired loans.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Provision for Loan Losses
As explained above, the Bank increased the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses, primarily from an adjustment to qualitative factors. This was in response to recent unfavorable changes to economic indicators that were impacted by the pandemic. The adjustment contributed approximately $700 thousand of the $900 thousand provision for loan losses for the first quarter of 2020. The Bank may continue to experience a higher provision for loan losses in future periods from factors including higher specific reserves on newly identified impaired loans, higher levels of net charge-offs, and additional adjustments to qualitative factors in the general reserve component of the allowance for loan losses.
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income increased $114 thousand, or 6%, to $2.1 million, compared to the same period of 2019. The increase was primarily attributable to an $88 thousand, or 20%, increase in wealth management fees, and a $32 thousand, or 18%, increase in fees for other customer services. The increase in wealth management fees resulted primarily from higher balances of assets under management during the first quarter of 2020 compared to the same period one year ago. Assets under management increased as a result of new business relationships and from growth in the market values of existing accounts. Fees for other customer services increased due to revenue earned on letter of credit fees.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Noninterest Income
The Bank suspended certain overdraft fees at the beginning of the second quarter in an effort to provide relief to its customers who may experience financial difficulties related to the pandemic. Service charges on deposits may decrease in future periods as a result of the suspension. ATM and check card fee revenue could also be lower in future periods as customers may spend and visit ATM machines less during periods of government stay-at-home orders. Wealth management revenue may decrease in future periods as a result of recent declines in the market values of investments, and mortgage fee income may decrease if the number of home purchases slows in the Bank's market area.
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense increased $46 thousand, or 1%, to $6.1 million, compared to the same period one year ago. The increase was primarily attributable to a $146 thousand, or 4%, increase in salaries and employee benefits, which was partially offset by a $39 thousand, or 57%, decrease in FDIC assessment, and a $50 thousand, or 8%, decrease in other operating expense.
The increase in salaries and employee benefits resulted primarily from annual increases to employee salaries. FDIC assessment expense was lower compared to the same period one year ago due to credits that were fully utilized during the first quarter of 2020. Other operating expense decreased from lower education and training costs, debit card losses, and loan servicing fees on purchased loans.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Noninterest Expense
If asset quality deteriorates as a result of the pandemic, the Bank may incur an increase in expenses related to the resolution of problem loans with increases in appraisal costs, legal and professional fees, OREO expenses and losses on the sale of OREO.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense decreased by $149 thousand for the first quarter of 2020 compared to the same period one year ago. The Company’s income tax expense differed from the amount of income tax determined by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to pretax income for the three month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. The difference was a result of net permanent tax deductions, primarily comprised of tax-exempt interest income and income from bank owned life insurance. A more detailed discussion of the Company’s tax calculation is contained in Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Financial Condition
General
Total assets of First National increased $16.4 million, or 2%, to $816.4 million at March 31, 2020, compared to $800.0 million at December 31, 2019. Total securities increased $7.2 million, or 5%, and loans, net of the allowance for loan losses, increased $6.9 million, or 1%. The Bank increased its cash balances near the end of the first quarter in anticipation of increased demand for cash from its customers expecting to receive stimulus checks as a result of the CARES Act, which was recently signed into law. As a result, cash and due from banks increased $20.9 million, while interest-bearing deposits in banks decreased $18.6 million.
Total deposits increased $14.2 million, or 2%, to $720.6 million at March 31, 2020, compared to $706.4 million at December 31, 2019. Noninterest-bearing demand deposits increased $8.0 million, or 4%, and savings and interest-bearing demand deposits increased $8.3 million, or 2%, while time deposits decreased $2.2 million, or 2%.
Shareholders’ equity increased $1.3 million, or 2%, to $78.5 million at March 31, 2020, compared to December 31, 2019, primarily from a $1.2 million increase in retained earnings and a $2.1 million increase in accumulated other comprehensive income. These increases were partially offset by $2.0 million decrease in common stock and surplus, which resulted primarily from stock repurchases in the first quarter of 2020 under the Company’s stock repurchase plan. Tangible common equity totaled $78.4 million at the end of the first quarter, an increase of 2% compared to $77.0 at December 31, 2019. The Company's capital ratios continued to exceed the minimum capital requirements for regulatory purposes.
Loans
Loans, net of the allowance for loan losses, increased $6.9 million, or 1% to $576.3 million at March 31, 2020, compared to $569.4 million at December 31, 2019. Commercial and industrial loans increased by $5.4 million during the first three months of 2020, followed by commercial real estate loans and residential real estate loans that increased by $4.8 million and $1.5 million, respectively. These increases were partially offset by construction loans and consumer loans that decreased by $2.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively.
The Company, through its banking subsidiary, grants mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans to customers. The Bank segments its loan portfolio into real estate loans, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer and other loans. Real estate loans are further divided into the following classes: Construction and Land Development; 1-4 Family Residential; and Other Real Estate Loans. Descriptions of the Company’s loan classes are as follows:
Real Estate Loans – Construction and Land Development: The Company originates construction loans for the acquisition and development of land and construction of commercial buildings, condominiums, townhomes, and one-to-four family residences.
Real Estate Loans – 1-4 Family: This class of loans includes loans secured by one-to-four family homes. In addition to traditional residential mortgage loans secured by a first or junior lien on the property, the Bank offers home equity lines of credit.
Real Estate Loans – Other: This loan class consists primarily of loans secured by various types of commercial real estate typically in the Bank’s market area, including multi-family residential buildings, office and retail buildings, industrial and warehouse buildings, hotels, and religious facilities.
Commercial and Industrial Loans: Commercial loans may be unsecured or secured with non-real estate commercial property. The Company's banking subsidiary makes commercial loans to businesses located within its market area and also to businesses outside of its market area through loan participations with other financial institutions.
Consumer and Other Loans: Consumer loans include all loans made to individuals for consumer or personal purposes. They include new and used automobile loans, unsecured loans, and lines of credit. The Company's banking subsidiary makes consumer loans to individuals located within its market area. The Bank has also made loans to individuals outside of its market area through the purchase of loans from another financial institution. Other loans in this category include loans to state and political subdivisions.
A substantial portion of the loan portfolio is represented by residential and commercial loans secured by real estate throughout the Bank's market area. The ability of the Bank’s debtors to honor their contracts may be impacted by the real estate and general economic conditions in this area.
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances less the allowance for loan losses and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued and credited to income based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.
A loan’s past due status is based on the contractual due date of the most delinquent payment due. Loans are generally placed on non-accrual status when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due, or earlier, if collection is uncertain based on an evaluation of the net realizable value of the collateral and the financial strength of the borrower. Loans greater than 90 days past due may remain on accrual status if management determines it has adequate collateral to cover the principal and interest. Loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing totaled $86 thousand at March 31, 2020, compared to $97 thousand at December 31, 2019. For those loans that are carried on non-accrual status, payments are first applied to principal outstanding. A loan may be returned to accrual status if the borrower has demonstrated a sustained period of repayment performance in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan and there is reasonable assurance the borrower will continue to make payments as agreed. These policies are applied consistently across the loan portfolio.
All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual or charged off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. When a loan is returned to accrual status, interest income is recognized based on the new effective yield to maturity of the loan.
Any unsecured loan that is deemed uncollectible is charged-off in full. Any secured loan that is considered by management to be uncollectible is partially charged-off and carried at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. This charge-off policy applies to all loan segments.
Impaired Loans
A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value (net of selling costs), and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Additionally, management generally evaluates substandard and doubtful loans greater than $250 thousand for impairment. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan-by-loan basis by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair market value of the collateral, net of selling costs, if the loan is collateral dependent. Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Company typically does not separately identify individual consumer, residential, and certain small commercial loans that are less than $250 thousand for impairment disclosures, except for troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) as noted below. The recorded investment in impaired loans totaled $1.5 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDR)
In situations where, for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial condition, management grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider, the related loan is classified as a TDR. TDRs are considered impaired loans. Upon designation as a TDR, the Company evaluates the borrower’s payment history, past due status, and ability to make payments based on the revised terms of the loan. If a loan was accruing prior to being modified as a TDR and if the Company concludes that the borrower is able to make such payments, and there are no other factors or circumstances that would cause it to conclude otherwise, the loan will remain on an accruing status. If a loan was on non-accrual status at the time of the TDR, the loan will remain on non-accrual status following the modification and may be returned to accrual status based on the policy for returning loans to accrual status as noted above. There were $350 thousand and $360 thousand in loans classified as TDRs as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
Asset Quality
Management classifies non-performing assets as non-accrual loans and OREO. OREO represents real property taken by the Bank when its customers do not meet the contractual obligation of their loans, either through foreclosure or through a deed in lieu thereof from the borrower and properties originally acquired for branch operations or expansion but no longer intended to be used for that purpose. OREO is recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated selling costs, and is marketed by the Bank through brokerage channels. The Bank did not have any assets classified as OREO at March 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.
Non-performing assets totaled $1.5 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, representing approximately 0.19% and 0.18% of total assets, respectively. Non-performing assets consisted only of non-accrual loans at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
At March 31, 2020, 44% of non-performing assets were residential real estate loans, 30% were commercial real estate loans, and 26% were construction and land development loans. Non-performing assets could increase due to other loans identified by management as potential problem loans. Other potential problem loans are defined as performing loans that possess certain risks, including the borrower’s ability to pay and the collateral value securing the loan, that management has identified that may result in the loans not being repaid in accordance with their terms. Other potential problem loans totaled $4.4 million and $3.4 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The amount of other potential problem loans in future periods may be dependent on economic conditions and other factors influencing a customers’ ability to meet their debt requirements.
Loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing totaled $86 thousand at March 31, 2020, which was comprised of one loan expected to pay all principal and interest amounts contractually due to the Bank and two purchased consumer loans. Consumer loans purchased at origination are charged-off when they are greater than 120 days past due. Loans that were greater than 90 days past due and still accruing totaled $97 thousand at December 31, 2019.
The allowance for loan losses represents management’s analysis of the existing loan portfolio and related credit risks. The provision for loan losses is based upon management’s current estimate of the amount required to maintain an adequate allowance for loan losses reflective of the risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses totaled $5.6 million at March 31, 2020 and $4.9 million at December 31, 2019, representing 0.96% and 0.86% of total loans, respectively. For further discussion regarding the allowance for loan losses, see “Provision for Loan Losses” above.
A recovery of loan losses of $3 thousand was recorded in the construction and land development loan class during the three months ended March 31, 2020. The recovery of loan losses in this loan class resulted primarily from a decrease in the specific reserve. The decrease in the specific reserve for the construction and land development loan class resulted from improvements in collateral positions on impaired loans and principal payments received. This recovery was offset by provision for loan losses totaling $903 thousand in the 1-4 family residential, other real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer and other loan classes. For more detailed information regarding the provision for loan losses, see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Impaired loans totaled $1.5 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The related allowance for loan losses provided for these loans totaled $11 thousand and $33 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The average recorded investment in impaired loans during the three months ended March 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively. Included in the impaired loans total are loans classified as TDRs totaling $350 thousand and $360 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Loans classified as TDRs represent situations in which a modification to the contractual interest rate or repayment structure has been granted to address a financial hardship. As of March 31, 2020, none of the TDRs were performing under the restructured terms and all were considered non-performing assets.
Management believes, based upon its review and analysis, that the Bank has sufficient reserves to cover losses inherent within the loan portfolio. For each period presented, the provision for loan losses charged to expense was based on management’s judgment after taking into consideration all factors connected with the collectability of the existing portfolio. Management considers economic conditions, historical loss factors, past due percentages, internally generated loan quality reports, and other relevant factors when evaluating the loan portfolio. There can be no assurance, however, that an additional provision for loan losses will not be required in the future, including as a result of changes in the qualitative factors underlying management’s estimates and judgments, changes in accounting standards, adverse developments in the economy, on a national basis or in the Company’s market area, loan growth, or changes in the circumstances of particular borrowers. For further discussion regarding the allowance for loan losses, see “Critical Accounting Policies” above.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Asset Quality
The Bank anticipates the pandemic to have an unfavorable impact on the financial condition of many of its customers, and as a result, has begun the process of identifying the related credit risk within its loan portfolio with the goal of mitigating the risk and minimizing potential loan charge-offs. Management expects significant pressure on several sectors of the loan portfolio, including those listed in the following table (dollars in thousands).
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March 31, 2020
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|
|
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Loan Balance
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|
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Percent of Total Loans
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Industry
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Hospitality
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$
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45,014
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|
|
|
7.74
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%
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Retail / shopping
|
|
|
26,598
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|
|
|
4.57
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%
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Health care
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|
|
23,180
|
|
|
|
3.98
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%
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Total
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|
$
|
94,792
|
|
|
|
16.29
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%
|
The magnitude of the potential decline in the Bank’s loan quality will likely depend on the length of time and extent that the Bank’s customers experience business interruptions from the pandemic. In addition, the Bank’s loan deferral program, involving approximately 22% of the Bank's loan balances at March 31, 2020, could delay or make it difficult to identify the extent of asset quality deterioration over the second and third quarters of 2020 until the payment deferral periods have ended and scheduled loan payments become due.
Securities
The securities portfolio plays a primary role in the management of the Company’s interest rate sensitivity and serves as a source of liquidity. The portfolio is used as needed to meet collateral requirements, such as those related to secure public deposits and balances with the Reserve Bank. The investment portfolio consists of held to maturity, available for sale, and restricted securities. Securities are classified as available for sale or held to maturity based on the Company’s investment strategy and management’s assessment of the intent and ability to hold the securities until maturity. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. If management has the intent and the Company has the ability at the time of purchase to hold the investment securities to maturity, they are classified as investment securities held to maturity and are stated at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts using the interest method. Investment securities which the Company may not hold to maturity are classified as investment securities available for sale, as management has the intent and ability to hold such investment securities for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Securities available for sale may be sold in response to changes in market interest rates, changes in prepayment risk, increases in loan demand, general liquidity needs and other similar factors and are carried at estimated fair value. Restricted securities, including Federal Home Loan Bank, Federal Reserve Bank, and Community Bankers’ Bank stock, are generally viewed as long-term investments because there is minimal market for the stock and are carried at cost.
Securities at March 31, 2020 totaled $147.6 million, an increase of $7.2 million, or 5%, from $140.4 million at December 31, 2019. Investment securities are comprised of U.S. agency and mortgage-backed securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, corporate debt securities, and restricted securities. As of March 31, 2020, neither the Company nor the Bank held any derivative financial instruments in their respective investment security portfolios. Gross unrealized gains in the available for sale portfolio totaled $3.6 million and $1.3 million at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Gross unrealized losses in the available for sale portfolio totaled $44 thousand and $339 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Gross unrealized gains in the held to maturity portfolio totaled $540 thousand and $99 thousand at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. There were no gross unrealized losses in the held to maturity portfolio at March 31, 2020. Gross unrealized losses in the held to maturity portfolio totaled $80 thousand at December 31, 2019. Investments in an unrealized loss position were considered temporarily impaired at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The change in the unrealized gains and losses of investment securities from December 31, 2019 to March 31, 2020 was related to changes in market interest rates and was not related to credit concerns of the issuers.
Deposits
At March 31, 2020, deposits totaled $720.6 million, an increase of $14.2 million, from $706.4 million at December 31, 2019. The composition of the deposit portfolio was unchanged when comparing the periods. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, noninterest-bearing demand deposits, savings and interest-bearing demand deposits, and time deposits composed 27%, 57%, and 16% of total deposits, respectively.
Liquidity
Liquidity represents the ability to meet present and future financial obligations through either the sale or maturity of existing assets or with borrowings from correspondent banks or other deposit markets. The Company classifies cash, interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks, federal funds sold, investment securities, and loans maturing within one year as liquid assets. As part of the Bank’s liquidity risk management, stress tests and cash flow modeling are performed quarterly.
As a result of the Bank’s management of liquid assets and the ability to generate liquidity through liability funding, management believes that the Bank maintains overall liquidity sufficient to satisfy its depositors’ requirements and to meet its customers’ borrowing needs.
At March 31, 2020, cash, interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposits with banks, securities, and loans maturing within one year totaled $117.4 million. At March 31, 2020, 11% or $66.7 million of the loan portfolio matured within one year. Non-deposit sources of available funds totaled $237.9 million at March 31, 2019, which included $146.7 million of secured funds available from Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB), $30.2 million of secured funds available through the Federal Reserve Discount Window, and $61.0 million of unsecured federal funds lines of credit with other correspondent banks.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Liquidity
In light of the significant increase in unemployment claims and the stress on businesses from stay at home orders, as well as the Bank's payment deferral program, the Bank has been monitoring liquidity on a daily basis. The Bank believes it has sufficient liquidity to meet demand from its customers with on-balance sheet liquidity of cash and unencumbered securities and off-balance sheet liquidity available overnight through secured funding sources. All loans originated by the Bank under the PPP are expected to be pledged to the Federal Reserve’s new Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (PPPLF). The Bank plans to borrow funds from the PPPLF to fund PPP loans as needed at an interest rate of 0.35%.
Capital Resources
The adequacy of the Company’s capital is reviewed by management on an ongoing basis with reference to the size, composition, and quality of the Company’s asset and liability levels and consistent with regulatory requirements and industry standards. Management seeks to maintain a capital structure that will assure an adequate level of capital to support anticipated asset growth and absorb potential losses. The Company meets eligibility criteria of a small bank holding company in accordance with the Federal Reserve Board’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement issued in February 2015 and is no longer obligated to report consolidated regulatory capital.
Effective January 1, 2015, the Bank became subject to new capital rules adopted by federal bank regulators implementing the Basel III regulatory capital reforms adopted by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the Basel Committee), and certain changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
The minimum capital level requirements applicable to the Bank under the final rules are as follows: a new common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5%; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6%; a total capital ratio of 8%; and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4% for all institutions. The final rules also established a “capital conservation buffer” above the new regulatory minimum capital requirements of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets. This results in the following minimum capital ratios beginning in 2019: a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 7.0%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5%, and a total capital ratio of 10.5%. Under the final rules, institutions are subject to limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses if its capital level falls below the buffer amount. These limitations establish a maximum percentage of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. Management believes, as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject, including the capital conservation buffer.
The following table shows the Bank’s regulatory capital ratios at March 31, 2020:
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|
First Bank
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|
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
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|
|
14.98
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%
|
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
|
|
|
14.02
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%
|
Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
|
|
|
14.02
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%
|
Tier 1 capital to average assets
|
|
|
10.08
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%
|
Capital conservation buffer ratio(1)
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|
|
6.98
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%
|
(1)
|
Calculated by subtracting the regulatory minimum capital ratio requirements from the Company’s actual ratio for Common equity Tier 1, Tier 1, and Total risk based capital. The lowest of the three measures represents the Bank’s capital conservation buffer ratio.
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The prompt corrective action framework is designed to place restrictions on insured depository institutions if their capital levels begin to show signs of weakness. Under the prompt corrective action requirements, which are designed to complement the capital conservation buffer, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following capital level requirements in order to qualify as “well capitalized:” a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%; a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8%; a total capital ratio of 10%; and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5%. The Bank met the requirements to qualify as "well capitalized" as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
On September 17, 2019 the FDIC finalized a rule that introduces an optional simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations (i.e., the community bank leverage ratio (CBLR) framework), as required by the Economic Growth Act. The CBLR framework is designed to reduce burden by removing the requirements for calculating and reporting risk-based capital ratios for qualifying community banking organizations that opt into the framework.
In order to qualify for the CBLR framework, a community banking organization must have a tier 1 leverage ratio greater than 9%, have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, and limited amounts of off-balance sheet exposures and trading assets and liabilities. The CARES Act temporarily lowered the tier 1 leverage ratio requirement to 8% until December 31, 2020. A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the CBLR framework and meets all requirements under the framework will be considered to have met the "well-capitalized" ratio requirements under the prompt corrective action regulations and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital. Although, the Company did not opt into the CBLR framework at March 31, 2020, it may opt into the CBLR framework in a future quarterly period.
During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized a stock repurchase plan pursuant to which the Company may repurchase up to $5.0 million of the Company’s outstanding common stock. The stock repurchase plan was authorized to run through December 31, 2020, unless the entire amount authorized to be repurchased has been acquired before that date. During the first quarter of 2020, the Company repurchased and retired 129,035 shares at an average price paid per share of $16.05, for a total of $2.1 million. The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock during 2019.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Capital Resources
In March 2020, the Company suspended future stock repurchases under its stock repurchase program due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. The Company will continue to update its enterprise risk assessment and capital plan as the operating environment develops.
Contractual Obligations
There have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the contractual obligations disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company, through the Bank, is a party to credit related financial instruments with risk not reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and commercial letters of credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of these commitments. The Bank follows the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
Commitments to extend credit, which amounted to $91.6 million at March 31, 2020, and $92.5 million at December 31, 2019, are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The commitments for lines of credit may expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if it is deemed necessary by the Bank, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the customer.
Unfunded commitments under commercial lines of credit, revolving credit lines, and overdraft protection agreements are commitments for possible future extensions of credit to existing customers. These lines of credit are collateralized as deemed necessary and may or may not be drawn upon to the total extent to which the Bank is committed.
Commercial and standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Bank to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. Essentially all letters of credit issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Bank generally holds collateral supporting those commitments if deemed necessary. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Bank had $8.6 million and $11.0 million in outstanding standby letters of credit, respectively.
At March 31, 2020, the Bank had $5.7 million in locked-rate commitments to originate mortgage loans. Risks arise from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. The Bank does not expect any counterparty to fail to meet its obligations.
On April 21, 2020, the Company entered into interest rate swap agreements related to its outstanding junior subordinated debt. The Company uses derivatives to manage exposure to interest rate risk through the use of interest rate swaps. Interest rate swaps involve the exchange of fixed and variable rate interest payments between two parties, based on a common notional principal amount and maturity date with no exchange of underlying principal amounts.
The interest rate swaps qualified and are designated as cash flow hedges. The Company’s cash flow hedges effectively modify the Company’s exposure to interest rate risk by converting variable rates of interest on $9.0 million of the Company’s junior subordinated debt to fixed rates of interest for periods that end between June 2034 and October 2036. The cash flow hedges’ total notional amount is $9.0 million. The fair value of the cash flow hedges will be recorded in either other assets or other liabilities in future periods. The net gain/loss on the cash flow hedges will be recognized as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period(s) during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are described more fully in Note 17.