Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2024


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to


Commission file number			001-38730

LINDE PLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Ireland						98-1448883
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

10 Riverview Drive,						Forge
Danbury, Connecticut						43 Church Street West
United States 06810						Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT
						United Kingdom

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(203) 837 - 2000						+44 14 83 242200
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)

LIN

NASDAQ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

At June 30, 2024, 477,502,737 ordinary shares (€0.001 par value) of the Registrant were outstanding.

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INDEX

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements (unaudited)

	Consolidated Statements of Income - Quarters Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	4

	Consolidated Statements of Income - Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	5

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Quarters Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	6

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	7

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023	8

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 and 2023	9

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	24

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	41

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	41

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	42

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	42

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	42

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	42

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	42

Item 5.	Other Information	42

Item 6.	Exhibits	43

Signature		44

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Forward-looking Statements

This document contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are identified by terms and phrases such as: anticipate, believe, intend, estimate, expect, continue, should, could, may, plan, project, predict, will, potential, forecast, and similar expressions. They are based on management’s reasonable expectations and assumptions as of the date the statements are made but involve risks and uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation: the performance of stock markets generally; developments in worldwide and national economies and other international events and circumstances, including trade conflicts and tariffs; changes in foreign currencies and in interest rates; the cost and availability of electric power, natural gas and other raw materials; the ability to achieve price increases to offset cost increases; catastrophic events including natural disasters, epidemics, pandemics such as COVID-19, and acts of war and terrorism; the ability to attract, hire, and retain qualified personnel; the impact of changes in financial accounting standards; the impact of changes in pension plan liabilities; the impact of tax, environmental, healthcare and other legislation and government regulation in jurisdictions in which the company operates; the cost and outcomes of investigations, litigation and regulatory proceedings; the impact of potential unusual or non-recurring items; continued timely development and market acceptance of new products and applications; the impact of competitive products and pricing; future financial and operating performance of major customers and industries served; the impact of information technology system failures, network disruptions and breaches in data security; and the effectiveness and speed of integrating new acquisitions into the business. These risks and uncertainties may cause future results or circumstances to differ materially from adjusted projections, estimates or other forward-looking statements.

Linde plc assumes no obligation to update or provide revisions to any forward-looking statement in response to changing circumstances. The above listed risks and uncertainties are further described in Item 1A. Risk Factors in Linde plc’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2024, which should be reviewed carefully. Please consider Linde plc’s forward-looking statements in light of those risks.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Millions of dollars, except per share data)

(UNAUDITED)


	Quarter Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Sales	$	8,267	$	8,204
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	4,251		4,316
Selling, general and administrative	840		833
Depreciation and amortization	958		960
Research and development	36		35
Other charges	—		22

Other income (expense) - net	2		(27)
Operating Profit	2,184		2,011
Interest expense - net	70		52
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(49)		(45)
Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	2,163		2,004
Income taxes	508		438
Income Before Equity Investments	1,655		1,566
Income from equity investments	45		46


Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	1,700		1,612
Less: noncontrolling interests	(37)		(37)
Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,663	$	1,575





Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders


Basic earnings per share	$	3.46	$	3.22


Diluted earnings per share	$	3.44	$	3.19

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding	479,973		489,618
Diluted shares outstanding	483,177		493,549

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Millions of dollars, except per share data)

(UNAUDITED)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Sales	$	16,367	$	16,397
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	8,467		8,747
Selling, general and administrative	1,700		1,655
Depreciation and amortization	1,907		1,908
Research and development	74		71
Other charges	—		40

Other income (expense) - net	60		(32)
Operating Profit	4,279		3,944
Interest expense - net	135		89
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(99)		(90)
Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	4,243		3,945
Income taxes	971		868
Income Before Equity Investments	3,272		3,077
Income from equity investments	93		87


Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	3,365		3,164
Less: noncontrolling interests	(75)		(73)
Net Income – Linde plc	$	3,290	$	3,091

Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share	$	6.84	$	6.30
Diluted earnings per share	$	6.79	$	6.25

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding	480,943		490,727
Diluted shares outstanding	484,366		494,685

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Millions of dollars)

(UNAUDITED)


	Quarter Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$	1,700	$	1,612

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(280)		(96)

Income taxes	6		1
Translation adjustments	(274)		(95)
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 7):
Retirement program remeasurements	11		(5)
Reclassifications to net income	(3)		(8)
Income taxes	(5)		2
Funded status - retirement obligations	3		(11)
Derivative instruments (Note 4):
Current unrealized gain (loss)	(13)		(9)
Reclassifications to net income	7		2
Income taxes	1		1
Derivative instruments	(5)		(6)





TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(276)		(112)

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	1,424		1,500
Less: noncontrolling interests	(27)		(14)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - LINDE PLC	$	1,397	$	1,486

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Millions of dollars)

(UNAUDITED)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$	3,365	$	3,164

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,024)		133

Income taxes	6		1
Translation adjustments	(1,018)		134
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 7):
Retirement program remeasurements	7		(254)
Reclassifications to net income	(6)		(16)
Income taxes	7		65
Funded status - retirement obligations	8		(205)
Derivative instruments (Note 4):
Current unrealized gain (loss)	(11)		(84)
Reclassifications to net income	7		(4)
Income taxes	—		17
Derivative instruments	(4)		(71)





TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(1,014)		(142)

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	2,351		3,022
Less: noncontrolling interests	(50)		(48)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - LINDE PLC	$	2,301	$	2,974

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Millions of dollars)

(UNAUDITED)


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,626	$	4,664
Accounts receivable - net	5,001		4,718
Contract assets	226		196
Inventories	2,094		2,115
Prepaid and other current assets	896		927
Total Current Assets	12,843		12,620
Property, plant and equipment - net	24,575		24,552

Goodwill	26,365		26,751
Other intangible assets - net	11,851		12,399
Other long-term assets	4,581		4,489
Total Assets	$	80,215	$	80,811
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable	$	2,859	$	3,020
Short-term debt	3,326		4,713
Current portion of long-term debt	1,261		1,263
Contract liabilities	1,767		1,901

Other current liabilities	4,291		4,820
Total Current Liabilities	13,504		15,717
Long-term debt	16,931		13,397
Other long-term liabilities	10,229		10,602

Total Liabilities	40,664		39,716
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13		13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity (Note 10):
Ordinary shares, €0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2024 and 2023 issued: 490,766,972 ordinary shares	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	39,560		39,812
Retained earnings	10,721		8,845
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,794)		(5,805)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2024 – 13,264,235 shares and 2023 – 8,321,827 shares)	(5,309)		(3,133)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	38,179		39,720
Noncontrolling interests	1,359		1,362
Total Equity	39,538		41,082
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	80,215	$	80,811

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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LINDE PLC AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Millions of dollars)

(UNAUDITED)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023
Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Operations
Net income - Linde plc	$	3,290	$	3,091

Add: Noncontrolling interests	75		73
Net Income (including noncontrolling interests)	3,365		3,164
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Other charges, net of payments	(75)		(61)

Depreciation and amortization	1,907		1,908
Deferred income taxes	(184)		(61)
Share-based compensation	78		66
Working capital:
Accounts receivable	(422)		(175)
Inventory	(23)		(85)
Prepaid and other current assets	(62)		(39)
Payables and accruals	(393)		(458)
Contract assets and liabilities, net	(189)		117
Pension contributions	(24)		(25)
Long-term assets, liabilities and other	(95)		(293)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,883		4,058
Investing
Capital expenditures	(2,181)		(1,688)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(152)		(834)
Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales	22		24
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(2,311)		(2,498)
Financing
Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) - net	(1,336)		(1,116)
Long-term debt borrowings	4,828		2,115
Long-term debt repayments	(957)		(1,641)
Issuances of ordinary shares	21		21
Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,481)		(1,767)
Cash dividends - Linde plc shareholders	(1,334)		(1,246)

Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(217)		(22)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(1,476)		(3,656)





Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(134)		17
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(38)		(2,079)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period	4,664		5,436


Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$	4,626	$	3,357

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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INDEX TO NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - Linde plc and Subsidiaries (Unaudited)



Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies			11

Note 2. Supplemental Information			11

Note 3. Debt			12

Note 4. Financial Instruments			12

Note 5. Fair Value Disclosures			14

Note 6. Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders			16

Note 7. Retirement Programs			16

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies			17

Note 9. Segments			19

Note 10. Equity			20

Note 11. Revenue Recognition			21

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1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States.

Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2024.

Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.

Accounting Standards to be Implemented

Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024.

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to income taxes. The standard requires additional or modified disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation, disaggregation of income taxes paid, and several other disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance prospectively in fiscal year 2025.

2. Supplemental Information

Receivables

Linde applies loss rates that are lifetime expected credit losses at initial recognition of the receivables. These expected loss rates are based on an analysis of the actual historical default rates for each business, taking regional circumstances into account. If necessary, these historical default rates are adjusted to reflect the impact of current changes in the macroeconomic environment using forward-looking information. The loss rates are also evaluated based on the expectations of the responsible management team regarding the collectability of the receivables. Gross trade receivables aged less than one year were $4,956 million and $4,667 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and gross receivables aged greater than one year were $375 million and $354 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Other receivables were $128 million and $154 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Receivables aged greater than one year are generally fully reserved unless specific circumstances warrant exceptions, such as those backed by federal governments.

Accounts receivable net of reserves were $5,001 million at June 30, 2024 and $4,718 million at December 31, 2023. Allowances for expected credit losses were $458 million at June 30, 2024 and $457 million at December 31, 2023. Provisions for expected credit losses were $84 million and $83 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The allowance activity in the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 related to write-offs of uncollectible amounts, net of recoveries and currency movements is not material.

Inventories

The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$	593	$	614
Work in process	422		390
Finished goods	1,079		1,111
Total inventories	$	2,094	$	2,115

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3. Debt

The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper	$	3,019	$	4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)	307		230
Total short-term debt	3,326		4,713
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c)	—		607
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e)	—		332
4.800% Notes due 2024	300		300
4.700% Notes due 2025	599		599
2.65% Notes due 2025	400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026	751		774
3.20% Notes due 2026	725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026	199		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027	87		90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027	803		827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027	537		553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)	762		780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d)	747		—
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029	800		824
1.10% Notes due 2030	697		697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030	110		114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f)	799		—
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031	805		829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)	909		—
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032	799		823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033	530		546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034	693		714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f)	795		—
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035	851		876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d)	743		—
3.55% Notes due 2042	665		666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f)	743		—
2.00% Notes due 2050	297		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051	732		755
Non U.S. borrowings	234		226
Other	10		10
	18,192		14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(1,261)		(1,263)
Total long-term debt	16,931		13,397
Total debt	$	21,518	$	19,373

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

(b)June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included a cumulative $38 million and $46 million adjustment to carrying value, respectively, related to hedge accounting of interest rate swaps. Refer to Note 4.

(c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due.

(d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036.

(e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due.

(f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

The company maintains a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banking institutions that expire on December 7, 2027 and December 4, 2024, respectively. There are no financial maintenance covenants contained within the credit agreements. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of June 30, 2024.

The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 4.2% and 4.8% as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

4. Financial Instruments

In its normal operations, Linde is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, energy and commodity costs. The objective of financial risk management at Linde is to minimize the negative impact of such fluctuations on the company’s earnings and cash flows. To manage these risks, among other strategies, Linde routinely enters into various derivative financial instruments (“derivatives”) including interest-rate swap and treasury rate lock agreements, currency-swap agreements, forward contracts, currency options, and commodity-swap agreements. These instruments are not entered into for trading purposes and Linde only uses commonly traded and non-leveraged instruments.

There are three types of derivatives that the company enters into: (i) those relating to fair-value exposures, (ii) those relating to cash-flow exposures, and (iii) those relating to foreign currency net investment exposures. Fair-value exposures relate to recognized assets or liabilities, and firm commitments; cash-flow exposures relate to the variability of future cash flows associated with recognized assets or liabilities, or forecasted transactions; and net investment exposures relate to the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes on the carrying value of net assets denominated in foreign currencies.

When a derivative is executed and hedge accounting is appropriate, it is designated as either a fair-value hedge, cash-flow hedge, or a net investment hedge. Currently, Linde designates all interest-rate and treasury-rate locks as hedges for accounting purposes; however, cross-currency contracts are generally not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Certain currency contracts related to forecasted transactions are designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Whether designated as hedges for accounting purposes or not, all derivatives are linked to an appropriate underlying exposure. On an ongoing basis, the company assesses the hedge effectiveness of all derivatives designated as hedges for accounting purposes to determine if they continue to be highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the underlying hedged items. If it is determined that the hedge is not highly effective through the use of a qualitative assessment, then hedge accounting will be discontinued prospectively.

Counterparties to Linde's derivatives are major banking institutions with credit ratings of investment grade or better. The company has Credit Support Annexes ("CSAs") in place for certain entities with their principal counterparties to minimize potential default risk and to mitigate counterparty risk. Under the CSAs, the fair values of derivatives for the purpose of interest rate and currency management are collateralized with cash on a regular basis. As of June 30, 2024, the impact of such collateral posting arrangements on the fair value of derivatives was insignificant. Management believes the risk of incurring losses on derivative contracts related to credit risk is remote and any losses would be immaterial.

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:


					Fair Value
	Notional Amounts				Assets (a)				Liabilities (a)
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items	$	7,556	$	4,567	$	39	$	46	$	42	$	26
Forecasted transactions	206		335		2		11		3		6
Total	$	7,762	$	4,902	$	41	$	57	$	45	$	32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:


Currency contracts:

Forecasted transactions	$	562	$	749	$	5	$	20	$	1	$	4


Commodity contracts	N/A		N/A		10		3		20		7

Interest rate swaps	—		1,214		—		1		—		4
Total Hedges	$	562	$	1,963	$	15	$	24	$	21	$	15
Total Derivatives	$	8,324	$	6,865	$	56	$	81	$	66	$	47

(a)Amounts as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 included current assets of $53 million and $73 million which are recorded in prepaid and other current assets; long-term assets of $3 million and $8 million which are recorded in other long-term assets; current liabilities of $61 million and $41 million which are recorded in other current liabilities; and long-term liabilities of $5 million and $6 million which are recorded in other long-term liabilities.

Balance Sheet Items

Foreign currency contracts related to balance sheet items consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on recorded balance sheet assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating unit. Certain forward currency contracts are entered into to protect underlying monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies from foreign exchange risk and are not designated as hedging instruments. For balance sheet items that are not designated as hedging instruments, the fair value adjustments on these contracts are offset by the fair value adjustments recorded on the underlying monetary assets and liabilities.

Forecasted Transactions

Foreign currency contracts related to forecasted transactions consist of forward contracts entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in foreign-currency exchange rates on (1) forecasted purchases of capital-related equipment and services, (2) forecasted sales, or (3) other forecasted cash flows denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the related operating units. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. For forecasted transactions that do not qualify for cash flow hedging relationships, fair value adjustments are recorded directly to earnings. Linde is hedging forecasted transactions for a maximum period of three years.

Commodity Contracts

Commodity contracts are entered into to manage the exposure to fluctuations in commodity prices, which arise in the normal course of business from its procurement transactions. To reduce the extent of this risk, Linde enters into a limited number of electricity, natural gas, and propane gas derivatives. For forecasted transactions that are designated as cash flow hedges, fair value adjustments are recorded to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) with deferred amounts reclassified to earnings over the same time period as the income statement impact of the associated purchase. Linde is hedging commodity contracts for a maximum period of three years.

Net Investment Hedges

As of June 30, 2024, Linde has €16.8 billion ($18.2 billion) Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans and ¥4.7 billion ($0.7 billion) CNY-denominated intercompany loans that are designated as hedges of the net investment positions in certain foreign operations. Since hedge inception, the deferred gain recorded within cumulative translation adjustment component of

accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheet is $453 million (deferred gain of $135 million and $409 million in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively).

As of June 30, 2024, exchange rate movements relating to previously designated hedges that remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is a gain of $56 million. These movements will remain in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), until appropriate, such as upon sale or liquidation of the related foreign operations at which time amounts will be reclassified to the consolidated statements of income.

Interest Rate Swaps

Linde uses interest rate swaps to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities as a result of interest rate changes. These interest rate swaps effectively convert fixed-rate interest exposures to variable rates; fair value adjustments are recognized in earnings along with an equally offsetting charge/benefit to earnings for the changes in the fair value of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (See Note 3).

In addition, as of December 31, 2023, Linde was using interest rate swaps with a notional value of €1 billion to hedge the variability of future cash flows of forecasted transactions due to interest rate risk and had designated this as a cash flow hedge. The interest rate swaps were terminated during the first quarter of 2024 with the February debt issuance and the settlement values were immaterial.

Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:


	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items
Debt-related	$	(2)	$	(44)	$	(17)	$	(83)
Other balance sheet items	2		(1)		(5)		(2)


Total	$	—	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	(85)

* The gains (losses) on balance sheet items are offset by gains (losses) recorded on the underlying hedged assets and liabilities. Accordingly, the gains (losses) for the derivatives and the underlying hedged assets and liabilities related to debt items are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as interest expense-net. Other balance sheet items and anticipated net income gains (losses) are generally recorded in the consolidated statements of income as other income (expenses)-net.

The amounts of gain or loss recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified to the consolidated statement of income was not material for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Net impacts expected to be reclassified to earnings during the next twelve months are also not material.

5. Fair Value Disclosures

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets	$	—	$	—	$	56	$	81	$	—	$	—
Investments and securities*	17		16		—		—		11		12
Total	$	17	$	16	$	56	$	81	11		$	12

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	66	$	47	$	—	$	—

* Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Level 1 investments and securities are marketable securities traded on an exchange. Level 2 investments are based on market prices obtained from independent brokers or determined using quantitative models that use as their basis readily observable market parameters that are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including third-party pricing services, brokers and market transactions. Level 3 investments and securities consist of a venture fund. For the valuation, Linde uses the net asset value received as part of the fund's quarterly reporting, which for the most part is not based on quoted prices in active markets. In order to reflect current market conditions, Linde proportionally adjusts by observable market data (stock exchange prices) or current transaction prices.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated based on the quoted market prices for the same or similar issues. Long-term debt is categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. At June 30, 2024, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $16,598 million versus a carrying value of $18,192 million. At December 31, 2023, the estimated fair value of Linde’s long-term debt portfolio was $13,337 million versus a carrying value of $14,660 million. Differences between the carrying value and the fair value are attributable to fluctuations in interest rates subsequent to when the debt was issued and relative to stated coupon rates.

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6. Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders

Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)


Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,663	$	1,575	$	3,290	$	3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding	479,130		489,061		480,246		490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans	843		557		697		526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share	479,973		489,618		480,943		490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards	3,204		3,931		3,423		3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share	483,177		493,549		484,366		494,685


Basic Earnings Per Share	$	3.46	$	3.22	$	6.84	$	6.30


Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	3.44	$	3.19	$	6.79	$	6.25

The weighted-average of antidilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share was 353,145 and 225,739 for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively. There were no antidilutive securities in the respective 2023 periods.

7. Retirement Programs

The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$	21	$	21	$	42	$	42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	91		94		182		186
Expected return on plan assets	(137)		(131)		(275)		(260)
Net amortization and deferral	(3)		(8)		(6)		(16)



	(49)		(45)		(99)		(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(28)	$	(24)	$	(57)	$	(48)

Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were not material.

Linde estimates that 2024 required contributions to its pension plans will be in the range of approximately $30 million to $40 million, of which $24 million have been made through June 30, 2024.

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8. Commitments and Contingencies

Contingent Liabilities

Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Significant matters are:

•During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil.

•At June 30, 2024, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $110 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel.

During 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best estimate of potential settlement. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings.

•On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. In November 2023, the court issued a decision rejecting the plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and determining that the cash merger squeeze-out consideration was appropriate. The plaintiffs have appealed this decision.

The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution.

•In December 2022, a Russian court based in St. Petersburg ("St. Petersburg Court") issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) to secure payment of a possible award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Russia entered into in July 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions. In March 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("GPP Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde and guarantor banks. In March 2024, RCA filed a similar claim for repayment and damages against Linde for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a liquefied natural gas plant in Russia entered into in September 2021 (“LNG Claim”, and together with the GPP Claim, the “Russian Claims”).

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In accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreements, in 2023, Linde filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian Claims are in breach of the arbitration agreement which requires HKIAC arbitration, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde filed for and obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the claims and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration.

In January, 2024, the Hong Kong court issued a final judgment in Linde’s favor (i) granting a permanent anti-suit injunction against RCA to seek a stay of the GPP claim and not start an LNG claim, (ii) granting a permanent, global anti-enforcement injunction against RCA for the GPP claim, and (iii) ordering that the injunction issued by the St. Petersburg Court be lifted (“HK Court Judgement”).

Despite the judgments of the Hong Kong court and similar orders issued by the HKIAC arbitration tribunals, the St. Petersburg injunction affecting Linde’s shares and assets has not been lifted, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claims in Russia.

In February 2024, the St. Petersburg Court decided the GPP Claim in favor of RCA. Linde appealed this decision unsuccessfully in March 2024. Linde expects RCA to enforce the decision by seizing assets that were previously frozen by the court. Linde intends to claim all damages related to or rising from RCA's enforcement of the decision in the HKIAC arbitration proceedings.

Linde does not expect a material adverse impact on earnings from this decision given the liability recorded as of June 30, 2024 and the immaterial remaining investment value of its deconsolidated Russia subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2024, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.2 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance obligations for these projects.

It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the Russian Claims and arbitration proceedings.

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9. Segments

For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SALES(a)
Americas	$	3,655	$	3,541	$	7,215	$	7,092
EMEA	2,091		2,160		4,182		4,337
APAC	1,657		1,683		3,248		3,281
Engineering	544		495		1,083		1,035
Other	320		325		639		652


Total sales	$	8,267	$	8,204	$	16,367	$	16,397


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas	$	1,159	$	1,070	$	2,247	$	2,095
EMEA	704		630		1,391		1,237
APAC	474		472		921		895
Engineering	96		107		196		256
Other	(11)		7		8		9
Segment operating profit	2,422		2,286		4,763		4,492
Other charges	—		(22)		—		(40)


Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b)	(238)		(253)		(484)		(508)
Total operating profit	$	2,184	$	2,011	$	4,279	$	3,944

(a)Sales reflect external sales only. Intersegment sales, primarily from Engineering to the industrial gases segments, were $485 million and $876 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, and $335 million and $629 million for the respective 2023 periods.

(b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

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10. Equity

A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	38,829	$	1,387	$	40,216	$	39,970	$	1,353	$	41,323
Net income (a)	1,663		37		1,700		1,575		37		1,612
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(266)		(10)		(276)		(89)		(23)		(112)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		—		—		(11)		(7)		(18)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(55)		(55)		—		(36)		(36)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023)	(665)		—		(665)		(623)		—		(623)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)		—		(15)		(35)		—		(35)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)		—		(1,407)		(912)		—		(912)

Share-based compensation	40		—		40		36		—		36
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235


	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	39,720	$	1,362	$	41,082	$	40,028	$	1,346	$	41,374
Net income (a)	3,290		75		3,365		3,091		73		3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(989)		(25)		(1,014)		(117)		(25)		(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		11		11		(11)		(5)		(16)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(64)		(64)		—		(65)		(65)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023)	(1,334)		—		(1,334)		(1,246)		—		(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(141)		—		(141)		(98)		—		(98)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,445)		—		(2,445)		(1,802)		—		(1,802)

Share-based compensation	78		—		78		66		—		66
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235

(a) Net income for noncontrolling interests excludes net income related to redeemable noncontrolling interests which is not significant for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 and which is not part of total equity.

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The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:


	June 30,		December 31,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas	$	(4,055)	$	(3,618)
EMEA	(1,100)		(737)
APAC	(1,433)		(1,037)
Engineering	(248)		(93)
Other	471		113
	(6,365)		(5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes	3		7

Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(432)		(440)
	$	(6,794)	$	(5,805)

11. Revenue Recognition

Revenue is accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. Revenue is recognized as control of goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for the goods or services.

Contracts with Customers

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Industrial Gases

Within each of the company’s geographic segments for industrial gases, there are three basic distribution methods: (i) on-site or tonnage; (ii) merchant or bulk liquid; and (iii) packaged or cylinder gases. The distribution method used by Linde to supply a customer is determined by many factors, including the customer’s volume requirements and location. The distribution method generally determines the contract terms with the customer and, accordingly, the revenue recognition accounting practices. Linde's primary products in its industrial gases business are atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, rare gases) and process gases (carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen, electronic gases, specialty gases, acetylene). These products are generally sold through one of the three distribution methods.

Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:

On-site. Customers that require the largest volumes of product and that have a relatively constant demand pattern are supplied by cryogenic and process gas on-site plants. Linde constructs plants on or adjacent to these customers’ sites and supplies the product directly to customers by pipeline. Where there are large concentrations of customers, a single pipeline may be connected to several plants and customers. On-site product supply contracts generally are total requirement contracts with terms typically ranging from 10-20 years and contain minimum purchase requirements and price escalation provisions. Many of the cryogenic on-site plants also produce liquid products for the merchant market. Therefore, plants are typically not dedicated to a single customer. Additionally, Linde is responsible for the design, construction, operations and maintenance of the plants and our customers typically have no involvement in these activities. Advanced air separation processes also allow on-site delivery to customers with smaller volume requirements.

The company’s performance obligations related to on-site customers are satisfied over time as customers receive and obtain control of the product. Linde has elected to apply the practical expedient for measuring progress towards the completion of a performance obligation and recognizes revenue as the company has the right to invoice each customer, which generally corresponds with product delivery. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Consideration in these contracts is generally based on pricing which fluctuates with various price indices. Variable components of consideration exist within on-site contracts but are considered constrained.

Merchant. Merchant deliveries generally are made from Linde's plants by tanker trucks to storage containers at the customer's site. Due to the relatively high distribution cost, merchant oxygen and nitrogen generally have a relatively small distribution

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radius from the plants at which they are produced. Merchant argon, hydrogen and helium can be shipped much longer distances. The customer agreements used in the merchant business are usually three-to seven-year supply agreements based on the requirements of the customer. These contracts generally do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to merchant customers are generally satisfied at a point in time as the customers receive and obtain control of the product. Revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer and the company has the right to invoice the customer in accordance with the contract terms.

Packaged Gases. Customers requiring small volumes are supplied products in containers called cylinders, under medium to high pressure. Linde distributes merchant gases from its production plants to company-owned cylinder filling plants where cylinders are then filled for distribution to customers. Cylinders may be delivered to the customer’s site or picked up by the customer at a packaging facility or retail store. Linde invoices the customer for the industrial gases and the use of the cylinder container(s). The company also sells hardgoods and welding equipment purchased from independent manufacturers. Packaged gases are generally sold under one to three-year supply contracts and purchase orders and do not contain minimum purchase requirements or volume commitments.

The company’s performance obligations related to packaged gases are satisfied at a point in time. Accordingly, revenue is recognized when product is delivered to the customer or when the customer picks up product from a packaged gas facility or retail store and the company has the right to payment from the customer in accordance with the contract terms.

Engineering

The company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation and other industrial gas applications manufactured specifically for end customers. Sale of equipment contracts are generally comprised of a single performance obligation. Revenue from sale of equipment is generally recognized over time as Linde has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date and performance does not create an asset with alternative use. For contracts recognized over time, revenue is recognized primarily using a cost incurred input method. Costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion are used to measure progress toward satisfying performance obligations. Costs incurred include material, labor, and overhead costs and represent work contributing and proportionate to the transfer of control to the customer. Changes to cost estimates and contract modifications are typically accounted for as part of the existing contract and are recognized as cumulative adjustments for the inception-to-date effect of such change.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and liabilities result from differences in timing of revenue recognition and customer invoicing. Contract assets primarily relate to sale of equipment contracts for which revenue is recognized over time. The balance represents unbilled revenue which occurs when revenue recognized under the measure of progress exceeds amounts invoiced to customers. Customer invoices may be based on the passage of time, the achievement of certain contractual milestones or a combination of both criteria. Contract liabilities include advance payments or right to consideration prior to performance under the contract. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as performance obligations are satisfied under contract terms. Linde has contract assets of $226 million and $196 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Total contract liabilities are $2,820 million at June 30, 2024 (current contract liabilities of $1,767 million and $1,053 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). As of June 30, 2024, Linde has approximately $397 million recorded in contract liabilities related to engineering projects in Russia subject to sanctions. Total contract liabilities were $2,950 million at December 31, 2023 (current contract liabilities of $1,901 million and $1,049 million within other long-term liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets). Revenue recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2024 that was included in the contract liability at December 31, 2023 was $674 million. Contract assets and liabilities primarily relate to the Engineering business.

Payment Terms and Other

Linde generally receives payment after performance obligations are satisfied, and customer prepayments are not typical for the industrial gases business. Payment terms vary based on the country where sales originate and local customary payment practices. Linde does not offer extended financing outside of customary payment terms. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue producing transactions are presented on a net basis and are not included in sales within the consolidated statement of income. Additionally, sales returns and allowances are not a normal practice in the industry and are not significant.

Disaggregated Revenue Information

As described above and in Note 19 to Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the company manages its industrial gases business on a geographic basis, while the Engineering and Other businesses are generally managed on a global basis. Furthermore, the company believes that reporting sales by distribution method by reportable geographic segment best illustrates

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the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023.


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,178	$	691	$	568	$	—	$	52	$	2,489	30	%
On-Site	807		412		668		—		—		1,887		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,616		969		348		—		7		2,940		36	%
Other	54		19		73		544		261		951		11	%
Total	$	3,655	$	2,091	$	1,657	$	544	$	320	$	8,267	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,094	$	704	$	570	$	—	$	53	$	2,421	30	%
On-Site	756		493		677		—		—		1,926		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,638		946		366		—		12		2,962		36	%
Other	53		17		70		495		260		895		11	%
Total	$	3,541	$	2,160	$	1,683	$	495	$	325	$	8,204	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,295	$	1,377	$	1,096	$	—	$	107	$	4,875	30	%
On-Site	1,589		853		1,336		—		—		3,778		23	%
Packaged Gas	3,222		1,920		670		—		14		5,826		36	%
Other	109		32		146		1,083		518		1,888		11	%
Total	$	7,215	$	4,182	$	3,248	$	1,083	$	639	$	16,367	100	%

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,137	$	1,404	$	1,122	$	—	$	108	$	4,771	29	%
On-Site	1,560		1,031		1,321		—		—		3,912		24	%
Packaged Gas	3,276		1,874		721		—		32		5,903		36	%
Other	119		28		117		1,035		512		1,811		11	%
Total	$	7,092	$	4,337	$	3,281	$	1,035	$	652	$	16,397	100	%

Remaining Performance Obligations

As described above, Linde's contracts with on-site customers are under long-term supply arrangements which generally require the customer to purchase their requirements from Linde and also have minimum purchase requirements. Additionally, plant sales from the Linde Engineering business are primarily contracted on a fixed price basis. The company estimates the consideration related to future minimum purchase requirements and plant sales was approximately $50 billion. This amount excludes all on-site sales above minimum purchase requirements, which can be significant depending on customer needs. In the future, actual amounts will be different due to impacts from several factors, many of which are beyond the company’s control including, but not limited to, timing of newly signed, terminated and renewed contracts, inflationary price escalations, currency exchange rates, and pass-through costs related to natural gas and electricity. The actual duration of long-term supply contracts ranges up to twenty years. The company estimates that approximately half of the revenue related to minimum purchase requirements will be earned in the next five years and the remaining thereafter.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations ("MD&A")

Non-GAAP Measures

Throughout MD&A, the company provides adjusted operating results exclusive of certain items such as Other charges, net gains or losses on sale of businesses, purchase accounting impacts of the Linde AG merger and pension settlement charges. Adjusted amounts are non-GAAP measures which are intended to supplement investors’ understanding of the company’s financial information by providing measures which investors, financial analysts and management find useful in evaluating the company’s operating performance. Items which the company does not believe to be indicative of on-going business performance are excluded from these calculations so that investors can better evaluate and analyze historical and future business trends on a consistent basis. In addition, operating results, excluding these items, is important to management's development of annual and long-term employee incentive compensation plans. Definitions of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similar definitions used by other companies and are not a substitute for similar GAAP measures.

The non-GAAP measures and reconciliations are separately included in a later section in the MD&A titled "Non-GAAP Measures and Reconciliations."

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Consolidated Results

The following table provides summary information for the quarters and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. The reported amounts are GAAP amounts from the Consolidated Statements of Income. The adjusted amounts are intended to supplement investors' understanding of the company's financial information and are not a substitute for GAAP measures:


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars, except per share data)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	8,267		$	8,204		1	%	$	16,367		$	16,397		—	%
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	$	4,251		$	4,316		(2)	%	$	8,467		$	8,747		(3)	%
As a percent of sales	51.4		%	52.6		%			51.7		%	53.3		%
Selling, general and administrative	$	840		$	833		1	%	$	1,700		$	1,655		3	%
As a percent of sales	10.2		%	10.2		%			10.4		%	10.1		%
Depreciation and amortization	$	958		$	960		—	%	$	1,907		$	1,908		—	%
Other charges	$	—		$	22		(100)	%	$	—		$	40		(100)	%
Other income (expense) - net	$	2		$	(27)		107	%	$	60		$	(32)		288	%
Operating profit	$	2,184		$	2,011		9	%	$	4,279		$	3,944		8	%
Operating margin	26.4		%	24.5		%			26.1		%	24.1		%
Interest expense - net	$	70		$	52		35	%	$	135		$	89		52	%
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	$	(49)		$	(45)		9	%	$	(99)		$	(90)		10	%
Effective tax rate	23.5		%	21.9		%			22.9		%	22.0		%
Income from equity investments	$	45		$	46		(2)	%	$	93		$	87		7	%
Noncontrolling interests	$	(37)		$	(37)		—	%	$	(75)		$	(73)		3	%
Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,663		$	1,575		6	%	$	3,290		$	3,091		6	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.44		$	3.19		8	%	$	6.79		$	6.25		9	%
Diluted shares outstanding	483,177			493,549			(2)	%	484,366			494,685			(2)	%
Number of employees	65,987			66,270			—	%	65,987			66,270			—	%
Adjusted Amounts (a)
Operating profit	$	2,422		$	2,286		6	%	$	4,763		$	4,492		6	%
Operating margin	29.3		%	27.9		%			29.1		%	27.4		%
Effective tax rate	23.5		%	23.7		%			23.1		%	23.9		%
Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,859		$	1,760		6	%	$	3,680		$	3,453		7	%
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.85		$	3.57		8	%	$	7.60		$	6.98		9	%
Other Financial Data (a)
EBITDA	$	3,187		$	3,017		6	%	$	6,279		$	5,939		6	%
As percent of sales	38.6		%	36.8		%			38.4		%	36.2		%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	3,206		$	3,059		5	%	$	6,322		$	6,022		5	%
As percent of sales	38.8		%	37.3		%			38.6		%	36.7		%

(a) Adjusted Amounts and Other Financial Data are non-GAAP performance measures. A reconciliation of reported amounts to adjusted amounts can be found in the "Non-GAAP Measures and Reconciliations" section of this MD&A.

Reported

In the second quarter of 2024, Linde's sales were $8,267 million, $63 million above prior year. The increase in sales was driven by 3% higher price attainment. Engineering increased sales by 1% in the quarter. Volumes were flat in the quarter versus the 2023 respective period, as base volume declines were largely offset by new project start-ups. Currency translation decreased sales by 2% in the quarter driven primarily by the weakening of the Brazilian real, Chinese yuan and Euro against the U.S. Dollar. Cost pass-through, representing the contractual billing of energy cost variances primarily to onsite customers, decreased sales by 1% in the quarter, with minimal impact on operating profit.

Reported operating profit for the second quarter of 2024 of $2,184 million, or 26.4% of sales, was 9% above prior year. The reported year-over-year increase was primarily driven by higher pricing and productivity initiatives which more than offset adverse impacts from cost inflation and currency translation. The reported effective tax rate ("ETR") was 23.5% in the second quarter 2024 versus 21.9% in the second quarter 2023. Diluted earnings per share ("EPS") was $3.44, or 8% above EPS of $3.19 in the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to higher net income - Linde plc and lower diluted shares outstanding.

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Adjusted

In the second quarter of 2024, adjusted operating profit of $2,422 million, or 29.3% of sales, was 6% higher as compared to 2023, driven by higher pricing, and productivity initiatives, partially offset by cost inflation and currency translation. The adjusted ETR was 23.5% in the second quarter 2024 versus 23.7% in the 2023 quarter. On an adjusted basis, EPS was $3.85, 8% above the 2023 adjusted EPS of $3.57, driven by higher adjusted net income - Linde plc and lower diluted shares outstanding.

Outlook

Linde provides quarterly updates on operating results, material trends that may affect financial performance, and financial guidance via quarterly earnings releases and investor teleconferences. These updates are available on the company’s website, www.linde.com, but are not incorporated herein.

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Results of operations

The changes in consolidated sales compared to the prior year are attributable to the following:


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change

Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	—	%	—	%
Price/Mix	3	%	2	%
Cost pass-through	(1)	%	(1)	%
Currency	(2)	%	(1)	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	—	%	—	%
Engineering	1	%	—	%
	1	%	—	%

Sales

Sales increased $63 million or 1% for the second quarter of 2024 and decreased $30 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods. Higher pricing contributed 3% to sales in the quarter and 2% in the year-to-date period. Engineering increased sales by 1% in the quarter and was flat in the year-to-date period. Currency translation decreased sales by 2% in the quarter and 1% in the year-to-date period versus the respective 2023 periods driven primarily by the weakening of the Brazilian real, Chinese yuan and Euro against the U.S. Dollar. Cost pass-through decreased sales by 1% in both the quarter and year-to-date periods, with minimal impact on operating profit. Volumes were flat in both the quarter and year-to-date periods versus 2023, as base volume declines were largely offset by new project start-ups.

Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization

Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization decreased $65 million, or 2%, for the second quarter of 2024 and decreased $280 million, or 3% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 primarily due to lower cost pass-through and productivity gains which more than offset cost inflation. Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization was 51.4% and 51.7% of sales, respectively, for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 versus 52.6% and 53.3% for the respective 2023 periods. The decrease as a percentage of sales in the quarter was primarily due to higher pricing and lower cost pass-through.

Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expense ("SG&A") increased $7 million, or 1%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $45 million or 3% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 driven by higher costs. SG&A was 10.2% of second quarter sales for both 2023 and 2024. In the year-to-date period SG&A was 10.4% and 10.1% of sales versus the respective 2023 period.

Depreciation and amortization

Reported depreciation and amortization expense decreased $2 million for the second quarter of 2024 and decreased $1 million, for the six months ended June 30, 2024.

On an adjusted basis, depreciation and amortization increased $12 million, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $23 million for the year-to-date period driven by new project start ups.

Other charges

There were no other charges for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and other charges of $22 million and $40 million for the respective 2023 periods.

On an adjusted basis, these benefits and costs have been excluded in both periods.

Other income (expense) - net

Reported other income (expense) - net was a benefit of $2 million for the second quarter of 2024 and $60 million for the year-to-date period driven by $43 million in insurance recoveries primarily within the Other segment recognized during the first quarter.

Operating profit

On a reported basis, operating profit increased $173 million, or 9%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $335 million, or 8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024. The increase in the quarter and year-to-date periods of 2024 was primarily due

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to higher pricing, savings from productivity initiatives and lower other charges, which more than offset the adverse impacts of cost inflation and currency.

On an adjusted basis, which excludes the impacts of merger-related purchase accounting as well as other charges, operating profit increased $136 million, or 6% in the second quarter of 2024 and increased $271 million, or 6% for the six months ended June 30, 2024. Operating profit growth was driven by higher pricing and productivity initiatives, which more than offset the effects of cost inflation and currency during the quarter and year-to-date periods of 2024. A discussion of operating profit by segment is included in the segment discussion that follows.

Interest expense - net

Reported interest expense - net increased $18 million for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $46 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024. On an adjusted basis, interest expense increased $15 million for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $36 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 period. The increase in both periods was driven primarily by higher interest rates on debt.

Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost

Reported net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost were benefits of $49 million and $99 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively, versus $45 million and $90 million for the respective 2023 periods. The increase in the benefit primarily relates to higher expected return on assets and lower amortization of deferred losses year-over-year.

Effective tax rate

The reported effective tax rate ("ETR") for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 was 23.5% and 22.9% versus 21.9% and 22.0% for the respective 2023 periods. The increase in the quarter rate is primarily related a 2023 tax refund that did not repeat in 2024, partially offset by tax benefits from a repatriation in the current year. The increase in the year to date rate is primarily related to a prior year benefit from a net decrease in the company’s uncertain tax positions and a tax refund. Effective January 1, 2024, Linde is subject to the 15% global minimum tax rate provisions of the OECD’s framework for Pillar Two, the implementation of which did not have a significant impact on the effective tax rate for the quarter or year-to-date periods.

On an adjusted basis, the ETR for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 was 23.5% and 23.1% versus 23.7% and 23.9% for the respective 2023 periods. The decrease in the year-to-date rate is primarily due to tax benefits from a repatriation and higher tax benefits from share based compensation.

Income from equity investments

Reported income from equity investments for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $45 million and $93 million versus $46 million and $87 million for the respective 2023 periods.

On an adjusted basis, income from equity investments for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $63 million and $129 million versus $64 million and $123 million for the respective 2023 periods.

Noncontrolling interests

At June 30, 2024, noncontrolling interests consisted primarily of non-controlling shareholders' investments in APAC (primarily China). Reported noncontrolling interests income was $37 million for the second quarter of 2024 and the respective 2023 period. For the six months ended June 30, 2024 noncontrolling interests income was $75 million versus $73 million in the respective 2023 period.

Net Income – Linde plc

Reported net income - Linde plc increased $88 million, or 6%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $199 million, or 6%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods.

On an adjusted basis, which excludes the impacts of purchase accounting and other charges, net income - Linde plc increased $99 million, or 6%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $227 million, or 7%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods.

On both a reported and adjusted basis, the increase was driven by higher operating profit.

Diluted earnings per share

Reported diluted earnings per share increased $0.25, or 8%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $0.54, or 9%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods.

On an adjusted basis, diluted EPS increased $0.28, or 8%, for the second quarter of 2024 and increased $0.62, or 9% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods.

The increase on both a reported and adjusted basis is primarily due to higher net income - Linde plc and lower diluted shares outstanding.

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Employees

The number of employees at June 30, 2024 was 65,987, a decrease of 283 employees from June 30, 2023.

Other Financial Data

EBITDA was $3,187 million for the second quarter of 2024 as compared to $3,017 million in the respective 2023 period. EBITDA was $6,279 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to $5,939 million in the respective 2023 period. The increase was driven by higher net income - Linde plc versus prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA increased to $3,206 million for the second quarter 2024 from $3,059 million in the respective 2023 period. Adjusted EBITDA was $6,322 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to $6,022 million in the respective 2023 period. The higher EBITDA was primarily due to higher net income - Linde plc versus the respective prior periods.

See the "Non-GAAP Measures and Reconciliations" section for definitions and reconciliations of these adjusted non-GAAP measures to reported GAAP amounts.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive losses for the second quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 were $276 million and $1,014 million, respectively. The loss in the quarter and year-to-date period resulted primarily from currency translation adjustments of $274 million and $1,018 million, respectively. The translation adjustments reflect the impact of translating local currency foreign subsidiary financial statements to U.S. dollars, and are largely driven by the movement of the U.S. dollar against major currencies including the Euro, British pound and the Chinese yuan. See the "Currency" section of the MD&A for exchange rates used for translation purposes and Note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of the currency translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by segment.

Segment Discussion

The following summary of sales and operating profit by segment provides a basis for the discussion that follows. Linde plc evaluates the performance of its reportable segments based on operating profit, excluding items not indicative of ongoing business trends. The reported amounts are GAAP amounts from the Consolidated Statements of Income.


	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		Variance		2024		2023		Variance
SALES
Americas	$	3,655	$	3,541	3	%	$	7,215	$	7,092	2	%
EMEA	2,091		2,160		(3)	%	4,182		4,337		(4)	%
APAC	1,657		1,683		(2)	%	3,248		3,281		(1)	%
Engineering	544		495		10	%	1,083		1,035		5	%
Other	320		325		(2)	%	639		652		(2)	%
Total sales	$	8,267	$	8,204	1	%	$	16,367	$	16,397	—	%

SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas	$	1,159	$	1,070	8	%	$	2,247	$	2,095	7	%
EMEA	704		630		12	%	1,391		1,237		12	%
APAC	474		472		—	%	921		895		3	%
Engineering	96		107		(10)	%	196		256		(23)	%
Other	(11)		7		(257)	%	8		9		(11)	%
Segment operating profit	$	2,422	$	2,286	6	%	$	4,763	$	4,492	6	%
Reconciliation to reported operating profit:
Other charges	—		(22)				—		(40)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(238)		(253)				(484)		(508)
Total operating profit	$	2,184	$	2,011			$	4,279	$	3,944

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Americas


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	3,655		$	3,541		3	%	$	7,215		$	7,092		2	%

Operating profit	$	1,159		$	1,070		8	%	$	2,247		$	2,095		7	%
As a percent of sales	31.7		%	30.2		%			31.1		%	29.5		%


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	—	%	—	%
Price/Mix	4	%	3	%
Cost pass-through	—	%	(1)	%
Currency	(1)	%	(1)	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	—	%	1	%

	3	%	2	%

The Americas segment includes Linde's industrial gases operations in approximately 20 countries including the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil.

Sales

Sales for the Americas segment increased $114 million, or 3%, in the second quarter and increased $123 million, or 2% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods. Higher pricing contributed 4% to sales in the quarter and 3% in the year-to-date period. Cost pass-through was flat in the second quarter and decreased sales 1% in the year-to-date period with minimal impact on operating profit. Currency translation decreased sales by 1% in both the quarter and year-to-date periods driven primarily by the weakening of the Brazilian real against the U.S. Dollar. Volumes were flat in the second quarter and year-to-date period as contributions from project start-ups were largely offset by base volume declines.

Operating profit

Operating profit in the Americas segment increased $89 million, or 8%, in the second quarter and increased $152 million, or 7%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods, driven primarily by higher pricing and continued productivity initiatives which more than offset cost inflation.

EMEA


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	2,091		$	2,160		(3)	%	$	4,182		$	4,337		(4)	%

Operating profit	$	704		$	630		12	%	$	1,391		$	1,237		12	%
As a percent of sales	33.7		%	29.2		%			33.3		%	28.5		%


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume	(1)	%	(2)	%
Price/Mix	3	%	3	%
Cost pass-through	(4)	%	(5)	%
Currency	(1)	%	—	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	—	%	—	%

	(3)	%	(4)	%

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The EMEA segment includes Linde's industrial gases operations in approximately 45 European, Middle Eastern and African countries including Germany, United Kingdom, France, the Republic of South Africa and Sweden.

Sales

EMEA segment sales decreased by $69 million, or 3%, in the second quarter and decreased $155 million or 4% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the respective 2023 periods. Higher price attainment increased sales by 3% in the quarter and year-to-date periods. Volumes decreased sales by 1% in the quarter and 2% in the year-to-date period driven by the metals and mining end market. Cost pass-through decreased sales by 4% in the quarter and 5% in the year-to-date period with minimal impact on operating profit. Currency translation decreased sales by 1% in the quarter driven primarily by the weakening of the Euro against the U.S. Dollar and was flat in the year-to-date period.

Operating Profit

Operating profit for the EMEA segment increased by $74 million, or 12%, in the second quarter and increased by $154 million, or 12% for the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the respective 2023 periods. The increase in operating profit in the second quarter and year-to-date period was driven primarily by higher pricing and continued productivity initiatives, partially offset by cost inflation and lower volumes.

APAC


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	1,657		$	1,683		(2)	%	$	3,248		$	3,281		(1)	%

Operating profit	$	474		$	472		—	%	$	921		$	895		3	%
As a percent of sales	28.6		%	28.0		%			28.4		%	27.3		%


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume/Equipment	—	%	2	%
Price/Mix	—	%	—	%
Cost pass-through	1	%	(1)	%
Currency	(3)	%	(2)	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	—	%	—	%

	(2)	%	(1)	%

The APAC segment includes Linde's industrial gases operations in approximately 20 Asian and South Pacific countries and regions including China, Australia, India, and South Korea.

Sales

Sales for the APAC segment decreased $26 million, or 2% in the second quarter and decreased $33 million, or 1%, for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods. Pricing was flat in the quarter and year-to-date periods. Volumes were flat in the quarter and increased 2% for year-to-date period including project start-ups in the electronics and chemicals and energy end markets. Currency translation decreased sales by 3%, in the quarter and 2% for the year-to-date period driven primarily by the weakening of the Australian dollar, Korean won and Chinese yuan against the U.S. dollar.

Operating profit

Operating profit in the APAC segment increased $2 million in the second quarter and increased $26 million, or 3% in the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods, driven by continued productivity initiatives which more than offset the impact of currency and cost inflation.

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Engineering


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	544		$	495		10	%	$	1,083		$	1,035		5	%

Operating profit	$	96		$	107		(10)	%	$	196		$	256		(23)	%
As a percent of sales	17.6		%	21.6		%			18.1		%	24.7		%


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales



Currency	(1)	%	—	%

Other	11	%	5	%
	10	%	5	%

Sales

Engineering segment sales increased $49 million, or 10%, in the second quarter and increased 48 million, or 5%, in the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to the respective 2023 periods driven by project timing.

Operating profit

Engineering segment operating profit decreased $11 million, or 10%, in the second quarter and decreased $60 million or 23% in the six months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the respective 2023 period due to prior year's benefit from higher margin on lawful wind down of projects subject to sanctions in Russia.

Other


	Quarter Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024			2023			Variance		2024			2023			Variance
Sales	$	320		$	325		(2)	%	$	639		$	652		(2)	%

Operating profit (loss)	$	(11)		$	7		(257)	%	$	8		$	9		(11)	%
As a percent of sales	(3.4)		%	2.2		%			1.3		%	1.4		%


	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 vs. 2023
	% Change		% Change
Factors Contributing to Changes - Sales
Volume/price	(1)	%	(2)	%

Currency	(1)	%	—	%
Acquisitions/divestitures	—	%	—	%

	(2)	%	(2)	%

Other consists of corporate costs and a few smaller businesses including Linde Advanced Material Technologies (LAMT) and global helium wholesale, which individually do not meet the quantitative thresholds for separate presentation.

Sales

Sales for Other decreased $5 million for the second quarter and decreased $13 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods. Underlying sales decreased 1% in the quarter and 2% in the year-to-date periods due to lower volumes in the helium business. The impact of currency translation decreased sales by 1% in the quarter and was flat in the year-to-date period.

Operating profit

Operating profit in Other decreased $18 million in the second quarter and decreased $1 million, or 11% in the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus the respective 2023 periods. The decrease in the quarter was driven by higher costs due to helium, which was partially offset by an insurance recovery for the coatings business in the year-to-date period.

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Currency

The results of Linde's non-U.S. operations are translated to the company’s reporting currency, the U.S. dollar, from the functional currencies. For most operations, Linde uses the local currency as its functional currency. There is inherent variability and unpredictability in the relationship of these functional currencies to the U.S. dollar and such currency movements may materially impact Linde's results of operations in any given periods.

To help understand the reported results, the following is a summary of the significant currencies underlying Linde's consolidated results and the exchange rates used to translate the financial statements (rates of exchange expressed in units of local currency per U.S. dollar):


	Percentage of YTD 2024 Consolidated Sales		Exchange Rate for Income Statement		Exchange Rate for Balance Sheet
			Year-To-Date Average		June 30,	December 31,
Currency			2024	2023	2024	2023
Euro	18	%	0.93	0.93	0.93	0.92
Chinese yuan	7	%	7.22	6.93	7.27	7.10
British pound	5	%	0.79	0.81	0.79	0.79
Australian dollar	4	%	1.52	1.48	1.50	1.47
Brazilian real	4	%	5.08	5.07	5.59	4.86
Mexican peso	4	%	17.10	18.15	18.32	16.97
Canadian dollar	3	%	1.36	1.35	1.37	1.32
Korean won	3	%	1,350	1,295	1,377	1,288
Indian rupee	2	%	83.23	82.21	83.39	83.21
South African rand	1	%	18.73	18.19	18.19	18.36
Swedish krona	1	%	10.54	10.49	10.60	10.07
Thailand bhat	1	%	36.17	34.19	36.70	34.14

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Liquidity, Capital Resources and Other Financial Data

The following selected cash flow information provides a basis for the discussion that follows:


(Millions of dollars)	Six months ended June 30,
	2024		2023
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED FOR):
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income (including noncontrolling interests)	$	3,365	$	3,164
Non-cash charges (credits):
Add: Depreciation and amortization	1,907		1,908
Add: Deferred income taxes	(184)		(61)
Add: Share-based compensation	78		66
Add: Other charges, net of payments	(75)		(61)
Net income adjusted for non-cash charges	5,091		5,016
Less: Working capital	(1,089)		(640)






Less: Pension contributions	(24)		(25)
Other	(95)		(293)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	$	3,883	$	4,058
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Capital expenditures	(2,181)		(1,688)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(152)		(834)
Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales	22		24
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	$	(2,311)	$	(2,498)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Debt increase (decrease) - net	2,535		(642)
Issuances (purchases) of common stock - net	(2,460)		(1,746)
Cash dividends - Linde plc shareholders	(1,334)		(1,246)
Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(217)		(22)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	$	(1,476)	$	(3,656)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	$	(134)	$	17
Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$	4,626	$	3,357

Cash Flow from Operations

Cash provided by operations of $3,883 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 decreased $175 million, or 4%, versus 2023. The decrease was driven primarily by higher net working capital requirements including lower inflows from contract liabilities from engineering customer advanced payments and higher cash taxes and interest, partially offset by higher net income adjusted for non-cash charges.

Linde estimates that total 2024 required contributions to its pension plans will be in the range of approximately $30 million to $40 million, of which $24 million has been made through June 30, 2024.

Investing

Net cash used for investing activities of $2,311 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 decreased $187 million versus 2023, due to lower acquisitions, net of cash acquired, partially offset by higher capital expenditures.

Capital expenditures for the six months ended June 30, 2024 were $2,181 million, $493 million higher than the prior year due primarily to investments in new plant and production equipment for backlog growth requirements.

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At June 30, 2024, Linde's sale of gas backlog of large projects under construction was approximately $4.7 billion. This represents the total estimated capital cost of large plants under construction.

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired were $152 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and relate primarily to packaged gas businesses in the Americas. Acquisitions, net of cash acquired were $834 million, for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and related primarily to the acquisition of nexAir in the Americas.

Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were $22 million and $24 million, respectively.

Financing

Cash used for financing activities was $1,476 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 as compared to $3,656 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Cash provided by debt was $2,535 million in 2024 versus cash used for debt of $642 million in 2023, driven primarily by higher net debt issuances. In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due and issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036. In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due. In June 2024 Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

Net purchases of ordinary shares were $2,460 million in 2024 versus $1,746 million in 2023. For additional information related to the share repurchase programs, see Part II Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Cash dividends of $1,334 million increased $88 million from 2023 driven primarily by a 9% increase in quarterly dividends per share from $1.275 per share to $1.39 per share, partially offset by lower shares outstanding. Cash used for Noncontrolling interest transactions and other was $217 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 versus cash used of $22 million for the respective 2023 period.

The company continues to believe it has sufficient operating flexibility, cash, and funding sources to meet its business needs around the world. The company had $4.6 billion of cash as of June 30, 2024, and has a $5 billion and a $1.5 billion unsecured and undrawn revolving credit agreement with no associated financial covenants. No borrowings were outstanding under the credit agreements as of June 30, 2024. The company does not anticipate any limitations on its ability to access the debt capital markets and/or other external funding sources and remains committed to its strong ratings from Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s.

Legal Proceedings

See Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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NON-GAAP MEASURES AND RECONCILIATIONS

(Millions of dollars, except per share data)

The following non-GAAP measures are intended to supplement investors’ understanding of the company’s financial information by providing measures which investors, financial analysts and management use to help evaluate the company’s operating performance and liquidity. Items which the company does not believe to be indicative of on-going business trends are excluded from these calculations so that investors can better evaluate and analyze historical and future business trends on a consistent basis. Definitions of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similar definitions used by other companies and are not a substitute for similar GAAP measures.


	Quarter Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023




Adjusted Operating Profit and Operating Margin
Reported operating profit	$	2,184		$	2,011		$	4,279		$	3,944
Add: Other charges	—			22			—			40

Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	238			253			484			508
Total adjustments	238			275			484			548
Adjusted operating profit	$	2,422		$	2,286		$	4,763		$	4,492

Reported percentage change	9		%				8		%
Adjusted percentage change	6		%				6		%

Reported sales	$	8,267		$	8,204		$	16,367		$	16,397

Reported operating margin	26.4		%	24.5		%	26.1		%	24.1		%
Adjusted operating margin	29.3		%	27.9		%	29.1		%	27.4		%

Adjusted Depreciation and amortization
Reported depreciation and amortization	$	958		$	960		$	1,907		$	1,908
Less: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(237)			(251)			(477)			(501)
Adjusted depreciation and amortization	$	721		$	709		$	1,430		$	1,407

Adjusted Other Income (Expense) - net
Reported Other Income (Expense) - net	$	2		$	(27)		$	60		$	(32)
Less: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(1)			(2)			(7)			(7)
Adjusted Other Income (Expense) - net	$	3		$	(25)		$	67		$	(25)






Adjusted Interest Expense - Net
Reported interest expense - net	$	70		$	52		$	135		$	89
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	1			4			3			13
Adjusted interest expense - net	$	71		$	56		$	138		$	102

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	Quarter Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Adjusted Income Taxes (a)
Reported income taxes	$	508		$	438		$	971		$	868
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	56			67			116			124

Add: Other charges	—			34			5			79
Total adjustments	56			101			121			203
Adjusted income taxes	$	564		$	539		$	1,092		$	1,071

Adjusted Effective Tax Rate (a)
Reported income before income taxes and equity investments	$	2,163		$	2,004		$	4,243		$	3,945

Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	237			249			481			495
Add: Other charges	—			22			—			40
Total adjustments	237			271			481			535
Adjusted income before income taxes and equity investments	$	2,400		$	2,275		$	4,724		$	4,480

Reported Income taxes	$	508		$	438		$	971		$	868
Reported effective tax rate	23.5		%	21.9		%	22.9		%	22.0		%

Adjusted income taxes	$	564		$	539		$	1,092		$	1,071
Adjusted effective tax rate	23.5		%	23.7		%	23.1		%	23.9		%

Income from Equity Investments
Reported income from equity investments	$	45		$	46		$	93		$	87
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	18			18			36			36
Adjusted income from equity investments	$	63		$	64		$	129		$	123

Adjusted Noncontrolling Interests
Reported noncontrolling interests	$	(37)		$	(37)		$	(75)		$	(73)
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	(3)			(3)			(6)			(6)
Adjusted noncontrolling interests	$	(40)		$	(40)		$	(81)		$	(79)

Adjusted Net Income - Linde plc (b)
Reported net income - Linde plc	$	1,663		$	1,575		$	3,290		$	3,091

Add: Other charges	—			(12)			(5)			(39)
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	196			197			395			401
Total adjustments	196			185			390			362
Adjusted net income - Linde plc	$	1,859		$	1,760		$	3,680		$	3,453

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	Quarter Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Adjusted Diluted EPS (b)
Reported diluted EPS	$	3.44		$	3.19		$	6.79		$	6.25

Add: Other charges	—			(0.02)			(0.01)			(0.08)
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	0.41			0.40			0.82			0.81
Total adjustments	0.41			0.38			0.81			0.73
Adjusted diluted EPS	$	3.85		$	3.57		$	7.60		$	6.98

Reported percentage change	8		%				9		%
Adjusted percentage change	8		%				9		%

Adjusted EBITDA and % of Sales
Net Income - Linde plc	$	1,663		$	1,575		$	3,290		$	3,091
Add: Noncontrolling interests	37			37			75			73
Add: Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(49)			(45)			(99)			(90)
Add: Interest expense	70			52			135			89
Add: Income taxes	508			438			971			868
Add: Depreciation and amortization	958			960			1,907			1,908
EBITDA	$	3,187		$	3,017		$	6,279		$	5,939
Add: Other charges	—			22			—			40
Add: Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (c)	19			20			43			43
Total adjustments	19			42			43			83
Adjusted EBITDA	$	3,206		$	3,059		$	6,322		$	6,022

Reported sales	$	8,267		$	8,204		$	16,367		$	16,397
% of sales
EBITDA	38.6		%	36.8		%	38.4		%	36.2		%
Adjusted EBITDA	38.8		%	37.3		%	38.6		%	36.7		%

(a) The income tax expense (benefit) on the non-GAAP pre-tax adjustments was determined using the applicable tax rates for the jurisdictions that were utilized in calculating the GAAP income tax expense (benefit) and included both current and deferred income tax amounts.

(b) Net of income taxes which are shown separately in “Adjusted Income Taxes and Adjusted Effective Tax Rate”.

(c) The company believes that its non-GAAP measures excluding Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG are useful to investors because: (i) the 2018 business combination was a merger of equals in an all-stock merger transaction, with no cash consideration, (ii) the company is managed on a geographic basis and the results of certain geographies are more heavily impacted by purchase accounting than others, causing results that are not comparable at the reportable segment level, therefore, the impacts of purchase accounting adjustments to each segment vary and are not comparable within the company and when compared to other companies in similar regions, (iii) business management is evaluated and variable compensation is determined based on results excluding purchase accounting impacts, and; (iv) it is important to investors and analysts to understand the purchase accounting impacts to the financial statements.

A summary of each of the adjustments made for Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG are as follows:

Adjusted Operating Profit and Margin: The purchase accounting adjustments for the periods presented relate primarily to depreciation and amortization related to the fair value step up of fixed assets and intangible assets (primarily customer related) acquired in the merger and the allocation of fair value step-up for ongoing Linde AG asset disposals (reflected in Other Income/(Expense)).

Adjusted Interest Expense - Net: Relates to the amortization of the fair value of debt acquired in the merger.

Adjusted Income Taxes and Effective Tax Rate: Relates to the current and deferred income tax impact on the adjustments discussed above. The income tax expense (benefit) on the non-GAAP pre-tax adjustments was determined using the applicable tax rates for the jurisdictions that were utilized in calculating the GAAP income tax expense (benefit) and included both current and deferred income tax amounts.

Adjusted Income from Equity Investments: Represents the amortization of increased fair value on equity investments related to depreciable and amortizable assets.

Adjusted Noncontrolling Interests: Represents the noncontrolling interests’ ownership portion of the adjustments described above determined on an entity by entity basis.

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Net Debt and Adjusted Net Debt

Net debt is a financial liquidity measure used by investors, financial analysts and management to evaluate the ability of a company to repay its debt. Purchase accounting impacts have been excluded as they are non-cash and do not have an impact on liquidity.


	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
(Millions of dollars)
Debt	$	21,518	$	19,373
Less: cash and cash equivalents	(4,626)		(4,664)
Net debt	16,892		14,709
Less: purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(4)		(7)
Adjusted net debt	$	16,888	$	14,702

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Supplemental Guarantee Information

On May 3, 2023, the company filed a Form S-3 Registration Statement with the SEC ("the Registration Statement").

Linde plc may offer debt securities, preferred shares, depositary shares and ordinary shares under the Registration Statement, and debt securities exchangeable for or convertible into preferred shares, ordinary shares or other debt securities. Debt securities of Linde plc may be guaranteed by Linde Inc and/or Linde GmbH. Linde plc may provide guarantees of debt securities offered by its wholly owned subsidiaries Linde Inc. or Linde Finance under the Registration Statement.

Linde Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde Inc. may offer debt securities under the Registration Statement. Debt securities of Linde Inc. will be guaranteed by Linde plc, and such guarantees by Linde plc may be guaranteed by Linde GmbH. Linde Inc. may also provide (i) guarantees of debt securities offered by Linde plc under the Registration Statement and (ii) guarantees of the guarantees provided by Linde plc of debt securities of Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement.

Linde Finance B.V. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde Finance may offer debt securities under the Registration Statement. Linde plc will guarantee debt securities of Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement. Linde GmbH and Linde Inc. may guarantee Linde plc’s obligations under its downstream guarantee.

Linde GmbH is a wholly owned subsidiary of Linde plc. Linde GmbH may provide (i) guarantees of debt securities offered by Linde plc under the Registration Statement and (ii) upstream guarantees of downstream guarantees provided by Linde plc of debt securities of Linde Inc. or Linde Finance offered under the Registration Statement.

In September 2019, Linde plc provided downstream guarantees of all pre-existing Linde Inc. and Linde Finance notes, and Linde GmbH and Linde Inc., respectively, provided upstream guarantees of Linde plc’s downstream guarantees.

Linde plc has filed a base prospectus with the Luxembourg Stock Exchange for a €15.0 billion debt issuance program, under which Linde plc may offer debt securities. Linde Inc. and Linde GmbH have provided to Linde plc upstream guarantees in relation to debt securities of Linde plc offered under the European debt program.

For further information about the guarantees of the debt securities registered under the Registration Statement (including the ranking of such guarantees, limitations on enforceability of such guarantees and the circumstances under which such guarantees may be released), see “Description of Debt Securities – Guarantees” and “Description of Debt Securities – Ranking” in the Registration Statement, which subsections are incorporated herein by reference.

The following tables present summarized financial information for Linde plc, Linde Inc., Linde GmbH and Linde Finance on a combined basis, after eliminating intercompany transactions and balances between them and excluding investments in and equity in earnings from non-guarantor subsidiaries.

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(Millions of dollars)
Statement of Income Data	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024		Twelve months ended December 31, 2023
Sales	$	3,844	$	8,143
Operating profit	720		1,656
Net income	(151)		735
Transactions with non-guarantor subsidiaries	1,506		3,004

Balance Sheet Data (at period end)
Current assets (a)	$	8,454	$	4,423
Long-term assets (b)	13,624		13,833
Current liabilities (c)	9,069		10,882
Long-term liabilities (d)	64,572		56,546

(a) From current assets above, amount due from non-guarantor subsidiaries	$	5,271	$	1,753
(b) From long-term assets above, amount due from non-guarantor subsidiaries	693		816
(c) From current liabilities above, amount due to non-guarantor subsidiaries	1,839		1,684
(d) From long-term liabilities above, amount due to non-guarantor subsidiaries	44,122		39,458

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Refer to Item 7A. to Part II of Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K for discussion.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

(a)Based on an evaluation of the effectiveness of Linde's disclosure controls and procedures, which was made under the supervision and with the participation of management, including Linde's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have each concluded that, as of the end of the quarterly period covered by this report, such disclosure controls and procedures are effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by Linde in reports that it files under the Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and accumulated and communicated to management including Linde's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b)There were no changes in Linde's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarterly period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Linde's internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of current legal proceedings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Through the quarterly period covered by this report, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A to Part I of Linde's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Purchases of Equity Securities- Certain information regarding purchases made by or on behalf of the company or any affiliated purchaser (as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of its ordinary shares during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 is provided below:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (Thousands)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Numbers of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Program (1) (Thousands)	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Program (2) (Millions)
April 2024	887	$	448.51	887	$	14,929
May 2024	1,456	$	430.05	1,456	$	14,303
June 2024	880	$	434.89	880	$	13,921
Second Quarter 2024	3,223	$	436.45	3,223	$	13,921

(1) On February 28, 2022, the company's board of directors approved the repurchase of $10.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2022 program") which could take place from time to time on the open market (and could include the use of 10b5-1 trading plans), subject to market and business conditions. The 2022 program has a maximum repurchase amount of 15% of outstanding shares and began on March 1, 2022 and was completed as of June 30, 2024.

On October 23, 2023, the company's board of directors approved the repurchase of $15.0 billion of its ordinary shares ("2023 program") which could take place from time to time on the open market (and could include the use of 10b5-1 trading plans), subject to market and business conditions. The 2023 program began on October 23, 2023 and will terminate on the earlier of the date as the maximum authority under the 2023 program is reached or the board terminates the 2023 program.

(2) As of June 30, 2024, the company completed the $10 billion 2022 share repurchase program and $13.9 billion of share repurchases remain authorized under the 2023 program.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

(a)

Exhibits

31.01

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

31.02

Rule 13a-14(a) Certification

32.01

Section 1350 Certification (such certifications are furnished for the information of the Commission and shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act).

32.02

4.1

Amended and Restated Fiscal Agency Agreement dated May 8, 2024, among Linde plc, as Issuer, and Deutsche Bank (filed as Exhibit 4.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2024, File No.001-38730 and incorporated herein by reference).

4.2

Confirmation of Upstream Guarantee to Linde plc provided by Linde GmbH, dated May 17, 2024 (filed as Exhibit 4.7 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2024, File No.001-38730 and incorporated herein by reference).

4.3

Confirmation of Upstream Guarantee to Linde plc provided by Linde Inc., dated May 8, 2024 (filed as Exhibit 4.8 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 4, 2024, File No.001-38730 and incorporated herein by reference).

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document: The XBRL Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

*Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURE

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


						Linde plc

						(Registrant)

Date: August 2, 2024						By: /s/ Kelcey E. Hoyt

						Kelcey E. Hoyt
						Chief Accounting Officer

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATIONS

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 31.01

I, Sanjiv Lamba, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Linde plc;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


August 2, 2024						By:/s/ Sanjiv Lamba

						Sanjiv Lamba
						Chief Executive Officer

RULE 13a-14(a) CERTIFICATIONS

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 31.02

I, Matthew J. White, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Linde plc;

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


August 2, 2024						By: /s/ Matthew J. White

						Matthew J. White
						Chief Financial Officer

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 32.01

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officer of Linde plc (the “Company”), hereby certifies that the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2024 (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.


August 2, 2024						By:/s/ Sanjiv Lamba

						Sanjiv Lamba
						Chief Executive Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

A signed original of this written statement required by 18 U.S.C. § 1350 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

SECTION 1350 CERTIFICATION

Linde plc and Subsidiaries

EXHIBIT 32.02


August 2, 2024						By: /s/ Matthew J. White

						Matthew J. White
						Chief Financial Officer

The foregoing certification is being furnished solely pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350 and is not being filed as part of the Report or as a separate disclosure document.

Cover	6 Months Ended
Cover	Jun. 30, 2024 shares
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Jun. 30, 2024
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38730
Entity Registrant Name	LINDE PLC
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	L2
Entity Tax Identification Number	98-1448883
Entity Address, Address Line One	Forge
Entity Address, Address Line Two	43 Church Street West
Entity Address, City or Town	Woking,
Entity Address, Country	GB
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	GU21 6HT
Country Region	44
City Area Code	14
Local Phone Number	83 242200
Title of 12(b) Security	Ordinary shares (€0.001 nominal value per share)
Trading Symbol	LIN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding	477,502,737
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q2
Entity Central Index Key	0001707925
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Other Address
Entity Addresses [Line Items]
Entity Address, Address Line One	10 Riverview Drive,
Entity Address, City or Town	Danbury
Entity Address, State or Province	CT
Entity Address, Country	US
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	06810

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Income Statement [Abstract]
Sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Cost of sales, exclusive of depreciation and amortization	4,251	4,316	8,467	8,747
Selling, general and administrative	840	833	1,700	1,655
Depreciation and amortization	958	960	1,907	1,908
Research and development	36	35	74	71
Other charges	0	22	0	40
Other income (expense) - net	2	(27)	60	(32)
Operating Profit	2,184	2,011	4,279	3,944
Interest expense - net	70	52	135	89
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost	(49)	(45)	(99)	(90)
Income Before Income Taxes and Equity Investments	2,163	2,004	4,243	3,945
Income taxes	508	438	971	868
Income Before Equity Investments	1,655	1,566	3,272	3,077
Income from equity investments	45	46	93	87
Net Income (Including Noncontrolling Interests)	1,700	1,612	3,365	3,164
Less: noncontrolling interests	(37)	(37)	(75)	(73)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Per Share Data – Linde plc Shareholders
Basic earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.46	$ 3.22	$ 6.84	$ 6.30
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.44	$ 3.19	$ 6.79	$ 6.25
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (000’s):
Basic shares outstanding (in shares)	479,973	489,618	480,943	490,727
Diluted shares outstanding (in shares)	483,177	493,549	484,366	494,685

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
NET INCOME (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	$ 1,700	$ 1,612	$ 3,365	$ 3,164
Translation adjustments:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(280)	(96)	(1,024)	133
Income taxes	6	1	6	1
Translation adjustments	(274)	(95)	(1,018)	134
Funded status - retirement obligations (Note 7):
Retirement program remeasurements	11	(5)	7	(254)
Reclassifications to net income	(3)	(8)	(6)	(16)
Income taxes	(5)	2	7	65
Funded status - retirement obligations	3	(11)	8	(205)
Derivative instruments (Note 4):
Current unrealized gain (loss)	(13)	(9)	(11)	(84)
Reclassifications to net income	7	2	7	(4)
Income taxes	1	1	0	17
Derivative instruments	(5)	(6)	(4)	(71)
TOTAL OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)	(276)	(112)	(1,014)	(142)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (INCLUDING NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS)	1,424	1,500	2,351	3,022
Less: noncontrolling interests	(27)	(14)	(50)	(48)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - LINDE PLC	$ 1,397	$ 1,486	$ 2,301	$ 2,974

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 4,626	$ 4,664
Accounts receivable - net	5,001	4,718
Contract assets	226	196
Inventories	2,094	2,115
Prepaid and other current assets	896	927
Total Current Assets	12,843	12,620
Property, plant and equipment - net	24,575	24,552
Goodwill	26,365	26,751
Other intangible assets - net	11,851	12,399
Other long-term assets	4,581	4,489
Total Assets	80,215	80,811
Liabilities and equity
Accounts payable	2,859	3,020
Short-term debt	3,326	4,713
Current portion of long-term debt	1,261	1,263
Contract liabilities	1,767	1,901
Other current liabilities	4,291	4,820
Total Current Liabilities	13,504	15,717
Long-term debt	16,931	13,397
Other long-term liabilities	10,229	10,602
Total Liabilities	40,664	39,716
Redeemable noncontrolling interests	13	13
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity (Note 10):
Ordinary shares, €0.001 par value, authorized 1,750,000,000 shares, 2024 and 2023 issued: 490,766,972 ordinary shares	1	1
Additional paid-in capital	39,560	39,812
Retained earnings	10,721	8,845
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,794)	(5,805)
Less: Treasury shares, at cost (2024 – 13,264,235 shares and 2023 – 8,321,827 shares)	(5,309)	(3,133)
Total Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity	38,179	39,720
Noncontrolling interests	1,359	1,362
Total Equity	39,538	41,082
Total Liabilities and Equity	$ 80,215	$ 80,811

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - € / shares	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (euro per share)	€ 0.001	€ 0.001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	1,750,000,000	1,750,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	490,766,972	490,766,972
Treasury stock (in shares)	13,264,235	8,321,827

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Operations
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Add: Noncontrolling interests	75	73
Net Income (including noncontrolling interests)	3,365	3,164
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Other charges, net of payments	(75)	(61)
Depreciation and amortization	1,907	1,908
Deferred income taxes	(184)	(61)
Share-based compensation	78	66
Working capital:
Accounts receivable	(422)	(175)
Inventory	(23)	(85)
Prepaid and other current assets	(62)	(39)
Payables and accruals	(393)	(458)
Contract assets and liabilities, net	(189)	117
Pension contributions	(24)	(25)
Long-term assets, liabilities and other	(95)	(293)
Net cash provided by (used for) operating activities	3,883	4,058
Investing
Capital expenditures	(2,181)	(1,688)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(152)	(834)
Divestitures, net of cash divested and asset sales	22	24
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities	(2,311)	(2,498)
Financing
Short-term debt borrowings (repayments) - net	(1,336)	(1,116)
Long-term debt borrowings	4,828	2,115
Long-term debt repayments	(957)	(1,641)
Issuances of ordinary shares	21	21
Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,481)	(1,767)
Cash dividends - Linde plc shareholders	(1,334)	(1,246)
Noncontrolling interest transactions and other	(217)	(22)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities	(1,476)	(3,656)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(134)	17
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(38)	(2,079)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning-of-period	4,664	5,436
Cash and cash equivalents, end-of-period	$ 4,626	$ 3,357

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Linde plc ("Linde" or "the company") is an incorporated public limited company formed under the laws of Ireland. Linde’s registered office is located at Ten Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, D02 T380 Ireland. Linde’s principal executive offices are located at Forge, 43 Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, United Kingdom and 10 Riverview Drive, Danbury, Connecticut, 06810, United States. Presentation of Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements - In the opinion of Linde management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented and such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of Linde plc and subsidiaries in Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the company’s significant accounting policies during 2024. Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. Accounting Standards to be Implemented Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024. Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to income taxes. The standard requires additional or modified disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation, disaggregation of income taxes paid, and several other disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance prospectively in fiscal year 2025.

Supplemental Information

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Supplemental Information [Abstract]

Supplemental Information

Receivables

Inventories

The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$	593	$	614
Work in process	422		390
Finished goods	1,079		1,111
Total inventories	$	2,094	$	2,115

Debt

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper	$	3,019	$	4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)	307		230
Total short-term debt	3,326		4,713
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c)	—		607
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e)	—		332
4.800% Notes due 2024	300		300
4.700% Notes due 2025	599		599
2.65% Notes due 2025	400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026	751		774
3.20% Notes due 2026	725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026	199		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027	87		90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027	803		827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027	537		553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)	762		780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d)	747		—
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029	800		824
1.10% Notes due 2030	697		697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030	110		114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f)	799		—
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031	805		829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)	909		—
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032	799		823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033	530		546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034	693		714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f)	795		—
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035	851		876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d)	743		—
3.55% Notes due 2042	665		666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f)	743		—
2.00% Notes due 2050	297		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051	732		755
Non U.S. borrowings	234		226
Other	10		10
	18,192		14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(1,261)		(1,263)
Total long-term debt	16,931		13,397
Total debt	$	21,518	$	19,373

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

(c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due.

(d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036.

(e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due.

(f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

The weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding were 4.2% and 4.8% as of June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Financial Instruments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Financial Instruments

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:


					Fair Value
	Notional Amounts				Assets (a)				Liabilities (a)
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items	$	7,556	$	4,567	$	39	$	46	$	42	$	26
Forecasted transactions	206		335		2		11		3		6
Total	$	7,762	$	4,902	$	41	$	57	$	45	$	32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:


Currency contracts:

Forecasted transactions	$	562	$	749	$	5	$	20	$	1	$	4


Commodity contracts	N/A		N/A		10		3		20		7

Interest rate swaps	—		1,214		—		1		—		4
Total Hedges	$	562	$	1,963	$	15	$	24	$	21	$	15
Total Derivatives	$	8,324	$	6,865	$	56	$	81	$	66	$	47

Balance Sheet Items

Forecasted Transactions

Commodity Contracts

Net Investment Hedges

Interest Rate Swaps

Derivatives' Impact on Consolidated Statements of Income

The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:


	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items
Debt-related	$	(2)	$	(44)	$	(17)	$	(83)
Other balance sheet items	2		(1)		(5)		(2)


Total	$	—	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	(85)

Fair Value Disclosures

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels as follows:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 – quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable

Level 3 – inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets	$	—	$	—	$	56	$	81	$	—	$	—
Investments and securities*	17		16		—		—		11		12
Total	$	17	$	16	$	56	$	81	11		$	12

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	66	$	47	$	—	$	—

* Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Changes in level 3 investments and securities were immaterial.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, short-term debt, accounts receivable-net, and accounts payable approximate carrying value because of the short-term maturities of these instruments.

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders

Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)


Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,663	$	1,575	$	3,290	$	3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding	479,130		489,061		480,246		490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans	843		557		697		526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share	479,973		489,618		480,943		490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards	3,204		3,931		3,423		3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share	483,177		493,549		484,366		494,685


Basic Earnings Per Share	$	3.46	$	3.22	$	6.84	$	6.30


Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	3.44	$	3.19	$	6.79	$	6.25

Retirement Programs

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Retirement Programs

The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$	21	$	21	$	42	$	42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	91		94		182		186
Expected return on plan assets	(137)		(131)		(275)		(260)
Net amortization and deferral	(3)		(8)		(6)		(16)



	(49)		(45)		(99)		(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(28)	$	(24)	$	(57)	$	(48)

Components of net periodic benefit expense for other post-retirement plans for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were not material.

Linde estimates that 2024 required contributions to its pension plans will be in the range of approximately $30 million to $40 million, of which $24 million have been made through June 30, 2024.

Commitments and Contingencies	6 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Jun. 30, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Contingent Liabilities Linde is subject to various lawsuits and government investigations that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. These actions are based upon alleged environmental, tax, antitrust and personal injury claims, among others. Linde has strong defenses in these cases and intends to defend itself vigorously. It is possible that the company may incur losses in connection with some of these actions in excess of accrued liabilities. Management does not anticipate that in the aggregate such losses would have a material adverse effect on the company’s consolidated financial position or liquidity; however, it is possible that the final outcomes could have a significant impact on the company’s reported results of operations in any given period (see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements of Linde's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K). Significant matters are: •During 2009, the Brazilian government published Law 11941/2009 instituting a new voluntary amnesty program (“Refis Program”) which allowed Brazilian companies to settle certain federal tax disputes at reduced amounts. During 2009, the company decided that it was economically beneficial to settle many of its outstanding federal tax disputes and such disputes were enrolled in the Refis Program, subject to final calculation and review by the Brazilian federal government. The company recorded estimated liabilities based on the terms of the Refis Program. Since 2009, Linde has been unable to reach final agreement on the calculations and initiated litigation against the government in an attempt to resolve certain items. Open issues relate to the following matters: (i) application of cash deposits and net operating loss carryforwards to satisfy obligations and (ii) the amount of tax reductions available under the Refis Program. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of legal matters in Brazil. •At June 30, 2024, the most significant non-income tax claims in Brazil, after enrollment in the Refis Program, relate to state VAT tax matters. The total estimated exposure relating to such claims, including interest and penalties, as appropriate, is approximately $110 million. Linde has not recorded any liabilities related to such claims based on management judgment and opinions of outside counsel. During 2023, the Brazilian Supreme Court issued a decision confirming the constitutionality of a specific federal income tax, with retroactive effect. As a result of this decision, the company recorded a reserve based on its best estimate of potential settlement. This decision has not yet been finalized and is subject to ongoing motions for clarification. Because litigation in Brazil historically takes many years to resolve, it is very difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters; however, it is possible that certain of these matters may be resolved within the near term. The company is vigorously defending against the proceedings. •On and after April 23, 2019 former shareholders of Linde AG filed appraisal proceedings at the District Court (Landgericht) Munich I (Germany), seeking an increase of the cash consideration paid in connection with the previously completed cash merger squeeze-out of all of Linde AG’s minority shareholders for €189.46 per share. Any such increase would apply to all 14,763,113 Linde AG shares that were outstanding on April 8, 2019, when the cash merger squeeze-out was completed. The period for plaintiffs to file claims expired on July 9, 2019. In November 2023, the court issued a decision rejecting the plaintiffs’ claims in their entirety and determining that the cash merger squeeze-out consideration was appropriate. The plaintiffs have appealed this decision. The company believes the consideration paid was fair and that the claims are not supported by sufficient evidence, and no reserve has been established. We cannot estimate the timing of resolution. •In December 2022, a Russian court based in St. Petersburg ("St. Petersburg Court") issued an injunction preventing (i) the sale of any shares in Linde’s subsidiaries and joint ventures in Russia, and (ii) the disposal of any of the assets in those entities exceeding 5% of the relevant company’s overall asset value. The injunction was requested by RusChemAlliance (RCA) to secure payment of a possible award under an arbitration proceeding RCA intended to file against Linde Engineering for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a gas processing plant in Russia entered into in July 2021. Performance of the agreement was lawfully suspended by Linde Engineering on May 27, 2022 in compliance with applicable sanctions. In March 2023, RCA filed a claim in St. Petersburg against Linde GmbH for recovery of advance payments under the agreement ("GPP Claim"), and subsequently (i) added Linde and other Linde subsidiaries as defendants, and (ii) is seeking payment of alleged damages from Linde and guarantor banks. In March 2024, RCA filed a similar claim for repayment and damages against Linde for alleged breach of contract under the agreement to build a liquefied natural gas plant in Russia entered into in September 2021 (“LNG Claim”, and together with the GPP Claim, the “Russian Claims”). In accordance with the dispute resolution provisions of the agreements, in 2023, Linde filed a notice of arbitration with the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre ("HKIAC") against RCA to claim that (i) RCA has no entitlement to payment, (ii) RCA’s Russian Claims are in breach of the arbitration agreement which requires HKIAC arbitration, and (iii) RCA must compensate Linde for the losses and damages caused by the injunction. Additionally, Linde filed for and obtained an anti-suit injunction from a Hong Kong court against RCA directing RCA to seek a stay of the claims and ordering it to resolve any disputes in accordance with HKIAC arbitration. In January, 2024, the Hong Kong court issued a final judgment in Linde’s favor (i) granting a permanent anti-suit injunction against RCA to seek a stay of the GPP claim and not start an LNG claim, (ii) granting a permanent, global anti-enforcement injunction against RCA for the GPP claim, and (iii) ordering that the injunction issued by the St. Petersburg Court be lifted (“HK Court Judgement”). Despite the judgments of the Hong Kong court and similar orders issued by the HKIAC arbitration tribunals, the St. Petersburg injunction affecting Linde’s shares and assets has not been lifted, the proceeding in St. Petersburg has not been stayed and RCA is continuing to pursue its claims in Russia. In February 2024, the St. Petersburg Court decided the GPP Claim in favor of RCA. Linde appealed this decision unsuccessfully in March 2024. Linde expects RCA to enforce the decision by seizing assets that were previously frozen by the court. Linde intends to claim all damages related to or rising from RCA's enforcement of the decision in the HKIAC arbitration proceedings. Linde does not expect a material adverse impact on earnings from this decision given the liability recorded as of June 30, 2024 and the immaterial remaining investment value of its deconsolidated Russia subsidiaries. As of June 30, 2024, Linde has a contingent liability of $1.2 billion recorded in Other long-term liabilities, which represents advance payments previously recorded in contract liabilities related to terminated engineering projects with RCA. As a result of the contract terminations, Linde no longer has future performance obligations for these projects. It is difficult to estimate the timing of resolution of these matters. The company intends to vigorously defend its interests in both the Russian Claims and arbitration proceedings.

Segments

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segments

For a description of Linde plc's operating segments, refer to Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements on Linde plc's 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SALES(a)
Americas	$	3,655	$	3,541	$	7,215	$	7,092
EMEA	2,091		2,160		4,182		4,337
APAC	1,657		1,683		3,248		3,281
Engineering	544		495		1,083		1,035
Other	320		325		639		652


Total sales	$	8,267	$	8,204	$	16,367	$	16,397


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas	$	1,159	$	1,070	$	2,247	$	2,095
EMEA	704		630		1,391		1,237
APAC	474		472		921		895
Engineering	96		107		196		256
Other	(11)		7		8		9
Segment operating profit	2,422		2,286		4,763		4,492
Other charges	—		(22)		—		(40)


Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b)	(238)		(253)		(484)		(508)
Total operating profit	$	2,184	$	2,011	$	4,279	$	3,944

(b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

Equity

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Equity

A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	38,829	$	1,387	$	40,216	$	39,970	$	1,353	$	41,323
Net income (a)	1,663		37		1,700		1,575		37		1,612
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(266)		(10)		(276)		(89)		(23)		(112)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		—		—		(11)		(7)		(18)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(55)		(55)		—		(36)		(36)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023)	(665)		—		(665)		(623)		—		(623)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)		—		(15)		(35)		—		(35)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)		—		(1,407)		(912)		—		(912)

Share-based compensation	40		—		40		36		—		36
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235


	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	39,720	$	1,362	$	41,082	$	40,028	$	1,346	$	41,374
Net income (a)	3,290		75		3,365		3,091		73		3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(989)		(25)		(1,014)		(117)		(25)		(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		11		11		(11)		(5)		(16)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(64)		(64)		—		(65)		(65)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023)	(1,334)		—		(1,334)		(1,246)		—		(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(141)		—		(141)		(98)		—		(98)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,445)		—		(2,445)		(1,802)		—		(1,802)

Share-based compensation	78		—		78		66		—		66
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235

The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:


	June 30,		December 31,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas	$	(4,055)	$	(3,618)
EMEA	(1,100)		(737)
APAC	(1,433)		(1,037)
Engineering	(248)		(93)
Other	471		113
	(6,365)		(5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes	3		7

Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(432)		(440)
	$	(6,794)	$	(5,805)

Revenue Recognition

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue Recognition

Contracts with Customers

Linde serves a diverse group of industries including healthcare, chemicals and energy, manufacturing, metals and mining, food and beverage, and electronics.

Industrial Gases

Following is a description of each of the three industrial gases distribution methods and the respective revenue recognition policies:

Engineering

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Payment Terms and Other

Disaggregated Revenue Information

the nature, timing, type of customer, and contract terms for its revenues, including terms and pricing.

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023.


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,178	$	691	$	568	$	—	$	52	$	2,489	30	%
On-Site	807		412		668		—		—		1,887		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,616		969		348		—		7		2,940		36	%
Other	54		19		73		544		261		951		11	%
Total	$	3,655	$	2,091	$	1,657	$	544	$	320	$	8,267	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,094	$	704	$	570	$	—	$	53	$	2,421	30	%
On-Site	756		493		677		—		—		1,926		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,638		946		366		—		12		2,962		36	%
Other	53		17		70		495		260		895		11	%
Total	$	3,541	$	2,160	$	1,683	$	495	$	325	$	8,204	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,295	$	1,377	$	1,096	$	—	$	107	$	4,875	30	%
On-Site	1,589		853		1,336		—		—		3,778		23	%
Packaged Gas	3,222		1,920		670		—		14		5,826		36	%
Other	109		32		146		1,083		518		1,888		11	%
Total	$	7,215	$	4,182	$	3,248	$	1,083	$	639	$	16,367	100	%

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,137	$	1,404	$	1,122	$	—	$	108	$	4,771	29	%
On-Site	1,560		1,031		1,321		—		—		3,912		24	%
Packaged Gas	3,276		1,874		721		—		32		5,903		36	%
Other	119		28		117		1,035		512		1,811		11	%
Total	$	7,092	$	4,337	$	3,281	$	1,035	$	652	$	16,397	100	%

Remaining Performance Obligations

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Jun. 30, 2024
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	6 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Reclassifications	Reclassifications – Certain prior periods' amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation.
Accounting Standards to be Implemented	Accounting Standards to be Implemented Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures - In November 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to reportable segments. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance in fiscal year 2024. Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures - In December 2023, the FASB issued guidance requiring enhanced disclosure related to income taxes. The standard requires additional or modified disclosures related to the income tax rate reconciliation, disaggregation of income taxes paid, and several other disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this standard will only impact disclosures within the company's consolidated financial statements and the company is evaluating the impact this guidance will have on those disclosures. Linde will adopt this guidance prospectively in fiscal year 2025.

Supplemental Information (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Supplemental Information [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventories

The following is a summary of Linde's consolidated inventories:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$	593	$	614
Work in process	422		390
Finished goods	1,079		1,111
Total inventories	$	2,094	$	2,115

Debt (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Summary of Outstanding Debt

The following is a summary of Linde's outstanding debt at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:


(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper	$	3,019	$	4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)	307		230
Total short-term debt	3,326		4,713
LONG-TERM (a)
(U.S. dollar denominated unless otherwise noted)
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (c)	—		607
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024 (b) (e)	—		332
4.800% Notes due 2024	300		300
4.700% Notes due 2025	599		599
2.65% Notes due 2025	400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025	535		551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026	751		774
3.20% Notes due 2026	725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026	199		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027	87		90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027	803		827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027	537		553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (b)	762		780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028 (d)	747		—
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029	800		824
1.10% Notes due 2030	697		697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030	110		114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030 (f)	799		—
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031	805		829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031 (d)	909		—
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032	799		823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033	530		546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034	693		714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034 (f)	795		—
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035	851		876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036 (d)	743		—
3.55% Notes due 2042	665		666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044 (f)	743		—
2.00% Notes due 2050	297		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051	732		755
Non U.S. borrowings	234		226
Other	10		10
	18,192		14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt	(1,261)		(1,263)
Total long-term debt	16,931		13,397
Total debt	$	21,518	$	19,373

(a)Amounts are net of unamortized discounts, premiums and/or debt issuance costs as applicable.

(c)In February 2024, Linde repaid €550 million of 1.20% notes that became due.

(d)In February 2024, Linde issued €700 million of 3.00% notes due in 2028, €850 million of 3.20% notes due in 2031 and €700 million of 3.40% notes due in 2036.

(e)In May 2024, Linde repaid €300 million of 1.875% notes that became due.

(f)In June 2024, Linde issued €750 million of 3.375% notes due in 2030, €750 million of 3.500% notes due in 2034 and €700 million of 3.75% notes due in 2044.

Financial Instruments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value

The following table is a summary of the notional amount and fair value of derivatives outstanding at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for consolidated subsidiaries:


					Fair Value
	Notional Amounts				Assets (a)				Liabilities (a)
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items	$	7,556	$	4,567	$	39	$	46	$	42	$	26
Forecasted transactions	206		335		2		11		3		6
Total	$	7,762	$	4,902	$	41	$	57	$	45	$	32
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:


Currency contracts:

Forecasted transactions	$	562	$	749	$	5	$	20	$	1	$	4


Commodity contracts	N/A		N/A		10		3		20		7

Interest rate swaps	—		1,214		—		1		—		4
Total Hedges	$	562	$	1,963	$	15	$	24	$	21	$	15
Total Derivatives	$	8,324	$	6,865	$	56	$	81	$	66	$	47

Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The following table summarizes the impact of the company’s derivatives on the consolidated statements of income:


	Amount of Pre-Tax Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings *
	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Currency contracts:
Balance sheet items
Debt-related	$	(2)	$	(44)	$	(17)	$	(83)
Other balance sheet items	2		(1)		(5)		(2)


Total	$	—	$	(45)	$	(22)	$	(85)

Fair Value Disclosures (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
(Millions of dollars)	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets	$	—	$	—	$	56	$	81	$	—	$	—
Investments and securities*	17		16		—		—		11		12
Total	$	17	$	16	$	56	$	81	11		$	12

Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	66	$	47	$	—	$	—

* Investments and securities are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets in the company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing Net income – Linde plc for the period by the weighted average number of either basic or diluted shares outstanding, as follows:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)


Net Income – Linde plc	$	1,663	$	1,575	$	3,290	$	3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding	479,130		489,061		480,246		490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans	843		557		697		526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share	479,973		489,618		480,943		490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards	3,204		3,931		3,423		3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share	483,177		493,549		484,366		494,685


Basic Earnings Per Share	$	3.46	$	3.22	$	6.84	$	6.30


Diluted Earnings Per Share	$	3.44	$	3.19	$	6.79	$	6.25

Retirement Programs (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Retirement Benefits [Abstract]

Components of Net Pension and Postretirement Benefits

The components of net pension and postretirement benefits other than pensions (“OPEB”) costs for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 are shown below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$	21	$	21	$	42	$	42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	91		94		182		186
Expected return on plan assets	(137)		(131)		(275)		(260)
Net amortization and deferral	(3)		(8)		(6)		(16)



	(49)		(45)		(99)		(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$	(28)	$	(24)	$	(57)	$	(48)

Segments (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Segment Reporting Information

The table below presents sales and operating profit information about reportable segments and Other for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SALES(a)
Americas	$	3,655	$	3,541	$	7,215	$	7,092
EMEA	2,091		2,160		4,182		4,337
APAC	1,657		1,683		3,248		3,281
Engineering	544		495		1,083		1,035
Other	320		325		639		652


Total sales	$	8,267	$	8,204	$	16,367	$	16,397


	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023		2024		2023
SEGMENT OPERATING PROFIT
Americas	$	1,159	$	1,070	$	2,247	$	2,095
EMEA	704		630		1,391		1,237
APAC	474		472		921		895
Engineering	96		107		196		256
Other	(11)		7		8		9
Segment operating profit	2,422		2,286		4,763		4,492
Other charges	—		(22)		—		(40)


Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG (b)	(238)		(253)		(484)		(508)
Total operating profit	$	2,184	$	2,011	$	4,279	$	3,944

(b)Represents purchase accounting impacts related to the 2018 merger.

Equity (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Equity [Abstract]

Summary of Changes in Total Equity

A summary of the changes in total equity for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 is provided below:


	Quarter Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	38,829	$	1,387	$	40,216	$	39,970	$	1,353	$	41,323
Net income (a)	1,663		37		1,700		1,575		37		1,612
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(266)		(10)		(276)		(89)		(23)		(112)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		—		—		(11)		(7)		(18)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(55)		(55)		—		(36)		(36)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($1.39 per share in 2024 and $1.275 per share in 2023)	(665)		—		(665)		(623)		—		(623)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)		—		(15)		(35)		—		(35)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)		—		(1,407)		(912)		—		(912)

Share-based compensation	40		—		40		36		—		36
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235


	Six Months Ended June 30,
(Millions of dollars)	2024						2023
Activity	Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity		Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interests		Total Equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	39,720	$	1,362	$	41,082	$	40,028	$	1,346	$	41,374
Net income (a)	3,290		75		3,365		3,091		73		3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(989)		(25)		(1,014)		(117)		(25)		(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	—		11		11		(11)		(5)		(16)
Dividends and other capital changes	—		(64)		(64)		—		(65)		(65)

Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders ($2.78 per share in 2024 and $2.55 per share in 2023)	(1,334)		—		(1,334)		(1,246)		—		(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:

For employee savings and incentive plans	(141)		—		(141)		(98)		—		(98)

Purchases of ordinary shares	(2,445)		—		(2,445)		(1,802)		—		(1,802)

Share-based compensation	78		—		78		66		—		66
Balance, end of period	$	38,179	$	1,359	$	39,538	$	39,911	$	1,324	$	41,235

Summary of Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The components of Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:


	June 30,		December 31,
(Millions of dollars)	2024		2023
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes:
Americas	$	(4,055)	$	(3,618)
EMEA	(1,100)		(737)
APAC	(1,433)		(1,037)
Engineering	(248)		(93)
Other	471		113
	(6,365)		(5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes	3		7

Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(432)		(440)
	$	(6,794)	$	(5,805)

Revenue Recognition (Tables)

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2024

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method

The following tables show sales by distribution method at the consolidated level and for each reportable segment and Other for the quarter and six months ended, June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023.


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,178	$	691	$	568	$	—	$	52	$	2,489	30	%
On-Site	807		412		668		—		—		1,887		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,616		969		348		—		7		2,940		36	%
Other	54		19		73		544		261		951		11	%
Total	$	3,655	$	2,091	$	1,657	$	544	$	320	$	8,267	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Quarter Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	1,094	$	704	$	570	$	—	$	53	$	2,421	30	%
On-Site	756		493		677		—		—		1,926		23	%
Packaged Gas	1,638		946		366		—		12		2,962		36	%
Other	53		17		70		495		260		895		11	%
Total	$	3,541	$	2,160	$	1,683	$	495	$	325	$	8,204	100	%


(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,295	$	1,377	$	1,096	$	—	$	107	$	4,875	30	%
On-Site	1,589		853		1,336		—		—		3,778		23	%
Packaged Gas	3,222		1,920		670		—		14		5,826		36	%
Other	109		32		146		1,083		518		1,888		11	%
Total	$	7,215	$	4,182	$	3,248	$	1,083	$	639	$	16,367	100	%

(Millions of dollars)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
Sales	Americas		EMEA		APAC		Engineering		Other		Total		%

Merchant	$	2,137	$	1,404	$	1,122	$	—	$	108	$	4,771	29	%
On-Site	1,560		1,031		1,321		—		—		3,912		24	%
Packaged Gas	3,276		1,874		721		—		32		5,903		36	%
Other	119		28		117		1,035		512		1,811		11	%
Total	$	7,092	$	4,337	$	3,281	$	1,035	$	652	$	16,397	100	%

Supplemental Information - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2023
Supplemental Information [Abstract]
Gross trade receivables aged less than one year	$ 4,956		$ 4,667
Gross receivables aged greater than one year	375		354
Other receivables	128		154
Accounts receivable net of reserves	5,001		4,718
Allowances for expected credit losses	458		$ 457
Provisions for expected credit losses	$ 84	$ 83

Supplemental Information - Inventories (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Inventories
Raw materials and supplies	$ 593	$ 614
Work in process	422	390
Finished goods	1,079	1,111
Total inventories	$ 2,094	$ 2,115

Debt - Summary of Outstanding Debt (Details) € in Millions, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		6 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2024 EUR (€)	Feb. 29, 2024 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 EUR (€)
SHORT-TERM
Commercial paper			$ 3,019		$ 4,483
Other bank borrowings (primarily non U.S.)			307		230
Total short-term debt			3,326		4,713
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			18,192		14,660
Less: current portion of long-term debt			(1,261)		(1,263)
Total long-term debt			16,931		13,397
Total debt			21,518		19,373
Repayments of notes			957	$ 1,641
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value \| Interest rate swaps \| Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
LONG-TERM
Fair value increase			$ 38		46
1.20% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		1.20%	1.20%			1.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0		607
Repayments of notes \| €		€ 550
1.875% Euro denominated notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate	1.875%		1.875%			1.875%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 0		332
Repayments of notes \| €	€ 300
4.800% Notes due 2024
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			4.80%			4.80%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 300		300
4.700% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			4.70%			4.70%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 599		599
2.65% Notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			2.65%			2.65%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 400		399
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.625%			1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 535		550
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2025
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 535		551
0.00% Euro denominated notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.00%			0.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 751		774
3.20% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.20%			3.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 725		724
3.434% Notes due 2026
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.434%			3.434%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 199		198
1.652% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.652%			1.652%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 87		90
0.25% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.25%			0.25%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 803		827
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2027
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 537		553
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 762		780
3.00% Euro denominated notes due 2028
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.00%	3.00%			3.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 747		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €		€ 700
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2029
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.375%			3.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 800		824
1.10% Notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.10%			1.10%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 697		697
1.90% Euro denominated notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.90%			1.90%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 110		114
3.375% Euro denominated notes due 2030
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.375%			3.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 799		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €						€ 750
1.375% Euro denominated notes due 2031
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.375%			1.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 805		829
3.20% Euro denominated notes due 2031
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.20%	3.20%			3.20%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 909		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €		€ 850
0.55% Euro denominated notes due 2032
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.55%			0.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 799		823
0.375% Euro denominated notes due 2033
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			0.375%			0.375%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 530		546
3.625% Euro denominated notes due 2034
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.625%			3.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 693		714
3.500% Euro denominated notes due 2034
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.50%			3.50%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 795		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €						€ 750
1.625% Euro denominated notes due 2035
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.625%			1.625%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 851		876
3.40% Euro denominated notes due 2036
LONG-TERM
Interest rate		3.40%	3.40%			3.40%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 743		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €		€ 700
3.55% Notes due 2042
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.55%			3.55%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 665		666
3.75% Euro denominated notes due 2044
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			3.75%			3.75%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 743		0
Face amount of notes issued \| €						€ 700
2.00% Notes due 2050
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			2.00%			2.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 297		296
1.00% Euro denominated notes due 2051
LONG-TERM
Interest rate			1.00%			1.00%
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 732		755
Non U.S. borrowings
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			234		226
Other
LONG-TERM
Carrying value of long-term debt including current portion			$ 10		$ 10

Debt - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Weighted-average interest rates of short-term borrowings outstanding	4.20%	4.80%
Revolving Credit Facility \| Five Year Credit Agreement
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreements	$ 5,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| 364-Day Credit Agreement
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unsecured revolving credit agreements	1,500,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| Credit Agreements
Line Of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Borrowings outstanding	$ 0

Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions, € in Billions, ¥ in Billions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) derivative	Jun. 30, 2024 EUR (€)	Jun. 30, 2024 CNY (¥)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Derivative [Line Items]
Different types of derivatives, number \| derivative			3
Gain on exchange rate movements	$ (6,365)		$ (6,365)			$ (5,372)
Notional value	8,324		8,324			6,865
Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	562		562			1,963
Net Investment Hedging
Derivative [Line Items]
Cumulative deferred gain			453
Deferred gain during period	135		409
Net Investment Hedging \| Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain on exchange rate movements	56		56
Net Investment Hedging \| Designated as Hedging Instrument \| Line of Credit
Derivative [Line Items]
Euro-denominated notes and intercompany loans	18,200		18,200	€ 16.8
CNY-denominated Intercompany loans	700		700		¥ 4.7
Interest Rate Swap
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value \| €							€ 1.0
Settlement values		$ 0
Interest Rate Swap \| Designated as Hedging Instrument
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional value	$ 0		$ 0			$ 1,214
Maximum \| Forecasted Transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative term			3 years
Maximum \| Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative term			3 years

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value (Details) $ in Millions, € in Billions	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 EUR (€)
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	$ 8,324	$ 6,865
Fair Value, Assets	56	81
Fair Value, Liabilities	66	47
Prepaid and other current assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	53	73
Other long-term assets
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	3	8
Other current liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	61	41
Other long-term liabilities
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Liabilities	5	6
Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts \| €			€ 1
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	7,762	4,902
Fair Value, Assets	41	57
Fair Value, Liabilities	45	32
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	7,556	4,567
Fair Value, Assets	39	46
Fair Value, Liabilities	42	26
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	206	335
Fair Value, Assets	2	11
Fair Value, Liabilities	3	6
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments:
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	562	1,963
Fair Value, Assets	15	24
Fair Value, Liabilities	21	15
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Forecasted transactions
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	562	749
Fair Value, Assets	5	20
Fair Value, Liabilities	1	4
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Commodity contracts
Derivative [Line Items]
Fair Value, Assets	10	3
Fair Value, Liabilities	20	7
Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments: \| Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amounts	0	1,214
Fair Value, Assets	0	1
Fair Value, Liabilities	$ 0	$ 4

Financial Instruments - Schedule of Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments (Details) - Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	$ 0	$ (45)	$ (22)	$ (85)
Debt-related
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	(2)	(44)	(17)	(83)
Other balance sheet items
Derivative [Line Items]
Amount of pre-tax gain (loss) recognized in earnings	$ 2	$ (1)	$ (5)	$ (2)

Fair Value Disclosures - Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Assets
Derivative assets	$ 56	$ 81
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	66	47
Level 1 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	17	16
Total	17	16
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Level 2 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	56	81
Investments and securities	0	0
Total	56	81
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	66	47
Level 3 \| Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Assets
Derivative assets	0	0
Investments and securities	11	12
Total	11	12
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

Fair Value Disclosures - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Carrying value of long-term debt portfolio	$ 18,192	$ 14,660
Level 2
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Estimated fair value of long-term debt portfolio	$ 16,598	$ 13,337

Earnings Per Share – Linde plc Shareholders (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Numerator (Millions of dollars)
Net Income – Linde plc	$ 1,663	$ 1,575	$ 3,290	$ 3,091
Denominator (Thousands of shares)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	479,130	489,061	480,246	490,201
Shares earned and issuable under compensation plans (in shares)	843	557	697	526
Weighted average shares used in basic earnings per share (in shares)	479,973	489,618	480,943	490,727
Effect of dilutive securities
Stock options and awards (in shares)	3,204	3,931	3,423	3,958
Weighted average shares used in diluted earnings per share (in shares)	483,177	493,549	484,366	494,685
Basic Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.46	$ 3.22	$ 6.84	$ 6.30
Diluted Earnings Per Share (in dollars per share)	$ 3.44	$ 3.19	$ 6.79	$ 6.25
Antidilutive shares excluded from computation of earnings per share (in shares)	353,145	0	225,739	0

Retirement Programs - Components of Net Pension and Postretirement Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Amount recognized in Operating Profit
Service cost	$ 21	$ 21	$ 42	$ 42
Amount recognized in Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit), excluding service cost
Interest cost	91	94	182	186
Expected return on plan assets	(137)	(131)	(275)	(260)
Net amortization and deferral	(3)	(8)	(6)	(16)
Net pension and OPEB cost (benefit)	(49)	(45)	(99)	(90)
Net periodic benefit cost (benefit)	$ (28)	$ (24)	$ (57)	$ (48)

Retirement Programs - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Pension contributions	$ 24	$ 25
Minimum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	30
Maximum
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Required contributions to pension plans	$ 40

Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 30, 2022	Apr. 23, 2019 € / shares	Apr. 08, 2019 shares
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Brazil tax matters estimated exposure	$ 110
Contingent liability	2,820	$ 2,950
RusChemAlliance (RCA)
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Contingent liability	$ 1,200
Russia
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Maximum allowed percent of net assets for asset disposal			5.00%
Linde AG \| Squeeze-Out Transaction
Other Commitments [Line Items]
Business acquisition, share price (in euro per share) \| € / shares				€ 189.46
Ordinary shares, outstanding (in shares) \| shares					14,763,113

Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
Segments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Total operating profit	2,184	2,011	4,279	3,944
Other charges	0	(22)	0	(40)
Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total operating profit	2,422	2,286	4,763	4,492
Segment Reconciling Items
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Other charges	0	(22)	0	(40)
Purchase accounting impacts - Linde AG	(238)	(253)	(484)	(508)
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,655	3,541	7,215	7,092
Americas \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	3,655	3,541	7,215	7,092
Total operating profit	1,159	1,070	2,247	2,095
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
EMEA \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
Total operating profit	704	630	1,391	1,237
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
APAC \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
Total operating profit	474	472	921	895
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Engineering \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Total operating profit	96	107	196	256
Engineering \| Intersegment Eliminations
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	485	335	876	629
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	320	325	639	652
Other \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	320	325	639	652
Total operating profit	(11)	7	8	9
Total sales \| Operating Segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397

Equity - Schedule of Stockholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 40,216	$ 41,323	$ 41,082	$ 41,374
Net income	1,700	1,612	3,365	3,164
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(276)	(112)	(1,014)	(142)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(18)	11	(16)
Dividends and other capital changes	(55)	(36)	(64)	(65)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(665)	(623)	(1,334)	(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)	(35)	(141)	(98)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)	(912)	(2,445)	(1,802)
Share-based compensation	40	36	78	66
Balance, end of period	$ 39,538	$ 41,235	$ 39,538	$ 41,235
Dividends paid (in dollars per share)	$ 1.39	$ 1.275	$ 2.78	$ 2.55
Linde plc Shareholders’ Equity
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	$ 38,829	$ 39,970	$ 39,720	$ 40,028
Net income	1,663	1,575	3,290	3,091
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(266)	(89)	(989)	(117)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(11)	0	(11)
Dividends and other capital changes	0	0	0	0
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	(665)	(623)	(1,334)	(1,246)
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	(15)	(35)	(141)	(98)
Purchases of ordinary shares	(1,407)	(912)	(2,445)	(1,802)
Share-based compensation	40	36	78	66
Balance, end of period	38,179	39,911	38,179	39,911
Noncontrolling Interests
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Balance, beginning of period	1,387	1,353	1,362	1,346
Net income	37	37	75	73
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(10)	(23)	(25)	(25)
Noncontrolling interests:
Additions (reductions)	0	(7)	11	(5)
Dividends and other capital changes	(55)	(36)	(64)	(65)
Dividends to Linde plc ordinary share holders	0	0	0	0
Issuances of ordinary shares:
For employee savings and incentive plans	0	0	0	0
Purchases of ordinary shares	0	0	0	0
Share-based compensation	0	0	0	0
Balance, end of period	$ 1,359	$ 1,324	$ 1,359	$ 1,324

Equity - Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ (6,365)	$ (5,372)
Derivatives - net of taxes	3	7
Pension / OPEB (net of $67 million and $60 million tax benefit at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively)	(432)	(440)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(6,794)	(5,805)
Pension / OPEB funded status obligation, tax benefit	67	60
Americas
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(4,055)	(3,618)
EMEA
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,100)	(737)
APAC
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(1,433)	(1,037)
Engineering
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	(248)	(93)
Other
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Cumulative translation adjustment - net of taxes	$ 471	$ 113

Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	6 Months Ended
Revenue Recognition - Narrative (Details) $ in Millions	Jun. 30, 2024 USD ($) distributionMethod	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Number of gas distribution methods \| distributionMethod	3
Contract assets	$ 226	$ 196
Contract liabilities	2,820	2,950
Contract liabilities, current	1,767	1,901
Contract liabilities in other long-term liabilities	1,053	$ 1,049
Revenue recognized	674
Estimated consideration related to unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 50,000
Long-term supply contracts (years)	20 years
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-07-01
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Remaining performance obligation, percentage	50.00%
Remaining performance obligations, period	5 years
Engineering \| Russia \| Russia-Ukraine Conflict, International Sanctions
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Contract liabilities	$ 397
Minimum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	10 years
Minimum \| Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years
Minimum \| Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	1 year
Maximum
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
On-site product supply contract (years)	20 years
Maximum \| Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	7 years
Maximum \| Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Customer supply agreements (years)	3 years

Revenue Recognition - Schedule of Revenue by Distribution Method (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		6 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 8,267	$ 8,204	$ 16,367	$ 16,397
Revenue from Contract with Customer \| Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%
Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 3,655	$ 3,541	$ 7,215	$ 7,092
EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	2,091	2,160	4,182	4,337
APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	1,657	1,683	3,248	3,281
Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	320	325	639	652
Merchant
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,489	$ 2,421	$ 4,875	$ 4,771
Merchant \| Revenue from Contract with Customer \| Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	30.00%	30.00%	30.00%	29.00%
Merchant \| Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,178	$ 1,094	$ 2,295	$ 2,137
Merchant \| EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	691	704	1,377	1,404
Merchant \| APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	568	570	1,096	1,122
Merchant \| Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Merchant \| Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	52	53	107	108
On-Site
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,887	$ 1,926	$ 3,778	$ 3,912
On-Site \| Revenue from Contract with Customer \| Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	23.00%	23.00%	23.00%	24.00%
On-Site \| Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 807	$ 756	$ 1,589	$ 1,560
On-Site \| EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	412	493	853	1,031
On-Site \| APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	668	677	1,336	1,321
On-Site \| Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
On-Site \| Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 2,940	$ 2,962	$ 5,826	$ 5,903
Packaged Gas \| Revenue from Contract with Customer \| Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	36.00%	36.00%	36.00%	36.00%
Packaged Gas \| Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 1,616	$ 1,638	$ 3,222	$ 3,276
Packaged Gas \| EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	969	946	1,920	1,874
Packaged Gas \| APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	348	366	670	721
Packaged Gas \| Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	0	0	0	0
Packaged Gas \| Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	7	12	14	32
Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 951	$ 895	$ 1,888	$ 1,811
Other \| Revenue from Contract with Customer \| Sales Channel
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	11.00%	11.00%	11.00%	11.00%
Other \| Americas
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 54	$ 53	$ 109	$ 119
Other \| EMEA
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	19	17	32	28
Other \| APAC
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	73	70	146	117
Other \| Engineering
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	544	495	1,083	1,035
Other \| Other
Disaggregation of Revenue [Line Items]
Sales	$ 261	$ 260	$ 518	$ 512

Linde (NASDAQ:LIN)
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