Form 10-Q - Quarterly report [Sections 13 or 15(d)]

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission File No. 000-26770

NOVAVAX, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			22-2816046
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

700 Quince Orchard Road,	Gaithersburg,	MD	20878
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip code)

(240) 268-2000

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per share	NVAX	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated Filer	o

Non-accelerated filer	o	Smaller reporting company	o

Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No x

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant's Common Stock, $0.01 par value, was 118,790,222 as of October 31, 2023.

Table of Contents

NOVAVAX, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		1
Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements	1
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations and Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022	3
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Deficit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	4
	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022	5
	Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	42
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		43
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	44
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	46
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	47
Item 5	Other Information	47
Item 6.	Exhibits	48
SIGNATURES		49

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Table of Contents

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except per share information)

(unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenue:
Product sales	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	279,937	$	1,267,174
Grants	164,922		106,273		389,380		313,348
Royalties and other	19,833		2,213		23,046		43,951
Total revenue	186,986		734,577		692,363		1,624,473

Expenses:
Cost of sales	98,929		434,593		188,792		720,874
Research and development	106,229		304,297		572,805		977,428
Selling, general, and administrative	107,460		122,876		313,709		327,028
Total expenses	312,618		861,766		1,075,306		2,025,330
Loss from operations	(125,632)		(127,189)		(382,943)		(400,857)
Other income (expense):

Interest expense	(2,859)		(4,169)		(10,299)		(15,279)
Other income (expense)	(2,982)		(34,783)		26,912		(53,002)
Loss before income taxes	(131,473)		(166,141)		(366,330)		(469,138)
Income tax expense (benefit)	(697)		2,472		343		6,552
Net loss	$	(130,776)	$	(168,613)	$	(366,673)	$	(475,690)

Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted	$	(1.26)	$	(2.15)	$	(3.94)	$	(6.13)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic and diluted	103,429		78,274		93,046		77,631

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net loss	$	(130,776)	$	(168,613)	$	(366,673)	$	(475,690)
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(3,686)		(12,924)		(5,486)		(22,441)
Other comprehensive loss	(3,686)		(12,924)		(5,486)		(22,441)
Comprehensive loss	$	(134,462)	$	(181,537)	$	(372,159)	$	(498,131)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Table of Contents

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share information)


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	651,104	$	1,336,883

Restricted cash	10,393		10,303
Accounts receivable	123,657		82,375
Inventory	69,592		36,683
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	152,018		237,147
Total current assets	1,006,764		1,703,391
Property and equipment, net	300,982		294,247
Right of use asset, net	190,741		106,241

Goodwill	123,780		126,331
Other non-current assets	34,890		28,469
Total assets	$	1,657,157	$	2,258,679
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	101,914	$	216,517
Accrued expenses	311,201		591,158
Deferred revenue	192,187		370,137
Current portion of finance lease liabilities	1,332		27,196
Convertible notes payable	—		324,881
Other current liabilities	861,956		930,055
Total current liabilities	1,468,590		2,459,944
Deferred revenue	608,842		179,414
Convertible notes payable	167,621		166,466
Non-current finance lease liabilities	53,158		31,238
Other non-current liabilities	37,296		55,695
Total liabilities	2,335,507		2,892,757

Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	—		—

Stockholders' deficit:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 600,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 119,641,667 shares issued and 118,730,398 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 86,806,554 shares issued and 86,039,923 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022	1,196		868
Additional paid-in capital	4,066,585		3,737,979
Accumulated deficit	(4,642,562)		(4,275,889)
Treasury stock, cost basis, 911,269 shares at September 30, 2023 and 766,631 shares at December 31, 2022	(91,706)		(90,659)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(11,863)		(6,377)
Total stockholders’ deficit	(678,350)		(634,078)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$	1,657,157	$	2,258,679

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT

Three and Nine Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands, except share information)

(unaudited)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' Deficit
	Shares	Amount
Balance at June 30, 2023	95,183,750	$	952	$	3,855,916	$	(4,511,786)	$	(91,424)	$	(8,177)	$	(754,519)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		21,254		—		—		—		21,254
Stock issued under incentive programs	176,329	2		634		—		(282)		—		354
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs $3,063	24,281,588	242		188,781		—		—		—		189,023
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—		—		—		(3,686)		(3,686)
Net loss	—	—		—		(130,776)		—		—		(130,776)
Balance at September 30, 2023	119,641,667	$	1,196	$	4,066,585	$	(4,642,562)	$	(91,706)	$	(11,863)	$	(678,350)

Balance at June 30, 2022	78,776,234	$	788	$	3,604,614	$	(3,925,027)	$	(86,455)	$	(10,870)	$	(416,950)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		33,386		—		—		—		33,386
Stock issued under incentive programs	428,275	4		2,597		—		(3,485)		—		(884)


Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—		—		—		(12,924)		(12,924)
Net loss	—	—		—		(168,613)		—		—		(168,613)
Balance at September 30, 2022	79,204,509	$	792	$	3,640,597	$	(4,093,640)	$	(89,940)	$	(23,794)	$	(565,985)


	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Deficit		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Total Stockholders' Deficit
	Shares	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	86,806,554	$	868	$	3,737,979	$	(4,275,889)	$	(90,659)	$	(6,377)	$	(634,078)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		70,193		—		—		—		70,193
Stock issued under incentive programs	605,571	6		1,740		—		(1,047)		—		699
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $3,924	32,229,542	322		256,673		—		—		—		256,995
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—		—		—		(5,486)		(5,486)
Net loss	—	—		—		(366,673)		—		—		(366,673)
Balance at September 30, 2023	119,641,667	$	1,196	$	4,066,585	$	(4,642,562)	$	(91,706)	$	(11,863)	$	(678,350)

Balance at December 31, 2021	76,433,151	$	764	$	3,351,967	$	(3,617,950)	$	(85,101)	$	(1,353)	$	(351,673)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		104,367		—		—		—		104,367
Stock issued under incentive programs	573,960	6		4,900		—		(4,839)		—		67
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs of $2,311	2,197,398	22		179,363		—		—		—		179,385
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—		—		—		(22,441)		(22,441)
Net loss	—	—		—		(475,690)		—		—		(475,690)
Balance at September 30, 2022	79,204,509	$	792	$	3,640,597	$	(4,093,640)	$	(89,940)	$	(23,794)	$	(565,985)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Operating Activities:
Net loss	$	(366,673)	$	(475,690)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	30,431		21,832

Non-cash stock-based compensation	69,699		102,525
Provision for excess and obsolete inventory	49,533		358,075
Impairment of long-lived assets	10,081		—
Right-of-use assets expensed, net of credits received	—		40,187
Other items, net	(3,015)		(25,059)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Inventory	(82,542)		(426,466)
Accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets	(34,418)		171,325
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(349,261)		90,418
Deferred revenue	138,979		(155,268)
Net cash used in operating activities	(537,186)		(298,121)

Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures	(44,932)		(66,033)
Internal-use software	(4,796)		(4,888)
Net cash used in investing activities	(49,728)		(70,921)

Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	256,995		179,385
Net proceeds from the exercise of stock-based awards	699		67
Finance lease payments	(25,026)		(45,904)
Repayment of 2023 Convertible notes	(325,000)		—
Payments of costs related to issuance of 2027 Convertible notes	(3,591)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(95,923)		133,548
Effect of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	355		257
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(682,482)		(235,237)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	1,348,845		1,528,259
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	666,363	$	1,293,022

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:



Right-of-use assets from new lease agreements	$	96,492	$	118,262
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	2,394	$	11,984
Internal-use software included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	167	$	—

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash interest payments, net of amounts capitalized	$	11,751	$	17,260
Cash paid for income taxes	$	128	$	17,843

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

NOVAVAX, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

September 30, 2023

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization and Business

Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a biotechnology company that promotes improved health by discovering, developing, and commercializing innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. Novavax offers a differentiated vaccine platform that combines a recombinant protein approach, innovative nanoparticle technology and patented Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Novavax currently has one commercial program, for vaccines to prevent COVID-19, which includes Nuvaxovid prototype COVID-19 vaccine ("NVX-CoV2373,” or “prototype vaccine”) and Nuvaxovid updated COVID-19 vaccine (“NVX-CoV2601,” or “updated vaccine”) (collectively, “COVID-19 Program,” or “COVID-19 Vaccine”). Local authorities have also specified nomenclature for the prototype and updated vaccines within their labeling (“Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted” and “Novavax COVID-19, Adjuvanted (2023-2024 Formula), respectively, for the U.S.). The Company’s partner, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. (“SIIPL”), markets NVX-CoV2373 as “Covovax™.”

Beginning in 2022, the Company received approval, interim authorization, provisional approval, conditional marketing authorization, and emergency use authorization (“EUA”) from multiple regulatory authorities globally for its prototype vaccine for both adult and adolescent populations as a primary series and for both homologous and heterologous booster indications in select territories. In October 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“U.S. FDA”) amended the EUA for its prototype vaccine to include its updated vaccine. The amended EUA authorizes use of the Company’s updated vaccine in individuals 12 years and older. In October 2023, the European Commission (“EC”) granted approval for the Company’s updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 12 and older. The Company exclusively depends on its supply agreement with SIIPL and its subsidiary, Serum Life Sciences Limited (“SLS”), for co-formulation, filling and finishing (other than in Europe) and on its service agreement with PCI Pharma Services for finishing in Europe. The Company plans to rely on these arrangements to supply its updated vaccine during the 2023-2024 vaccination season and subsequently (see Note 4).

Novavax is advancing development of other vaccine candidates, including its influenza vaccine candidate, its COVID19-Influenza Combination (“CIC”) vaccine candidate and additional vaccine candidates. The Company’s COVID-19 Program and its other vaccine candidates incorporate the Company’s proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate higher levels of functional antibodies and induce a cellular immune response.

Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Accumulated other comprehensive loss included a foreign currency translation loss of $11.9 million and $6.4 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The aggregate foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to functional currency were a $12.2 million loss and a $3.9 million gain, and a $38.6 million loss and $59.6 million loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are reflected in Other income (expense).

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming, subject to the disclosures herein, that the Company will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, as of September 30, 2023, the Company had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment to the advance purchase agreement between the Company and the Canadian government (the “Canada APA”), the Company expects to receive the second installment of $174.8 million from the Canadian government that is contingent and payable upon the Company’s delivery of vaccine doses in the fourth quarter of 2023 (see Note 3). During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $366.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $537.2 million.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these unaudited consolidated financial statements are issued. While the Company’s current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that there will be sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to revenue for the next 12 months, the Company’s ability to execute on certain cost-cutting initiatives and a pending matter subject to arbitration proceedings. The Company’s revenue projections depend on its ability to successfully manufacture, distribute and market its updated vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory authorizations, the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, the Company’s ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine.

Failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements (“APAs”) may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments which would adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. For example, if the Company fails to deliver its updated vaccine doses to the Canadian government in the fourth quarter of 2023, the second installment payment of $174.8 million will be terminated and not be payable to the Company. In addition, the Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA if the Company fails to achieve regulatory approval for use of the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, Inc. (“BMC”) for COVID-19 Vaccine production on or before December 31, 2024. Also, if the Company does not timely achieve supportive recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (the “JCVI”) of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”) with respect to use of its COVID-19 Program for (a) the general adult population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or (b) the general adolescent population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or as a primary series SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, excluding where that recommendation relates only to one or more population groups comprising less than one million members in the United Kingdom, then the Company would be required to repay up to $112.5 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated October 22, 2020, between the Company and the Authority. On January 24, 2023, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (“Gavi”) filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration regarding an alleged material breach by the Company of the Company’s APA with Gavi (the “Gavi APA”). The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. The outcome of that arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible the Company could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining advance payments of $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023 (see Note 3 and Note 14).

Management believes that, given the significance of these uncertainties, substantial doubt exists regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued.

In May 2023, the Company announced a global restructuring and cost reduction plan (the “Restructuring Plan”), which includes a more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, a reduction to the Company’s global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure. The workforce reduction plan included an approximately 25% reduction in the Company’s global workforce, comprised of an approximately 20% reduction in full-time Novavax employees and the remainder comprised of contractors and consultants. The Company has decided to progress its CIC vaccine candidate toward late-stage development and, as such, is assessing the impact on its workforce requirements. The Company expects the full annual impact of the cost savings from the Restructuring Plan to be realized in 2024 and approximately half of the annual impact to be realized in 2023 due to timing of implementing the measures, and the applicable laws, regulations, and other factors in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a charge of $4.5 million related to one-time employee severance and benefit costs and recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure (see Note 15).

The Company’s ability to fund Company operations is dependent upon revenue related to vaccine sales for its products and product candidates, if such product candidates receive marketing approval and are successfully commercialized, and in particular the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine, the resolution of certain matters, including whether, when, and how the dispute with Gavi is resolved, and management’s plans, which includes cost reductions associated with the Restructuring Plan. Management’s plans may also include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financing, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales, and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require the Company to give up some or all of its rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. In addition, the regulatory and commercial success of the Company’s COVID-19 Program and the Company’s other vaccine candidates, including an influenza vaccine candidate, and a CIC vaccine candidate, remains uncertain. Also, the impact of the Company’s more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, reduction to its global workforce, and consolidation of its facilities and infrastructure remain uncertain. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, or further downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition Constraints

The Company constrains the transaction price for customer arrangements until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Specifically, if a customer arrangement includes a provision whereby the customer may request a discount, return, or refund for a previously satisfied performance obligation or otherwise could have the effect of decreasing the transaction price, revenue is constrained based on an estimate of the impact to the transaction price recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.

Restructuring

The Company recognizes restructuring charges when such costs are incurred. The Company’s restructuring charges consist of employee severance and other termination benefits related to the reduction of its workforce, the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure and other costs. Termination benefits are expensed on the date the Company notifies the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoing benefits are expensed when restructuring activities are probable and the benefit estimable.

See Note 15 for additional information on the severance and employee benefit costs for terminated employees and impairment of assets in connection with the Company’s Restructuring Plan.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), with amendments in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. The ASU sets forth a “current expected credit loss” model that requires companies to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 applies to financial instruments that are not measured at fair value, including receivables that result from revenue transactions. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, using a modified retrospective approach, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Note 3 – Revenue

The Company's accounts receivable included $71.1 million and $53.8 million related to amounts that were billed to customers and $52.6 million and $28.6 million related to amounts which had not yet been billed to customers as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, changes in the Company’s accounts receivables, allowance for doubtful accounts, and deferred revenue balances were as follows (in thousands):


	Balance, Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance, End of Period
Accounts receivable:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	96,210	$	981,305	$	(946,182)	$	131,333
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	454,993		1,519,345		(1,862,693)		111,645
Allowance for doubtful accounts(1):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	(13,835)	$	—	$	6,159	$	(7,676)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	—		—		—		—
Deferred revenue:(2)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	549,551	$	422,766	$	(171,288)	$	801,029
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	1,595,472		96,298		(251,576)		1,440,194

(1) There was no bad debt expense recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022. There was a $6.2 million reversal of a bad debt allowance during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to the collection of a previously recognized allowance for doubtful accounts. To estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts, the Company evaluates the credit risk related to its customers based on historical loss experience, economic conditions, the aging of receivables, and customer-specific risks.

(2) Deductions from Deferred revenue generally related to the recognition of revenue once performance obligations on a contract with a customer are met. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, deductions included a $112.5 million reclassification of refundable upfront payments previously included in Deferred revenue to Other current liabilities. There were no such reclassifications during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied), excluding amounts related to sales-based royalties, the Gavi APA, and the reduction in doses related to the Amended and Restated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated as of July 1, 2022 (as amended on September 26, 2022, the “Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement”) between the Company and the Authority, which amended and restated the Original UK Supply Agreement, was approximately $2 billion of which $801.0 million was included in Deferred revenue. Failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments, which could adversely impact the Company’s ability to realize revenue from its unsatisfied performance obligations. The timing to fulfill performance obligations related to grant agreements will depend on the results of the Company's research and development activities, including clinical trials. The timing to fulfill performance obligations related to APAs will depend on the timing of product manufacturing, receipt of marketing authorizations for additional indications, delivery of doses based on customer demand, and the ability of the customer to request the Company’s updated vaccine in place of the prototype vaccine under certain of the Company’s APAs.

Under the terms of the Gavi APA and a separate purchase agreement between Gavi and SIIPL, 1.1 billion doses of the prototype vaccine were to be made available to countries participating in the COVAX Facility. The Company expected to manufacture and distribute 350 million doses of the prototype vaccine to countries participating under the COVAX Facility. Under a separate purchase agreement with Gavi, SIIPL was expected to manufacture and deliver the balance of the 1.1 billion doses of the prototype vaccine for low- and middle-income countries participating in the COVAX Facility. The Company expected to deliver doses with antigen and adjuvant manufactured at facilities directly funded under the Company's funding agreement with Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”), with initial doses supplied by SIIPL and SLS under a supply agreement. The Company expected to supply significant doses that Gavi would allocate to low-, middle- and high-income countries, subject to certain limitations, utilizing a tiered pricing schedule and Gavi could prioritize such doses to low- and middle- income countries, at lower prices. Additionally, the Company could provide additional doses of prototype vaccine, to the extent available from CEPI-funded manufacturing facilities, in the event that SIIPL could not materially deliver expected vaccine doses to the COVAX Facility. Under the agreement, the Company received an upfront payment of $350.0 million from Gavi in 2021 and an additional payment of $350.0 million in 2022 related to the Company’s achieving an emergency use license for the Company’s prototype vaccine by the World Health Organization (“WHO”) (the “Advance Payment Amount”). The Company maintains that its termination of the Advance Payment Amount was valid and denies that Gavi is entitled to a refund.

On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA on the basis of Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of the Company’s prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contends that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it is entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. Arbitration is inherently uncertain, and while the Company believes that it is entitled to retain the remaining Advance Payment Amount received from Gavi, it is possible that it could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount from Gavi.

Product Sales

Product sales by the Company’s customer’s geographic location was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
North America	$	2,231	$	129,718	$	2,231	$	194,480
Europe	—		347,005		59,322		760,750
Rest of the world	—		149,368		218,384		311,944
Total product sales revenue	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	279,937	$	1,267,174

In May 2023, the Company extended a credit for certain doses delivered in 2022 that qualified for replacement under the contract with the Australian government. This credit is the result of a single lot sold to the Australian government that upon pre-planned 6-month stability testing was found to have fallen below the defined specifications and the lot therefore was removed from the market. The credit will be applied against the future sale of doses to the customer and, during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a reduction of $64.7 million in product sales, with a corresponding increase to Deferred revenue, non-current.

In April 2023, the Company amended the Canada APA to forfeit certain doses originally scheduled for delivery in 2022 for a payment of $100.4 million received in the second quarter of 2023. On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into an additional amendment (the “June 2023 Amendment”) to the Canada APA. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, the parties revised the Canadian government’s previous commitment by (i) forfeiting certain doses of COVID-19 Vaccine previously scheduled for delivery, (ii) reducing the amount of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine due for delivery, (iii) revising the delivery schedule for the remaining doses of COVID-19 Vaccine to be delivered, and (iv) requiring use of the Biologics Manufacturing Centre (“BMC”) Inc. to produce bulk antigen for doses in 2024 and 2025. In connection with the forfeiture of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine, the Canadian government agreed to pay a total amount of $349.6 million to the Company in two equal installments in 2023, which total amount equals the remaining balance owed by the Canadian government with respect to such forfeited vaccine doses. The first installment was payable upon execution of the June 2023 Amendment and the second installment is contingent and payable upon the Company’s delivery of vaccine doses in the second half of 2023. The first installment of $174.8 million was received from the Canadian government in July 2023. If the Company fails to deliver COVID-19 Vaccine doses to the Canadian government in the fourth quarter of 2023, the second installment payment of $174.8 million will be terminated and not be payable to the Company. The Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA, as amended, if the Company fails to achieve regulatory approval for use of BMC for COVID-19 Vaccine production on or before December 31, 2024. The June 2023 Amendment maintained the total contract value of the original Canada APA. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, the Company and the Canadian government will endeavor to expand the Company’s previously agreed in-country commitment to Canada and to further partner to provide health, economic, and future pandemic preparedness benefits to Canada, which value may be provided through a number of activities, including without limitation, capital investments, the performance of activities or services, or the provision of technology or intellectual property licenses. Further, the parties will endeavor to enter into a memorandum of understanding (the “MOU”) to illustrate the Company’s ability to deliver such benefits over a 15-year period with an aggregate value of not less than 100% of the amount remaining to be paid under the June 2023 Amendment and ultimately received by the Company. As of September 30, 2023, the Company is in the process of negotiating the MOU. The Company agreed to hold $20.0 million in escrow for the benefit of the Canadian government, which amount is the sole recourse available to the Canadian government in the event of non-performance under the MOU.

Grants

The Company’s U.S. government agreement consists of a Project Agreement (the “Project Agreement”) and a Base Agreement with Advanced Technology International, the Consortium Management Firm acting on behalf of the Medical CBRN Defense Consortium in connection with the partnership formerly known as Operation Warp Speed (the Base Agreement together with the Project Agreement the “USG Agreement”). In February 2023, in connection with the execution of Modification 17 to the Project Agreement (“Modification 17”), the U.S. government indicated to the Company that the award may not be extended past its current period of performance, which is December 31, 2023. Also, Modification 17 included provisions requiring that the payment of up to $60.0 million of consideration associated with manufacturing work now be contingent upon meeting certain milestones, including the delivery of up to 1.5 million doses of its prototype vaccine and

development and regulatory milestones related to commercial readiness, expansion of the EUA and development of multiple vial presentations. As of September 30, 2023, the Company now expects to be entitled to the full $1.8 billion-funding under the USG Agreement by December 31, 2023, and accordingly, the Company recognized a $43.8 million cumulative increase to grant revenue under the contract during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Royalties and Other

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $6.0 million revenue related to sales-based royalties, and $13.8 million and $17.0 million, respectively in revenue related to a Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company did not recognize revenue related to milestone payments.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized no revenue and $20.0 million, respectively, related to milestone payments, $1.3 million and $10.5 million, respectively, related to sales-based royalties, and $1.0 million and $13.4 million, respectively, related to a Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

Note 4 – Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

SIIPL

The Company previously granted SIIPL exclusive and non-exclusive licenses for the development, co-formulation, filling and finishing, registration, and commercialization of its prototype vaccine, its proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen candidate(s), its quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate, and its CIC vaccine candidate. SIIPL agreed to purchase the Company's Matrix-M™ adjuvant and the Company granted SIIPL a non-exclusive license to manufacture the antigen drug substance component of the Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine in SIIPL’s licensed territory solely for use in the manufacture of COVID-19 Vaccine. The Company and SIIPL equally split the revenue from SIIPL’s sale of COVID-19 Vaccine in its licensed territory, net of agreed costs. The Company also has a supply agreement with SIIPL and SLS under which SIIPL and SLS supply the Company with prototype vaccine, its proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen candidate(s), its quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate, and its CIC vaccine candidate for commercialization and sale in certain territories, as well as a contract development manufacture agreement with SLS, under which SLS manufactures and supplies finished vaccine product to the Company using antigen drug substance and Matrix-M™ adjuvant supplied by the Company. In March 2020, the Company entered into an agreement with SIIPL that granted SIIPL a non-exclusive license for the use of Matrix-M™ adjuvant supplied by the Company to develop, manufacture, and commercialize R21, a malaria candidate developed by the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford (“R21/Malaria”). Under the agreement, SIIPL purchases the Company's Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in development activities at cost and for commercial purposes at a tiered commercial supply price, and pays a royalty in the single-to low- double-digit range based on vaccine sales for a period of 15 years after the first commercial sale of the vaccine in each country.

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

The Company has a collaboration and license agreement with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) under which the Company granted Takeda an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize the Company’s COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan. Under the agreement, Takeda purchases Matrix-M™ adjuvant from the Company to manufacture doses of COVID-19 Vaccine, and the Company is entitled to receive milestone and sales-based royalty payments from Takeda based on the achievement of certain development and commercial milestones, as well as a portion of net profits from the sale of COVID-19 Vaccine. In September 2021, Takeda finalized an agreement with the Government of Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare ("MHLW") for the purchase of 150 million doses of its prototype vaccine. In February 2023, MHLW canceled the remainder of doses under its agreement with Takeda. As a result, it is uncertain whether the Company will receive future sales-based royalty payments from Takeda under the terms and conditions of their current collaboration and licensing agreement.

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

In May 2023, the Company entered into a 3-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

to provide the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in preclinical vaccine research.

SK bioscience, Co., Ltd

In February 2021, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (“CLA”) with SK bioscience, Co., Ltd. (“SK”) to manufacture and commercialize its prototype vaccine for sale to the government of South Korea. The CLA was amended in December 2021 and July 2022 to include the sale of its prototype vaccine to Thailand and Vietnam and to supply the Company with the antigen component of prototype vaccine for use in the final drug product globally, including product to be distributed by the COVAX Facility. Under the CLA, as amended, SK agreed to pay the Company a royalty on the sale of its prototype vaccine in the low to middle double-digit range. The CLA was in addition to the Company's existing manufacturing arrangement with SK under a Development and Supply Agreement (“DSA”) entered into in August 2020. In July 2022, the Company signed an additional agreement with SK for the technology transfer of the Company’s proprietary COVID-19 variant antigen materials so that SK can manufacture the drug substance targeting COVID-19 variants, including the Omicron subvariants. The companies also signed an agreement to manufacture and supply its prototype vaccine in a prefilled syringe.

In June 2023, the Company entered into a material transfer agreement with SK for the use by SK of the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant in preclinical vaccine experiments for shingles, influenza, and pan-COVID-19.

In August 2023, the Company and SK entered into a Settlement Agreement and General Release (the “Settlement Agreement”) regarding mutual release by the parties of all claims arising from or in relation to statements of work (“SOWs”) canceled by the Company under the DSA and the CLA (collectively the “Business Agreements”), and other SOWs under the Business Agreements (collectively, the “Subject SOWs”), in each case, in connection with the cessation of all drug substance and drug product manufacturing activity at SK for supply to the Company. Subject SOWs canceled by the Company under the Settlement Agreement included (i) Statement of Work No. 1 dated as of December 23, 2021 as amended to date under the CLA; (ii) Statement of Work No. 5 dated as of July 18, 2022 under the DSA; and (iii) Statement of Work No. 6 dated as of July 18, 2022, and as amended as of December 28, 2022 under the DSA.

Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Company is responsible for payment of $149.8 million to SK in connection with the cancellation of manufacturing activity for the SOWs under the Business Agreements, of which (i) $130.4 million was paid in August 2023 and (ii) the remaining balance is to be paid on or before November 15, 2023. Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company and SK agreed to a wind down plan with respect to the remaining products, materials and equipment under the SOWs.

Under the Settlement Agreement, the Company and SK agreed to remove certain restrictions under the CLA that have been triggered by the launch of SK’s competing vaccine SKYCovione™ in the Republic of Korea. In addition, the Company agreed to extend the term of an exclusive license to SK under the CLA for the exploitation of antigen and vaccine products utilizing Company’s proprietary coronavirus vaccine antigens and Matrix-M adjuvant in certain territories. The Company recorded $4.0 million to Deferred revenue related to the extended licenses granted to SK under the Settlement Agreement.

In August 2023, the Company also entered into a Securities Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with SK, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell and issue to SK, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”), 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Shares”) at a price of $13.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $84.5 million. The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023. The fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of closing, based on the quoted market price, was $46.5 million, which results in a premium paid by SK of approximately $38.0 million.

The Settlement Agreement and the Subscription Agreement were negotiated concurrently between the parties, and therefore were combined for accounting purposes and analyzed as a single arrangement. As a result, the Company recorded the $46.5 million fair value of common stock issued to SK, based on the quoted market price on the date of close, as an equity transaction. The remaining elements of the arrangement were deemed to relate to the settlement of the Company’s outstanding liabilities due to SK. These elements consist primarily of the cash payable to SK of $149.8 million, offset by the premium paid on the common stock purchase by SK of $38.0 million, which resulted in a net gain upon derecognition of the liabilities due to SK of $79.2 million in connection with the settlement. As a result, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded this net gain of $79.2 million between research and development expense, for $57.7 million, and cost of sales, for $21.5 million, proportionally based on the where the underlying costs were originally recorded.

Other Supply Agreements

Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the CSA, of which (i) $47.8 million, constituting the initial reservation fee under the CSA, was credited against the Settlement Payment on September 30, 2022 and (ii) the remaining balance is to be paid in four equal quarterly installments of $34.3 million each, which began on March 31, 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining payment of $68.6 million was reflected in Accrued expenses. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the final two quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the final two settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach. On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (“JAMS”) seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment.

The Company continues to assess its manufacturing needs and intends to modify its global manufacturing footprint consistent with its contractual obligations to supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Program, and in doing so, recognizes that significant costs may be incurred.

Note 5 – Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported in the consolidated balance sheets that sums to the total of such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	651,104	$	1,336,883
Restricted cash, current	10,393		10,303
Restricted cash, non-current(1)	4,866		1,659
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	666,363	$	1,348,845

(1)Classified as Other non-current assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Note 6 – Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities (in thousands):


	Fair Value at September 30, 2023						Fair Value at December 31, 2022
Assets	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market funds(1)	$	196,679	$	—	$	—	$	398,834	$	—	$	—
Government-backed securities(1)	—		200,000		—		—		296,000		—
Treasury securities(1)	—		36,913		—		—		—		—
Corporate debt securities(1)	—		23,028		—		—		—		—
Agency securities(1)	—		—		—		—		104,536		—
Total cash equivalents	$	196,679	$	259,941	$	—	$	398,834	$	400,536	$	—
Liabilities
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	172,789	$	—
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	—		—		—		—		322,111		—
Total convertible notes payable	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	494,900	$	—

(1)All investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fixed-income investments categorized as Level 2 are valued at the custodian bank by a third-party pricing vendor’s valuation models that use verifiable observable market data, such as interest rates and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals and credit spreads, bids provided by brokers or dealers, or quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Pricing of the Company’s convertible notes has been estimated using observable inputs, including the price of the Company’s common stock, implied volatility, interest rates, and credit spreads.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any transfers between levels.

The amount in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

Note 7 – Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	10,385	$	13,912
Semi-finished goods	10,405		21,410
Finished goods	48,802		1,361
Total inventory	$	69,592	$	36,683

Inventory write-downs as a result of excess, obsolescence, expiry, or other reasons, and losses on firm purchase commitments, offset by recoveries of such commitments, are recorded as a component of cost of sales in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, inventory write-downs were $18.1 million and $49.6 million, respectively and losses on firm purchase commitments were $63.5 million and $71.9 million, respectively. In addition, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 the Company recorded recoveries on firm purchase commitments of $21.5 million and $40.3 million, respectively, related primarily to negotiated reductions to previously recognized firm purchase commitments. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, inventory write-downs were $202.4 million and $358.1 million, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, losses on firm purchase commitments were $46.6 million and $146.2 million, respectively.

Note 8 – Goodwill

The Company has one reporting unit, which has a negative equity balance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31,

2022. The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	126,331
Currency translation adjustments	(2,551)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	123,780

Note 9 – Leases

The Company has embedded leases related to supply agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and contract manufacturing and development organizations to manufacture its COVID-19 Vaccine, as well as leases for its research and development and manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters and offices, and certain equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company continued to align its global manufacturing footprint as a result of its ongoing assessment of manufacturing needs consistent with its contractual obligations related to the supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Program.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $39.5 million and $48.0 million, respectively, related to the reversal of previously recognized embedded lease expense on the settlement of CMO contracts. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $46.6 million and expense of $37.3 million respectively, related to its embedded leases and expensed $24.2 million and $44.0 million respectively, for the write off of right of use (“ROU”) assets that represented assets acquired for research and development activities that did not have an alternative future use at the commencement or modification of the lease ROU written off. There were no ROU assets written off during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, related to embedded leases.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.5 million and $1.4 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $0.9 million and $4.3 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $5.9 million related to ROU facility leases used for research and development, manufacturing and offices space that are impacted by the Restructuring Plan (see Note 15).

The Company has a lease agreement for approximately 170,000 square feet of space at 700 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland, which the Company uses for manufacturing, research and development, and corporate offices. The term of the lease expires in 2035 with options to extend the lease. The lease provides for an annual base rent of $5.8 million that is subject to future rent increases and obligates the Company to pay building operating costs. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company obtained the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, certain floors located at the premises and recognized a ROU asset and related lease obligation of $96.5 million as the lease commencement dates for accounting purposes had occurred. The lease obligation was reduced by $73.4 million for prepaid rent and prior costs incurred on behalf of the landlord.

Note 10 – Long-Term Debt

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Current portion:
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	$	—	$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	—		(119)
Total current convertible notes payable	$	—	$	324,881
Non-current portion:
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	175,250	$	175,250

Unamortized debt issuance costs	(7,629)		(8,784)
Total non-current convertible notes payable	$	167,621	$	166,466

In February 2023, the Company repaid the outstanding principal amount of $325.0 million on its 3.75% Convertible notes due in 2023, together with accrued but unpaid interest on the maturity date. The repayment was funded by the issuance of the 5.00% Convertible notes due 2027 and the concurrent common stock offering in December 2022, as well as cash on hand. The effective interest rate of the 2027 Convertible notes is 6.2%.

The interest expense incurred in connection with the convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Coupon interest	$	2,191	$	3,047	$	7,588	$	9,141
Amortization of debt issuance costs	395		356		1,295		1,068
Total interest expense on convertible notes payable	$	2,586	$	3,403	$	8,883	$	10,209

Note 11 – Stockholders' Deficit

In August 2023, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the "August 2023 Sales Agreement"), which allows it to issue and sell up to $500 million in gross proceeds of shares of its common stock, and terminated its then-existing At Market Issuance Sales agreement entered in June 2021 (the “June 2021 Sales Agreement”). During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 17.8 million shares of its common stock under its August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $143 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 25.7 million shares of its common stock under its June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $211 million. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining balance available under the August 2023 Sales Agreement was approximately $354 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 2.2 million shares of its common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $179 million, under its June 2021 Sales Agreement. There was no sale of shares of common stock recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

In August 2023, pursuant to the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK, the Company agreed to sell and issue to SK 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share at a price of $13.00 per share (the “Shares”) in a Private Placement for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $84.5 million. The Company recognized the Shares at the settlement date fair value of $46.5 million (see Note 4 for additional discussion of the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK). The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023.

Note 12 – Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Plans

In January 2023, the Company established the 2023 Inducement Plan (the “2023 Inducement Plan”), which provides for the granting of share-based awards to individuals who were not previously employees, or following a bona fide period of non-employment, as an inducement material to such individuals entering into employment with the Company. The Company reserved 1.0 million shares of common stock for grants under the 2023 Inducement Plan. As of September 30, 2023, there were 0.2 million shares available for issuance under the 2023 Inducement Plan.

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2015 Plan”), was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2015. Under the 2015 Plan, equity awards may be granted to officers, directors, employees, and consultants of and advisors to the Company and any present or future subsidiary. The 2015 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 21.0 million shares of common stock under equity awards granted under the 2015 Plan, which includes an increase of 6.2 million shares approved for issuance under the 2015 Plan at the Company's 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. All such shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan have been reserved. The 2015 Plan will expire on March 4, 2025. As of September 30, 2023, there were 7.1 million shares available for issuance under the 2015 Plan.

The Amended and Restated 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) expired in February 2015 and no new awards may be made under such plan, although awards will continue to be outstanding in accordance with their terms.

The 2023 Inducement Plan and the 2015 Plan permit, and the 2005 Plan permitted, the grant of stock options (including incentive stock options), restricted stock, stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), and restricted stock units (“RSUs”). In addition, under the 2023 Inducement Plan and the 2015 Plan, unrestricted stock, stock units, and performance awards may be granted. Stock options and SARs generally have a maximum term of ten years and may be or were granted with an exercise price that is no less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the time of grant. Grants of share-based awards are generally subject to vesting over periods ranging from one to four years.

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	767	$	51	$	2,283	$	51
Research and development	10,022		16,107		33,826		52,692
Selling, general, and administrative	9,971		15,389		33,590		49,782
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	20,760	$	31,547	$	69,699	$	102,525

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, total stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory was $0.5 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, total stock-based compensation capitalized in inventory was $1.7 million.

As of September 30, 2023, there was approximately $102 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options, SARs, RSUs, and the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as amended (“ESPP”). This unrecognized non-cash compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately one year. This estimate does not include the impact of other possible stock-based awards that may be made during future periods.

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total intrinsic value (the difference between the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options and SARs) that would have been received by the holders had all stock option and SAR holders exercised their stock options and SARs on September 30, 2023. This amount is subject to change based on changes to the closing price of the Company's common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options and SARs exercises and vesting of RSUs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was approximately $3 million and $19 million, respectively.

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and SARs activity under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan, and 2005 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan			2005 Plan
	Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	4,053,290	$	46.07	63,725	$	112.94
Granted	422,800	10.67		861,602	7.29		—	—
Exercised	—	—		(5,374)	6.71		—	—
Canceled	—	—		(103,504)	56.45		(5,450)	39.70
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	422,800	$	10.67	4,806,014	$	38.94	58,275	$	119.79
Shares exercisable at September 30, 2023	—	$	—	3,437,364	$	40.58	58,275	$	119.79

The fair value of stock options granted under the 2023 Inducement Plan and the 2015 Plan was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted	$7.84	$37.66	$7.27	$60.24
Risk-free interest rate	4.3%-4.4%	3.0%-3.6%	3.5%-4.4%	1.4%-3.6%
Dividend yield	—%	—%	—%	—%
Volatility	128.7%-130.3%	122.2%-136.4%	120.4%-140.3%	120.5%-136.7%
Expected term (in years)	3.9-5.1	4.0-5.3	3.9-6.3	4.0-6.3

The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and SARs outstanding under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $1.4 million and 7.1 years, respectively. The total aggregate intrinsic value and weighted-average remaining contractual term of stock options and SARs exercisable under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan and 2005 Plan as of September 30, 2023 was approximately $1.1 million and 6.1 years, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan
	Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value		Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	2,034,574	$	61.65
Granted	363,990	10.66		2,888,793	7.25
Vested	—	—		(403,672)	87.17
Forfeited	—	—		(780,810)	27.77
Outstanding and unvested at September 30, 2023	363,990	$	10.66	3,738,885	$	23.95

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The ESPP was approved at the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders in June 2013. The ESPP currently authorized an aggregate of 1.2 million shares of common stock to be purchased, and the aggregate amount of shares will continue to increase 5% on each anniversary of its adoption up to a maximum of 1.65 million shares. The ESPP allows employees to purchase shares of common stock of the Company at each purchase date through payroll deductions of up to a maximum of 15% of their compensation, at 85% of the lesser of the market price of the shares at the time of purchase or the market price on the beginning date of an option period (or, if later, the date during the option period when the employee was first eligible to participate). As of September 30, 2023, there were 0.5 million shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

Note 13 – Income Taxes

The Company evaluates the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended September 30, 2023 and that the Company has historically generated pretax losses. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, as of September 30, 2023, the Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets, except to the extent Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) have been used to reduce taxable income. The Company’s remaining U.S. Federal NOLs are subject to limitation in accordance with the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which limits allowable NOL deductions to 80% of federal taxable income.

Effective January 1, 2022, a provision of the TCJA has taken effect creating a significant change to the treatment of research and experimental expenditures under Section 174 of the IRC (“Sec. 174 expenses”). Historically, businesses have had the option of deducting Sec. 174 expenses in the year incurred or capitalizing and amortizing the costs over five years. The new TCJA provision, however, eliminates this option and will require Sec. 174 expenses associated with research conducted in the U.S. to be capitalized and amortized over a five-year period. For expenses associated with research outside of the U.S., Sec. 174 expenses will be capitalized and amortized over a 15-year period.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.7 million of federal, state, and foreign income tax benefit. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $2.4 million of federal, state, and foreign income tax expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $0.3 million and $4.3 million, respectively. The Company recognized income tax expense related to foreign withholding tax on royalties of $0.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any foreign withholding tax expense on royalties for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Note 14 – Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

Stockholder Litigation

On November 12, 2021, Sothinathan Sinnathurai filed a purported securities class action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland (the “Maryland Court”) against the Company and certain members of senior management, captioned Sothinathan Sinnathurai v. Novavax, Inc., et al., No. 8:21-cv-02910-TDC (the “Sinnathurai Action”). On January 26, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order designating David Truong, Nuggehalli Balmukund Nandkumar, and Jeffrey Gabbert as co-lead plaintiffs in the Sinnathurai Action. The co-lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on March 11, 2022, alleging that the defendants made certain purportedly false and misleading statements concerning the Company’s ability to manufacture prototype vaccine on a commercial scale and to secure the prototype vaccine’s regulatory approval. The amended complaint defines the purported class as those stockholders who purchased the Company’s securities between February 24, 2021 and October 19, 2021. On April 25, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. On December 12, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a ruling granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Maryland Court dismissed all claims against two individual defendants and claims based on certain public statements challenged in the consolidated amended complaint. The Maryland Court denied the motion to dismiss as to the remaining claims and defendants, and directed the Company and other remaining defendants to answer within fourteen days. On December 27, 2022, the Company filed its answer and affirmative defenses. On March 16, 2023, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification and to appoint class representatives and counsel. The Company filed its opposition to the plaintiffs’ motion on September 22, 2023.

After the Sinnathurai Action was filed, eight derivative lawsuits were filed: (i) Robert E. Meyer v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-02996-TDC (the “Meyer Action”), (ii) Shui Shing Yung v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-03248-TDC (the “Yung Action”), (iii) William Kirst, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-21-000618 (the “Kirst Action”), (iv) Amy Snyder v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:22-cv-01415-TDC (the “Snyder Action”), (v) Charles R. Blackburn, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 1:22-cv-01417-TDC (the “Blackburn Action”), (vi) Diego J. Mesa v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-0770-NAC (the “Mesa Action”), (vii) Sean Acosta v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-1133-NAC (the “Acosta Action”), and (viii) Jared Needelman v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-23-001550 (the “Needelman Action”). The Meyer, Yung, Snyder, and Blackburn Actions were filed in the Maryland Court. The Kirst Action was filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland, and shortly thereafter removed to the Maryland Court by the defendants. The Needleman Action was also filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland. The Mesa and Acosta Actions were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Court”). The derivative lawsuits name members of the Company’s board of directors and certain members of senior management as defendants. The Company is deemed a nominal defendant. The plaintiffs assert derivative claims arising out of substantially the same alleged facts and circumstances as the Sinnathurai Action. Collectively, the derivative complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, insider selling, unjust enrichment, violation of federal securities law, abuse of control, waste, and mismanagement. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as an award of monetary damages and attorneys’ fees.

On February 7, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order consolidating the Meyer and Yung Actions (the “First Consolidated Derivative Action”). The plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action filed their consolidated derivative complaint on April 25, 2022. On May 10, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines pending the earlier of dismissal or the filing of an answer in the Sinnathurai Action. On June 10, 2022, the Snyder and Blackburn Actions were filed. On October 5, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting a request by the plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action and the Snyder and Blackburn Actions to consolidate all three actions and appoint co-lead plaintiffs and co-lead and liaison counsel (the “Second Consolidated Derivative Action”). The co-lead plaintiffs in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action filed a consolidated amended complaint on November 21, 2022. On February 10, 2023, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The plaintiffs filed their opposition to the motion to dismiss on April 11, 2023. Defendants filed their reply brief in further support of their motion to dismiss on May 11, 2023. On August 21, 2023, the court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the motion to dismiss. On September 5, 2023, the Company filed an Answer to the consolidated amended complaint. On September 6, 2023, the court entered an order granting the individual defendants an extension of time to file their answer until November 6, 2023. On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company formed a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) with full and exclusive power and authority of the Board to, among other things, investigate, review, and analyze the facts and circumstances surrounding the claims asserted in the pending derivative actions, including the claims that remain following the court’s order on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On November 7, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Second Consolidated Derivative Action for up to six months from the date of entry of the order. This includes staying the deadline for the individual defendants to respond to the consolidated amended complaint.

On July 21, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a memorandum opinion and order remanding the Kirst Action to state court. On December 6, 2022, the parties to the Kirst Action filed a stipulated schedule pursuant to which the plaintiffs were expected to file an amended complaint on December 22, 2022, and either (i) the parties would file a stipulated stay of the Kirst Action or (ii) the defendants would file a motion to stay the case by January 23, 2023. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on December 30, 2022. On January 23, 2023, defendants filed a motion to stay the Kirst action. On February 22, 2023, the parties in the Kirst Action filed for the Court’s approval of a stipulation staying the Kirst Action pending the resolution of defendants’ motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On March 22, 2023, the Court entered an order staying the Kirst Action pending resolution of the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The parties continue to discuss next steps in the litigation following the Maryland Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action.

On August 30, 2022, the Mesa Action was filed. On October 3, 2022, the Delaware Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines in the Mesa Action pending the earlier of dismissal of the Sinnathurai Action or the filing of an answer to the operative complaint in the Sinnathurai Action. On January 9, 2023, following the ruling on the motion to dismiss the Sinnathurai Action, the Delaware Court entered an order granting the Mesa Action parties’ request to set a briefing schedule in connection with a motion to stay by defendants. On February 28, 2023, the court granted the defendants’ motion and stayed the Mesa Action pending the entry of a final, non-appealable judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On August 31, 2023, the Mesa plaintiffs filed a motion to lift the stay in the Mesa Action. On October 6, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to plaintiff’s motion to lift the stay. On October 17, 2023, the Mesa plaintiff filed his reply in further support of his motion to lift the stay.

On December 7, 2022, the Acosta Action was filed. On February 6, 2023, defendants accepted service of the complaint and summons in the Acosta Action. On March 9, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Acosta Action pending the entry of a final, non-appealable judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On October 13, 2023, the parties filed, and the Delaware Court entered, a stipulated order providing that (i) if the Delaware Court declines to lift the stay in the Mesa Action, the Acosta Action will also remain stayed, and (ii) if the Delaware Court lifts the stay in the Mesa Action, the stay in the Acosta Action will also be lifted.

On April 17, 2023, the Needelman Action was filed. On July 12, 2023, the parties filed a stipulation and proposed order to stay the Needelman Action pending the Maryland Court’s decision on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The court entered that order on July 17, 2023. The parties continue to discuss next steps in the litigation following the Maryland Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The financial impact of this claim, as well as the claims discussed above, is not estimable.

On October 6, 2023, the Company’s board of directors voted unanimously to form a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) vested with full power and authority with respect to, among other things, claims in the derivative lawsuits related to certain sales of Company stock by certain Company officers, directors, or employees. The SLC has retained its own independent counsel.

On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contends that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it is entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. On August 24, 2023, Gavi filed a Statement of Claim, and on September 21, 2023, the Company filed a Statement of Defense and Counterclaim. The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. Arbitration is inherently uncertain, and while the Company believes that it is entitled to retain the remaining Advance Payment Amount received from Gavi, it is possible that it could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount from Gavi.

On September 30, 2022, the Company and Fujifilm entered into the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement regarding amounts due to Fujifilm in connection with the termination of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the CSA dated August 20, 2021 and the MSA by and between the Company and Fujifilm. The MSA and CSA established the general terms and conditions applicable to Fujifilm’s manufacturing and supply activities related to the Company’s prototype vaccine under the associated statements of work. Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the final two quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the final two settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach (see Note 4). On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with JAMS seeking payment of the withheld installment payment.

The Company is also involved in various other legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these other legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, the Company does not expect the resolution of these other legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Note 15 – Restructuring

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the restructuring charge recorded by the Company comprised (in thousands):


	Amount
Severance and employee benefit costs	$	4,503


Impairment of assets	10,081


Total Restructuring charge (1)	$	14,584

(1) Restructuring charges of $0.5 million, $2.3 million and $11.5 million are included in Cost of sales, Research and development and Selling, general, and administrative expenses, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. All impairment charges were taken in the three months ended June 30, 2023. These charges reflect substantially all expected restructuring charges under the Restructuring Plan.

Severance and employee benefit costs

Employees affected by the reduction in force under the Restructuring Plan are entitled to receive severance payments and certain termination benefits. The Company recorded a severance and termination benefit cost in full for employees who were notified of their termination in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and had no requirements for future service. The Company paid a total of $4.3 million for the severance and employee benefit costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the remaining liability of $0.2 million is included in Accrued expenses in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023.

Impairment of assets

In connection with the Restructuring Plan, the Company evaluated its long-lived assets for impairment including certain leased laboratory and office spaces located in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The Company performed an impairment evaluation for the applicable long-lived assets which is subject to judgment and actual results may vary from the estimates, resulting in potential future adjustments to amounts recorded. During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the impairment of long-lived assets, including $5.9 million related to ROU assets for facility leases.

Note 16 – Subsequent Events

On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of issues identified in the notice of breach (see Note 4). On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with JAMS seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment.

On October 2, 2023, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced its recommendation of the R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine to prevent malaria in children following advice from its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts and Malaria Policy Advisory Group. The vaccine contains R21 antigen developed by University of Oxford, specific to the malaria parasite, and Novavax’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant. This recommendation is a required step on the pathway to the WHO’s prequalification (“PQ”) of the vaccine. PQ designation is necessary for United Nations agencies and partners, for example UNICEF and Gavi, to procure the vaccine for eligible countries. This is the first recommendation from WHO to support the use of a vaccine containing the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant in children as young as five months of age and it is based on the results from the Phase 3 clinical trial. The R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine is being developed and manufactured by SIIPL.

On October 3, 2023, the Company announced that the updated vaccine has received EUA from the U.S. FDA for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. Immediately upon authorization, the Company’s updated vaccine has also been included in the recommendations issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on September 12, 2023.

On October 18, 2023, the Company announced that the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom has granted full marketing authorization for its prototype vaccine for individuals aged 12 and older for active immunization to help prevent COVID-19.

On October 18, 2023, the Company announced that Singapore's Health Sciences Authority has granted full approval for Novavax's prototype vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. The Singapore Ministry of Health has included Novavax’s prototype vaccine in the National Vaccination Programme as a protein-based non-mRNA option for COVID-19 prevention.

On October 31, 2023, the Company announced that the EC has granted approval for the updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 12 and older. This decision follows positive opinion for approval from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Any statements in the discussion below and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) about expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions, or future events or performance of Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company,” “we,” or “us”) are not historical facts and are forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements about our capabilities, goals, expectations regarding future revenue and expense levels, and capital raising activities; our operating plans and prospects, including our ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date of our unaudited financial statements for the period ended September 30, 2023 are issued; our global restructuring and cost reduction plan (“Restructuring Plan”), which includes a more focused investment in our COVID-19 program (which currently includes Nuvaxovid prototype COVID-19 vaccine ("NVX-CoV2373” or “prototype vaccine”) and Nuvaxovid updated COVID-19 vaccine (“NVX-CoV2601” or “updated vaccine”) collectively referred to as our (“COVID-19 Program,” or COVID-19 Vaccine”)), reduction to our pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of our manufacturing network, a reduction to our global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure; our new cost reduction plan focused on further reductions to spend on Research & development expenses, Selling, general, & administrative expenses and supply network costs; the amount and timing of the charges and cash expenditures resulting from the size and timing of our workforce reduction; the impact of our decision to progress our COVID-19-Influenza Combination (“CIC”) vaccine candidate toward late-stage development on our workforce requirements; potential market sizes and demand for our product candidates; the efficacy, safety, and intended utilization of our product candidates; the development of our clinical-stage product candidates and our recombinant vaccine and adjuvant technologies, including NVX-CoV2601; the conduct, timing, and potential results from clinical trials; plans for and potential timing of regulatory filings, including our submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“U.S. FDA”) for the Biologics License Application (“BLA”) for the full approval of the Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted; our expectation of manufacturing capacity, timing, production, distribution, and delivery for NVX-CoV2601 by us and our partners; our expectations with respect to the anticipated ongoing development and commercialization or licensure of our COVID-19 Program, ongoing development of our influenza vaccine candidate, CIC vaccine candidate, high-dose COVID-19 vaccine candidate, and COVID-19 variant strain-containing monovalent formulation, including the Phase 2b/3 Hummingbird™ trial, and the timing of anticipated results from and our efforts for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, efforts to expand the COVID-19 Program label worldwide as a booster, and to various age groups and geographic locations; the expected timing, content, and outcomes of regulatory actions; funding from the U.S. government partnership formerly known as Operation Warp Speed under the USG Agreement (as defined below); funding under our advance purchase agreements (“APAs”) and supply agreements and amendments to, termination of, or legal disputes relating to any such agreement; our available cash resources and usage and the availability of financing generally; plans regarding partnering activities and business development initiatives; and other matters referenced herein. Generally, forward-looking statements can be identified through the use of words or phrases such as “believe,” “may,” “could,” “will,” “would,” “possible,” “can,” “estimate,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “consider,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan,” “project,” “expect,” “should,” “would,” “aim,” or “assume,” the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words.

Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs and expectations about the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy, and other future conditions. Forward-looking statements involve estimates, assumptions, risks, and uncertainties that could cause actual results or outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements, and, therefore, you should not place considerable reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, our ability to successfully manufacture, distribute, or market NVX-CoV2601 for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, our ability to timely deliver doses; challenges in obtaining commercial adoption and market acceptance of NVX-CoV2601, NVX-CoV2373 or any COVID-19 variant strain containing formulation; challenges satisfying, alone or together with partners, various safety, efficacy, and product characterization requirements, including those related to process qualification, assay validation, and stability testing, necessary to satisfy applicable regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. FDA, the World Health Organization (“WHO”), United Kingdom (“UK”) Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”), the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”), the Republic of Korea’s Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, or Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; challenges or delays in conducting clinical trials; or obtaining regulatory authorization for our product candidates, including for NVX-CoV2601 in time for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, or for future COVID variant strain changes manufacturing distribution or export delays or challenges; our exclusive dependence on Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. (“SIIPL”), that markets our prototype vaccine as (“Covovax™”), and Serum Life Sciences Limited (“SLS”) for co-formulation, filling and finishing (other than in Europe), and PCI Pharma Services for finishing our COVID-19 Vaccine in Europe and the impact of any delays or disruptions in these suppliers’ operations on the delivery of customer orders; difficulty obtaining scarce raw materials and supplies; resource constraints, including human capital and manufacturing capacity, constraints on the ability of Novavax to pursue planned regulatory pathways, alone or with partners, in multiple jurisdictions simultaneously, leading to staggered regulatory filings, and potential regulatory actions; the loss of future funding from the U.S. government; the potential for an unfavorable outcome

in disputes, including the pending arbitration with Gavi; challenges meeting contractual requirements under agreements with multiple commercial, governmental, and other entities including requirements to deliver doses that may require us to refund portions of upfront and other payments previously received or result in reduced future payments pursuant to such agreements; challenges related to the seasonality of vaccinations against COVID-19; challenges in implementing our global restructuring and cost reduction plan; and other risks and uncertainties identified in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 and in Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which may be detailed and modified or updated in other documents filed with the SEC from time to time, and are available at www.sec.gov and at www.novavax.com. You are encouraged to read these filings as they are made.

We cannot guarantee future results, events, level of activity, performance, or achievement. Any or all of our forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report may turn out to be inaccurate or materially different from actual results. Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date when it is made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, unless required by law. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which factors will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Information in this Quarterly Report includes a financial measure that was not prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which we refer to as adjusted cost of sales. We are presenting this non-GAAP financial measure to assist an understanding of our business and its performance. Adjusted cost of sales includes an estimate of standard manufacturing costs that were previously expensed to research and development prior to regulatory approvals for our COVID-19 Program that would otherwise have been capitalized to inventory. Any non-GAAP financial measures presented are not, and should not be viewed as, substitutes for financial measures required by GAAP, have no standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP, and may not be comparable to the calculation of similar measures of other companies.

Overview

We are a biotechnology company that promotes improved health through the discovery, development, and commercialization of innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. Our proprietary recombinant technology platform harnesses the power and speed of genetic engineering to efficiently produce highly immunogenic nanoparticle vaccines designed to address global health needs.

Our vaccine candidates are nanostructures of conformationally correct recombinant proteins that mimic those found on pathogens. This technology enables the immune system to recognize target proteins and develop protective immune responses. We believe that our vaccine technology may lead to the induction of a differentiated immune response that may be more efficacious than naturally occurring immunity or some other vaccine approaches. Our vaccine candidates also incorporate our proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response, stimulate higher levels of functional antibodies, and induce a cellular immune response.

We have developed an updated COVID-19 vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season. In October 2023, the U.S. FDA granted emergency use authorization (“EUA”) for our updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19. The updated vaccine is authorized as (1) a single dose in individuals 12 years and older who have been vaccinated with any COVID-19 vaccine at least 2 months after receipt of the last previous dose of COVID-19 vaccine, and (2) a series of 2 doses administered 3 weeks apart to individuals 12 years and older who were not previously vaccinated with any COVID-19 vaccine. Our updated vaccine is available within the U.S. at many major pharmacy retailers. Outside the U.S., in October 2023, we were granted approval by the European Commission (“EC”) for our updated vaccine. We are committed to meeting the full supply of our key target markets through their advanced purchase agreements (“APAs”). We continue to work closely with regulatory authorities for authorization of our updated vaccine globally. We previously developed a prototype COVID-19 vaccine, which has received full marketing authorization (“MA”), marketing approval, interim authorization, provisional approval, conditional marketing authorization (“CMA”), from multiple regulatory authorities in over 40 countries globally. We continue to seek full regulatory authorizations for our prototype vaccine, which we believe will facilitate authorization for our updated strains in the future.

Additionally, we are also developing a stand-alone influenza vaccine candidate, high-dose COVID-19 vaccine candidate, and a CIC vaccine candidate. In addition to COVID-19 and seasonal influenza, our other areas of focus include providing Matrix-M™ adjuvant for collaborations, including in R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine, which recently

received authorization in several countries, as well as other preclinical vaccine research with our Matrix-M™ adjuvant, including a partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute.

We intend to focus the organization to align our investments and activities with our top priority of delivering our updated vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season. To maximize our opportunities and mitigate the significant risks and uncertainties of the COVID-19 market, we have progressed our cost restructuring measures to reduce spend, extend our cash runway, and operate efficiently to seek to best position the Company to deliver longer-term growth. We discuss these cost restructuring strategies in greater detail in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report.

Technology Overview

We believe our recombinant nanoparticle vaccine technology, together with our proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant, is well suited for the development and commercialization of vaccine candidates targeting a broad scope of respiratory and other endemic and emerging infectious diseases.

Recombinant Nanoparticle Vaccine Technology

Once a target of interest has been identified, the genetic sequence encoding an antigen is selected for developing the vaccine construct. The genetic sequence may be optimized to enhance protein stability or confer resistance to degradation. This genetic construct is inserted into the baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda (“Sf-/BV”) insect cell-expression system, which enables efficient, large-scale expression of the optimized protein. The Sf-/BV system produces protein-based antigens that are properly folded and modified—which can be critical for functional, protective immunity. Protein antigens are purified and organized around a polysorbate-based nanoparticle core in a configuration that resembles their native presentation. This results in a highly immunogenic nanoparticle that is ready to be formulated with Matrix-M™ adjuvant.

Matrix-M™ Adjuvant

Our proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant is a key differentiator within our platform. This adjuvant has enabled potent, well tolerated, and durable efficacy by stimulating the entry of antigen presenting cells (“APCs”) into the injection site and enhancing antigen presentation in local lymph nodes. This in turn activates APCs, T-cell and B-cell populations, and plasma cells, which promote the production of high affinity antibodies, an immune boosting response. This potent mechanism of action enables a lower dose of antigen to achieve the desired immune response, thereby contributing to increased vaccine supply and manufacturing capacity. These immune-boosting and dose-sparing capabilities contribute to the adjuvant’s highly unique profile.

We continue to evaluate commercial opportunities for the use of our Matrix-M™ adjuvant alongside vaccine antigens produced by other manufacturers. Matrix-M™ adjuvant is being evaluated in combination with several partner-led malaria vaccine candidates, including for R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant, a malaria vaccine candidate created by the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford. The R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant vaccine has been licensed to SIIPL for commercialization. Additionally, in May 2023, we entered into a 3-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute to provide our Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in preclinical vaccine research. In June 2023, we signed a material transfer agreement with SK bioscience Co., Ltd. (“SK”) for use of our Matrix-M™ adjuvant in preclinical vaccine experiments for shingles, influenza, and pan-COVID-19. Our adjuvant technology is also being used by commercial partners as a key component in veterinary vaccines against equine influenza and Strangles, as well as the manufacture of black-widow anti-venom.

COVID-19 Vaccine Regulatory and Licensure

In October 2023, we received EUA from the U.S. FDA for our updated vaccine, to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. Our updated vaccine is marketed in the U.S. under the brand name Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted (2023-2024 Formula). In September 2023, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (“ACIP”) voted in favor of a recommendation for the use of 2023-2024 monovalent XBB containing COVID-19 vaccines authorized under EUA or approved BLA in individuals 6 months and older, which was adopted by the CDC Director. The U.S. FDA’s grant of EUA and CDC’s September 2023 recommendation makes our updated vaccine the only protein-based non-mRNA COVID-19 vaccine available in the U.S. The formulation for our updated vaccine aligns with global harmonized guidance from the U.S. FDA, EMA, and WHO recommendations for the 2023-2024 vaccination season. We continue to progress regulatory authorizations for our updated vaccine globally. In October 2023, we were granted approval by the EC for our updated vaccine in individuals aged 12 and older, which followed the positive opinion for approval from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the EMA. We expect to meet the full supply commitment for

doses to European countries that requested it through APAs.

We have received authorizations for our prototype COVID-19 vaccine in over 40 countries globally including from major regulatory agencies including the WHO, EMA, and MHRA. To date, we have received full MA, approval, interim authorization, provisional approval, CMA, and EUA for the adult population, aged 18 and older, the adolescent population, aged 12 to 17 years, and the pediatric population, aged 7 to 11 years in select territories. The regulatory authorizations for our prototype vaccine include primary series and both homologous and heterologous booster indications within specific countries. For the territories in which our vaccine has received regulatory authorizations, our prototype vaccine is marketed under the brand names (i) Nuvaxovid™ (SARS-CoV-2 rS Recombinant, adjuvanted), (ii) Covovax™ (manufacturing and commercialization by SIIPL), or (iii) Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted. In October 2023, for our prototype vaccine we received full marketing authorization in the UK from the MHRA in individuals aged 12 and older, full approval in Singapore from Singapore’s Health Sciences Authority in individuals aged 12 and older, full registration in Australia from Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration as a booster in individuals aged 12 and older, and authorization in the EU from EMA for use as a booster in adolescents aged 12 through 17 years. We believe these authorizations for our prototype vaccine enable a pathway for additional authorizations for our updated strains of our COVID-19 vaccine in the future.

We are working to continue to expand our label for heterologous boosting in adults and adolescents, for primary and re-vaccination in younger children, and to achieve supportive policy recommendations enabling broad market access. We continue to work closely with governments, regulatory authorities, and non-governmental organizations in our commitment to facilitate global access to our COVID-19 vaccine.

Clinical Pipeline

Our clinical pipeline is comprised of vaccine candidates for infectious diseases, with our COVID-19 vaccines, our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) and our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601), as our lead products. Our prototype has received authorizations for both adult and adolescent populations globally. We advanced our prototype vaccine, through two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials that demonstrated high efficacy against both the original COVID-19 strain and commonly circulating COVID-19 variants during the conduct of the trials, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Our updated vaccine has received authorization from the U.S. FDA, and the EC. We advanced our updated vaccine through a Phase 3 strain-change trial and the EUA was based on non-clinical data presented in June 2023, at the U.S. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee's meeting. Beyond COVID-19, our clinical pipeline includes seasonal influenza and CIC vaccines, in addition to our Matrix-M™ adjuvant being used for collaboration in R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine.

The pipeline chart below summarizes the core clinical development programs that we are focusing on in the near-term.

(1) Authorized in select geographies under trade names Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted; Covovax™; and Nuvaxovid™.

(2) Authorized in the U.S. under trade name, Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted (2023-2024 Formula); Ongoing post-authorization Phase 3 strain-change trial.

(3) Authorized in Ghana, Nigeria, and Burkina Faso; Commercialized by SIIPL; Recommended by the WHO.

Coronavirus Vaccine Clinical Development

We continue to evaluate vaccine effectiveness and safety through ongoing and planned booster studies, as well as

collect real-world evidence for our updated vaccine. While these studies were not required ahead of our EUA receipt from the U.S., they will generate data to support continued use of our vaccine in subsequent seasons. We expect to leverage these studies to pursue additional regulatory authorizations of our COVID-19 vaccine for primary, re-vaccination, and pediatric indications globally.

Phase 3 Strain-Change and Re-vaccination Studies

Study 311 Part 2: In August 2023, we announced topline results that achieved all three co-primary endpoints demonstrating immunologic superiority for the Omicron BA.5 variant of a bivalent prototype and Omicron BA.5 vaccine compared to our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373). This study design was developed in consultation with regulatory agencies to support the strain-change request for our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601) and demonstrated that our protein-based vaccine can be successfully adapted to new variant strains.

Study 312: In May 2023, we completed enrollment of 147 adults aged 18 and older who received 2 or 3 doses of mRNA and boosted with our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373). The trial compared the prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) booster on top of mRNA primed individuals compared to those primed and boosted with our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373). Topline results are expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. This trial is intended to support the use of our vaccine as a second or subsequent re-vaccination.

Study 313: In September 2023, we fully enrolled 332 adults aged 18 and older in Part 1 of the study to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601) in previously mRNA vaccinated individuals. Part 1 topline results are expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. Part 2 of the study is in the process of enrollment and will aim to evaluate the immunogenicity of our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601) in previously unvaccinated adults aged 18 and older. This study is intended to support sBLA for future variant vaccine products.

Study 314: In September 2023, we fully enrolled 401 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years who were previously vaccinated with mRNA vaccines to evaluate the immunogenicity of boosting with our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601) and with a bivalent format vaccine containing our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2373 + NVX-CoV2601). This data is intended to support adolescent heterologous label expansion in some territories with topline results expected in the first quarter of 2024.

Phase 2b/3 Pediatric Hummingbird™ Study

In August 2023, we announced topline results from our Phase 2b/3 Hummingbird™ trial that met its primary endpoints in children aged 6 through 11 years demonstrating immunologic effectiveness. We remain on track to submit data for this cohort to the U.S. FDA in the first quarter of 2024. This ongoing trial is evaluating the safety, effectiveness (immunogenicity), and efficacy of two doses of our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373), followed by a booster 6 months after the primary vaccination series. The trial includes three age de-escalation cohorts of 1,200 children each. The next cohort aged 2 through 5 years is fully enrolled, with topline results expected in the fourth quarter of 2023. The last cohort aged 6 to 23 months is fully enrolled and topline results are expected in first quarter of 2024.

COVID-Influenza Combination and Stand-alone Influenza Program

We continue to make strategic investments to prepare our CIC vaccine for advanced development. We have selected the CIC dose formulation and we remain on track to initiate the next study in the second half of 2024. Pending regulatory concurrence, we have designed this study to evaluate immunogenicity endpoints for accelerated approval while simultaneously expanding our safety database. We have updated the study’s designation to a Phase 3 study.

While our focus remains on the combination product, our development plans will maintain optionality to advance our stand-alone influenza vaccine, creating a pathway to potentially seek licensure. For our stand-alone influenza vaccine we have generated positive data through our previous Phase 2 trial and continue to believe this asset may be attractive from a pandemic preparedness perspective. The neutralization responses were more than double seen with Fluzone® HD for the A strains and similar performance may be expected for A/H5N1 pandemic strains.

In May 2023, we announced preliminary topline data from our Phase 2 trial for CIC, stand-alone influenza and high-dose COVID-19 vaccine candidates. All three vaccine candidates contain our Matrix-M™ adjuvant, showed preliminary robust immune responses, reassuring safety profiles, and reactogenicity that was comparable to the licensed influenza vaccine comparator arms.

High-dose COVID-19 Vaccine Study

Study 205: In October 2023, we initiated a Phase 2 trial to evaluate our high-dose COVID-19 vaccine for annual vaccination in older adults. The trial will compare immunogenicity levels of 5 micrograms of our prototype vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) against 5 micrograms, 35 micrograms, and 50 micrograms of our updated vaccine (NVX-CoV2601) that are matched with different levels of adjuvant. Data from this trial is intended to potentially support further development of a higher dose formulation for older adults, similar to that of influenza vaccines.

R21/Matrix-M™ Adjuvant Malaria Vaccine

Our partner-led malaria candidates present strong opportunities for future development. An ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial is being conducted for R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine, developed by our partner, the Jenner Institute, University of Oxford and manufactured by SIIPL, which is formulated with our Matrix-M™ adjuvant. We have an agreement with SIIPL related to its manufacture of R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine under which SIIPL purchases our Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in development activities at cost and for commercial purposes at a tiered commercial supply price, and pays a royalty in the single- to low- double digit range based on vaccine sales for a period of 15 years after the first commercial sale of the vaccine in each country.

In October 2023, the WHO announced its recommendation of R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine to prevent malaria in children following advice from its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts and Malaria Policy Advisory Group. The WHO recommended that the R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine be administered in a 4-dose schedule from five months of age. This recommendation is a required step on the pathway to the WHO’s prequalification (“PQ”) of the vaccine. PQ designation is necessary for United Nations agencies and partners, for example UNICEF and Gavi, to procure the vaccine for eligible countries. This is the first recommendation from WHO to support the use of a vaccine containing our Matrix-M™ adjuvant in children as young as five months of age and it is based on the results from the Phase 3 clinical trial.

In September 2023, results from the Phase 3 clinical trial conducted in four African countries with 4,800 children aged 36 months to five years were published in a preprint manuscript in The Lancet. The preprint manuscript reported that R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine is well-tolerated and offers high-level efficacy against clinical malaria in African children at sites of both seasonal and perennial transmission.

In July 2023, R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant malaria vaccine received authorization in Burkina Faso and in April 2023, received authorizations in Ghana and Nigeria.

Business Highlights

Third Quarter 2023 and Recent Highlights

U.S. Market: Novavax received EUA from the U.S. FDA in October for its updated vaccine and is executing its commercial strategy to maximize access for consumers who want a protein-based non-mRNA vaccine option.

•Expect U.S. 2023-2024 season COVID-19 vaccine demand of between 30 and 50 million doses, with potential for significant November and December vaccinations given current trends and later start as compared to 2022

•Secured broad access to the Company’s updated vaccine through major pharmacies, clinics and government programs

◦Novavax’s vaccine is available at approximately 14,000 pharmacy locations, including Costco, CVS Pharmacy, Giant, Publix, Rite Aid and Stop & Shop

Global Markets: Received approval in Europe for the Company’s updated vaccine in individuals aged 12 and older

•Advancing regulatory filings against existing APAs for Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan

Clinical development and technology platform updates

•Expect to initiate a pivotal Phase 3 trial for CIC vaccine candidate in the second half of 2024, with potential for accelerated approval and launch as early as 2026

•Advanced partnerships with Matrix-M™ adjuvant technology

◦R21/Matrix-M™ adjuvant vaccine received recommendation from the WHO; launch expected in 2024

Novavax is prepared to initiate a new cost reduction program to reduce 2024 expenses by over $300 million. Intend to further reshape the size and scope of global business operations beyond previously announced 2024 targets to align with the COVID-19 market opportunity.

•Anticipate reducing 2024 Research & development expenses and Selling, general, & administrative expenses by over $200 million compared to prior targets to reflect $750 million or lower spend for 2024, representing a greater than 50% reduction compared to 2022

•In addition, anticipate reducing supply network costs by over $100 million as we continue to rationalize our manufacturing footprint

Sales of Common Stock

In August 2023, we entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “August 2023 Sales Agreement”), which allows us to issue and sell up to $500 million in gross proceeds of shares of our common stock, and terminated our then-existing At Market Issuance Sales agreement entered in June 2021 (the "June 2021 Sales Agreement"). During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we sold 17.8 million shares of our common stock under our August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $143 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we sold 25.7 million shares of our common stock under our June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $211 million. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining balance available under the August 2023 Sales Agreement was approximately $354 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we sold 2.2 million shares of our common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $179 million, under our June 2021 Sales Agreement. There was no sale of shares of common stock recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2022.

In August 2023, we entered into a Securities Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with SK, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to SK, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”), 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Shares”) at a price of $13.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $84.5 million. We recognized the Shares at the settlement date fair value of $46.5 million (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report). The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements (unaudited) and the accompanying notes, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions, and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Our critical accounting policies and estimates are included under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See “Note 2―Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (under the caption “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”).

Results of Operations

The following is a discussion of the historical financial condition and results of our operations that should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes set forth in this Quarterly Report.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Revenue (in thousands):
Product sales	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	(623,860)
Grants	164,922		106,273		58,649
Royalties and other	19,833		2,213		17,620
Total revenue	$	186,986	$	734,577	$	(547,591)

Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $187.0 million as compared to $734.6 million for the same period in 2022, a decrease of $547.6 million. Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was primarily comprised of revenue from product sales of COVID-19 Vaccine and services performed under our U.S. government agreement with Advanced Technology International (“USG Agreement”), the Consortium Management Firm acting on behalf of the Medical CBRN Defense Consortium in connection with the partnership formerly known as Operation Warp Speed. The decrease in revenue is primarily due to a decreased quantity of dose sales of COVID-19 Vaccine during the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, partially offset by increased support activities under the USG Agreement, a $43.8 million increase to cumulative revenue under the USG Agreement, and additional Royalties and other revenue related to sales-based royalties and sales of Matrix-M™ adjuvant.

Product sales

Product sales for the three months ended September 30, 2023 were $2.2 million as compared to $626.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022. Our product sales related to sales of COVID-19 Vaccine under our APA agreements. The geographic distribution of product sales was as follows:


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
North America	$	2,231	$	129,718	$	(127,487)
Europe	—		347,005		(347,005)
Rest of the world	—		149,368		(149,368)
Total product sales	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	(623,860)

Grants

Grant revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $164.9 million as compared to $106.3 million during the same period in 2022, an increase of $58.6 million. Grant revenue comprised revenue for services performed under our USG Agreement. The increase was primarily due to increased support activities and achievement of certain milestones under the USG Agreement during the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Royalties and other

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales. Royalties and other revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $19.8 million as compared to $2.2 million during the same period in 2022, an increase of $17.6 million. The increase was primarily due to increased revenue related to a Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales and sales-based royalties.

Expenses


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Expenses (in thousands):
Cost of sales	$	98,929	$	434,593	$	(335,664)
Research and development	106,229		304,297		(198,068)
Selling, general, and administrative	107,460		122,876		(15,416)
Total expenses	$	312,618	$	861,766	$	(549,148)

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $98.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, including expenses of $81.6 million related to excess, obsolete, or expired inventory and losses on certain firm purchase commitments, $14.3 million related to unutilized manufacturing capacity, and a credit of $21.5 million related to certain negotiated reductions to previously recognized firm purchase commitments. Cost of sales was $434.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, including expense of $249.0 million related to excess, obsolete, or expired inventory and losses on firm purchase commitments. Prior to receiving regulatory approval, we expensed manufacturing costs as research and development expenses. After receiving regulatory approval, we capitalize the costs of production for a particular supply chain when we determine that we have a present right to the economic benefit associated with the product. While we tracked the quantities of our manufactured vaccine product and components, we did not track pre-approval manufacturing costs and therefore the manufacturing cost of our pre-launch inventory produced prior to approval is not reasonably determinable. However, based on our expectations for future manufacturing costs to produce our vaccine product and components inventory, we estimate at September 30, 2023, we had approximately $24.3 million of salable commercial inventory that was expensed prior to approval. We expect to utilize the majority of our reduced-cost inventory through 2024. If inventory sold for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was valued at expected standard cost, including expenses related to excess and obsolete inventory, adjusted cost of sales for the period would have been approximately $103.2 million, an adjustment of $4.3 million as compared to cost of sales recognized. If inventory sold for the three months ended September 30, 2022 was valued at expected standard cost, adjusted cost of sales for the period would have been approximately $444.0 million, an adjustment of $9.4 million. The cost of sales as a percentage of product sales may fluctuate in the future as a result of changes to our customer pricing mix or standard costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $106.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $304.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, a decrease of $198.1 million. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in overall expenditures relating to development activities on coronavirus vaccines, including our COVID-19 Program, and CIC, as summarized in the table below (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Coronavirus vaccines	$	41,263	$	208,004
Influenza vaccine	662		3,011
Other vaccine development programs	91		843
Total direct external research and development expense	42,016		211,858
Employee expenses	33,957		45,150
Stock-based compensation expense	10,022		16,107
Facility expenses	12,360		16,770
Other expenses	7,874		14,412
Total research and development expenses	$	106,229	$	304,297

Research and development expenses for coronavirus vaccines for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 decreased from $208.0 million to $41.3 million primarily as a result of a reduction in manufacturing and support costs due, in part, to a reduction in our global manufacturing footprint consistent with our contractual obligations to supply, and anticipated demand for, COVID-19 Vaccine, including embedded lease costs, under manufacturing supply agreements with

Contract Manufacturing Organizations (“CMOs”) and contract manufacturing and development organizations (“CDMOs”). The decrease was also due to a benefit of $57.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 resulting from our settlement agreement and Private Placement with SK (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report). The decrease was partially offset by a benefit $80.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 related to previously accelerated manufacturing costs for leases that we determined were embedded in manufacturing supply agreements with CMOs and CDMOs.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $107.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $122.9 million for the same period in 2022, a decrease of $15.4 million. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses is primarily due to certain cost containment measures to reduce our operating spend.

For the remainder of 2023, we expect a reduction in our annual combined research and development, and selling, general, and administrative spend as a result of our Restructuring Plan announced during the three months ended June 30, 2023.

Other Income (Expense)


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	$	(2,859)	$	(4,169)	$	1,310
Other income (expense)	(2,982)		(34,783)		31,801
Total other income (expense), net	$	(5,841)	$	(38,952)	$	33,111

Total other expense, net was $5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to a total other expense, net of $39.0 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in other expense, net is due to the favorable impact in 2023 as compared to 2022 of exchange rates on foreign currency denominated balances, including an intercompany loan with Novavax CZ, and an increase in interest income due to higher interest rates.

Income Tax Expense

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized an income tax benefit of $0.7 million related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recognized an income tax expense of $2.5 million related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes.

Net Income (Loss)


	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Net Loss (in thousands, except per share information):
Net loss	$	(130,776)	$	(168,613)	$	37,837
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.26)	$	(2.15)	$	0.89

Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted	103,429		78,274		25,155

Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was $130.8 million, or $1.26 per share, as compared to net loss of $168.6 million, or $2.15 per share, for the same period in 2022. The decrease in net loss during the three months ended September 30, 2023, was primarily due to a decrease in excess, obsolete, or expired inventory and losses on firm purchase commitments, research and development expenses, and selling, general and administrative expenses as a result of the implementation of our Restructuring Plan, partially offset by a decrease in product sales.

The increase in weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily a result of sales of our common stock.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022

Revenue


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Revenue (in thousands):
Product sales	$	279,937	$	1,267,174	$	(987,237)
Grants	389,380		313,348		76,032
Royalties and other	23,046		43,951		(20,905)
Total revenue	$	692,363	$	1,624,473	$	(932,110)

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $692.4 million as compared to $1.6 billion for the same period in 2022, a decrease of $932.1 million. Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily comprised of revenue from product sales of COVID-19 Vaccine and services performed under our USG Agreement. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to a decrease in quantity of doses sold of COVID-19 Vaccine during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022.

Product sales

Product sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were $279.9 million as compared to $1.3 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Our product sales related to sales of COVID-19 Vaccine under our APA agreements. The geographic distribution of product sales was as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
North America	$	2,231	$	194,480	$	(192,249)
Europe	59,322		760,750		(701,428)
Rest of the world	218,384		311,944		(93,560)
Total product sales	$	279,937	$	1,267,174	$	(987,237)

Grants

Grant revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $389.4 million as compared to $313.3 million during the same period in 2022, an increase of $76.0 million. Grant revenue comprised revenue for services performed under our USG Agreement. The increase was primarily due to increased support activities under the USG Agreement during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Royalties and other

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales. Royalties and other revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $23.0 million as compared to $44.0 million during the same period in 2022, a decrease of $20.9 million. The decrease was primarily due to decreased revenue related to milestone payments.

Expenses


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Expenses (in thousands):
Cost of sales	$	188,792	$	720,874	$	(532,082)
Research and development	572,805		977,428		(404,623)
Selling, general, and administrative	313,709		327,028		(13,319)
Total expenses	$	1,075,306	$	2,025,330	$	(950,024)

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $188.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, including expense of $121.6 million related to excess, obsolete, or expired inventory and losses on certain firm purchase commitments, $30.1 million related to unutilized manufacturing capacity, and a credit of $40.3 million related to negotiated reductions to certain previously recognized firm purchase commitments. Cost of sales was $720.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, including expense of $504.3 million related to excess, obsolete, or expired inventory and losses on firm purchase commitments. Prior to receiving approval, we expensed manufacturing costs as research and development expenses. After receiving approval, we capitalize the costs of production for a particular supply chain when we determine that we have a present right to the economic benefit associated with the product. While we tracked the quantities of our manufactured vaccine product and components, we did not track pre-approval manufacturing costs and therefore the manufacturing cost of our pre-launch inventory produced prior to approval is not reasonably determinable. However, based on our expectations for future manufacturing costs to produce our vaccine product and components inventory, we estimate at September 30, 2023 we had approximately $24.3 million of commercial inventory that was expensed prior to approval. We expect to utilize the majority of our reduced-cost inventory through 2024. If inventory sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was valued at expected standard cost, including expenses related to excess and obsolete inventory, adjusted cost of sales for the period would have been approximately $224.0 million, an adjustment of $35.2 million as compared to cost of sales recognized. If inventory sold for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was valued at expected standard cost, adjusted cost of sales for the period would have been approximately $883.5 million, an adjustment of $162.6 million. The cost of sales as a percentage of product sales may fluctuate in the future as a result of changes to our customer mix or standard costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $572.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $977.4 million for the same period in 2022, a decrease of $404.6 million. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in overall expenditures relating to development activities on coronavirus vaccines, including our COVID-19 Program, and CIC, as summarized in the table below (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Coronavirus vaccines	$	321,132	$	697,952
Influenza vaccine	1,929		6,581
Other vaccine development programs	857		1,156
Total direct external research and development expense	323,918		705,689
Employee expenses	133,502		132,069
Stock-based compensation expense	33,826		52,692
Facility expenses	45,920		40,842
Other expenses	35,639		46,136
Total research and development expenses	$	572,805	$	977,428

Research and development expenses for coronavirus vaccines for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 decreased from $698.0 million to $321.1 million primarily as a result of a reduction in manufacturing and support costs due, in part, to a reduction in our global manufacturing footprint consistent with our contractual obligations to supply, and anticipated demand for, COVID-19 Vaccine, including under manufacturing supply agreements with CMO and CDMO, and a reduction in clinical study costs and the commercialization of internal manufacturing capabilities. The decrease was also due to a benefit of $57.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 resulting from our settlement agreement and Private Placement with SK (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report). The decrease was partially offset by a benefit of $31.8 million and $147.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to previously accelerated manufacturing costs for leases that we determined were embedded in manufacturing supply agreements with CMOs and CDMOs.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased to $313.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 from $327.0 million for the same period in 2022, an decrease of $13.3 million. The decrease in selling, general, and administrative expenses is primarily due to cost containment measures to reduce our operating spend including a decrease in professional fees and marketing costs in support of our COVID-19 Program, partially offset by restructuring expenses.

Other Income (Expense)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Other income (expense) (in thousands):

Interest expense	$	(10,299)	$	(15,279)	$	4,980
Other income (expense)	26,912		(53,002)		79,914
Total other income (expense), net	$	16,613	$	(68,281)	$	84,894

We had total other income, net of $16.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to total other expense, net of $68.3 million for the same period in 2022, an increase of $84.9 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, other income, net increased due to the favorable impact in 2023 as compared to 2022 of exchange rates on foreign currency denominated balances, including an intercompany loan with Novavax CZ, and an increase in investment income due to higher interest rates.

Income Tax Expense

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $0.3 million and $6.6 million, respectively, of income tax expense related to federal, state and foreign income taxes and foreign withholding tax on royalties.

Net Loss


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Net Loss (in thousands, except per share information):
Net loss	$	(366,673)	$	(475,690)	$	109,017
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(3.94)	$	(6.13)	$	2.19

Weighted average shares outstanding, basic and diluted	93,046		77,631		15,415

Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $366.7 million, or $3.94 per share, as compared to $475.7 million, or $6.13 per share, for the same period in 2022. The decrease in net loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was primarily due to the decline in cost of sales and research and development expenses associated with our COVID-19 Program, partially offset by a decrease in revenue from product sales.

The increase in weighted average shares outstanding for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 is primarily a result of sales of our common stock.

Liquidity Matters and Capital Resources

Our future capital requirements depend on numerous factors including, but not limited to, revenue from our product sales and royalties under licensing arrangements with our strategic partners; funding and repayments under our grant agreements; our projected activities related to the manufacturing and commercial support of our COVID-19 Program, including significant commitments under various CMO, and CDMO agreements; the progress of preclinical studies and clinical trials; the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approvals; the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending, and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and other manufacturing, sales, and distribution costs. We plan to continue developing other vaccines and product candidates, such as our influenza vaccine candidate and potential combination vaccines candidates, which are in various stages of development.

We have entered into supply agreements, sometimes referred to as APAs, with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (“Gavi”); the EC; and various countries globally. We also have grant and license agreements. As of September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied), excluding amounts related to sales-based royalties under the license agreements, our advance purchase agreement with Gavi (the “Gavi APA”) and the reduction in doses related to the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement (as defined below), was approximately $2 billion, of which $801.0 million is included in Deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheet. Failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under our APAs may require us to refund portions of upfront or other payments or result in reduced future payments, which could adversely impact our ability to realize revenue from our unsatisfied performance obligations. The timing to fulfill performance obligations related to grant agreements will depend on the results of our research and development activities, including clinical trials. The timing to fulfill performance obligations related to supply agreements will depend on timing of product manufacturing, receipt of marketing authorizations for additional indications, delivery of doses based on customer demand, and the ability of the customer to request variant vaccine in place of the prototype NVX-CoV2373 vaccine under certain of our APAs. The supply agreements typically contain terms that include upfront payments intended to assist us in funding investments related to building out and operating our manufacturing and distribution network, among other expenses, in support of our global supply commitment, and are applied to billings upon delivery of COVID-19 Vaccine. Such upfront payments generally become non-refundable upon our achievement of certain development, regulatory, and commercial milestones.

On October 3, 2023, our updated vaccine received EUA from the U.S. FDA for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. Immediately upon authorization, our updated vaccine has also been included in the recommendations issued by the CDC on September 12, 2023. Doses became available within the U.S. at many major pharmacy retailers, following the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research release of vaccine batches.

Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report), we agreed to pay up to $185 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with the cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the Fujifilm CSA, of which (i) $47.8 million, constituting the initial reservation fee under the CSA, was credited against the Settlement Payment on September 30, 2022 and (ii) the remaining balance is to be paid in four equal quarterly installments of $34.3 million each, which began on March 31, 2023. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the final two quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the final two settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, we sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. We withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach. We paid the first two installments of $68.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and the remaining balance of $68.6 million is reflected in Accrued expenses in our consolidated balance sheet. On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Services (“JAMS”) seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment.

In August 2023, we entered into a Settlement Agreement and General Release (the “Settlement Agreement”) with SK regarding the mutual release by the parties of all claims arising from or in relation to certain statements of work (“SOWs”) under the Development and Supply Agreement entered into in August 2020 and the Collaboration and License Agreement, entered into in February 2021 as amended in December 2021 and July 2022 in connection with the cessation of all drug substance and drug product manufacturing activity at SK for supply to us. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, we agreed to pay $149.8 million, of which (i) $130.4 million was paid in August 2023 and (ii) the remaining balance is to be paid on or before November 15, 2023. Under the Settlement Agreement, we also agreed with SK to a wind down plan with respect to the

remaining products, materials and equipment under the SOWs (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report).

In August 2023, we entered into a Securities Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with SK, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to SK, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”), 6.5 million shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share at a price of $13.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $84.5 million. The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023 (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report).

In addition, we continue to assess our manufacturing needs and modify our global manufacturing footprint consistent with our contractual obligations to supply, and anticipated demand for, COVID-19 Vaccine, and in doing so recognize that significant costs may be incurred. We currently depend exclusively on SIIPL and SLS for co-formulation and filling (other than in Europe), and PCI Pharma Services for finishing COVID-19 Vaccine in Europe and any delays or disruptions in these suppliers’ operations could prevent or delay the delivery of customer orders.

We have an APA with the Commonwealth of Australia for the purchase of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (the “Australia APA”). In April 2023, we amended the Australia APA to reduce the number of doses to be delivered with a commensurate increase in the per-dose price, such that the total contract value of the Australia APA is maintained with doses to be delivered through 2024. In May 2023, we extended a credit for certain doses delivered in 2022 to Australia that qualified for replacement under the Australia APA. This credit is the result of a single lot sold to the Australian government that upon pre-planned 6-month stability testing was found to have fallen below the defined specifications and the lot therefore was removed from the market. The credit will be applied against the future sale of doses to Australia. In July 2023, we amended the Australia APA to provide for replacement doses and to extend the delivery schedule through 2025.

We have an APA with His Majesty the King in Right of Canada as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, as successor in interest to Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Public Works and Government Services (the “Canadian government”), for the purchase of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine (the “Canada APA”). In April 2023, we amended the Canada APA to forfeit certain doses originally scheduled for delivery in 2022 for a payment of $100.4 million received in the second quarter of 2023. In June 2023, we entered into an additional amendment (the “June 2023 Amendment”) to the Canada APA. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, the parties revised the Canadian government’s previous commitment by (i) forfeiting certain doses of COVID-19 Vaccine previously scheduled for delivery, (ii) reducing the amount of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine due for delivery, (iii) revising the delivery schedule for the remaining doses of COVID-19 Vaccine to be delivered, and (iv) requiring use of the Biologics Manufacturing Centre (“BMC”) Inc. to produce bulk antigen for doses in 2024 and 2025. In connection with the forfeiture of doses of COVID-19 Vaccine, the Canadian government agreed to pay a total payment amount of $349.6 million to the Company in two equal installments in 2023, which total amount equals the remaining balance owed by the Canadian government with respect to such forfeited vaccine doses. The first installment was payable upon execution of the June 2023 Amendment and the second installment is contingent and payable upon our delivery of vaccine doses in the second half of 2023. The first installment of $174.8 million was received from the Canadian government in July 2023. If the Company fails to deliver COVID-19 vaccine doses to the Canadian government in the fourth quarter of 2023, the second installment of $174.8 million will be terminated and not be payable to the Company. The Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA, as amended, if we fail to achieve regulatory approval for use of BMC for COVID-19 Vaccine production on or before December 31, 2024. The June 2023 Amendment maintained the total contract value of the original Canada APA.

Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment, we and the Canadian government will endeavor to expand our previously agreed in-country commitment to Canada and to partner to provide health, economic, and future pandemic preparedness benefits to Canada, which value may be provided through a number of activities, including without limitation, capital investments, the performance of activities or services, or the provision of technology or intellectual property licenses. Further, the parties will endeavor to enter into a memorandum of understanding (the “MOU”) to illustrate our ability to deliver such benefits over a 15-year period with an aggregate value of not less than 100% of the amount remaining to be paid under the June 2023 Amendment and ultimately received by us. As of September 30, 2023, we are in the process of negotiating the MOU. We agreed to hold $20.0 million in escrow for the benefit of the Canadian government, which amount is the sole recourse available to the Canadian government in the event of non-performance under the MOU.

In July 2022, we entered into an Amended and Restated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement (as amended on September 26, 2022, the “Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement”) with The Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (as assigned to the UK Health Security Agency), acting on behalf of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”), which amended and restated in its entirety the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated October 22, 2020, between the parties (the “Original UK Supply Agreement”). Under the Original UK Supply Agreement, the Authority agreed to purchase 60 million doses of prototype vaccine and made an upfront payment to us. Under the terms of the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, the Authority agreed to purchase a minimum of 1 million doses and up to an additional 15 million doses (the “Conditional Doses”) of prototype vaccine, with the number of Conditional Doses contingent on, and subject to reduction based on, our timely achievement of supportive recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (the “JCVI”) that is approved by the UK Secretary of State for Health, with respect to use of the vaccine for (a) the general adult population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or (b) the general adolescent population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or as a primary series SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, excluding where that recommendation relates only to one or more population groups comprising less than one million members in the United Kingdom. If the Authority does not purchase the Conditional Doses or the number of such Conditional Doses is reduced below 15 million doses of prototype vaccine, we would have to repay up to $225 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the Original UK Supply Agreement. Under the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, the Authority also has the option to purchase up to an additional 44 million doses, in one or more tranches, through 2024.

As of November 30, 2022, the JCVI had not yet made a supportive recommendation with respect to our prototype vaccine, thereby triggering, under the terms of the Amended and Restated UK Supply Agreement, (i) a reduction of the number of Conditional Doses from 15 million doses to 7.5 million doses, which reduced number of Conditional Doses are contingent on, and subject to further reduction based on, our timely achievement by November 30, 2023 of a supportive recommendation from JCVI that is approved by the UK Secretary of State for Health as described in the paragraph above, and (ii) an obligation for us to repay $112.5 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the Original UK Supply Agreement. In April 2023, we repaid the $112.5 million related to the November 30, 2022 triggering event. If we are unable to timely achieve a supportive recommendation from the JCVI by November 30, 2023, a reduction in the number of Conditional Doses from 7.5 million doses to zero will be triggered and we may be required to repay an additional $112.5 million in 2024.

Under the terms of the Gavi APA, we received an upfront payment of $350.0 million from Gavi in 2021 and an additional payment of $350.0 million in 2022 related to our achieving an emergency use license for our prototype vaccine by the WHO (the “Advance Payment Amount”). On November 18, 2022, we delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA on the basis of Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of prototype vaccine from us as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, we had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contends that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it is entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. We filed our Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to our Counterclaims. The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. Arbitration is inherently uncertain, and while we believe that we are entitled to retain the remaining Advance Payment Amount received from Gavi, it is possible that we will be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount from Gavi.

In February 2023, the execution of Modification 17 to the USG Agreement included provisions requiring that the payment of $60.0 million of consideration associated with manufacturing work now be contingent upon meeting certain milestones, including the delivery of up to 1.5 million doses of prototype vaccine and development and regulatory milestones related to commercial readiness, expansion of the EUA and development of multiple vial presentations. We expect to substantially meet milestones and other performance requirements under the USG Agreement by December 31, 2023.

Our funding agreements currently include funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (“CEPI”) in the form of one or more forgivable no interest term loans (“CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding”). Payments received under the CEPI Forgivable Loan Funding are only repayable if COVID-19 Vaccine manufactured by the CMO network funded by CEPI is sold to one or more third parties (which would have previously included, but is not limited to, any sales under our

Gavi APA prior to its termination), and such sales cover our costs of manufacturing such vaccine, not including manufacturing costs funded by CEPI. The timing and amount of any loan repayments is currently uncertain.

As of September 30, 2023, we had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as compared to $1.3 billion as of December 31, 2022.

We funded our operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily with cash and cash equivalents, revenue from product sales, together with revenue under the USG Agreement that support our COVID-19 Vaccine development activities and the sale of our common stock under our June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreements. In May 2023, we announced our plan to restructure our global footprint to reduce our planned expenditures. We anticipate our future operations to be funded primarily by revenue from product sales, revenue under our USG Agreement, our cash and cash equivalents, and other potential funding sources including equity financings, which may include at-the-market offerings under our August 2023 Sales Agreement, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements.

The following table summarizes cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		Change
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(537,186)	$	(298,121)	$	(239,065)
Investing activities	(49,728)		(70,921)		21,193
Financing activities	(95,923)		133,548		(229,471)
Effect on exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	355		257		98
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(682,482)		(235,237)		(447,245)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	1,348,845		1,528,259		(179,414)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	666,363	$	1,293,022	$	(626,659)

Net cash used in operating activities was $537.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $298.1 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in cash used in operating activities is primarily due to a decrease in upfront payments received under our APAs, partially offset by the timing of payments to vendors.

Net cash used in investing activities was $49.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to $70.9 million for the same period in 2022. The decrease in cash used in investing activities is primarily due to lower expenditures on equipment and leasehold improvements.

Net cash used in financing activities was $95.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, as compared to net cash provided by finance activities of $133.5 million for the same period in 2022. The increase in cash used in financing activities in 2023 as compared with 2022, is primarily due to the $325 million repayment of our 3.75% Convertible notes during 2023, partially offset by an increase in net proceeds from the sales of our common stock under our June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreements and the Private Placement with SK.

Going Concern

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1, “Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Quarterly Report have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. At September 30, 2023, we had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred a net loss of $366.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $537.2 million.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 205-40, Going Concern, we evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these unaudited consolidated financial statements are issued. While our current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that we have sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to revenue for the next twelve months, our ability to execute on certain cost-cutting initiatives and a pending matter subject to arbitration proceedings. Our revenue projections depend on our ability to successfully manufacture, distribute, or market our COVID-19 Vaccine for the 2023-2024

vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including our ability to obtain regulatory authorization, the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, our ability to timely deliver doses and commercial adoption and market acceptance of our updated vaccine.

Further, failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments which could adversely affect our ability to continue as a going concern. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration regarding an alleged material breach by us of the Gavi APA. The outcome of that arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible we could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount of $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023. See Note 3 and Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for additional information related to the arbitration with Gavi. Management believes that, given the significance of these uncertainties, substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued.

In May 2023, we announced our Restructuring Plan, which includes a more focused investment in our COVID-19 Program, reduction to our pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of our manufacturing network, a reduction to our global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure. The workforce reduction plan included an approximately 25% reduction in the Company’s global workforce, comprised of an approximately 20% reduction in full-time Company employees and the remainder comprised of contractors and consultants. We have decided to progress CIC toward late-stage development and, as such, we are assessing the impact on our workforce requirements and ability to meet our future needs. We incurred one time restructuring expenses of $14.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. See Note 15 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements in Part I for more details on restructuring. We expect the full annual impact of the cost savings to be realized in 2024 and approximately half of the annual impact to be realized in 2023 due to timing of implementing the measures, and the applicable laws, regulations, and other factors in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

Our ability to fund our operations is dependent upon revenue related to vaccine sales for our products and product candidates, if such product candidates receive marketing authorization and are successfully commercialized, and in particular our 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of our updated vaccine; the resolution of certain matters, including whether, when, and how the dispute with Gavi is resolved; and management’s plans, which include completing cost reductions associated with our global restructuring and cost reduction plan. Our plans may include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. New financings may not be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require us to give up some or all of our rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. In addition, the regulatory and commercial success of our COVID-19 Program and our other vaccine candidates, including an influenza vaccine candidate and a CIC vaccine candidate, remains uncertain. Also, the impact of our more focused investment in our COVID-19 Program, reduction to our pipeline spending, continued rationalization of our manufacturing network, reduction to our global workforce, and consolidation of our facilities and infrastructure remain uncertain. If we are unable to obtain additional capital, we will assess our capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of our operations, or further downsize our organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are subject to certain risks that may affect our results of operations, cash flows, and fair values of assets and liabilities, including volatility in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rate movements.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Although we are headquartered in the U.S. our results of operations, including our foreign subsidiaries’ operations, are subject to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, primarily the U.S. dollar against the Euro, Pound Sterling, Swedish Krona, and Czech Koruna. This exchange exposure may have a material effect on our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows, and results of operations, particularly in cases of revenue generated under APAs that include provisions that impact our and our counterparty’s currency exchange exposure. To date, we have not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts, although

we may do so in the future.

We also face foreign currency exchange exposure that arises from translating the results of our global operations to the U.S. dollar at exchange rates that have fluctuated from the beginning of the period. While the financial results of our global activities are reported in U.S. dollars, the functional currency for our foreign subsidiaries is generally their respective local currency. Fluctuations in the foreign currency exchange rates of the countries in which we do business will affect our operating results, often in ways that are difficult to predict. A 10% decline in the foreign exchange rates (primarily against the U.S. dollar) relating to our foreign subsidiaries would result in a decline of stockholders’ equity (deficit) of approximately $24 million as of September 30, 2023.

Market and Interest Rate Risk

The primary objective of our investment activities is preservation of capital, with the secondary objective of maximizing income.

Our exposure to interest rate risk is primarily confined to our investment portfolio. We do not believe that a change in the market rates of interest would have any significant impact on the realizable value of our investment portfolio. Changes in interest rates may affect the investment income we earn on our marketable securities when they mature and the proceeds are reinvested into new marketable securities and, therefore, could impact our cash flows and results of operations.

Interest and dividend income is recorded when earned and included in investment income. Premiums and discounts, if any, on marketable securities are amortized or accreted to maturity and included in investment income. The specific identification method is used in computing realized gains and losses on the sale of our securities.

Our convertible senior unsecured notes have a fixed interest rate, and we have no additional material debt. As such, we do not believe that we are exposed to any material interest rate risk as a result of our borrowing activities.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the assistance of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has reviewed and evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of September 30, 2023. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving such control objectives. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, have evaluated changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023, and have concluded that there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Stockholder Litigation

On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contends that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it is entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. Arbitration is inherently uncertain, and while we believe that we are entitled to retain the remaining Advance Payment Amount received from Gavi, it is possible that we could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount from Gavi.

On September 30, 2022, the Company, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies UK Limited (“FDBK”), FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies Texas, LLC (“FDBT”), and FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies USA, Inc. (“FDBU” and together with FDBK and FDBT, “Fujifilm”) entered into a Confidential Settlement Agreement and Release (the “Fujifilm Settlement Agreement”) regarding amounts due to Fujifilm in connection with the termination of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the Commercial Supply Agreement (the “CSA”) dated August 20, 2021 and Master Services Agreement dated June 30, 2020 and associated statements of work (the “MSA”) by and between the Company and Fujifilm. The MSA and CSA established the general terms and conditions applicable to Fujifilm’s manufacturing and supply activities related to the Company’s prototype vaccine under the associated statements of work. Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the final two quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the final two settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach. On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with JAMS seeking payment of the withheld installment payment.

We are also involved in various other legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these other legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, we do not expect the resolution of these other legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Information regarding risk and uncertainties related to our business appears in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023, and Part II, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on May 9, 2023 and our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on August 8, 2023. There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2023 and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2023 other than as described below.

Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Growth and Information Technology

Given our current cash position and cash flow forecast, and significant uncertainties related to 2023 revenue, and our pending arbitration with Gavi, substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that the financial statements included in this Quarterly Report were issued.

Our management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the financial statements are issued. At September 30, 2023, we had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred a net loss of $366.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $537.2 million.

While our current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that we have sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to the following:

• Revenue: The Company’s revenue projections depend on its ability to successfully manufacture, distribute and market its COVID-19 Vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and commercial adoption and market acceptance. Further, failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments.

• Pending Arbitration: On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration regarding an alleged material breach by us of the Gavi APA. The outcome of that arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible we could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining advance payments of $696.4 million. See Note 3 and Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report for additional information related to the arbitration with Gavi.

Management believes that, given the significance of these uncertainties, substantial doubt exists regarding our ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued.

Our ability to fund Company operations is dependent upon revenue related to vaccine sales for our products and product candidates, if such product candidates receive marketing authorization and are successfully commercialized, and in particular the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine; the resolution of certain matters, including whether, when, and how the dispute with Gavi is resolved; and management’s plans, which include cost reductions associated with the restructuring of our global footprint. Management’s plans may also include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financing, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. In May 2023, we announced a global restructuring and cost reduction plan. This plan includes a more focused investment in our COVID-19 Program, reduction to our pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of our manufacturing network, a reduction to our global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure. New financings may not be available to us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require us to give up some or all of our rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. In addition, the regulatory and commercial success of our COVID-19 Program and our other vaccine candidates, including an influenza vaccine candidate and CIC vaccine candidate, remains uncertain. Also, the impact of the Company’s more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, reduction to its global workforce, and consolidation of its facilities and infrastructure remain uncertain. If we are unable to obtain additional capital, we will assess our capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of our operations, or downsize our organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities, Use of Proceeds, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On August 8, 2023, we entered into a Securities Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with SK, pursuant to which we agreed to sell and issue to SK, in a private placement (the “Private Placement”), 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share at a price of $13.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $84.5 million. The proceeds from the Private Placement will be used for general corporate purposes, including but not limited to, working capital, capital expenditures, research and development expenditures, clinical trial expenditures, commercialization activities, acquisitions and other strategic purposes. We recognized the shares at the settlement date fair value of $46.5 million (see Note 4 to our consolidated financial statements in this Quarterly Report). The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023.

Item 5. Other Information

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no director or “officer” (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 6. Exhibits


3.1						Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2015, filed on August 10, 2015 (File No. 000-26770))

3.2						Certificate of Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 9, 2019 (File No. 000-26770))

3.3						Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 4, 2023 (File No. 000-26770))

3.4						Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock of the Company (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 19, 2020 (File No. 000- 26770))

10.1*±						Settlement Agreement and General Release, dated August 8, 2023, between the Company and SK bioscience Co., Ltd.

10.2*±						Securities Subscription Agreement, dated as of August 8, 2023, between the Company and SK bioscience Co., Ltd. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 8, 2023 (File No. 000-26770))

10.3*±						Amendment No. 4 to Advanced Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 5, 2023, between the Company and the Commonwealth of Australia as Represented by the Department of Health (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2023 (File No. 000-26770))

31.1*						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act

31.2*						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(e) of the Securities Exchange Act

32.1*						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2*						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101						The following financial information from our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, formatted in Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language (Inline XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (iii) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

___________________________________

*Filed or furnished herewith.

± Certain portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	NOVAVAX, INC.

Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ John C. Jacobs
		John C. Jacobs President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ James P. Kelly
		James P. Kelly Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Exhibit 10.1

CERTAIN INFORMATION IDENTIFIED WITH [***] HAS BEEN EXCLUDED FROM THIS EXHIBIT BECAUSE IT IS BOTH (I) NOT MATERIAL AND (II) IS THE TYPE THAT THE REGISTRANT TREATS AS PRIVATE OR CONFIDENTIAL.

Settlement Agreement and General Release

This Settlement Agreement and General Release (“Agreement”) is made effective as of the 8th day of August, 2023 (“Effective Date”) by and between Novavax, Inc., a Delaware corporation having a place of business at 21 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878 (“Novavax”) and SK bioscience Co., Ltd., a company incorporated in the Republic of Korea having a place of business at 310 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13494, Republic of Korea (“SK”). Novavax and SK shall each be hereinafter referred to as a “Party” and collectively as the “Parties”.

RECITALS

WHEREAS, the Parties entered into the Development and Supply Agreement dated August 11, 2020 (“DSA”) and the Collaboration and License Agreement, dated February 12, 2021 as amended on December 23, 2021 and July 1, 2022 (“CLA”), under which SK Manufactures and supplies Covid-19 antigen and vaccine products to Novavax. The DSA and CLA, are collectively referred to herein as the “Business Agreements”. Products (under the DSA) and Collaboration Antigen Products (under the CLA) are hereinafter collectively referred to as “Novavax Products”;

WHEREAS, pursuant to Novavax’s cancellation notice on [***], SK has ceased all drug substance and drug product Manufacturing activities for supply to Novavax under the following statement of works in relation to the Business Agreements: (i) Statement of Work No.1 dated December 23, 2021, under the CLA as amended to date (“SOW No.1”); (ii) Statement of Work No. 5 dated July 18, 2022, under the DSA (“SOW No.5”); and (iii) Statement of Work No. 6 dated July 18, 2022, as amended to date under the DSA (“SOW No. 6”). SOW No.1, SOW No.5 and SOW No.6 are hereinafter collectively referred to as “Subject SOWs”;

WHEREAS, Novavax and SK desire to wind down all drug substance and drug product Manufacturing activities for supply to Novavax under the Subject SOWs as of the Effective Date; and

WHEREAS, without conceding to any of the claims [***], or any rights Novavax or SK has in connection with other Party’s performance of the Business Agreements or under the Parties’ [***], and [***], the Parties enter into this Agreement in their respective best interests to resolve their disputes through settlement and to agree the wind-down of the Subject SOWs.

NOW, THEREFORE, in exchange for good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the Parties agree as follows:

1.Recitations and Definitions. The above Recitals are incorporated into the terms and conditions of this Agreement and made a part hereof. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings provided in the Business Agreements.

2.Settlement Terms

2.1 As of the Effective Date, Novavax and SK agree to wind down all drug substance and drug product Manufacturing activities for supply to Novavax under the Subject SOWs. In connection with the cancellation and wind down of the Subject SOWs and as consideration for the final and full release of all Claims (as defined below), the Parties hereby agree that the amounts payable by Novavax to SK shall be USD One Hundred and

Forty Nine Million and Seven Hundred Fifty Thousand ($149.75 million) (“Settlement Cash”).

Novavax will pay to SK the Settlement Cash in accordance with the following payment schedule:


	Payment milestones	Amount (in USD)
First Payment	Within two (2) business days upon the Effective Date hereof	$130.4 million
Second Payment	On or before November 15, 2023	$19.35 million

2.2. The Parties will work collaboratively to agree on and execute a plan to wind down all activities at [***], and SK’s and its Subcontractors’ other facilities (collectively, “SK Facilities”) that have been used for the Manufacture and supply of Novavax Products (“Wind Down Plan”). Each Party will bear their respective costs associated with the preparation of the Wind Down Plan. The Wind Down Plan shall be developed collaboratively and fully implemented by the Parties no later than [***] from the Effective Date. In accordance with the Quality Agreement and the Business Agreements, [***] is responsible for the final disposition of all Novavax Products Manufactured by SK from SK Facilities under the Business Agreements (including Subject SOWs, and any other statement of works where there are remaining Batches under review and testing). With respect to Novavax owned unused Raw Materials acquired for the Manufacturing of Novavax Products (“Left Over Raw Materials”) and Equipment remaining at SK Facilities as of the Effective Date hereof, the Wind Down plan will include a [***]. For the avoidance of doubt, any Purchaser Supplied Items remaining at SK Facilities as of the Effective Date hereof, as specified in the Wind Down Plan, are Novavax property, which wind-down shall be handled in accordance with such Wind Down Plan. The Wind Down Plan will include the following cost sharing agreement between the Parties:

(a)For all Left Over Raw Materials, Equipment and Purchaser Supplied Items that are designated as “returned to Novavax”, any cost and expense arising from or in connection with the return and delivery of same will be [***].

(b)For all Left Over Raw Materials, Equipment and Purchaser Supplied Items that are designated as “repurposed or destroyed by SK”, Novavax will transfer to SK all such Leftover Raw Materials, Equipment and Purchaser Supplied Items in accordance with the Wind Down Plan on an as-is basis and without any warranty, representation, or covenant. SK may, at its sole discretion and expense, repurpose or destroy all such Leftover Raw Materials and Equipment, and SK shall be fully responsible for the use or destruction of same. For Adjuvant (Matrix-M™), SK may only purpose such material in the Manufacturing SK Vaccine Products under the CLA; or, destroy in accordance with the Quality Agreement.

(c)For all Novavax Products unreleased from and/or stored at SK Facilities under the Business Agreement as of the Effective Date hereof for supply to Novavax, which are

listed under the Wind Down Plan as “delivered to Novavax”, SK will deliver and Novavax shall receive [***] at the location as set forth in the Wind Down Plan. [***].

2.3 The Parties hereby agree to: (i) remove certain restrictions under the CLA that have been triggered by the launch of SK’s Competing Vaccine SKYCovione™ in the Republic of Korea; (ii) grant an exclusive license by Novavax to SK under the CLA for the Exploitation of SK Antigen Product and SK Vaccine Product in the Republic of Korea and extend the term of such license until February 12, 2029; and (iii) grant a non-exclusive license by Novavax to SK under the CLA for Exploitation of the SK Antigen Product and SK Vaccine Product in Thailand and Vietnam with a term until June 30, 2028. SK Antigen Product and SK Vaccine Product include those utilizing Variant Antigen developed by Novavax during the Term of the CLA. This Section 2.3 shall constitute a valid and binding amendment of CLA between the Parties and be a part of the CLA. The other terms and conditions that are not covered in this Section 2.3 shall be subject to the CLA. [***] following the Effective Date hereof, the Parties will negotiate in good faith other matters regarding the amendment of CLA that are not covered in this Section 2.3, and use reasonable efforts to enter into a mutually acceptable amendment to the CLA to reflect such agreement of the Parties. The Parties acknowledge and agree that the value of the licenses extension granted in this Section 2.3 equals $[***]. The Parties agree to irrevocably deduct such amount from the total settlement amount set forth in the Exhibit A attached hereto. The Settlement Cash (which is the balance between the total settlement amount under Exhibit A and such $[***]), among other promises, covenants, releases, and agreements contained in this Agreement, constitutes the consideration for the Release under this Agreement. For further clarity, under no circumstances will Novavax be responsible to pay to SK such $[***] or any other amount with respect to the licenses granted under and/or extended in accordance with this Section 2.3.

2.4 Each Party will execute all further and additional documents and take all further actions as may reasonably be necessary to effectuate and carry out the provisions in this Section 2 in a timely manner.

3.Release

3.1In consideration of the promises, covenants, releases, and agreements contained herein, without further action by any party, SK and Novavax do hereby now and forever release, remise, hold harmless, and forever discharge each other, and their respective past, present, and future directors, officers, employees, Subcontractors, agents, sublicensees, consultants, attorneys and accountants, Affiliates, assigns, successors, shareholders, beneficiaries, predecessors, insurers, administrators, and successors in interest (each a “Releasee”) of any and all cause of actions, suits, claims, rights, damages, liabilities, obligations, debts, agreements, losses, costs, expenses (including attorneys’ fees and costs actually incurred), or controversies of any nature whatsoever, known or unknown, liquidated or unliquidated, suspected or unsuspected, fixed or contingent in law or in equity arising from or in connection with the Business Agreements, the Subject SOWs, and other statement of works existing under the Business Agreements, in each case, in connection with the Manufacturing and supply of Novavax Products and the cancellation of Services, which have been brought or could have been brought as of the Effective Date (collectively, “Claims”), including without limitation:

a.SK’s obligation to Manufacture or supply any Novavax Product; and

b.Claims by SK that Novavax has breached (i) its obligations under the Subject SOWs arising from or in connection with the cancelation or termination of the Services and disposition of Novavax Products by Novavax as set forth under Section 2.2 hereof; or (ii) its other obligations under the Business Agreements or other SOWs.

3.2For the avoidance of doubt, nothing in this Agreement terminates the DSA or CLA, nor releases either Party’s claims or obligations with respect to Section 2.2 hereof, nor modifies or releases either Party’s rights or obligations in connection with SK Antigen Product and SK Vaccine Product under the CLA, nor terminates or releases either Party’s claims or obligations to maintain the confidentiality of the other Party’s Confidential Information under the Business Agreements and Subject SOWs.

3.3Each Releasee will be an express beneficiary of the rights and releases granted under this Section 3 (Release) and will be entitled to rely on the same as a defense to any suit brought against such Releasee in contravention of the provisions of this Section 3 (Release), without regard to the fact that such Releasee may not be a party to this Agreement.

4.Confidentiality

4.1Each Party acknowledges the confidential nature of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, as well as the confidential information disclosed between the Parties pursuant to the confidentiality terms of the Business Agreements (which remain in full force and effect) (such information, collectively, the “Confidential Information”) and, except as set forth below or in Section 5.1 of this Agreement, each Party agrees that it shall not (a) disclose any Confidential Information to any person or entity, except to such Party and its Affiliates or their respective employees, officers, directors, advisors and other representatives (“Representatives”) who need to know the Confidential Information to assist such Party, or act on its behalf, to exercise its rights or perform its obligations under this Agreement, or (b) use the Confidential Information, or permit it to be accessed or used, for any purpose other than to exercise its rights or perform its obligations under this Agreement or the Business Agreements. Each Party shall be responsible for any breach of this Section 4 caused by any of its Representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any Confidential Information is permissibly disclosed under Section 5.1, such information will no longer be deemed Confidential Information for the purposes of this Section 4.

4.2In the event that either Party receives a request to produce Confidential Information of the other Party pursuant to an order of a court of competent jurisdiction or a facially valid administrative, congressional, state or local legislative or other subpoena or believes that such Party is otherwise required by law to disclose Confidential Information, then such Party shall [***] notify the other Party prior to making such disclosure, unless prior notification is precluded by applicable laws or regulations or where enforcement action by applicable authority precludes prior notification, in which case the Party will notify the other Party [***], and shall provide the other Party the opportunity to challenge or otherwise lawfully seek limits upon such disclosure of Confidential Information.

5.Publicity

5.1Neither Party shall, orally or in writing, publicly disclose or issue any press release, make any other public statement, or otherwise communicate with the media, concerning the Subject SOWs, the Business Agreements, the existence of this Agreement or the subject matter hereof, without the prior written approval of the other Party, except to the extent that such Party is required to make any public disclosure or filing regarding the subject matter of this Agreement by applicable laws or regulations, or in connection with enforcing its rights under this Agreement.

5.2Neither Party shall make, publish, or communicate to any person or entity or in any public forum any comments or statements, written or oral, that denigrate or disparage, or are detrimental to, the reputation or stature of the other Party or its businesses, or any of its employees, officers, directors, and existing and prospective customers, suppliers, investors, and other associated third parties.

6.Non-Admission of Liability

The Parties understand and agree that this Agreement is a compromise and settlement of disputed Claims. Each Party specifically denies any liability or wrongdoing whatsoever on their part, such liability including without limitation the Subject SOWs financial breakdown specified under Exhibit A hereto. Nothing in this Agreement shall constitute or be construed as an admission of liability on behalf of a Party, or an admission as to the validity of the Claims.

7.Non-Transfer of Claims

Each Party represents and warrants that it has not assigned or otherwise transferred any interest in any Claim which it may have against the other Party, and hereby agrees that any transfer of any of its interest in any Claim before or after the date of this Agreement, if any, shall be void and invalid. For further clarity, no Party shall assign or transfer this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the other Party, and any attempt of assignment or transfer without such consent shall be void.

8.Free and Voluntary Act of the Parties

Each Party acknowledges that it is entering into this Agreement with full knowledge and understanding that in exchange for the benefits to be received as described herein, it is giving up certain valuable rights that such Party may now have or may later acquire under the Business Agreements.

9.Attorney Representation

This Agreement is entered into voluntarily by the Parties who stipulate and agree that they are under no duress or undue influence. The Parties represent that in the execution of this Agreement, they had the opportunity to consult legal counsel of their own selection and that the said attorneys have reviewed this Agreement, made any desired changes, and advised their respective clients with respect to the advisability of making the settlement and releases provided herein and of executing this Agreement.

10.Due Authorization

Each Party represents and warrants to the other Party that it has full corporate power and authority to execute, deliver and perform under this Agreement and has taken all corporate action required by applicable laws, and its organizational documents to authorize the execution and delivery of this Agreement, and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, and this Agreement constitutes a valid and binding agreement against it in accordance with its terms.

11.Governing Laws and Dispute Resolution

This Agreement, and all claims arising under or in connection therewith, shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the substantive laws of [***], without regard to conflict of law principles thereof. The dispute resolution provisions in Business Agreements shall apply to any and all disputes arising under this Agreement.

12.Entire Agreement

This Agreement contains the entire agreement and understanding of the Parties concerning the subject matter hereof (including without limitation any Claims) and supersedes and replaces all prior negotiations, proposed agreements, and agreements (written or oral) between the Parties on same. Each Party acknowledges that neither the other Party, nor any agent or attorney of the other Party, has made any promise, representation, or warranty whatsoever, express or implied, not contained herein concerning the subject matter hereof to induce it to execute this Agreement and acknowledges that it is not executing this Agreement in reliance on any such promise, representation or warranty not contained herein.

13.Separation of Terms

In the event that any provision of this Agreement is held to be void, voidable, or unenforceable, it shall be severed from this Agreement and the remaining portions hereof shall remain in full force and effect.

14.No Waiver; Amendment

No provision of this Agreement may be waived or modified, except in writing executed by the Party entitled to enforcement of such provision. The failure of any Party to require strict performance with any provision of this Agreement shall not be construed as a waiver. No provision of this Agreement may be amended or modified other than by a written document executed by authorized representatives of each Party.

15.Costs

The Parties have agreed to bear their own attorneys' fees and costs with respect to the preparation of any and all documents necessary to enter into this Agreement.

16.Notices.

All notices, requests, consents, and other communications under this Agreement shall be in writing Any notices, requests, demands and other communications required or permitted in this Agreement shall be effective if in writing and (i) delivered personally, (ii) sent by e-mail or (iii) delivered by overnight courier, in each case, addressed as follows:

If to the Company to:

Novavax, Inc.

21 Firstfield Road

Gaithersburg, MD 20878

Attention: John Herrmann

Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer & General Counsel, Corporate Secretary

E-mail: [***]

If to SK to:

SK bioscience Co., Ltd.

[***]

Attention: [***]

Title: [***]

E-mail: [***]

or at such other address as Novavax or SK each may specify by written notice to the other party hereto. Either party may change the address to which notices, requests, consents or other communications hereunder are to be delivered by giving the other Party notice in the manner set forth in this Section 16.

17.Counterparts

This Agreement may be signed and executed in one or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original and all of which together shall constitute one Agreement.

Delivery of an executed counterpart of a signature page of this Agreement by facsimile or email shall be effective as delivery of an originally executed counterpart of this Agreement.

[INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Agreement through their duly authorized officers or representatives.


Novavax, Inc.			SK bioscience Co., Ltd.

/s/ John A. Herrmann III			/s/ [***]
Name: John A. Herrmann III			Name: [***]
Title: Executive Vice President, Chief Legal Officer & General Counsel, Corporate Secretary Date: 08/08/2023			Title: [***] Date: 08/08/2023

Exhibit A

Subject SOWs Financial Breakdown

[Pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(a)(5), this Schedule setting forth the financial breakdown of the Settlement Cash among the Subject SOWs has not been filed. The Registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted exhibits to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request; provided, however, that the Registrant may request confidential treatment of omitted items.]

[***]

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, John C. Jacobs, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Novavax, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ John C. Jacobs
		John C. Jacobs
		President and Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, James P. Kelly, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Novavax, Inc.;

b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.


Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ James P. Kelly
		James P. Kelly
		Executive Vice President, Chief
		Financial Officer and Treasurer

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT

TO 18 UNITED STATES CODE §1350
(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Novavax, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, John C. Jacobs, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company for the dates and periods covered by this Report.


Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ John C. Jacobs
		John C. Jacobs
		President and Chief Executive Officer

This certification accompanies the Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by such act, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference.

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO 18 UNITED STATES CODE §1350
(SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002)

In connection with the Quarterly Report of Novavax, Inc. (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended September 30, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, James P. Kelly, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company for the dates and periods covered by this Report.


Date: November 9, 2023	By:	/s/ James P. Kelly
		James P. Kelly
		Executive Vice President, Chief
		Financial Officer and Treasurer

Cover Page - shares	9 Months Ended
Cover Page - shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Oct. 31, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	000-26770
Entity Registrant Name	NOVAVAX, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	22-2816046
Entity Address, Address Line One	700 Quince Orchard Road,
Entity Address, City or Town	Gaithersburg,
Entity Address, Country	MD
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	20878
City Area Code	(240)
Local Phone Number	268-2000
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	NVAX
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		118,790,222
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Entity Central Index Key	0001000694
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue:
Revenues	$ 186,986	$ 734,577	$ 692,363	$ 1,624,473
Expenses:
Cost of sales	98,929	434,593	188,792	720,874
Research and development	106,229	304,297	572,805	977,428
Selling, general, and administrative	107,460	122,876	313,709	327,028
Total expenses	312,618	861,766	1,075,306	2,025,330
Loss from operations	(125,632)	(127,189)	(382,943)	(400,857)
Other income (expense):
Interest expense	(2,859)	(4,169)	(10,299)	(15,279)
Other income (expense)	(2,982)	(34,783)	26,912	(53,002)
Loss before income taxes	(131,473)	(166,141)	(366,330)	(469,138)
Income tax expense (benefit)	(697)	2,472	343	6,552
Net loss	$ (130,776)	$ (168,613)	$ (366,673)	$ (475,690)
Net loss per share:
Basic (in usd per share)	$ (1.26)	$ (2.15)	$ (3.94)	$ (6.13)
Diluted (in usd per share)	$ (1.26)	$ (2.15)	$ (3.94)	$ (6.13)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
Basic (in shares)	103,429	78,274	93,046	77,631
Diluted (in shares)	103,429	78,274	93,046	77,631
Product sales
Revenue:
Revenues	$ 2,231	$ 626,091	$ 279,937	$ 1,267,174
Grants
Revenue:
Revenues	164,922	106,273	389,380	313,348
Royalties and other
Revenue:
Revenues	$ 19,833	$ 2,213	$ 23,046	$ 43,951

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (130,776)	$ (168,613)	$ (366,673)	$ (475,690)
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(3,686)	(12,924)	(5,486)	(22,441)
Other comprehensive loss	(3,686)	(12,924)	(5,486)	(22,441)
Comprehensive loss	$ (134,462)	$ (181,537)	$ (372,159)	$ (498,131)

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 651,104	$ 1,336,883
Restricted cash	10,393	10,303
Accounts receivable	123,657	82,375
Inventory	69,592	36,683
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	152,018	237,147
Total current assets	1,006,764	1,703,391
Property and equipment, net	300,982	294,247
Right of use asset, net	190,741	106,241
Goodwill	123,780	126,331
Other non-current assets	34,890	28,469
Total assets	1,657,157	2,258,679
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	101,914	216,517
Accrued expenses	311,201	591,158
Deferred revenue	192,187	370,137
Current portion of finance lease liabilities	1,332	27,196
Convertible notes payable	0	324,881
Other current liabilities	861,956	930,055
Total current liabilities	1,468,590	2,459,944
Deferred revenue	608,842	179,414
Convertible notes payable	167,621	166,466
Non-current finance lease liabilities	53,158	31,238
Other non-current liabilities	37,296	55,695
Total liabilities	2,335,507	2,892,757
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; no shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022	0	0
Stockholders' deficit:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 600,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022; 119,641,667 shares issued and 118,730,398 shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 86,806,554 shares issued and 86,039,923 shares outstanding at December 31, 2022	1,196	868
Additional paid-in capital	4,066,585	3,737,979
Accumulated deficit	(4,642,562)	(4,275,889)
Treasury stock, cost basis, 911,269 shares at September 30, 2023 and 766,631 shares at December 31, 2022	(91,706)	(90,659)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(11,863)	(6,377)
Total stockholders’ deficit	(678,350)	(634,078)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit	$ 1,657,157	$ 2,258,679

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value per share (in usd per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value per share (in usd per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	600,000,000	600,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	119,641,667	86,806,554
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	118,730,398	86,039,923
Treasury stock (in shares)	911,269	766,631

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Deficit	Treasury Stock	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		76,433,151
Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2021	$ (351,673)	$ 764	$ 3,351,967	$ (3,617,950)	$ (85,101)	$ (1,353)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	104,367		104,367
Stock issued under incentive programs (in shares)		573,960
Stock issued under incentive programs	67	$ 6	4,900		(4,839)
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)		2,197,398
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	179,385	$ 22	179,363
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(22,441)					(22,441)
Net loss	(475,690)			(475,690)
Balance ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		79,204,509
Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2022	(565,985)	$ 792	3,640,597	(4,093,640)	(89,940)	(23,794)
Balance beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022		78,776,234
Balance beginning at Jun. 30, 2022	(416,950)	$ 788	3,604,614	(3,925,027)	(86,455)	(10,870)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	33,386		33,386
Stock issued under incentive programs (in shares)		428,275
Stock issued under incentive programs	(884)	$ 4	2,597		(3,485)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(12,924)					(12,924)
Net loss	(168,613)			(168,613)
Balance ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022		79,204,509
Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2022	$ (565,985)	$ 792	3,640,597	(4,093,640)	(89,940)	(23,794)
Balance beginning (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	86,039,923	86,806,554
Balance beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	$ (634,078)	$ 868	3,737,979	(4,275,889)	(90,659)	(6,377)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	70,193		70,193
Stock issued under incentive programs (in shares)		605,571
Stock issued under incentive programs	699	$ 6	1,740		(1,047)
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)		32,229,542
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	256,995	$ 322	256,673
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(5,486)					(5,486)
Net loss	$ (366,673)			(366,673)
Balance ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	118,730,398	119,641,667
Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2023	$ (678,350)	$ 1,196	4,066,585	(4,642,562)	(91,706)	(11,863)
Balance beginning (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023		95,183,750
Balance beginning at Jun. 30, 2023	(754,519)	$ 952	3,855,916	(4,511,786)	(91,424)	(8,177)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock-based compensation	21,254		21,254
Stock issued under incentive programs (in shares)		176,329
Stock issued under incentive programs	354	$ 2	634		(282)
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs (in shares)		24,281,588
Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs	189,023	$ 242	188,781
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(3,686)					(3,686)
Net loss	$ (130,776)			(130,776)
Balance ending (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	118,730,398	119,641,667
Balance ending at Sep. 30, 2023	$ (678,350)	$ 1,196	$ 4,066,585	$ (4,642,562)	$ (91,706)	$ (11,863)

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' DEFICIT (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Statement of Stockholders' Equity [Abstract]
Issuance of common stock, issuance costs	$ 3,063	$ 3,924	$ 2,311

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Operating Activities:
Net loss	$ (366,673)	$ (475,690)
Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	30,431	21,832
Non-cash stock-based compensation	69,699	102,525
Provision for excess and obsolete inventory	49,533	358,075
Impairment of long-lived assets	10,081	0
Right-of-use assets expensed, net of credits received	0	40,187
Other items, net	(3,015)	(25,059)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Inventory	(82,542)	(426,466)
Accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, and other assets	(34,418)	171,325
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(349,261)	90,418
Deferred revenue	138,979	(155,268)
Net cash used in operating activities	(537,186)	(298,121)
Investing Activities:
Capital expenditures	(44,932)	(66,033)
Internal-use software	(4,796)	(4,888)
Net cash used in investing activities	(49,728)	(70,921)
Financing Activities:
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	256,995	179,385
Net proceeds from the exercise of stock-based awards	699	67
Finance lease payments	(25,026)	(45,904)
Repayment of 2023 Convertible notes	(325,000)	0
Payments of costs related to issuance of 2027 Convertible notes	(3,591)	0
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(95,923)	133,548
Effect of exchange rate on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	355	257
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(682,482)	(235,237)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	1,348,845	1,528,259
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	666,363	1,293,022
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activities:
Right-of-use assets from new lease agreements	96,492	118,262
Capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	2,394	11,984
Internal-use software included in accounts payable and accrued expenses	167	0
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash interest payments, net of amounts capitalized	11,751	17,260
Cash paid for income taxes	$ 128	$ 17,843

Organization and Business	9 Months Ended
Organization and Business	Sep. 30, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization and Business	Organization and Business Novavax, Inc. (“Novavax,” and together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company”) is a biotechnology company that promotes improved health by discovering, developing, and commercializing innovative vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases. Novavax offers a differentiated vaccine platform that combines a recombinant protein approach, innovative nanoparticle technology and patented Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response. Novavax currently has one commercial program, for vaccines to prevent COVID-19, which includes Nuvaxovid prototype COVID-19 vaccine ("NVX-CoV2373,” or “prototype vaccine”) and Nuvaxovid updated COVID-19 vaccine (“NVX-CoV2601,” or “updated vaccine”) (collectively, “COVID-19 Program,” or “COVID-19 Vaccine”). Local authorities have also specified nomenclature for the prototype and updated vaccines within their labeling (“Novavax COVID-19 Vaccine, Adjuvanted” and “Novavax COVID-19, Adjuvanted (2023-2024 Formula), respectively, for the U.S.). The Company’s partner, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. (“SIIPL”), markets NVX-CoV2373 as “Covovax™.” Beginning in 2022, the Company received approval, interim authorization, provisional approval, conditional marketing authorization, and emergency use authorization (“EUA”) from multiple regulatory authorities globally for its prototype vaccine for both adult and adolescent populations as a primary series and for both homologous and heterologous booster indications in select territories. In October 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“U.S. FDA”) amended the EUA for its prototype vaccine to include its updated vaccine. The amended EUA authorizes use of the Company’s updated vaccine in individuals 12 years and older. In October 2023, the European Commission (“EC”) granted approval for the Company’s updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 12 and older. The Company exclusively depends on its supply agreement with SIIPL and its subsidiary, Serum Life Sciences Limited (“SLS”), for co-formulation, filling and finishing (other than in Europe) and on its service agreement with PCI Pharma Services for finishing in Europe. The Company plans to rely on these arrangements to supply its updated vaccine during the 2023-2024 vaccination season and subsequently (see Note 4). Novavax is advancing development of other vaccine candidates, including its influenza vaccine candidate, its COVID19-Influenza Combination (“CIC”) vaccine candidate and additional vaccine candidates. The Company’s COVID-19 Program and its other vaccine candidates incorporate the Company’s proprietary Matrix-M™ adjuvant to enhance the immune response and stimulate higher levels of functional antibodies and induce a cellular immune response.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	9 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Accumulated other comprehensive loss included a foreign currency translation loss of $11.9 million and $6.4 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The aggregate foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to functional currency were a $12.2 million loss and a $3.9 million gain, and a $38.6 million loss and $59.6 million loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are reflected in Other income (expense). The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment. Liquidity and Going Concern The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming, subject to the disclosures herein, that the Company will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, as of September 30, 2023, the Company had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment to the advance purchase agreement between the Company and the Canadian government (the “Canada APA”), the Company expects to receive the second installment of $174.8 million from the Canadian government that is contingent and payable upon the Company’s delivery of vaccine doses in the fourth quarter of 2023 (see Note 3). During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $366.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $537.2 million. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these unaudited consolidated financial statements are issued. While the Company’s current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that there will be sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to revenue for the next 12 months, the Company’s ability to execute on certain cost-cutting initiatives and a pending matter subject to arbitration proceedings. The Company’s revenue projections depend on its ability to successfully manufacture, distribute and market its updated vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory authorizations, the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, the Company’s ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine. Failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements (“APAs”) may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments which would adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. For example, if the Company fails to deliver its updated vaccine doses to the Canadian government in the fourth quarter of 2023, the second installment payment of $174.8 million will be terminated and not be payable to the Company. In addition, the Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA if the Company fails to achieve regulatory approval for use of the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, Inc. (“BMC”) for COVID-19 Vaccine production on or before December 31, 2024. Also, if the Company does not timely achieve supportive recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (the “JCVI”) of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”) with respect to use of its COVID-19 Program for (a) the general adult population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or (b) the general adolescent population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or as a primary series SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, excluding where that recommendation relates only to one or more population groups comprising less than one million members in the United Kingdom, then the Company would be required to repay up to $112.5 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated October 22, 2020, between the Company and the Authority. On January 24, 2023, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (“Gavi”) filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration regarding an alleged material breach by the Company of the Company’s APA with Gavi (the “Gavi APA”). The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. The outcome of that arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible the Company could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining advance payments of $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023 (see Note 3 and Note 14). Management believes that, given the significance of these uncertainties, substantial doubt exists regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued. In May 2023, the Company announced a global restructuring and cost reduction plan (the “Restructuring Plan”), which includes a more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, a reduction to the Company’s global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure. The workforce reduction plan included an approximately 25% reduction in the Company’s global workforce, comprised of an approximately 20% reduction in full-time Novavax employees and the remainder comprised of contractors and consultants. The Company has decided to progress its CIC vaccine candidate toward late-stage development and, as such, is assessing the impact on its workforce requirements. The Company expects the full annual impact of the cost savings from the Restructuring Plan to be realized in 2024 and approximately half of the annual impact to be realized in 2023 due to timing of implementing the measures, and the applicable laws, regulations, and other factors in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a charge of $4.5 million related to one-time employee severance and benefit costs and recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure (see Note 15). The Company’s ability to fund Company operations is dependent upon revenue related to vaccine sales for its products and product candidates, if such product candidates receive marketing approval and are successfully commercialized, and in particular the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine, the resolution of certain matters, including whether, when, and how the dispute with Gavi is resolved, and management’s plans, which includes cost reductions associated with the Restructuring Plan. Management’s plans may also include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financing, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales, and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require the Company to give up some or all of its rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. In addition, the regulatory and commercial success of the Company’s COVID-19 Program and the Company’s other vaccine candidates, including an influenza vaccine candidate, and a CIC vaccine candidate, remains uncertain. Also, the impact of the Company’s more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, reduction to its global workforce, and consolidation of its facilities and infrastructure remain uncertain. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, or further downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern. Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Revenue Recognition Constraints The Company constrains the transaction price for customer arrangements until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Specifically, if a customer arrangement includes a provision whereby the customer may request a discount, return, or refund for a previously satisfied performance obligation or otherwise could have the effect of decreasing the transaction price, revenue is constrained based on an estimate of the impact to the transaction price recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Restructuring The Company recognizes restructuring charges when such costs are incurred. The Company’s restructuring charges consist of employee severance and other termination benefits related to the reduction of its workforce, the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure and other costs. Termination benefits are expensed on the date the Company notifies the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoing benefits are expensed when restructuring activities are probable and the benefit estimable. See Note 15 for additional information on the severance and employee benefit costs for terminated employees and impairment of assets in connection with the Company’s Restructuring Plan. Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), with amendments in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. The ASU sets forth a “current expected credit loss” model that requires companies to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 applies to financial instruments that are not measured at fair value, including receivables that result from revenue transactions. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, using a modified retrospective approach, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Revenue

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Grants, U.S. Government Contract and Joint Venture [Abstract]

Revenue


	Balance, Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance, End of Period
Accounts receivable:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	96,210	$	981,305	$	(946,182)	$	131,333
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	454,993		1,519,345		(1,862,693)		111,645
Allowance for doubtful accounts(1):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	(13,835)	$	—	$	6,159	$	(7,676)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	—		—		—		—
Deferred revenue:(2)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	549,551	$	422,766	$	(171,288)	$	801,029
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	1,595,472		96,298		(251,576)		1,440,194

Product Sales

Product sales by the Company’s customer’s geographic location was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
North America	$	2,231	$	129,718	$	2,231	$	194,480
Europe	—		347,005		59,322		760,750
Rest of the world	—		149,368		218,384		311,944
Total product sales revenue	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	279,937	$	1,267,174

Grants

Royalties and Other

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

SIIPL

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

In May 2023, the Company entered into a 3-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

to provide the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in preclinical vaccine research.

SK bioscience, Co., Ltd

Other Supply Agreements

Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Collaborative Arrangement [Abstract]

Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

Revenue


	Balance, Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance, End of Period
Accounts receivable:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	96,210	$	981,305	$	(946,182)	$	131,333
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	454,993		1,519,345		(1,862,693)		111,645
Allowance for doubtful accounts(1):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	(13,835)	$	—	$	6,159	$	(7,676)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	—		—		—		—
Deferred revenue:(2)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	549,551	$	422,766	$	(171,288)	$	801,029
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	1,595,472		96,298		(251,576)		1,440,194

Product Sales

Product sales by the Company’s customer’s geographic location was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
North America	$	2,231	$	129,718	$	2,231	$	194,480
Europe	—		347,005		59,322		760,750
Rest of the world	—		149,368		218,384		311,944
Total product sales revenue	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	279,937	$	1,267,174

Grants

Royalties and Other

Royalties and other includes royalty milestone payments, sales-based royalties, and Matrix-M™ adjuvant sales.

Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements

SIIPL

Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited

Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

In May 2023, the Company entered into a 3-year agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute

to provide the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant for use in preclinical vaccine research.

SK bioscience, Co., Ltd

Other Supply Agreements

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	651,104	$	1,336,883
Restricted cash, current	10,393		10,303
Restricted cash, non-current(1)	4,866		1,659
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	666,363	$	1,348,845

(1)Classified as Other non-current assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities (in thousands):


	Fair Value at September 30, 2023						Fair Value at December 31, 2022
Assets	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market funds(1)	$	196,679	$	—	$	—	$	398,834	$	—	$	—
Government-backed securities(1)	—		200,000		—		—		296,000		—
Treasury securities(1)	—		36,913		—		—		—		—
Corporate debt securities(1)	—		23,028		—		—		—		—
Agency securities(1)	—		—		—		—		104,536		—
Total cash equivalents	$	196,679	$	259,941	$	—	$	398,834	$	400,536	$	—
Liabilities
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	172,789	$	—
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	—		—		—		—		322,111		—
Total convertible notes payable	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	494,900	$	—

(1)All investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have any transfers between levels.

The amount in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets for accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

Inventory

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	10,385	$	13,912
Semi-finished goods	10,405		21,410
Finished goods	48,802		1,361
Total inventory	$	69,592	$	36,683

Goodwill

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill

GoodwillThe Company has one reporting unit, which has a negative equity balance as of September 30, 2023 and December 31,

2022. The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	126,331
Currency translation adjustments	(2,551)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	123,780

Leases	9 Months Ended
Leases	Sep. 30, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Leases	Leases The Company has embedded leases related to supply agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and contract manufacturing and development organizations to manufacture its COVID-19 Vaccine, as well as leases for its research and development and manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters and offices, and certain equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company continued to align its global manufacturing footprint as a result of its ongoing assessment of manufacturing needs consistent with its contractual obligations related to the supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Program. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $39.5 million and $48.0 million, respectively, related to the reversal of previously recognized embedded lease expense on the settlement of CMO contracts. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $46.6 million and expense of $37.3 million respectively, related to its embedded leases and expensed $24.2 million and $44.0 million respectively, for the write off of right of use (“ROU”) assets that represented assets acquired for research and development activities that did not have an alternative future use at the commencement or modification of the lease ROU written off. There were no ROU assets written off during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, related to embedded leases. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.5 million and $1.4 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $0.9 million and $4.3 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $5.9 million related to ROU facility leases used for research and development, manufacturing and offices space that are impacted by the Restructuring Plan (see Note 15). The Company has a lease agreement for approximately 170,000 square feet of space at 700 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland, which the Company uses for manufacturing, research and development, and corporate offices. The term of the lease expires in 2035 with options to extend the lease. The lease provides for an annual base rent of $5.8 million that is subject to future rent increases and obligates the Company to pay building operating costs. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company obtained the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, certain floors located at the premises and recognized a ROU asset and related lease obligation of $96.5 million as the lease commencement dates for accounting purposes had occurred. The lease obligation was reduced by $73.4 million for prepaid rent and prior costs incurred on behalf of the landlord.
Leases	Leases The Company has embedded leases related to supply agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and contract manufacturing and development organizations to manufacture its COVID-19 Vaccine, as well as leases for its research and development and manufacturing facilities, corporate headquarters and offices, and certain equipment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company continued to align its global manufacturing footprint as a result of its ongoing assessment of manufacturing needs consistent with its contractual obligations related to the supply, and anticipated demand for, its COVID-19 Program. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $39.5 million and $48.0 million, respectively, related to the reversal of previously recognized embedded lease expense on the settlement of CMO contracts. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized a short-term lease benefit of $46.6 million and expense of $37.3 million respectively, related to its embedded leases and expensed $24.2 million and $44.0 million respectively, for the write off of right of use (“ROU”) assets that represented assets acquired for research and development activities that did not have an alternative future use at the commencement or modification of the lease ROU written off. There were no ROU assets written off during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, related to embedded leases. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.5 million and $1.4 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $0.9 million and $4.3 million of interest expense, respectively, on its finance lease liabilities. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $5.9 million related to ROU facility leases used for research and development, manufacturing and offices space that are impacted by the Restructuring Plan (see Note 15). The Company has a lease agreement for approximately 170,000 square feet of space at 700 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland, which the Company uses for manufacturing, research and development, and corporate offices. The term of the lease expires in 2035 with options to extend the lease. The lease provides for an annual base rent of $5.8 million that is subject to future rent increases and obligates the Company to pay building operating costs. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company obtained the right to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefit from, certain floors located at the premises and recognized a ROU asset and related lease obligation of $96.5 million as the lease commencement dates for accounting purposes had occurred. The lease obligation was reduced by $73.4 million for prepaid rent and prior costs incurred on behalf of the landlord.

Long-Term Debt

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Long-Term Debt

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Current portion:
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	$	—	$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	—		(119)
Total current convertible notes payable	$	—	$	324,881
Non-current portion:
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	175,250	$	175,250

Unamortized debt issuance costs	(7,629)		(8,784)
Total non-current convertible notes payable	$	167,621	$	166,466

The interest expense incurred in connection with the convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Coupon interest	$	2,191	$	3,047	$	7,588	$	9,141
Amortization of debt issuance costs	395		356		1,295		1,068
Total interest expense on convertible notes payable	$	2,586	$	3,403	$	8,883	$	10,209

Stockholders' Deficit	9 Months Ended
Stockholders' Deficit	Sep. 30, 2023
Stockholders' Equity Note [Abstract]
Stockholders' Deficit	Stockholders' Deficit In August 2023, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the "August 2023 Sales Agreement"), which allows it to issue and sell up to $500 million in gross proceeds of shares of its common stock, and terminated its then-existing At Market Issuance Sales agreement entered in June 2021 (the “June 2021 Sales Agreement”). During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 17.8 million shares of its common stock under its August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $143 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company sold 25.7 million shares of its common stock under its June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreement resulting in net proceeds of approximately $211 million. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining balance available under the August 2023 Sales Agreement was approximately $354 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company sold 2.2 million shares of its common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $179 million, under its June 2021 Sales Agreement. There was no sale of shares of common stock recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2022. In August 2023, pursuant to the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK, the Company agreed to sell and issue to SK 6.5 million shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share at a price of $13.00 per share (the “Shares”) in a Private Placement for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $84.5 million. The Company recognized the Shares at the settlement date fair value of $46.5 million (see Note 4 for additional discussion of the Securities Subscription Agreement with SK). The closing of the Private Placement occurred on August 10, 2023.

Stock-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Plans

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	767	$	51	$	2,283	$	51
Research and development	10,022		16,107		33,826		52,692
Selling, general, and administrative	9,971		15,389		33,590		49,782
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	20,760	$	31,547	$	69,699	$	102,525

Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights

The following is a summary of stock options and SARs activity under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan, and 2005 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan			2005 Plan
	Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	4,053,290	$	46.07	63,725	$	112.94
Granted	422,800	10.67		861,602	7.29		—	—
Exercised	—	—		(5,374)	6.71		—	—
Canceled	—	—		(103,504)	56.45		(5,450)	39.70
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	422,800	$	10.67	4,806,014	$	38.94	58,275	$	119.79
Shares exercisable at September 30, 2023	—	$	—	3,437,364	$	40.58	58,275	$	119.79


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted	$7.84	$37.66	$7.27	$60.24
Risk-free interest rate	4.3%-4.4%	3.0%-3.6%	3.5%-4.4%	1.4%-3.6%
Dividend yield	—%	—%	—%	—%
Volatility	128.7%-130.3%	122.2%-136.4%	120.4%-140.3%	120.5%-136.7%
Expected term (in years)	3.9-5.1	4.0-5.3	3.9-6.3	4.0-6.3

Restricted Stock Units

The following is a summary of RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan
	Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value		Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	2,034,574	$	61.65
Granted	363,990	10.66		2,888,793	7.25
Vested	—	—		(403,672)	87.17
Forfeited	—	—		(780,810)	27.77
Outstanding and unvested at September 30, 2023	363,990	$	10.66	3,738,885	$	23.95

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Income Taxes	9 Months Ended
Income Taxes	Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income Taxes The Company evaluates the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred over the three-year period ended September 30, 2023 and that the Company has historically generated pretax losses. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as projections for future growth. On the basis of this evaluation, as of September 30, 2023, the Company continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets, except to the extent Net Operating Losses (“NOLs”) have been used to reduce taxable income. The Company’s remaining U.S. Federal NOLs are subject to limitation in accordance with the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), which limits allowable NOL deductions to 80% of federal taxable income. Effective January 1, 2022, a provision of the TCJA has taken effect creating a significant change to the treatment of research and experimental expenditures under Section 174 of the IRC (“Sec. 174 expenses”). Historically, businesses have had the option of deducting Sec. 174 expenses in the year incurred or capitalizing and amortizing the costs over five years. The new TCJA provision, however, eliminates this option and will require Sec. 174 expenses associated with research conducted in the U.S. to be capitalized and amortized over a five-year period. For expenses associated with research outside of the U.S., Sec. 174 expenses will be capitalized and amortized over a 15-year period. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized $0.7 million of federal, state, and foreign income tax benefit. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company recognized $2.4 million of federal, state, and foreign income tax expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense of $0.3 million and $4.3 million, respectively. The Company recognized income tax expense related to foreign withholding tax on royalties of $0.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company did not recognize any foreign withholding tax expense on royalties for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Commitments and Contingencies	9 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Sep. 30, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and Contingencies Legal Matters Stockholder Litigation On November 12, 2021, Sothinathan Sinnathurai filed a purported securities class action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland (the “Maryland Court”) against the Company and certain members of senior management, captioned Sothinathan Sinnathurai v. Novavax, Inc., et al., No. 8:21-cv-02910-TDC (the “Sinnathurai Action”). On January 26, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order designating David Truong, Nuggehalli Balmukund Nandkumar, and Jeffrey Gabbert as co-lead plaintiffs in the Sinnathurai Action. The co-lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on March 11, 2022, alleging that the defendants made certain purportedly false and misleading statements concerning the Company’s ability to manufacture prototype vaccine on a commercial scale and to secure the prototype vaccine’s regulatory approval. The amended complaint defines the purported class as those stockholders who purchased the Company’s securities between February 24, 2021 and October 19, 2021. On April 25, 2022, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint. On December 12, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a ruling granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motion to dismiss. The Maryland Court dismissed all claims against two individual defendants and claims based on certain public statements challenged in the consolidated amended complaint. The Maryland Court denied the motion to dismiss as to the remaining claims and defendants, and directed the Company and other remaining defendants to answer within fourteen days. On December 27, 2022, the Company filed its answer and affirmative defenses. On March 16, 2023, the plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification and to appoint class representatives and counsel. The Company filed its opposition to the plaintiffs’ motion on September 22, 2023. After the Sinnathurai Action was filed, eight derivative lawsuits were filed: (i) Robert E. Meyer v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-02996-TDC (the “Meyer Action”), (ii) Shui Shing Yung v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:21-cv-03248-TDC (the “Yung Action”), (iii) William Kirst, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-21-000618 (the “Kirst Action”), (iv) Amy Snyder v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 8:22-cv-01415-TDC (the “Snyder Action”), (v) Charles R. Blackburn, et al. v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 1:22-cv-01417-TDC (the “Blackburn Action”), (vi) Diego J. Mesa v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-0770-NAC (the “Mesa Action”), (vii) Sean Acosta v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. 2022-1133-NAC (the “Acosta Action”), and (viii) Jared Needelman v. Stanley C. Erck, et al., No. C-15-CV-23-001550 (the “Needelman Action”). The Meyer, Yung, Snyder, and Blackburn Actions were filed in the Maryland Court. The Kirst Action was filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland, and shortly thereafter removed to the Maryland Court by the defendants. The Needleman Action was also filed in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County, Maryland. The Mesa and Acosta Actions were filed in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Delaware Court”). The derivative lawsuits name members of the Company’s board of directors and certain members of senior management as defendants. The Company is deemed a nominal defendant. The plaintiffs assert derivative claims arising out of substantially the same alleged facts and circumstances as the Sinnathurai Action. Collectively, the derivative complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, insider selling, unjust enrichment, violation of federal securities law, abuse of control, waste, and mismanagement. Plaintiffs seek declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as an award of monetary damages and attorneys’ fees. On February 7, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order consolidating the Meyer and Yung Actions (the “First Consolidated Derivative Action”). The plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action filed their consolidated derivative complaint on April 25, 2022. On May 10, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines pending the earlier of dismissal or the filing of an answer in the Sinnathurai Action. On June 10, 2022, the Snyder and Blackburn Actions were filed. On October 5, 2022, the Maryland Court entered an order granting a request by the plaintiffs in the First Consolidated Derivative Action and the Snyder and Blackburn Actions to consolidate all three actions and appoint co-lead plaintiffs and co-lead and liaison counsel (the “Second Consolidated Derivative Action”). The co-lead plaintiffs in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action filed a consolidated amended complaint on November 21, 2022. On February 10, 2023, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The plaintiffs filed their opposition to the motion to dismiss on April 11, 2023. Defendants filed their reply brief in further support of their motion to dismiss on May 11, 2023. On August 21, 2023, the court entered an order granting in part and denying in part the motion to dismiss. On September 5, 2023, the Company filed an Answer to the consolidated amended complaint. On September 6, 2023, the court entered an order granting the individual defendants an extension of time to file their answer until November 6, 2023. On October 6, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company formed a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) with full and exclusive power and authority of the Board to, among other things, investigate, review, and analyze the facts and circumstances surrounding the claims asserted in the pending derivative actions, including the claims that remain following the court’s order on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On November 7, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Second Consolidated Derivative Action for up to six months from the date of entry of the order. This includes staying the deadline for the individual defendants to respond to the consolidated amended complaint. On July 21, 2022, the Maryland Court issued a memorandum opinion and order remanding the Kirst Action to state court. On December 6, 2022, the parties to the Kirst Action filed a stipulated schedule pursuant to which the plaintiffs were expected to file an amended complaint on December 22, 2022, and either (i) the parties would file a stipulated stay of the Kirst Action or (ii) the defendants would file a motion to stay the case by January 23, 2023. The plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on December 30, 2022. On January 23, 2023, defendants filed a motion to stay the Kirst action. On February 22, 2023, the parties in the Kirst Action filed for the Court’s approval of a stipulation staying the Kirst Action pending the resolution of defendants’ motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On March 22, 2023, the Court entered an order staying the Kirst Action pending resolution of the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The parties continue to discuss next steps in the litigation following the Maryland Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On August 30, 2022, the Mesa Action was filed. On October 3, 2022, the Delaware Court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay all proceedings and deadlines in the Mesa Action pending the earlier of dismissal of the Sinnathurai Action or the filing of an answer to the operative complaint in the Sinnathurai Action. On January 9, 2023, following the ruling on the motion to dismiss the Sinnathurai Action, the Delaware Court entered an order granting the Mesa Action parties’ request to set a briefing schedule in connection with a motion to stay by defendants. On February 28, 2023, the court granted the defendants’ motion and stayed the Mesa Action pending the entry of a final, non-appealable judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On August 31, 2023, the Mesa plaintiffs filed a motion to lift the stay in the Mesa Action. On October 6, 2023, the Company filed an opposition to plaintiff’s motion to lift the stay. On October 17, 2023, the Mesa plaintiff filed his reply in further support of his motion to lift the stay. On December 7, 2022, the Acosta Action was filed. On February 6, 2023, defendants accepted service of the complaint and summons in the Acosta Action. On March 9, 2023, the court entered an order granting the parties’ request to stay the Acosta Action pending the entry of a final, non-appealable judgment in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. On October 13, 2023, the parties filed, and the Delaware Court entered, a stipulated order providing that (i) if the Delaware Court declines to lift the stay in the Mesa Action, the Acosta Action will also remain stayed, and (ii) if the Delaware Court lifts the stay in the Mesa Action, the stay in the Acosta Action will also be lifted. On April 17, 2023, the Needelman Action was filed. On July 12, 2023, the parties filed a stipulation and proposed order to stay the Needelman Action pending the Maryland Court’s decision on the motion to dismiss in the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The court entered that order on July 17, 2023. The parties continue to discuss next steps in the litigation following the Maryland Court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss the Second Consolidated Derivative Action. The financial impact of this claim, as well as the claims discussed above, is not estimable. On October 6, 2023, the Company’s board of directors voted unanimously to form a Special Litigation Committee (“SLC”) vested with full power and authority with respect to, among other things, claims in the derivative lawsuits related to certain sales of Company stock by certain Company officers, directors, or employees. The SLC has retained its own independent counsel. On November 18, 2022, the Company delivered written notice to Gavi to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s failure to procure the purchase of 350 million doses of prototype vaccine from the Company as required by the Gavi APA. As of November 18, 2022, the Company had only received orders under the Gavi APA for approximately 2 million doses. On December 2, 2022, Gavi issued a written notice purporting to terminate the Gavi APA based on Gavi’s contention that the Company repudiated the agreement and, therefore, materially breached the Gavi APA. Gavi also contends that, based on its purported termination of the Gavi APA, it is entitled to a refund of the Advance Payment Amount less any amounts that have been credited against the purchase price for binding orders placed by a buyer participating in the COVAX Facility. Since December 31, 2022, the remaining Gavi Advance Payment Amount, which is $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the dispute with Gavi related to a return of the remaining Advance Payment Amount, has been classified within Other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. On January 24, 2023, Gavi filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration based on the claims described above. The Company filed its Answer and Counterclaims on March 2, 2023. On April 5, 2023, Gavi filed its Reply to the Company’s Counterclaims. On August 24, 2023, Gavi filed a Statement of Claim, and on September 21, 2023, the Company filed a Statement of Defense and Counterclaim. The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. Arbitration is inherently uncertain, and while the Company believes that it is entitled to retain the remaining Advance Payment Amount received from Gavi, it is possible that it could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining Advance Payment Amount from Gavi. On September 30, 2022, the Company and Fujifilm entered into the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement regarding amounts due to Fujifilm in connection with the termination of manufacturing activity at FDBT under the CSA dated August 20, 2021 and the MSA by and between the Company and Fujifilm. The MSA and CSA established the general terms and conditions applicable to Fujifilm’s manufacturing and supply activities related to the Company’s prototype vaccine under the associated statements of work. Pursuant to the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the Company agreed to pay up to $185.0 million (the “Settlement Payment”) to Fujifilm in connection with cancellation of manufacturing activity at FDBT. Under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement, the final two quarterly installments due to Fujifilm were subject to Fujifilm’s obligation to use commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses associated with the vacant manufacturing capacity caused by the termination of manufacturing activities at FDBT under the CSA. Any replacement revenue achieved by Fujifilm’s mitigation efforts between July 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023 would offset the final two settlement payments owed by the Company. On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of the issues identified in the notice of breach (see Note 4). On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with JAMS seeking payment of the withheld installment payment. The Company is also involved in various other legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business. Although the outcomes of these other legal proceedings are inherently difficult to predict, the Company does not expect the resolution of these other legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Restructuring

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the restructuring charge recorded by the Company comprised (in thousands):


	Amount
Severance and employee benefit costs	$	4,503


Impairment of assets	10,081


Total Restructuring charge (1)	$	14,584

Severance and employee benefit costs

Impairment of assets

Subsequent Events	9 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Sep. 30, 2023
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	Subsequent Events On October 2, 2023, the Company sent a notice of breach under the Fujifilm Settlement Agreement to Fujifilm setting forth the Company’s position that Fujifilm had not used commercially reasonable efforts to mitigate losses. The Company withheld the $34.3 million installment payment due to Fujifilm on September 30, 2023, pending resolution of issues identified in the notice of breach (see Note 4). On October 30, 2023, FDBT filed a demand for arbitration with JAMS seeking payment of the third quarter installment of the Settlement Payment. On October 2, 2023, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced its recommendation of the R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine to prevent malaria in children following advice from its Strategic Advisory Group of Experts and Malaria Policy Advisory Group. The vaccine contains R21 antigen developed by University of Oxford, specific to the malaria parasite, and Novavax’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant. This recommendation is a required step on the pathway to the WHO’s prequalification (“PQ”) of the vaccine. PQ designation is necessary for United Nations agencies and partners, for example UNICEF and Gavi, to procure the vaccine for eligible countries. This is the first recommendation from WHO to support the use of a vaccine containing the Company’s Matrix-M™ adjuvant in children as young as five months of age and it is based on the results from the Phase 3 clinical trial. The R21/Matrix-M™ malaria vaccine is being developed and manufactured by SIIPL. On October 3, 2023, the Company announced that the updated vaccine has received EUA from the U.S. FDA for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. Immediately upon authorization, the Company’s updated vaccine has also been included in the recommendations issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on September 12, 2023. On October 18, 2023, the Company announced that the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom has granted full marketing authorization for its prototype vaccine for individuals aged 12 and older for active immunization to help prevent COVID-19. On October 18, 2023, the Company announced that Singapore's Health Sciences Authority has granted full approval for Novavax's prototype vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 in individuals aged 12 and older. The Singapore Ministry of Health has included Novavax’s prototype vaccine in the National Vaccination Programme as a protein-based non-mRNA option for COVID-19 prevention. On October 31, 2023, the Company announced that the EC has granted approval for the updated vaccine for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals aged 12 and older. This decision follows positive opinion for approval from the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (130,776)	$ (168,613)	$ (366,673)	$ (475,690)

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
Insider Trading Arrangements	Sep. 30, 2023
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	9 Months Ended
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Sep. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. The consolidated financial statements are unaudited but include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) that the Company considers necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, operating results, comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the periods presented. Although the Company believes that the disclosures in these unaudited consolidated financial statements are adequate to make the information presented not misleading, certain information and footnote information normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted as permitted under the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Novavax, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Accumulated other comprehensive loss included a foreign currency translation loss of $11.9 million and $6.4 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The aggregate foreign currency transaction gains and losses resulting from the conversion of the transaction currency to functional currency were a $12.2 million loss and a $3.9 million gain, and a $38.6 million loss and $59.6 million loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which are reflected in Other income (expense). The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Results for this or any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for any future interim period or for the entire year. The Company operates in one business segment.
Liquidity and Going Concern	Liquidity and Going Concern The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming, subject to the disclosures herein, that the Company will continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. In addition, as of September 30, 2023, the Company had $666.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash. Pursuant to the June 2023 Amendment to the advance purchase agreement between the Company and the Canadian government (the “Canada APA”), the Company expects to receive the second installment of $174.8 million from the Canadian government that is contingent and payable upon the Company’s delivery of vaccine doses in the fourth quarter of 2023 (see Note 3). During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $366.7 million and had net cash flows used in operating activities of $537.2 million. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that these unaudited consolidated financial statements are issued. While the Company’s current cash flow forecast for the one-year going concern look forward period estimates that there will be sufficient capital available to fund operations, this forecast is subject to significant uncertainty, including as it relates to revenue for the next 12 months, the Company’s ability to execute on certain cost-cutting initiatives and a pending matter subject to arbitration proceedings. The Company’s revenue projections depend on its ability to successfully manufacture, distribute and market its updated vaccine for the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the Company’s ability to obtain regulatory authorizations, the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, the Company’s ability to timely deliver doses and achieve commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine. Failure to meet regulatory milestones, timely obtain supportive recommendations from governmental advisory committees, or achieve product volume or delivery timing obligations under the Company’s advance purchase agreements (“APAs”) may require the Company to refund portions of upfront and other payments or result in reduced future payments which would adversely affect the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. For example, if the Company fails to deliver its updated vaccine doses to the Canadian government in the fourth quarter of 2023, the second installment payment of $174.8 million will be terminated and not be payable to the Company. In addition, the Canadian government may terminate the Canada APA if the Company fails to achieve regulatory approval for use of the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, Inc. (“BMC”) for COVID-19 Vaccine production on or before December 31, 2024. Also, if the Company does not timely achieve supportive recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (the “JCVI”) of the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the “Authority”) with respect to use of its COVID-19 Program for (a) the general adult population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or (b) the general adolescent population as part of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster campaign in the United Kingdom or as a primary series SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, excluding where that recommendation relates only to one or more population groups comprising less than one million members in the United Kingdom, then the Company would be required to repay up to $112.5 million related to the upfront payment previously received from the Authority under the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Supply Agreement, dated October 22, 2020, between the Company and the Authority. On January 24, 2023, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (“Gavi”) filed a demand for arbitration with the International Court of Arbitration regarding an alleged material breach by the Company of the Company’s APA with Gavi (the “Gavi APA”). The arbitration hearing is scheduled for July 2024, with a written decision to follow. The outcome of that arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible the Company could be required to refund all or a portion of the remaining advance payments of $696.4 million as of September 30, 2023 (see Note 3 and Note 14). Management believes that, given the significance of these uncertainties, substantial doubt exists regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through one year from the date that these financial statements are issued. In May 2023, the Company announced a global restructuring and cost reduction plan (the “Restructuring Plan”), which includes a more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, the continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, a reduction to the Company’s global workforce, as well as the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure. The workforce reduction plan included an approximately 25% reduction in the Company’s global workforce, comprised of an approximately 20% reduction in full-time Novavax employees and the remainder comprised of contractors and consultants. The Company has decided to progress its CIC vaccine candidate toward late-stage development and, as such, is assessing the impact on its workforce requirements. The Company expects the full annual impact of the cost savings from the Restructuring Plan to be realized in 2024 and approximately half of the annual impact to be realized in 2023 due to timing of implementing the measures, and the applicable laws, regulations, and other factors in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a charge of $4.5 million related to one-time employee severance and benefit costs and recorded an impairment charge of $10.1 million related to the consolidation of facilities and infrastructure (see Note 15). The Company’s ability to fund Company operations is dependent upon revenue related to vaccine sales for its products and product candidates, if such product candidates receive marketing approval and are successfully commercialized, and in particular the 2023-2024 vaccination season, which is inherently uncertain and subject to a number of risks, including the incidence of COVID-19 during the 2023-2024 vaccination season, regulatory authorization, ability to timely deliver doses and commercial adoption and market acceptance of its updated vaccine, the resolution of certain matters, including whether, when, and how the dispute with Gavi is resolved, and management’s plans, which includes cost reductions associated with the Restructuring Plan. Management’s plans may also include raising additional capital through a combination of equity and debt financing, collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales, and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements. New financings may not be available to the Company on commercially acceptable terms, or at all. Also, any collaborations, strategic alliances, asset sales and marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements may require the Company to give up some or all of its rights to a product or technology, which in some cases may be at less than the full potential value of such rights. In addition, the regulatory and commercial success of the Company’s COVID-19 Program and the Company’s other vaccine candidates, including an influenza vaccine candidate, and a CIC vaccine candidate, remains uncertain. Also, the impact of the Company’s more focused investment in its COVID-19 Program, reduction to its pipeline spending, continued rationalization of its manufacturing network, reduction to its global workforce, and consolidation of its facilities and infrastructure remain uncertain. If the Company is unable to obtain additional capital, the Company will assess its capital resources and may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of its operations, or further downsize its organization, any of which may have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition, results of operations, and ability to operate as a going concern.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Revenue Recognition Constraints	Revenue Recognition Constraints The Company constrains the transaction price for customer arrangements until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. Specifically, if a customer arrangement includes a provision whereby the customer may request a discount, return, or refund for a previously satisfied performance obligation or otherwise could have the effect of decreasing the transaction price, revenue is constrained based on an estimate of the impact to the transaction price recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal in cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.
Restructuring	Restructuring The Company recognizes restructuring charges when such costs are incurred. The Company’s restructuring charges consist of employee severance and other termination benefits related to the reduction of its workforce, the consolidation of facilities, and infrastructure and other costs. Termination benefits are expensed on the date the Company notifies the employee, unless the employee must provide future service, in which case the benefits are expensed ratably over the future service period. Ongoing benefits are expensed when restructuring activities are probable and the benefit estimable. See Note 15 for additional information on the severance and employee benefit costs for terminated employees and impairment of assets in connection with the Company’s Restructuring Plan.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), with amendments in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2022. The ASU sets forth a “current expected credit loss” model that requires companies to measure all expected credit losses for financial instruments held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 applies to financial instruments that are not measured at fair value, including receivables that result from revenue transactions. The Company adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2023, using a modified retrospective approach, and it did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Revenue (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Grants, U.S. Government Contract and Joint Venture [Abstract]

Schedule of Accounts Receivable, Unbilled Services, and Deferred Revenue

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, changes in the Company’s accounts receivables, allowance for doubtful accounts, and deferred revenue balances were as follows (in thousands):


	Balance, Beginning of Period		Additions		Deductions		Balance, End of Period
Accounts receivable:
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	96,210	$	981,305	$	(946,182)	$	131,333
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	454,993		1,519,345		(1,862,693)		111,645
Allowance for doubtful accounts(1):
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	(13,835)	$	—	$	6,159	$	(7,676)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	—		—		—		—
Deferred revenue:(2)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023	$	549,551	$	422,766	$	(171,288)	$	801,029
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022	1,595,472		96,298		(251,576)		1,440,194

Schedule of Product Revenue

Product sales by the Company’s customer’s geographic location was as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
North America	$	2,231	$	129,718	$	2,231	$	194,480
Europe	—		347,005		59,322		760,750
Rest of the world	—		149,368		218,384		311,944
Total product sales revenue	$	2,231	$	626,091	$	279,937	$	1,267,174

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]

Schedule of Reconciliation of Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Cash and cash equivalents	$	651,104	$	1,336,883
Restricted cash, current	10,393		10,303
Restricted cash, non-current(1)	4,866		1,659
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	666,363	$	1,348,845

(1)Classified as Other non-current assets as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value Hierarchy

The following table represents the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its financial assets and liabilities (in thousands):


	Fair Value at September 30, 2023						Fair Value at December 31, 2022
Assets	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Money market funds(1)	$	196,679	$	—	$	—	$	398,834	$	—	$	—
Government-backed securities(1)	—		200,000		—		—		296,000		—
Treasury securities(1)	—		36,913		—		—		—		—
Corporate debt securities(1)	—		23,028		—		—		—		—
Agency securities(1)	—		—		—		—		104,536		—
Total cash equivalents	$	196,679	$	259,941	$	—	$	398,834	$	400,536	$	—
Liabilities
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	172,789	$	—
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	—		—		—		—		322,111		—
Total convertible notes payable	$	—	$	131,292	$	—	$	—	$	494,900	$	—

(1)All investments are classified as Cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Inventory (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw materials	$	10,385	$	13,912
Semi-finished goods	10,405		21,410
Finished goods	48,802		1,361
Total inventory	$	69,592	$	36,683

Goodwill (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

The change in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):


	Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	126,331
Currency translation adjustments	(2,551)
Balance at September 30, 2023	$	123,780

Long-Term Debt (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Convertible Notes Payable

Total convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Current portion:
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023	$	—	$	325,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs	—		(119)
Total current convertible notes payable	$	—	$	324,881
Non-current portion:
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027	$	175,250	$	175,250

Unamortized debt issuance costs	(7,629)		(8,784)
Total non-current convertible notes payable	$	167,621	$	166,466

Schedule of Interest Expense

The interest expense incurred in connection with the convertible notes payable consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Coupon interest	$	2,191	$	3,047	$	7,588	$	9,141
Amortization of debt issuance costs	395		356		1,295		1,068
Total interest expense on convertible notes payable	$	2,586	$	3,403	$	8,883	$	10,209

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Stock-Based Compensation expense

The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of sales	$	767	$	51	$	2,283	$	51
Research and development	10,022		16,107		33,826		52,692
Selling, general, and administrative	9,971		15,389		33,590		49,782
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	20,760	$	31,547	$	69,699	$	102,525

Schedule of Option and Appreciation Rights Activity

The following is a summary of stock options and SARs activity under the 2023 Inducement Plan, 2015 Plan, and 2005 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan			2005 Plan
	Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Stock Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	4,053,290	$	46.07	63,725	$	112.94
Granted	422,800	10.67		861,602	7.29		—	—
Exercised	—	—		(5,374)	6.71		—	—
Canceled	—	—		(103,504)	56.45		(5,450)	39.70
Outstanding at September 30, 2023	422,800	$	10.67	4,806,014	$	38.94	58,275	$	119.79
Shares exercisable at September 30, 2023	—	$	—	3,437,364	$	40.58	58,275	$	119.79

Schedule of Assumptions Used in Estimation of Fair Value of Stock


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stock options granted	$7.84	$37.66	$7.27	$60.24
Risk-free interest rate	4.3%-4.4%	3.0%-3.6%	3.5%-4.4%	1.4%-3.6%
Dividend yield	—%	—%	—%	—%
Volatility	128.7%-130.3%	122.2%-136.4%	120.4%-140.3%	120.5%-136.7%
Expected term (in years)	3.9-5.1	4.0-5.3	3.9-6.3	4.0-6.3

Schedule of Share Based Compensation Restricted Stock Awards Activity

The following is a summary of RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023:


	2023 Inducement Plan			2015 Plan
	Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value		Number of Shares	Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value
Outstanding and unvested at December 31, 2022	—	$	—	2,034,574	$	61.65
Granted	363,990	10.66		2,888,793	7.25
Vested	—	—		(403,672)	87.17
Forfeited	—	—		(780,810)	27.77
Outstanding and unvested at September 30, 2023	363,990	$	10.66	3,738,885	$	23.95

Restructuring (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Schedule of Restructuring and Related Costs

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the restructuring charge recorded by the Company comprised (in thousands):


	Amount
Severance and employee benefit costs	$	4,503


Impairment of assets	10,081


Total Restructuring charge (1)	$	14,584

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Thousands, member in Millions	1 Months Ended		3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2023 USD ($)	May 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Jun. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) member segment	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Foreign currency translation adjustment			$ (11,900)			$ (11,900)		$ (6,400)
Foreign currency transaction gain (loss)			(12,200)		$ (38,600)	$ 3,900	$ (59,600)
Number of business segments \| segment						1
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash			666,363		$ 1,293,022	$ 666,363	1,293,022	$ 1,348,845	$ 1,528,259
Net loss						(366,700)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities						$ (537,186)	(298,121)
Number of population members (less than) \| member						1
Contract with customer, liability, deductions						$ 171,288	251,576
Global workforce percent		25.00%
Restructuring and related cost percent		20.00%
Severance and employee benefit costs						4,503
Impairment of assets				$ 10,100		10,081	$ 0
Canada APA
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Installment charges	$ 174,800					174,800
Collaboration agreement upfront payment amount			100,400			100,400
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Contract with customer, liability, deductions			112,500			112,500
Gavi Advance Purchase Agreement- COVAX Facility
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Collaboration agreement upfront payment amount			$ 696,400			$ 696,400

Revenue - Additional Information (Details) dose in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Revenue - Additional Information (Details) dose in Millions	Jul. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) dose	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) dose installment	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 18, 2022 dose	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Revenue Recognition
Billed contracts receivable		$ 71,100,000		$ 71,100,000		$ 53,800,000
Unbilled contracts receivable		52,600,000		52,600,000		28,600,000
Amount of transaction price not yet satisfied		2,000,000,000		2,000,000,000
Deferred revenue		801,029,000	$ 1,440,194,000	801,029,000	$ 1,440,194,000	549,551,000		$ 1,595,472,000
Reduction in product sales				64,700,000
Revenues		186,986,000	734,577,000	692,363,000	1,624,473,000
Milestone Payments
Revenue Recognition
Revenues		0	0	0	20,000,000
Sales-Based Royalties
Revenue Recognition
Revenues		6,000,000	1,300,000	6,000,000	10,500,000
Gavi Advance Purchase Agreement- COVAX Facility
Revenue Recognition
Number of doses to be distributed \| dose							350
Purchase agreement, number of vaccine doses \| dose							2
Collaboration agreement upfront payment amount		696,400,000		696,400,000
Canada APA
Revenue Recognition
Collaboration agreement upfront payment amount		$ 100,400,000		100,400,000
Total payment amount				$ 349,600,000
Number of equal installments \| installment				2
Obligation to deliver, terms				15 years
Installment charges	$ 174,800,000			$ 174,800,000
Percent of remaining amount to be paid		100.00%		100.00%
Escrow to sales hold				$ 20,000,000.0
US Government Partnership
Revenue Recognition
Amount of transaction price not yet satisfied		$ 1,800,000,000		1,800,000,000
Contingent upon meeting certain milestones amount		60,000,000		60,000,000
Grant consideration, amount development and regulatory milestones		1,500,000		$ 1,500,000
Grant revenue increase		$ 43,800,000
Gavi Advance Purchase Agreement SIIPL
Revenue Recognition
Deferred revenue								$ 350,000,000.0
Number of doses to be distributed \| dose		1,100		1,100
Remaining performance obligation, variable consideration amount						$ 350,000,000.0
Matrix-M Adjuvant Sales
Revenue Recognition
Revenues		$ 13,800,000	$ 1,000,000	$ 17,000,000	$ 13,400,000

Revenue - Accounts Receivable, Unbilled Services, and Deferred Revenue (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable, beginning balance			$ 96,210,000	$ 454,993,000
Additions			981,305,000	1,519,345,000
Deductions			(946,182,000)	(1,862,693,000)
Accounts receivable, ending balance	$ 131,333,000	$ 111,645,000	131,333,000	111,645,000
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Allowance for doubtful accounts, beginning balance			(13,835,000)	0
Additions	0	0	0	0
Deductions			6,159,000	0
Allowance for doubtful accounts, end balance	(7,676,000)	0	(7,676,000)	0
Deferred revenue
Deferred revenue, beginning balance			549,551,000	1,595,472,000
Additions			422,766,000	96,298,000
Deductions			(171,288,000)	(251,576,000)
Deferred revenue, ending balance	$ 801,029,000	$ 1,440,194,000	$ 801,029,000	$ 1,440,194,000

Revenue - Schedule of Product Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenue Recognition
Revenues	$ 186,986	$ 734,577	$ 692,363	$ 1,624,473
Product
Revenue Recognition
Revenues	2,231	626,091	279,937	1,267,174
Product \| North America
Revenue Recognition
Revenues	2,231	129,718	2,231	194,480
Product \| Europe
Revenue Recognition
Revenues	0	347,005	59,322	760,750
Product \| Rest of the world
Revenue Recognition
Revenues	$ 0	$ 149,368	$ 218,384	$ 311,944

Collaboration, License, and Supply Agreements (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions, dose in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) installment $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) installment $ / shares	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) installment $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 dose
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Royalty period				15 years
Deferred revenue		$ 801,029	$ 1,440,194	$ 801,029	$ 1,440,194	$ 549,551	$ 1,595,472
Common stock, par value per share (in usd per share) \| $ / shares		$ 0.01		$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Net proceeds from sales of common stock				$ 256,995	179,385
Research and development		$ 106,229	304,297	572,805	977,428
Takeda Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Number of doses to be distributed \| dose								150
Settlement Agreement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Settlement payment	$ 149,800	$ 185,000	185,000	$ 185,000	185,000
Initial reservation fee	130,400		$ 47,800		$ 47,800
Deferred revenue	4,000
Number of quarterly installment payments \| installment		2		2		4
Settlement agreement, quarterly installment amount		$ 34,300		$ 34,300
Settlement Agreement \| Accrued Liabilities
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Settlement payment		68,600		68,600
Securities Subscription Arrangement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Settlement agreement, benefit		79,200		79,200
Research and development		$ 57,700		$ 57,700
Loss on firm purchase commitments	$ 21,500
Securities Subscription Arrangement \| Private Placement
Collaborative Arrangement and Arrangement Other than Collaborative [Line Items]
Shares sell and issue \| shares	6.5
Common stock, par value per share (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.01
Share, price per share (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 13.00
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	$ 84,500
Common stock, quoted market price	46,500
Common stock, premium paid	$ 38,000

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash and Cash Equivalents [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 651,104	$ 1,336,883
Restricted cash, current	10,393	10,303
Restricted cash, non-current	4,866	1,659
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 666,363	$ 1,348,845	$ 1,293,022	$ 1,528,259

Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027 \| Unsecured Debt
Liabilities
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage	5.00%
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023 \| Unsecured Debt
Liabilities
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage	3.75%
Level 1
Assets
Total cash equivalents	$ 196,679	$ 398,834
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 1 \| 5.00% Convertible notes due 2027
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 1 \| 3.75% Convertible notes due 2023
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 1 \| Money market funds
Assets
Total cash equivalents	196,679	398,834
Level 1 \| Government-backed securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 1 \| Treasury securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 1 \| Corporate debt securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 1 \| Agency securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 2
Assets
Total cash equivalents	259,941	400,536
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	131,292	494,900
Level 2 \| 5.00% Convertible notes due 2027
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	131,292	172,789
Level 2 \| 3.75% Convertible notes due 2023
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	322,111
Level 2 \| Money market funds
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 2 \| Government-backed securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	200,000	296,000
Level 2 \| Treasury securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	36,913	0
Level 2 \| Corporate debt securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	23,028	0
Level 2 \| Agency securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	104,536
Level 3
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 3 \| 5.00% Convertible notes due 2027
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 3 \| 3.75% Convertible notes due 2023
Liabilities
Total convertible notes payable	0	0
Level 3 \| Money market funds
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 3 \| Government-backed securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 3 \| Treasury securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 3 \| Corporate debt securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	0	0
Level 3 \| Agency securities
Assets
Total cash equivalents	$ 0	$ 0

Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Inventory (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventory Disclosure [Abstract]
Raw materials	$ 10,385		$ 10,385		$ 13,912
Semi-finished goods	10,405		10,405		21,410
Finished goods	48,802		48,802		1,361
Total inventory	69,592		69,592		$ 36,683
Provision for excess and obsolete inventory	18,100	$ 202,400	49,600	$ 358,100
Firm purchase commitment loss	63,500	$ 46,600	71,900	$ 146,200
Inventory, firm purchase commitment, recoveries	$ 21,500		$ 40,300

Goodwill - Schedule of Goodwill (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Goodwill - Schedule of Goodwill (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) reporting_unit	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) reporting_unit
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
Number of reporting unit \| reporting_unit	1	1
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 126,331
Currency translation adjustments	(2,551)
Ending balance	$ 123,780	$ 126,331

Leases (Details) $ in Millions	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Leases (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) ft²
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Short-term lease expense (benefit)	$ (39.5)	$ (46.6)	$ (48.0)	$ 37.3
Lease expense		24.2		44.0
Interest expense	0.5	$ 0.9	1.4	$ 4.3
Impairment of long-lived assets			5.9
700 Quince Orchard Road Agreement
Lessee, Lease, Description [Line Items]
Lease expense						$ 5.8
Facility number of square feet \| ft²						170,000
Right of use asset, net	96.5		96.5
Lease obligation	$ 96.5		$ 96.5
Increase (decrease) in operating lease liability					$ (73.4)

Long-Term Debt - Notes Payable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended
	Feb. 28, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Unamortized debt issuance costs		$ 0	$ (119)
Convertible notes payable		0	324,881
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(7,629)	(8,784)
Total non-current convertible notes payable		167,621	166,466
3.75% Convertible notes due 2023 \| Unsecured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Debt instrument, face amount, current		$ 0	325,000
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		3.75%
Repayments of debt	$ 325,000
5.00% Convertible notes due 2027 \| Unsecured Debt
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount of notes issued		$ 175,250	$ 175,250
Debt instrument, interest rate, stated percentage		5.00%
Debt instrument, interest rate, effective percentage		6.20%

Long-Term Debt - Interest Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Coupon interest	$ 2,191	$ 3,047	$ 7,588	$ 9,141
Amortization of debt issuance costs	395	356	1,295	1,068
Total interest expense on convertible notes payable	$ 2,586	$ 3,403	$ 8,883	$ 10,209

Stockholders' Deficit (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands, shares in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value per share (in usd per share)		$ 0.01	$ 0.01		$ 0.01
Net proceeds from sales of common stock			$ 256,995	$ 179,385
Private Placement \| Securities Subscription Arrangement
Stockholders' Equity
Shares sell and issue	6.5
Common stock, par value per share (in usd per share)	$ 0.01
Share, price per share (in usd per share)	$ 13.00
Net proceeds from sales of common stock	$ 84,500
Settlement fair value	46,500
Common Stock \| June 2021 and August 2023 Sales Agreement
Stockholders' Equity
Sale of stock, consideration received on transaction			$ 211,000
Sale of stock, number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)			25.7
Common Stock \| August 2023 Sales Agreement
Stockholders' Equity
Authorized amount	500,000
Sale of stock, consideration received on transaction	$ 143,000
Remaining unissued capital		$ 354,000	$ 354,000
Sale of stock, number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)		17.8
Common Stock \| June 2021 Sales Agreement
Stockholders' Equity
Sale of stock, consideration received on transaction				$ 179,000
Sale of stock, number of shares issued in transaction (in shares)				2.2

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2015	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jan. 31, 2023	Jun. 30, 2013
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation capitalized		$ 0.5	$ 1.7	$ 0.5	$ 1.7
Unrecognized compensation expense		102.0		$ 102.0
Unrecognized compensation expense, recognition period				1 year
Aggregate intrinsic value, stock options and vesting RSA's				$ 3.0	$ 19.0
Aggregate intrinsic value, outstanding		$ 1.4		$ 1.4
Remaining term, outstanding (in years)				7 years 1 month 6 days
ESPP
Stock-Based Compensation
Shares available for grant (in shares)		500		500
Authorized (in shares)		1,650		1,650			1,200
Percentage increase of shares each anniversary		5.00%		5.00%
Subscription rate cap		15.00%		15.00%
Maximum discount rate				85.00%
2023 Inducement Plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Shares available for grant (in shares)						1,000
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		200		200
2015 Plan
Stock-Based Compensation
Number of shares available for issuance (in shares)		7,100		7,100
Authorized (in shares)		21,000		21,000
Additional shares authorized (in shares)				6,200
Term (in years)	10 years
Minimum grant price, percent of common stock fair value	100.00%
Aggregate intrinsic value, exercisable		$ 1.1		$ 1.1
Remaining term, exercisable (in years)				6 years 1 month 6 days
2015 Plan \| Minimum
Stock-Based Compensation
Vesting period	1 year
2015 Plan \| Maximum
Stock-Based Compensation
Vesting period	4 years

Stock-Based Compensation - Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Compensation expense:
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 20,760	$ 31,547	$ 69,699	$ 102,525
Cost of sales
Compensation expense:
Total stock-based compensation expense	767	51	2,283	51
Research and development
Compensation expense:
Total stock-based compensation expense	10,022	16,107	33,826	52,692
Selling, general, and administrative
Compensation expense:
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 9,971	$ 15,389	$ 33,590	$ 49,782

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options and Appreciation Rights (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
2023 Inducement Plan
Stock Options
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	0
Granted (in shares) \| shares	422,800
Exercised (in shares) \| shares	0
Canceled (in shares) \| shares	0
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	422,800
Shares exercisable (in shares) \| shares	0
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	10.67
Exercised (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Canceled (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Outstanding, ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	10.67
Shares exercisable (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0
2015 Plan
Stock Options
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	4,053,290
Granted (in shares) \| shares	861,602
Exercised (in shares) \| shares	(5,374)
Canceled (in shares) \| shares	(103,504)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	4,806,014
Shares exercisable (in shares) \| shares	3,437,364
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 46.07
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	7.29
Exercised (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	6.71
Canceled (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	56.45
Outstanding, ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	38.94
Shares exercisable (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 40.58
2005 Plan
Stock Options
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	63,725
Granted (in shares) \| shares	0
Exercised (in shares) \| shares	0
Canceled (in shares) \| shares	(5,450)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	58,275
Shares exercisable (in shares) \| shares	58,275
Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 112.94
Granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Exercised (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Canceled (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	39.70
Outstanding, ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	119.79
Shares exercisable (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 119.79

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Options and Appreciation Rights, Assumptions (Details) - Stock options - $ / shares	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value
Weighted average Black-Scholes fair value of stop options and SARs granted (in usd per share)	$ 7.84	$ 37.66	$ 7.27	$ 60.24
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	4.30%	3.00%	3.50%	1.40%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	4.40%	3.60%	4.40%	3.60%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Volatility, minimum	128.70%	122.20%	120.40%	120.50%
Volatility, maximum	130.30%	136.40%	140.30%	136.70%
Minimum
Fair Value
Expected term (in years)	3 years 10 months 24 days	4 years	3 years 10 months 24 days	4 years
Maximum
Fair Value
Expected term (in years)	5 years 1 month 6 days	5 years 3 months 18 days	6 years 3 months 18 days	6 years 3 months 18 days

Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Units (Details) - Restricted stock units	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 $ / shares shares
2023 Inducement Plan
Number of Shares
Outstanding and Unvested, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	0
Restricted stock units granted (in shares) \| shares	363,990
Restricted stock units vested (in shares) \| shares	0
Restricted stock units forfeited (in shares) \| shares	0
Outstanding and Unvested, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	363,990
Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested, beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0
Restricted stock units granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	10.66
Restricted stock units vested (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Restricted stock units forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	0
Outstanding and Unvested, ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 10.66
2015 Plan
Number of Shares
Outstanding and Unvested, beginning balance (in shares) \| shares	2,034,574
Restricted stock units granted (in shares) \| shares	2,888,793
Restricted stock units vested (in shares) \| shares	(403,672)
Restricted stock units forfeited (in shares) \| shares	(780,810)
Outstanding and Unvested, ending balance (in shares) \| shares	3,738,885
Per Share Weighted- Average Fair Value
Outstanding and Unvested, beginning balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 61.65
Restricted stock units granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	7.25
Restricted stock units vested (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	87.17
Restricted stock units forfeited (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	27.77
Outstanding and Unvested, ending balance (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 23.95

Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Jan. 01, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Capitalized amortization period					15 years
Federal, state and local, income tax expense (benefit)	$ (700,000)	$ 2,400,000	$ 300,000	$ 4,300,000
Foreign income tax expense (benefit)	$ 0	$ 100,000	$ 0	$ 2,300,000

Commitment and Contingencies (Details) dose in Millions, $ in Millions	Dec. 28, 2022 lawsuit	Dec. 12, 2022 defendant	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) installment payment	Aug. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 installment	Nov. 18, 2022 dose	Sep. 30, 2022 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of defendants \| defendant		2
Period to answer		14 days
Number of lawsuits filed \| lawsuit	8
Gavi Advance Purchase Agreement- COVAX Facility
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Number of doses to be distributed \| dose						350
Purchase agreement, number of vaccine doses \| dose						2
Collaboration agreement upfront payment amount			$ 696.4
Settlement Agreement
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Settlement payment			$ 185.0	$ 149.8			$ 185.0
Number of quarterly installment payments \| installment			2		4
Number of settlement payments \| payment			2
Settlement agreement, installment payment			$ 34.3

Restructuring - Schedule of Impairment Charges (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Severance and employee benefit costs		$ 4,503
Impairment of assets	$ 10,100	10,081	$ 0
Total Restructuring charge		14,584
Cost of sales
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total Restructuring charge		500
Research and development
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total Restructuring charge		2,300
Selling, general, and administrative
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Total Restructuring charge		$ 11,500

Restructuring - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Payments for severance and employee benefit costs		$ 4,300
Severance and employee benefit costs		4,503
Impairment of assets	$ 10,100	10,081	$ 0
Impairment of long-lived assets		5,900
Accrued Liabilities
Restructuring Cost and Reserve [Line Items]
Severance and employee benefit costs		$ 200

Subsequent Events (Details) $ in Millions	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Settlement Agreement
Subsequent events
Settlement agreement, quarterly installment amount	$ 34.3

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